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Stormwater - Science topic

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To quote a report from King County, WA (Monitoring Stormwater Retrofits in the Echo Lake Drainage Basin - SAM Effectiveness Study), "At each BMP site, effluent concentrations for most contaminants were fairly consistent, regardless of influent concentration. This suggests the effluent concentration is not dependent on the influent concentration (within the range evaluated), but could be influenced by the individual BMP capabilities." It is often observed that influent and effluent concentrations, especially for sediment, are independent but I have yet to see it explained. Any ideas?
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Dear Greg Williams et al.,
There is no such thing as "irreducible concentration" for stormwater contaminants. Current stormwater BMP are mainly physical (screening, settling, filtratation, ..) and chemical (coagulation-flocculation). These technologies don't remove soluble pollutants. That's why we also integrate advanced biotreatment with short contact time (15 - 20 minutes) to capture and mineralize most soluble pollutants. Typical results are shown on https://www.modelengineering.eu/circulate_water .
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Stormwater runoff poses significant environmental challenges, including pollution of water bodies and erosion of natural habitats. In this project, students will design and implementation green stormwater management system to mitigate these issues while promoting sustainability.
Objectives:
Research and understand the principles of stormwater management and its environmental impacts.
Identify a suitable site on campus or within the local community for implementing the green stormwater management system.
Design a comprehensive stormwater management plan that integrates green infrastructure techniques.
Calculate the anticipated reduction in stormwater runoff and pollutants based on the designed system.
Develop a detailed bill of quantities (BOQ), scope of work and timeline for implementing the project.
Document the project through reports, presentations, and possibly peer-reviewed publications.
Develop educational materials and outreach initiatives to raise awareness about the importance of green stormwater management among the university community and the broader public (put this as a PowerPoint presentation and attach to your project)
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Joanna Storie Sincerely thank you
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I am in search of commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software tailored for modeling hydraulic structures, particularly for applications related to stormwater, small dams, flood control structures, channels, and similar scenarios. The primary focus will be on studying free-surface flows. Affordability is a crucial consideration in the selection process. While I am already familiar with Flow-3D, Ansys Fluent, and Ansys CFX, I am open to exploring additional software options. I would appreciate any recommendations for alternative applications, and it would be beneficial to receive insights on various features to facilitate a comprehensive comparison for making an informed decision.
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1-AVSYS Fluent
Accurate, comprehensive, relatively easy modeling, different physical field models, with many solved examples, simple training, suitable customization
2-ANSYS CFX
relatively easy modeling, simple training, many solved examples,
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How can ecological engineering practices, like green roofs, urban forests, and sustainable stormwater management systems, be designed and implemented to maximize biodiversity and ecosystem services while addressing urbanization challenges? What are the most successful strategies for engaging local communities and policymakers in urban ecological engineering initiatives?
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Ecological engineering practices such as green roofs, urban forests, and sustainable stormwater management systems can be designed and implemented to maximize biodiversity and ecosystem services in urban areas by following these strategies:
  1. Integrative Design: Incorporate native vegetation and diverse species in green roofs and urban forests to support local wildlife and enhance biodiversity. Design stormwater systems that mimic natural water cycles, using bio-retention areas, permeable surfaces, and rain gardens.
  2. Multi-functional Spaces: Create spaces that serve multiple purposes, such as recreational areas that also act as biodiversity hotspots and stormwater management zones.
  3. Community Involvement: Engage local communities from the planning stage. Provide educational programs and workshops to raise awareness about the benefits of ecological engineering.
  4. Collaboration with Policymakers: Work closely with local policymakers to integrate ecological engineering into urban planning and policies. Demonstrate the economic, environmental, and social benefits to gain support.
  5. Monitoring and Research: Implement monitoring programs to track the success of these initiatives and conduct research to continuously improve practices based on real-world outcomes.
  6. Adaptive Management: Be prepared to adapt and modify designs and strategies based on feedback, environmental changes, and community needs.
Successful strategies for engaging local communities and policymakers include educational outreach, public workshops, participatory design processes, and demonstrating the tangible benefits of ecological engineering through pilot projects. Collaboration, transparency, and consistent communication are key to fostering support and participation in urban ecological engineering initiatives.
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Specifically interested in how modelling can be used to inform the upscaling of Low Impact Development (LID), Nature-based Solutions (NbS) and Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) at the scale of entire urban watersheds. Can we develop ways to incorporate machine learning, AI into the process of determining the likely impacts of different scenarios (design features, capacities, and spatial configurations) on water quantity/quality?
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Could you please tell me if you know available literature data on the quality of urban stormwater sewers, along with the measurement of flow and rainfall over the years? I'm looking for hydraulic and hydrological measurements on the scale of minutes or hours at the most. Need several rainfall events for data-driven approaches. Thank you for any information.
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you may find some data here:
2-years monitoring of a sewer-outlet in Berlin
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I am looking for modelling tools that are capable of simulating the impacts of green infrastructure.
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Dear all,
Are there publications/guidelines about methodologies for identifying critical areas based on stormwater quality? I am especially interested in methods based on GIS analysis and water quality sampling. By sampling I mean quite practical approaches that municipalities can utilize while trying to map critical areas for stormwater quality management, and with city-scale focus. I assume that a city-scale project has to start with a GIS analysis of critical areas and then, as a second phase, continue with a water quality sampling campaing(s) of selected sites.
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One of my advisors once wrote:
I hope this may help in identifying key sampling sites.
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Hello everyone.
How are you doing?
Can you tell me some articles, theses that deal with the optimization of water networks (drinking water, wastewater and stormwater) with the Epanet software.
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Dr. Permalnaïck Fabrice, I think Epanet is for identifying the problem in the hydraulic network. It modifies the schema of the network to resolve the problem. it is not a tool to directly optimise the network but it helps the decision maker to propose a better solution to hydraulic failure.
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This is in relation to manage stormwater pollution.
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In our study, we designed a modular bioretention tree system for use in urban land-constrained cities (like Singapore). Careful selection of tree species and soil mix was done to ensure the system remains small and modular. The engineered design of the system also allows it to have a small footprint for dense urban environment.
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My study is focused on analysing existing Stormwater drainage and redesigning it in my home city ( Kochi, Kerala,India). Flash floods due occur in the city with a good rain. So inorder to fastly remove water to the nearest lake, Can we install a pump inside the existing rectangular drains ? What are the possibilities to solve this issue?
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I a gree with Kiprotich Kiptum
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i-Tree Landscape tools work in the US and Canada address only. This is used to determine;
"i-Tree landscape model to determine the air pollutants gases spatial location and areas to prioritize blue infrastructure, and i-Tree design model to find out the stormwater, carbon dioxide removal and avoided, air quality, and economic benefits the individual and collective trees"
So can you recommend any other similar tool?
Thanks
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I am exploring for the design code or manual and standard drawings of access and maintenance manholes of the storm water conveying tunnels. (i.e free flow tunnels not pressurized ones) but all of these codes & drawings (that I've found yet) are about access manholes of networks that convey the storm or sewer with small size pipes. it is obvious that tunnels (which have large diameter sections and free flow) should have different requirements & rules for manholes.
Could you please help me in this matter and send or introduce me the right design code & drawings?
Sincerely Yours
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Hello,
My goal is to follow my Ph.D. abroad and my CV has been attached hereafter.
I have been working on porous concrete, permeable pavements, and stormwater management since 2014. I have a great background in the following areas:
Ø Civil Engineering
Ø Environmental Engineering
Ø Porous concrete
Ø Permeable Pavements
Ø Urban Runoff Management
Ø Water and Wastewater Treatment
Ø Leachate Treatment
Ø Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions
Ø Biosorption and Mineral Adsorbents.
Please email me at teymoui.e92@gmail.com if you have any open position in your group.
Kind regards
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i am public and environmental health
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I would like to estimate stormwater runoff using a methodology that takes into account both land surface cover and climatic conditions. Is there a reliable approach to achieve that?
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use NRCS web site. Also, number of softwares are also available / EPS SWMM 1.5/ Hydrognomon etc. search in the google for softwares.
However, SCS curve number method is more popular. more details, read FAO irrigation and drainage working papers and related text books. http://www.fao.org/3/ah832e/ah832e00.pdf
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We have a problem with storms waters filtering as Nitrogen is 140 times and Phosphorus is 29 times over the legitimate scaling. Legitimate scale for Phosphorus 0.1-3 and for Nitrogen 1-10.
Can you tell me any solutions that can be implanted into the stormwater exit pipe? And still can, filter at least half of the Phosphorus and nitrogen income on the stormwaters.
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@ Joni, you may try with biofiltration mesocosms. Vegetated mesocosms were very effective in removing nitrogen (63–77% removal) and phosphorus (85–94% removal) from synthetic stormwater
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  1. im working on my thesis this year and i wanna try to work with stormwater modelling but i confused after i look the others project of swmm in the internet, why everyone didnt draw sub catchment area for the road? is it problem or not?
  2. my study area have a different kind of road. 1.asphalt road , 2.permeable pavement block in 1 study area . so what is the effect of having 2 kind of road on working drainage system in swmm?
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Sure you can.
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In stormwater management, it is important to accurately quantify the infiltration rates to solve urban runoff-related problems. The study below proposes a method to improve estimates of the infiltration rate in permeable stormwater channels by adding the three components of channel cross section (depth, base width, and side slope).
In this study, a specific conditions has been employed and two types of soil have been used. I am wondering if there is an experimental work that based on different conditions.
Best regards
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Thank you very much Mir Jafar Sadegh Safari I have requested full-text. I will try to cite it as well in my new publications.
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I am interested in understanding the relationship between leaf area index for different tree species and tree age (i.e. over the years).
I am currently working on quantifying the stormwater benefits of trees. Many of my calculations are dependent on the Leaf Area Index, which will estimate the amount of precipitation intercepted by a tree’s canopy. For modelling a single storm event, the average LAI of a mature tree will be used. However, if a user were to run multi-year scenarios, I want to know how much the LAI of a certain tree species will vary.
Hence, I'm conducting a literature research on understanding the relationship between LAI and tree age. I understand the canopy size and leaf density will vary due to many environmental conditions over a tree's lifetime (water/nutrient availability, climate, etc.), but are there articles or other resources that specifically address LAI of different tree species varying with tree age?
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Check the following paper for some nice research about the LAI-age relationship:
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I want to calculate Mean Residence Time of a Residence Time Distribution (RTD) Curve from tracer experiments. I have tried with the integral formula as can be found in the article attached but it seems that I am calculating wrongly every time. It will be most helpful if someone can show me with an example. The data can be taken from the attached excel file.
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Hello,
One of our clients is asking to collect the stormwater into ponds, then to treat it to be able to inject in groundwater. Since the rainfall is seasonal the treatment plant will be sized to account for such variation in the flow coming to the ponds. My concern is about the quality of the water in the pond. is there a model that can be done to know the quality of water that will be stored in the pond before discharging it to the treatment plant?
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I don’t know of a model to recommend, but would start with landuse of contributing watershed, and any point sources or non point activities of concern. The cost of treatment increases greatly with sediment and other pollutants. Forests and grasslands have shown to produce the best surface waters in general. Land uses such as urban, industrial, development, agriculture, range, mining, waste dumping can be the most challenging in costs to figure out how bad he pollutants are, and then how to treat them to an acceptable level to inject into groundwater. Various biological indicators in pond life can give hints to levels of pollution, but shallow ponds may easily develop low oxygen and algal blooms that add treatment issues. One reason forests often have such good water quality is that the soils are well developed, able to take up, filter, detain and store water before releasing to streams, minimizing surface runoff (Stormflow). To some degree, ponds can help collect and store pollutants, and provide some opportunity for pollutant breakdown. Pond management can also be undertaken to aerate water to promote organic breakdown. Injecting poorly treated or contaminated waters into groundwater might present significant future problems to neighbors or others that rely on groundwater for drinking or other domestic uses. Granted, the flow of groundwater through its aquifer to some distant point has some potential to filter and breakdown some pollutants, but difficult to rely upon this without some monitoring. Some areas of the earth are so starved for water that any water stored would be a benefit, and dealing with polluted groundwater can be undertaken in various treatments at some cost and effort. Many countries would probably require a licensed engineer to design or review, possibly requiring some sort of permitting or degree of monitoring, possibly bonding. The professional people that typically deal with these subjects include certain civil engineers, geologists, groundwater and surface water hydrologists, and limnologists. I personally would not take this on without involving others, having ample liability insurance, and making sure my company is aware of the potential problems. A landowner and some remote actions can sometimes get away with making mistakes, professional consultants and licensed engineers, not so much.
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I am working on stormwater modelling, I need to find runoff cofficient from individual rainfall whose time series rainfall and runoff data I have. How to calculate runoff coefficient for this?
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Using the Rational Method
Step 1
The Rational Method is used for areas less than 50 acres. If the area you are assessing is more than 50 acres, you will have to use a coefficient table. Write down the following formula:
Q = CiA
Step 2
Find the appropriate values for each variable. In the Rational Method equation, “C” is the runoff coefficient, meaning it is your unknown. “Q” is the value for the peak rate of runoff. This value is in CFS. One CFS is equal to one cubic foot of water passing a particular point over the course of a second. “A” equals the size of the area you are measuring. “A” is measured in acres.
Step 3
Calculate the value for “i.” This is a measurement of rainfall intensity. It is measured in inches per hour. This value is calculated using a Seelye chart (see Resources) and an IDF chart. To use a Seelye chart, you need to have the length of the land and its angle of grade. Once you have this value, you can use an IDF chart to determine “i.” IDF charts vary from area to area and are based on average rainfall intensities. IDF charts are typically available from the state government. The actual agency varies from state to state. For instance, in Tennessee, the Department of Transportation releases IDF charts.
Step 4
Isolate and solve for “C.” Your altered equation should look like this:
C = Q/iA
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I would like to hear your advice on a chemical compound or a standard solution which can be used for making a required concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) in a mix solution involves nitrogen oxide (NOx) and ammonia (NH3). The solution is simulating stormwater runoff with required concentrations as: NOx (0.3 mg/L), NH3 (0.15 mg/L), and TN (1.3 mg/L).
I know I need to use the standard solution of Nitrogen-Nitrate as NO3-N to make the concentrations of NOx and use Nitrogen-Ammonia as NH3-N to create the concentrations of NH3. However, I don’t know exactly what chemical compound or standard solution I can use to make the required concentrations of TN. I know in this case, TN will come partly from the NOx and NH3. So, I need to add another form of N to get to the required TN concentrations without changing NOx and NH3 concentrations in the solution. Any advice would be really appreciated.
Thanks!
Mohammad
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Without having characterized storm flow-N, it is hard to say what would be an adequate non-mineral N standard. Urea is certainly the simplest of organic-N compounds, readily soluble (roughly 1080 g/L at STP), and easily metabolizable. On the other hand, some researchers have used Nicotinic acid (18 g/L solb.) -a somewhat recalcitrant form, and recovery of which may be related to the method you have to determine TN. Despite nicotinic acid's much reduced solubility (comparatively) , it may also not be representative of particulate N, which is apt to make up an appreciable amount of storm water nitrogen. I am uncertain if there are any "good" particulate N standard choices. If you can find any spectroscopic data on the nature of N residues in storm water (amino, amide, imide, etc.), this might help you chose an adequate standard.
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I am looking for literature specifically focusing on comparing regional/centralized stormwater attenuation with site/development/decentralized stormwater attenuation. Please let me know if you know of any recent (or old) studies
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"Initial results illustrated that while both approaches are capable of maintaining the pre-development peak flow rate, the distributed approach better mimicked the natural hydrologic condition in terms of groundwater recharge and total runoff volume reduction. With the additional hydrological benefits from the distributed approach, it is expected that the downstream channel morphology, bio-diversity, and water quality can be better preserved. "
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My project is about stormwater and urban catchments, and I am going to look at How bacterial community vary during post storm and before commencement of dry conditions? Any help is welcoming. Thank you.
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I need information about the stormwater dynamic pattern, from commencement of rainfall to the end of the runoff, before commencement of dry weather. As a Microbiologist working on water and wastewater treatment, I need to define and draw a diagram respecting the stormwater runoff.
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We are planning riyadh city as water sensitive urban city. We have developed urban water balance model. How we can get help in applying your model?
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ournal articles and conference papers (and links where available) are available under open access arrangements where possible. Otherwise please contact your institution’s library, the authors, or publishers to organise full access.
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Source is located is an urban area, in glacial outwash overlying sandstone/dolomite bedrock. There is a surface water component from nearby parking lot and stormwater.
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Well,
Rock minerals whose iron content is relatively high include the pyroxenes, the amphiboles, biotite, magnetite, and, especially, the nesosilicate olivine. The latter is essentially a solid solution whose end members are forsterite (Mg,Si04) and fayalite (Fe2SiO4).For the most part, iron in these minerals is in the ferrous, Fe’+, oxidation state,but ferric (Fe”) may also be present,as in magnetite,Fe3O4. When these minerals are attacked by water, the iron that may be released is generally reprecipitated nearby as sedimentary species.Under reducing conditions when sulfur is available,the ferrous polysulfides such as pyrite, marcasite,and the less stable species mackinawite and greigite may occur. Where sulfur is less abundant, siderite (FeCO3) may form. In oxidizing environments the sedimentary species will be ferric oxides or oxyhydroxides such as hematite, Fe2O3, goethite, FeOOH, or other minerals having these compositions. Ferric iron forms inorganic solution complexes with manyanionsbesidesOH-. The chloride, fluoride, sulfate, and phosphate complexes may be important in some natural systems. Organic complexes containing iron are present in important amounts in somewaters.
Many igneous and metamorphic minerals contain divalent manganese as a minor constituent. It is a significant constituent of basalt and many olivines and of pyroxene and amphibole. Small amounts commonly are present in dolomite and limestone, substituting for calcium. The silicate, rhodonite (MnSiO2), and the carbonate, rhodochrosite (MnCO3), are pink to red minerals. Dissolved organic solutes,for example,may reduce the oxide and liberate Mn2’. The manganese may well have come from the same initial source as the iron. Many of the ground waters reported to carry large manganese concentrations are from thermal springs.
Regards
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We are starting projects on microplastics in environmental samples and I am looking into purchasing an instrument to perform microplastics analysis. We will need to analyse wastewater and stormwater. The type of particles and their sizes is not defined, although one project will be focusing on textile fibres.
What type of instrument would you recommend and what is the typical price range (in €)? I am primarily thinking of an FTIR microscope.
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Dear Dr Rauch
Greetings
You are absolutely right.Micro FTIR is the answer.Though I am of a different field but one of my distant relatives worked on these instruments couple of years back.
Thanks
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Related to what trees can provide. In my review of the literature and through conversations, stormwater mitigation seems to be a big issue for the Northeast. Other services may also be of interest. (Like added business revenue, lower Urban Heat Island effect, better public health, and energy savings.)
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Dear Tyler
The attached information may provide you some information.Hoever it is very interesting and informative issue.good luck
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I am looking to find something more recent than the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (1983) values.  I'd like to have information for a variety of land uses (forest, agricultural, urban, residential, commercial, industrial, highways, and water/wetlands) and pollutants (BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, TP, DP, TKN, NO2/NO3, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd).
Ideally, I'd like these values to be relevant to coastal South Carolina, so if there are regional values available, that would be great!
Thank you!
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Thank you, Kulvir Singh!
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Generally we take a 10-15 year return period of rainfall for designing the drainage system. But again there are different standards for different countries. Moreover, it again changes based on the residential area, commercial area and industrialized area.
I would appreciate if any of my fellow researchers could provide me some literature on this.
Are there any guidelines available for such studies under Indian conditions?
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For example German Design guideline ATV‐A 128
• design principle: lCOD,CSO <= lCOD,RW
• applicable for small, simple networks
• more complex systems: hydrologic / dydrodynamic modelling
• relevant factors of influence on CSO volume and concentration:
regional and site factors:
• precipitation
• contentration time
• slope
• storage capacity
• heavy polluters
typical design case:
• annual precipitation
• cCOD in stormwater
• cCOD in wastewater
• cCOD in wwtp effluent
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Hello. Does anyone know a study about the formation of colmation layers in stormwater pipe defects? Thank you!!!!
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In case anyone is searching for the temporal evolution of stormwater-bound colmation layers, I found these publications very helpful:
Le Coustumer, S., Fletcher, T. D., Deletic, A., Barraud, S., & Poelsma, P. (2012). The influence of design parameters on clogging of stormwater biofilters: A large-scale column study. Water Research, 46(20), 6743–6752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.026
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According to US EPA, "green infrastructure is a cost-effective, resilient approach to managing wet weather impacts that provides many community benefits. ...[g]reen infrastructure reduces and treats stormwater at its source while delivering environmental, social, and economic benefits.  Within the transportation field, green infrastructure is promoted to prevent and mitigate negative environmental impacts that automobiles cause, and potentially facilitate more of use of alternative mode of travel, such as walking and biking.  Is anyone aware of any studies that quantitatively measure the potential effects of green infrastructure on travel behavior?
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Thank all of you for your responses.  I was away from the office and did not check this site for a while.  I will check your suggested articles.  
Ozgur, I am fairly familiar with the literature on land use and travel behavior, but few studies examine green infrastructure, and no quantitative study found in my literature search.  if you know of any other particular articles that address this connection, please let me know.
Thank you all again!!
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Dear partners, I´m making the state of art for a stormwater research in urban areas employing hydrological and hydraulic modeling (SWMM).
Do you have any suggestion of practical case at any part of the world?
Or a web page where I can find something related?
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There are many interesting discussions on the Open SWMM group (https://www.openswmm.org) regarding applications involving SWMM. I recommend checking this source.
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Many people are interested in finding a model to estimate total suspended solids in water bodies.What is the application of these TSS ? I am aware that this is an indicator of water clarity. But as peoples are more interested to know TSS concentration , I just want to know whether that is useful in any environmental modeling or any other type o of research. If anyone has any idea or good literature please suggest.
thank you in advance
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paper attached.
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I would like to know the stormwater detention capacity for an old growth forest. That is, I am predicting the runoff from a region by aggregating the canopy diffraction, infiltration, evaporation, and natural storage in the rootlet depressions. I already know the values of the other elements.
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watershed depression capacity (vol/m) for a low-slope boreal forested region?
Jessica its very catchy indicator...can you further elaborate the units.....volume per 'm'  what does 'm' means here ?
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I am interested in finding urban runoff water quality studies, preferably using SWMM. I am working with urban runoff data with continuous flow and rainfall data (2-10 min temporal resolution, 10-30 ha catchments) and water quality data of some common pollutants (TSS, TP, TN, COD) from both wet weather and dry weather flow. I'd be happy to find examples about model calibration (either event-based or continuous modelling) using similar kind of water quality data (flow based sampling, often several samples per event). Also good review papers about the topic are warmly welcome!
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Thank you very much for the answers so far and the publications I've received both here and privately!
Antonio, I am working with data from separate sewer systems and I have water quality data from rainfall (and snowmelt) periods (=wet weather) and from the baseflow between events (=dry weather). I am not sure yet what to do with my data, but I want to experiment with SWMM and try its water quality modeling component. Just a note regarding your question (although I am not familiar with combined systems): In Finland we have a rather low proportion of combined systems (less than 10% of the total length of pipe sewer systems). Here since about 1970's separate systems became the main type of sewer systems - this was a good solution because we have avoided the CSO problems of more southern Europe where combined systems are much more common. However, I think it's becoming more and more evident that even runoff from separate sewer systems should not be conveyed untreated to receiving waters. Probably the best solution for this is the development of LID/SUDS systems for stormwater runoff. In a cold climate such as Finland, a big issue with combined systems is that the cold snowmelt runoff during spring disturbs the treatment processes at wastewater treatment plants.
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Hi,
I am using SWMM 5.0 in order to simulate TSS in stormwater.
I know that water quality routing within conduit assumes that the conduit behaves as a Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (see CSTR.jpg file).
In reference to the substance involved in the reaction, a perfect and ideal mixing is assumed, and the universal law of material balance is applied (see transport formula.jpg file), where the coefficient K is the rate constant.
I would like to know if it is possible to modify directly K in the above mentioned formula. If yes, how?
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Thank you,
Angela
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Thanks to all of you for your very intresting and useful suggestions.
They will help me to improve my model by understanding its weak points.
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How exactly should i fix up the recurrence rainfall interval for the stormwater harvesting ? 
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Thank you Jose Navar for your valuable answers..
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On a series of several grab samples,  of surface in a storm drain or river, (3 x 60ml ) concentrations are observed ranging from <LOD to several thousand ppb.  If we make additional or supplementary analyzes the obtained values also vary widely. The average is meaningless and the standard deviation is often above average. What factor may be envisaged to estimate a range of concentrations from an analysis of a grab sample? Are there references or work on the representativeness of a grab sample water?
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Thanks WIlliam and MET means Metal Trace Elements. Effectively smal samples can not represent the trend of contaminants and we are looking for a factor to estimate the range of contaminants concentrations. Such factor are used by company in charge of used and collected waters (some used a factor of 8) but we have not scientific evidence of suc factor
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Recently in Melbourne, Australia, efforts have been undertaken to develop sub-regional (~1 million population) integrated plans which consider water supply, sewerage and stormwater systems in one work package, and link these with smaller scale growth area plans. I am wondering if there are other notable cities in the world which have attempted a similar task? Or if not, is there any notable academic literature which describes/compares actual water industry water infrastructure planning functions? (integrated or otherwise) 
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Depends on what is defined as integration - urban master plans incorporate different aspects - water, wastewater, stormwater/drainage but each one is modeled separately though using same demographics, geography, etc. data. With all the GIS capabilities some are trying to integrate the three hydraulic models but this doesn't always work as  storm events will usually have little or no impact on  water models where the sources of water are deep aquifers. But then there are storms events which impact wastewater models  because of inflow and infiltrations from combined or separate sewers but these events are usually programmed after calibration studies. Any a few links for your perusal below: 
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Vadose zone wells for recharge of treated stormwater and wastewater.
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Thanks for reply, Mr. Bashar. I am using Zangar's equation of recharge rate determination in vadose zone wells. In this equation 'Lw' denotes water depth in well. which is shown below ground level and should be greater than 5 times diameter of the well. My motive to keep it above the ground level is to get sufficient head for the recharge of the treated wastewater. But, i am not getting any equation for determining recharge rate for such a situation in the literature.
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I'm looking into how past civilization managed or cultivated forms of water, primarily stormwater however, interestingly the diversion of water into urban areas like the Spanish city Alhambra and compare the difference of todays methods. I would like to explore views of stormwater management in the urban setting and where this may be heading such as the Sponge Cities in China. 
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Thanks Pouneh, William and Casey for the info. Appreciate all the leads and suggestions.
Cheers
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In most cases, the wastewater from villages eventually is lead to different nearby water bodies, like Rivers, Streams, Wetands etc. and such wastewater comprises of household wastewater (both Greywater and Blackwater), drained water, stormwater etc. It happens to be also the ideal choice due to the topographic advantages.
So it has become utmost necessary to take some adequate, suitable and affordable measures to treat such wastewater as a preventive measure to keep the eventual recipient water bodies cleen. 
Thanks and Regards.
Nripendra Kumar Sarma
Nagaon, Assam, India
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Sewage treatment plant will have to be adopted considering that blackwater( domestic sewage) is disposed into the water body. A collection system like a collection tank will have to be constructed, sizes will depend upon area and population considered, mode of cenveyance of wastewater, concentration among other parameters. 
Different conventional treatment methods and new methods are available - the details of which can be seen in CPHEEO Manual which can be found at cpheeo.nic.in.
Some rural technologies are also successfully developed using locally available technology.
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Bioswales and rain gardens are increasingly being used in developed urban areas as stormwater filtration systems. I am interested in coming up with simple low-cost monitoring and measurement techniques to estimate the carbon sequestration of surviving plants.
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Dear colleagues,interesting discussion on carbon sequestration.There is no doubt that trees contribute to carbon sequestration  as they are  remaining there with out removal for any other purpose .The second one is perennial grasses ,as they are remaining there for long time and adding residues, roots and root exudates to soil, they contribute to carbon sequestration.Annual crops are removed, soil is cultivated/disturbed and aerated facilitating carbon oxidation .Recent reports indicate that even under conservation agriculture there is no much gain in soil carbon with annual crops.So they can not add or sequester more carbon in soil .Shrub plants if they are grown with  out disturbing ,possibly with occasional prunnig may also facilitate carbon sequestration in soil.Continuous addition of good amount of manure to soil also helps to gain more carbon in soil.
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I am building a huge stormwater network model using microdrainage/windes and I have a huge number of pipes, editing pipe roughness manually could take a day. is there anyway to global edit pipe roughness?
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Thanks for your answer, I will try this
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The majority of available wetland assessment tools are designed with the purpose of advising the implementation of wetland policy and its focus on conservation, restoration, and mitigation of natural wetlands. Natural wetlands, do not typically have the controlled hydroperiods as seen in constructed stormwater wetlands (CSWs).
Can assessment tools, developed for natural wetlands, accurately assess CSWs?
Assessment tools designed specifically for CSWs tend to focus on water quality and hydrological functional values. Is anyone aware of assessment tools designed for CSWs that also consider their biodiversity and socioeconomic values?
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You might be interested in the work of Dirk Muschalla. In our Institute we worked intensively on multicriteria assessment of constructed stormwater systems
An overview is given here
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Climate change will lead more intense and frequent precipitation, thereby increasing stormwater runoff at cities. What is your opinion about that?
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(Lloyd et al., 2002; Vaze and Chiew, 2004; Brown, 2005; Dillon, 2005; Taylor et al, 2005; Fletcher et al., 2007; Hamdan et al., 2007; Kinkade-Levario, 2007; Nolde, 2007; Schwecke et al., 2007; Begum et al., 2008; Brodie, 2008; Mitchell et al., 2008; Page et al., 2008; Phillip et al., 2008; Roy et al., 2008; Yu, 2008; Begum and Rasul, 2009; Blecken et al., 2009; Goonrey et al., 2009; Hamdan, 2009; Hatt et al., 2009, Molloy et al, 2009; Aryal et al., 2010; Barry, 2010; Jensen et al., 2010; Khastagir and Jayasuriya, 2010; McArdle et al, 2010; Miguntanna et al., 2010; Page and Levett 2010; Page et al., 2010; Radcliffe, 2010; Vanderzalm et al., 2010; Begum et al., 2011; Clary et al., 2011; Graddon et al., 2011; Hamdan et al. 2011; Kirzhner and Kadmon, 2011; Liebman et al., 2011; Lim et al., 2011; McCarthy et al., 2011; Mohammed et al. 2011; Stoeglehner et al., 2011; Bratières et al., 2012; Brodie, 2012; Burns et al., 2012; Dobbie and Brown, 2012; Jenkins et al., 2012, Kus et al. 2012; Naylor et al., 2012; Rozos and Makropoulos, 2012; Walsh, 2012; Wu et al., 2012; Ashbolt et al., 2013; Brown et al. 2013; Chong et al., 2013; Hamel et al., 2013; Imteaz et al., 2013; Inamdar et al., 2013; Tang et al. 2013).
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Do you have examples about publications discussing stormwater biofiltration during construction works? I think I have heard that if biofiltration or any other vegetated stormwater management practices have been planned for a new residential area, those systems should not be built ready before the contruction works have ended, i.e. the sediments from the construction sites may destroy the structures. For this reason, these stormwater management structures may have some kind of temporary function during the construction period of the resdiential area (e.g. detention pond with some temporary vegetation) and they will be finalized after the construction projects end. But now I am finding it difficult to actually find a publication that really says it is so! Hope you can help me.
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the local 95% trigger value for marine ecosystem health is 1.3 mcg/l
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Appears safe and low for a stormwater discharge. Some literature suggest a trigger value of <5 mcg/L for aquaculture. Judging by your local standard and once discharged into the ocean (as a worse case scenario) the assimilation should be sufficient to keep the resulting level well below 1.3 mcg/L.
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Also for treatment output of wastewater treatment concrete.
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Hi 
If you want to decrease the discharge and contamination, you be able to use a porous medium in your channel that constructed by several size of stones and after that you should analyse your medium with network modeling which it is available in this article in my profile (A numerical study of the flow through coarse and homogeneous porous media using coupled network model).
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I'm going to do some research about the effects of plant density to infiltration and heavy metals removal on bioretention. But I find it hard to get the references about that. I want to build 3 bioretentions with low, medium, and high plant density, but I still don't know "how many plants per ha which is low, medium, or high density?". Is it better if I do a field-scale experiment? But I still don't know how to measure the infiltration rate at inlet and outlet on 3 bioretentions with different plant density in field-scale experiment.
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I agree with Caitlin above - check out the data from Monash and the previous Facility for Advancement in Water Biofiltration
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Pervious concrete is a new type of concrete that allows stormwater to pass through it, and I want to work on it in my PhD study.
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It may also be used to clean water, if you can incorporate some functional additives. I don't know more about that, but I heard someone talked about the using of graphene and TiO2 in pervious concrete.
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I have done research and apparently both C18 and HLB have good recoveries concerning phthalates.
Has any of the RG colleagues already used any of these two cartridges for phthalates concentration in stormwater samples?
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Dear Racha EL-OSMANI
Disks and Cartridges with C18 can be used but attention is required for pH adjustment. However variation of recovery is vary for SPE methods. I have used this for pesticide residue analysis.  
Bonded-phase silica (e.g., C18) will hydrolyze on prolonged exposure to aqueous
samples with pH levels of less than 2 or greater than 9. Hydrolysis will increase at the extremes of this pH range and with longer contact times. Hydrolysis may reduce extraction efficiency or cause baseline irregularities. Styrene divinylbenzene (SDB) extraction disks should be considered when hydrolysis is a problem (from METHOD 3535A)
SPE methods for Phthalate esters (METHOD 3535A,8061A
rgards
Piyal
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I am working on a paper in which I study a watershed with a stormwater BMP located in the headwaters and another watershed with a BMP located in the lowlands and a reviewer would like me to discuss the typical distribution of BMPs (whether they are typically in the headwaters draining storm drains or if the are typically lower down in the watershed). Thanks for any help!
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Genneraly BMPs located in the headwaters protect recipients from pollution accumulated in specific storm drains and BMPs located lower down in the watershed are used to remove pollutants accumulated in the whole watershed. It is hard to say anything more with no aditional data, it all depends on which BMPs are used and why, where your watershed is located (rural or urban area), what souces of pollution are there in the watershed..