Science topics: Steam
Science topic

Steam - Science topic

Water in its gaseous state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
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How is fishing a STEAM occupation?
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Meghna is right!!! There is a university program called "Fisheries Science" and professionals called "Fisheries Technologist," etc. The backbone of fishing is technology, the technique of catching fish. Even the local knowledge/know-how of the communities and Indigenous Peoples uses technology, unknowingly many are based on science. And of course, science and technology are critical to planning and practicing fishing (sustainable development) projects.
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HOW DO YOU CALCULATE POWER GENERATION COST??Power in the steam Turbines produces at every stage where the steam is taken out, whether it may be bleed, extraction or exhaust steam. As the steam out from the turbine increases the power developed on that particular stage will increase.Power generation phenomenon.Power generation in steam Turbines is calculated based on difference between the heat content of inlet steam & extracted steam.📷Factors affecting the power generation:Power generation at particular stage increases, when there is more steam flow &vice versa Power generation at particular stage increases when there is more difference between inlet & extraction steam & Vice versa Power develop at particular stage decreases if its extraction pressure increases & vice versa Power developed at particular stage decreases if its extraction temperature increases & vice versa Power developed in steam Turbine decreases if inlet live steam pressure & temperature decrease If steam vacuum decreases power generation reduces or else Turbine will consume more steam to develop same power If exhaust steam temperature increases then the power power generation reduces or else Turbine will consume more steam to develop same power If wheel chamber pressure increases, then the power generation capacity of the Turbine decreases
In which part of the Turbine higher power can be produced at lower steam consumption? And why?
It is at the exhaust stage. Because at the exhaust stage pressure & temperature of the steam is very lesser than bleed &extraction stages.
In which part of the Turbine lowest power is produced at higher steam consumption? And why?
It is at the bleed stage. Because at bleed steam pressure & temperatures are higher than extraction & exhaust stages
Calculation part:
1-Calculate the power generated in a back pressure steam Turbine, where 50 TPH steam enters the Turbine at 66 kg/cm2 & temperature 485 Deg C.And steam exhausts to process at pressure 2 kg/cm2 & temperature 180 Deg C.
For calculation of power we need to know the enthalpy of inlet & exhaust steam.
Refer steam table
Enthalpy of inlet steam at rated parameters H1 = 806.5 kcal/kg
Enthalpy of inlet steam at rated parameters H2 = 677 kcal/kg
Now power developed in steam turbine P = Q X (H1-H2) / 860
Where Q is steam flow
P = 50 X (806.5-677) / 860
P = 7.52 MW
Note: 860 kcal = 1 KWH
-A Turbine’s inlet steam enthalpy is 825 kcal/kg & Exhaust enthalpy is 590 kcal/kg. Calculate the work done by steam & specific steam steam consumption
We have,
H1 = 825 kcal/kg, H2 = 590 kcal/kg
Work done per kg of steam = (H1-H2) = 825-890 =235 kcal/kg
SSC = 860 / Work done = 860 / 235 =3.65 kg/kwh or 3.65 MT/MW
6-A steam Turbine inlet steam pressure & temperatures are 104 kg/cm2 & 540 C0 & exhausts at pressure 0.09 kg/cm2 & temperature 43 Deg C calculate the
a- Work done per kg of steam
b- Heat supplied per kg of steam
c- Cycle efficiency
Enthalpy of inlet steam = 829 kcal/kg
Exhaust liquid enthalpy = 44 kcal/kg
Exhaust enthalpy by considering 90% dryness fraction = 44 + 0.9 X 616.44 =598.76 kcal/kg
A-Work done per kg of steam = (829-598.76) = 230.24 kcal/kg
B-Heat supplied per kg of steam = 829-44 = 785 kcal/kg
C-Cycle efficiency = Work done per kg of steam X 100 / Heat supplied per kg of steam
= 230.24 X 100 / 785 = 29.32%
Note:
Power developed at Generator terminals = Power developed at Turbine Shaft X Reduction gear box efficiency X Alternator efficiency
For example:
Calculate the net power developed at Generator terminal if 100 TPH steam enters the Turbine at 811 kcal/kg enthalpy & leaves the Turbine at enthalpy 565 kcal/kg .Assume Gear box efficiency as 98% & Generator efficiency as 95%
Power developed on Turbine shaft = 100 X (811-565) / 860 = 28.0 MW
Net power developed at Generator output terminals = 28.0 X 0.98 X 0.95 = 26.06 MW
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Very clear reply from Jorge Morales Pedraza additionally I would also suggest that you move to S.I. based units. The calculations are clearer in kJ/kg than kcal/kg. There is another issue that may need consideration when changing outlet conditions: that is wetness in the outlet steam. Unless the LP stages are designed for this blade-erosion can be serious.
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In power plant, calculation of cost of steam is very vital in commercial point of view. Following are the parameters which affect the cost of steam.
  1. Steam pressure
  2. Steam temperature
  3. GCV of fuel
  4. Price of fuel
  5. And Boiler efficiency
Following gives you the relation among steam cost & above all parameters & vice versa
  • Steam cost increases as the enthalpy or heat content in steam increases and vice versa
  • Steam cost increases as the GCV of fuel decreases and vice versa
  • Steam cost increases as the fuel price increases & vice versa
  • Steam cost increases as the Boiler efficiency decreases & vice versa
Understanding with examples.
1.Calculate the cost of steam per kg, which is been using for Steam turbine having pressure 121 kg/cm2 & temperature 550 deg C.The boiler of efficiency 75% uses coal of GCV 4200 kcal/kg to produce this steam.Cosnsider the price of coal is Rs 5000/MT
Enthalpy of steam at above pressure & temperature H = 830.43 kcal/kg
Boiler efficiency ⴖb= 75%
GCV of coal = 4200 kcal/kg
Now, cost of steam = Heat content in steam in kcal/kg X Fuel price / (GCV of fuel in kcal/kg X Boiler efficiency ⴖb)
= 830.43 X 5000 / (4500 X 0.75)
= 1230.26 rupees / MT of steam or Rs 1.23 / kg of steam
2.Calculate the cost of steam per kg, which is been using for chemical process plant having pressure 5 kg/cm2 & temperature 180 deg C.The boiler of efficiency 65% uses biomass of GCV 2800 kcal/kg to produce this steam.Cosnsider the price of biomass is Rs 2400/MT
Enthalpy of steam at above pressure & temperature H = 670 kcal/kg
Boiler efficiency ⴖb= 65%
GCV of coal = 2800 kcal/kg
Now, cost of steam = Heat content in steam in kcal/kg X Fuel price / (GCV of fuel in kcal/kg X Boiler efficiency ⴖb)
= 670 X 2400 / (2800 X 0.65)
= 883.51 rupees / MT of steam or Rs 0.88 / kg of steam
3. Calculate the cost of saturated steam given to sugar process for juice boiling plant having pressure 1.5 kg/cm2 & temperature 130 deg C.The boiler of efficiency 68% uses bagasse (biomass) of GCV 2200 kcal/kg to produce this steam.Cosnsider the price of biomass is Rs 2500/MT
Enthalpy of steam at above pressure & temperature H = 650 kcal/kg
Boiler efficiency ⴖb= 68%
GCV of coal = 2200 kcal/kg
Now, cost of steam = Heat content in steam in kcal/kg X Fuel price / (GCV of fuel in kcal/kg X Boiler efficiency ⴖb)
= 650 X 2500 / (2200 X 0.68)
= 1086.22 rupees / MT of steam or Rs 1.086 / kg of steam
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The calculation of steam cost is crucial in power plants and industries where steam is used for various processes. The cost of steam depends on several key parameters:
Key Parameters Affecting Steam Cost:
  1. Steam Pressure: Higher pressure increases steam cost due to higher enthalpy or heat content.
  2. Steam Temperature: Similar to pressure, higher temperature increases the steam cost.
  3. GCV of Fuel: Higher GCV (Gross Calorific Value) reduces the steam cost because more energy is obtained per unit of fuel.
  4. Fuel Price: As the price of fuel increases, the cost of steam increases.
  5. Boiler Efficiency: Lower boiler efficiency means more fuel is needed to generate the same amount of steam, increasing steam cost.
Formula for Steam Cost:
Cost of Steam=Heat Content of Steam×Fuel PriceGCV of Fuel×Boiler Efficiency\text{Cost of Steam} = \frac{\text{Heat Content of Steam} \times \text{Fuel Price}}{\text{GCV of Fuel} \times \text{Boiler Efficiency}}
Examples:
  1. Cost of Steam=830.43×50004200×0.75=1230.26 rupees/MT of steam or Rs1.23/kg of steam\text{Cost of Steam} = \frac{830.43 \times 5000}{4200 \times 0.75} = 1230.26 \, \text{rupees/MT of steam} \, \text{or} \, \text{Rs} 1.23/\text{kg of steam}Steam for Steam Turbine (Pressure = 121 kg/cm², Temperature = 550°C):Enthalpy of Steam = 830.43 kcal/kg Boiler Efficiency = 75% GCV of Coal = 4200 kcal/kg Coal Price = Rs 5000/MT
  2. Cost of Steam=670×24002800×0.65=883.51 rupees/MT of steam or Rs0.88/kg of steam\text{Cost of Steam} = \frac{670 \times 2400}{2800 \times 0.65} = 883.51 \, \text{rupees/MT of steam} \, \text{or} \, \text{Rs} 0.88/\text{kg of steam}Steam for Chemical Process Plant (Pressure = 5 kg/cm², Temperature = 180°C):Enthalpy of Steam = 670 kcal/kg Boiler Efficiency = 65% GCV of Biomass = 2800 kcal/kg Biomass Price = Rs 2400/MT
  3. Cost of Steam=650×25002200×0.68=1086.22 rupees/MT of steam or Rs1.086/kg of steam\text{Cost of Steam} = \frac{650 \times 2500}{2200 \times 0.68} = 1086.22 \, \text{rupees/MT of steam} \, \text{or} \, \text{Rs} 1.086/\text{kg of steam}Steam for Juice Boiling Plant (Pressure = 1.5 kg/cm², Temperature = 130°C):Enthalpy of Steam = 650 kcal/kg Boiler Efficiency = 68% GCV of Bagasse (Biomass) = 2200 kcal/kg Biomass Price = Rs 2500/MT
By understanding these parameters and using the formula, you can accurately calculate the cost of steam and make informed decisions in power plants or industrial processes.
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Gameboard scientific-model-building activity is an effective project-based learning approach [methodologies, strategies, and techniques] to adopt, design, and implement in STEAM [Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics] education classroom environments from Pre-K to 12th levels.
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Teaching aids@
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How to integrate STEAM into interreligious learning?
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Integrating STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) into interreligious learning shall enhance understanding, and foster peaceful coexistence among diverse faiths.
We can achieve this by creatively and innovatively organising interdisciplinary workshops with participants from different religious backgrounds. Some suggested activities such as environmental stewardship, community service, or social justice.
In addition, we can also encourage research into thematic areas, which connect education and religious faith to enhance understanding and tolerance.
Furthermore, we can encourage projects, which focus on Cultural Art Integration, Problem-Solving, Engineering with Purpose, Technology and Digital Collaboration, Field Trips and Community Engagement, Critical Reflection and Dialogue that address community needs amid our cultural differences.
The introduction of ART into STEM is a necessity because everything around us has a foundation in science but expressed in diverse ways and their interconnectivity cannot be overemphasized!Integrating STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) into interreligious learning shall enhance understanding, and foster peaceful coexistence among diverse faiths.
We can achieve this by creatively and innovatively organising interdisciplinary workshops with participants from different religious backgrounds. Some suggested activities such as environmental stewardship, community service, or social justice.
In addition, we can also encourage research into thematic areas, which connect education and religious faith to enhance understanding and tolerance.
Furthermore, we can encourage projects, which focus on Cultural Art Integration, Problem-Solving, Engineering with Purpose, Technology and Digital Collaboration, Field Trips and Community Engagement, Critical Reflection and Dialogue that address community needs amid our cultural differences.
The introduction of ART into STEM is a necessity because everything around us has a foundation in science but expressed in diverse ways and their interconnectivity cannot be overemphasized!
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What is computational STEAM learning?
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Computational STEAM learning refers to learning approach that integrates Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics (STEAM), with computer skills like coding and problem-solving.
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304 stainless steel was oxidized using an induction coil under the following conditions: atmospheric atmosphere at 900°C, steam atmosphere at 900°C, and steam atmosphere at 1000°C. After the experiment, the oxide film thickness of the specimen oxidized in the atmospheric atmosphere at 900°C was approximately 5 μm, while the oxide film thickness of the specimen oxidized in the steam atmosphere at 900°C was about 20 μm, and the oxide film thickness of the specimen oxidized in the steam atmosphere at 1000°C was 45 μm. To determine the composition of the oxide films, XRD analysis was conducted. In the XRD data for the specimen oxidized in the atmospheric atmosphere at 900°C, Cr₂O₃ was detected at a high level, and an increasing trend in the background was observed. I am curious why only this specimen shows an increasing trend in the background.
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Thank you very much for your kind response.
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CREATIVITY AND HUMOR
In his The Act of Creation (1964), Arthur Koestler suggests that there are three types of creativity:
Type I: Artistic Originality:
A work of art is a distortion of reality ranging from dada to realism, as follows:
Dada
Abstract Expressionism
Cubism
Surrealism
Impressionism (Puntilism)
Expressionism
Realism
Camille Saint Saëns’ “Carnival of the Animals”
Ferde Grofé’s “On the Trail” from “Grand Canyon Suite” (Impressionism)
Edvard Munch’s “The Scream” (Expressionism)
Salvador Dali’s art (Surrealism)
Pablo Picasso’s art (Cubism)
Gertrude Stein’s writing (Cubism)
Jackson Pollock’s art (Abstract Expressionism)
Type II: Scientific Discover and Invention:
There are two types of scientific creativity: Discovery, and Invention.
Scientific discovery is epiphanal, and is accompanied by such expressions as
The Bisociative Click!
The Eureka Cry!
The epiphany! or
Das “aha” Erlebniss!
After scientists had discovered the relationships between the moon’s and sun’s gravitation pull, the ocean tides, amber (and static electricity), the lodestones, and the magnet field at the North Pole. They could invent magnets and compasses, AC and DC currents, electro-magnetic engines, etc.
Type III: Comic Inspiration:
But sometimes the bi-association or the incongruity and incongruity resolution, are greater than what is commonly seen in art or in science. This requires a greater suspension of disbelief, because the bi-association is thought to be Incongruous, Incompatible, Ironic, Ludicrous, Paradoxical, Ridiculous, Satiric, or Sardonic.
Examples would include such anachronisms in Science Fiction as the Grandfather’s paradox, where a person goes back in time and kills his own grandfather.
Other examples would be Othello with the hiccups, or a chess player who gives his opponent a double martini.
Fulton’s Folly was still another example of comic inspiration.
When Fulton told the world that he would be able to build a fire that would boil water to make steam to produce the power to make a paddle wheel steam boat paddle upstream, everybody showed up to watch him fail.
They thought that such an attempt was Ludicrous, Ridiculous, or Laughable.
But the audience was wrong. Fulton’s steam boat actually worked. That’s why Arthur Koestler calls this type of creativity “Comic Inspiration.”
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Lucy: Excellent response.
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How could STEAM develop inventor mindset?
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I guess that really depends on a type of STEAM, and in some cases (such as vaporised water), it's not only dangerous, but the likeliness of inventor mindset emerging as a result of exposure is rather low.
STEAM in Education (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEAM_education) groups together Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and adds Art to it. It's a perfect combo to match inspiration and creativity with analytical thinking to tackle issues never addressed before. As long as the instructors can spark and fan this creativity.
STEAM, the Video Game Distribution service (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)) provides access to thousands of unique games. Potentially inspiring new creators to try their hand at game development.
STEAM, the Museum of the Great Western Railway (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Great_Western_Railway) might inspire inventors by showing them the history of the most revolutionary invention of all times, the STEAM engine!
STEAM, the Peter Gabriel song (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(Peter_Gabriel_song)) or STEAM, the 2007 film written and directed by Kyle Schickner (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(film)) might not help with the inventor mindset.
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Recently I've seen the issue where our plant is feeding two radial buses and one ring main bus. Ring main bus breaker tripped and upon clearance of fault the breaker of ring main not closing at our end due to high phase angle difference which i power angle/load angle. How this issue can be resolved.
What if fuel or steam flow to turbine increase that can increase the frequency by reducing load angle during radial feeding is it possible?
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As generator is already feeding radial load so MW demand is fairly fixed so if steam input is decreased the frequency decreased, so why load angle will decrease then if frequency decreases. I think with decrease in mechanical torque the load angle will increase.
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For the simulation of a steam transport process in pipes, traditional single-phase flow correlations overestimate my calculations considerably. What type of friction factor should I use?
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Dario Colorado-Garrido There is little real difficulty in calculating the pressure drop for steam in any pipe, provided the diameter is accurate and roughness known: it is much more difficult in the superheater itself as temperature changes can be large and flow distribution difficult.
There are even graphical methods that are accurate for pipework. Would be good to know what problem you foresee.
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If you look at hs diagram in part of hbd of steam turbine at end of expansion line you see two points that are ELEP and UEEP.
So what is difference among these two and why h and s values are high for UEEP.
Does UEEP accounts for exhaust lossess
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@Peter Enders Excuse me, i don't need your opinion i am seeking technical insight on it.
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TEP presentation caption (The Environmental Project)
Re: Why should Washington’s DC, or any country government point of location think of as nowadays of as to being 'tomorrow as to come! if it will!’
What is your mind of “tomorrow” You reader?
As being with a clear clean world environment that is as a life giving, life supportive clear, clean world!
Do they care? Do they think of this?
I can assure you that 01/05/2047 is planet Earth as thermally a global a carbon based protein animal & human genome, plant chlorophyll fibrous life form of lands, and aquatic creatures are then baked within this global planet Earth ‘oven’ of 115º C.
Then within 15/06/2048with atmospherics at 120º C, there is no breathable non-polluted atmosphere.
Then by 2050 the atmosphere transforms into a red haze of iron oxide as all the iron, steel of buildings, cars etc. rust into flakes.
Global ‘Weather’ has stopped, as ‘aqua thermionic instituted by the ‘Global thermo atmospherics has instituted global thermodynamics of 120º C + and thus all waters are, or have boiled into a steam vapor that requires a cool flow of air to form it into condensed water that will fall to the ground as ’rain’.
No rain no life to respond from a mergence of bio supporting chemistry.
With this lack of ‘rain’ then no life might be.
Greenhouse Gases
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
2. Methane (CH4)
3. Nitrous oxide (N2O)
4. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
5. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
6. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
7. Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
(CURRENT READER) YOU
What, do you think, feel, about 'tomorrow' arriving for you to see?
Do you want and need and desire to see a great healthy, clean tomorrow?
Then TPEOM With its ‘TEP’The Environmental Project” is destined to make that your ‘reality ‘by 01/01/2033!
The most best is we start ASAP from 01/01/2026 or as we are then ready to do!
Our, TPEOM, being ‘ready’ needs, must do as stated in the EMC ~ MEC Physics .pdf document: that is included with this ‘caption.
IN all due regards to all the above mentioning;
The current actuality is that this EMC ~ MEC unit is in need of an update!
While I’m at the Cyclotron of Vancouver BC Canada at its TRIUMF atomic particle accelerator, 12 kilometers from Vancouver, BC, Canada!
The cost of my going there and being there until the needed environmental technology [EMC ~MEC] is ready, is this ‘tool’ of $110,000,000.00 ready at ICBC as of from today March 16, 2024 so it can do he works to save all that UFNDAO stands for.
Forex says GBP is 66,766,165.50 pounds
TPEOM is asking of $110 Million from that WEF MOU of PM Anwar as USD into ICBC Bank.
ASAP as best, because the now continued atmospheric pollution increase will not stop or wait for anything!! Except! TEP ACTION!
That stated! Says to you that I’m ready to do all this TEP now! TPEOM, TEP WILL go to TRIUMF 01/01/2026 to make way of the tool to clear, clean gone th unnecessary amount of those 7 Greenhouse Gases to return the planet’s atmosphere to its normal REGULAR CONTENT of atmospheric gaseous atomic elements.
To actually see, learn how this is performed and done see, read the attached Adobe .pdf file. EMC ~ MEC Physics.pdf
I am: Dr. Prof. Yoshida, Mike Kazuo, PhD. BA, Bsc, Phys, MBA, MD GP, CNC & IT, HTML
Environmental Science Physicist
Practical & Theoretical Physics Science Researcher R & D (PTPSRD)
The Pyran Environmental Organization Malaysia (TPEOM)
Do you (Reader of this! ) YOU as actually care, feel your being alive here on, with planet earth is you?
Then make your making of TEP happen as stated above.
By you DONATING into (TPEOM TEP) as a goodly of something of the sum of $110,000,000.00 via ICBC bank of Kuala Lumpur, Persekutuan, Malaysia!
As to the ICBC account of my name as Yoshida, Mike Kazuo! Then all that you bank into there will go to TPEOM (TEP)
Actually as to you being either a county Government, or an owner of a Foundation, A Philanthropist, A Science projects funds grantor or as a wealthy Financier or Venture capitalist or a ‘Large ‘investor!
Then look into any of the six 6 merchandisable items that TPEOM offers as compensation for your TEP investment.
With full consideration, then, TPEOM TEP accept you as a environmentally aware concerned individual that cares for life, parents, family, your community and thus is thus willing to input as much as you can to make sure you have a hand into the saving this Planet and your family members, because it is your home world!
Then I say welcome to (TEP) as to your concern of inputting the something as to you making sure that it is you that did.
That is included within the EMC ~ MEC Physics .pdf document: http://www.tgmncsb.com/EMC-MEC-C.html & donate into ICBC Bank via: http://www.tgmncsb.com/donate.html <<< This is how to do!
TPEOM TEP actually only seeks $110 Million as extrapolated as being correct to start and to make sure that we actually build // make those environmental tools that will clear and sanitize all The Planets Air, All Waters And All The Soils of every country as being 235 countries of this planet to insure that nothing (neighboring country) will cause, add any pollution.
Welcome to being recognized, counted as one who helped make a clean livable world!
Welcome CURRENT READER as YOU Reader of this!
1. EnergyCell 📷All need electricity for life
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5. Extended life .pdf 📷 This can extend your life [healthily into, past 100 years
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📷
Dr. Prof. Yoshida, Mike Kazuo...\ PhD, BA, Bsc, Phys, MBA, MD GP, CNC, IT & HTML
Environmental Science Physicist
Practical & Theoretical Physics Science Researcher R & D (PTPSRD)
Practical ‘Green Energy availability’
The Pyran Environmental Organization Malaysia (TPEOM) (NGO ~NPO)
+60172924072 < THIS IS FOR ‘SMS TEXT’ ONLY, NO VOICE CALL.
📷
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📷📷A very near or already dead planetary environment
📷
TQ your response!
Now then what say you we actually do with what I texted about?
The solar sun clock won't stop, all of us of the humanity of this planet must now make action to re-air condition this planets atmospherics within the minimum of 8 years from this date of 06/04/2024 & + 8 years ='s the absolute target 'Venue' of 01/01/2038 or meet the PONR (Point Of No Return) event moment.
Juguel Mbala Badila I personally am doing all I can to invite many into a council of 12 with billions as memTEAMinto TPEOM http://www.tgmncsb.com/join_TPEOM.html
Then as a Global massive team we will make way to make the emc ~MEC Physics 10.pdf our lifesaving ACTUALITY within the stated Venue timeline.
Juguel what can, will you, your country, your citizen population do with this way I now present?
The GHG inventory covers the seven direct greenhouse gases under the Kyoto Protocol: 1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) 2. Methane (CH4) 3. Nitrous oxide (N2O) 4. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 5. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 6. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 7. Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) THE ABOVE 7 IS KILLING YOU, DAILY! 14 Oct 2022 Overview of greenhouse gases - NAEI, UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory https://naei.beis.gov.uk › overview › ghg-overview
📷
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33214.09284
15 June 2048 equals my extrapolated year date of planets nonviable conclusion. 120º Celsius
However, 01/05/2047 is my extrapolated point of the beginning of PONR (Point Of No Return @ 115º Celsius
📷
The now, year date of my composing this is: 25/06/2024 as the active global situations of most biodiversities of this planet ‘tagged’ as Earth, residing within ~ at the NGEC of the Milky Way Galaxy spiral. In the Milky Way galaxy in a spiral arm called the Orion Spur that extends outward from the Sagittarius arm. Planet Earth resides within a solar system that orbits a G-type star, or “yellow dwarf star that is a 4.5 billion-year-old yellow dwarf star – a hot glowing ball of hydrogen and helium – at the center of our solar system. It's about 93 million miles (150 million kilometers) from Earth.
The height of the Sun’s activity cycle, known as solar maximum, is a time of greatly increased solar storm activity. Sunspots, eruptions called solar flares, and coronal mass ejections are common at solar maximum. The latest solar cycle – Solar Cycle 25 – started in December 2019 when solar minimum occurred, according to the Solar Cycle 25 Prediction Panel, an international group of experts co-sponsored by NASA and NOAA. Scientists now expect the Sun’s activity to ramp up toward the next predicted maximum in July 2025. The height of the Sun’s activity cycle, known as solar maximum, is a time of greatly increased solar storm activity. Sunspots, eruptions called solar flares, and coronal mass ejections are common at solar maximum. The latest solar cycle – Solar Cycle 25 – started in December 2019 when solar minimum occurred, according to the Solar Cycle 25 Prediction Panel, an international group of experts co-sponsored by NASA and NOAA. Scientists now expect the Sun’s activity to ramp up toward the next predicted maximum in July 2025.
The Sun doesn't behave the same way all the time. It goes through phases of high and low activity, which make up the solar cycle. Approximately every 11 years, the Sun’s geographic poles change their magnetic polarity – that is, the north and south magnetic poles swap. During this cycle, the Sun's photosphere, chromospheres, and corona change from quiet and calm to violently active.
Like all stars, our Sun will eventually run out of energy. When it starts to die, the Sun will expand into a red giant star, becoming so large that it will engulf Mercury and Venus, and possibly Earth as well. Scientists predict the Sun is a little less than halfway through its lifetime and will last another 5 billion years or so before it becomes a white dwarf.
The Sun rotates on its axis as it revolves around the galaxy. Its spin has a tilt of 7.25 degrees with respect to the plane of the planets’ orbits. Since the Sun is not solid, different parts rotate at different rates. At the equator, the Sun spins around once about every 25 Earth days, but at its poles, the Sun rotates once on its axis every 36 Earth days.
The Sun is located in the Milky Way galaxy in a spiral arm called the Orion Spur that extends outward from the Sagittarius arm. 📷
The Sun is a dynamic star, constantly changing and sending energy out into space.
Pine trees are known to purify the air around us. Even their scent is helpful in reducing inflammation for people with asthma or allergies. Famous as the Christmas tree, Douglas fir pine trees are a great addition to any yard. They are medium-sized to large evergreen trees that grow up to 30-70 feet.14 Jul 2021
In conclusion, the top 10 Indian trees that produce the most oxygen are the neem, peepal, banyan, teak, eucalyptus, silver oak, Indian laurel, rubber tree, cassia fistula, and sandalwood.26 Dec 2022
📷
What made up Earth's first atmosphere?
The concluded that Earth's early atmosphere contained CH4, H2, H2O, N2, and NH3 This formulation remained prominent until the Homosapien induced the industrial revolution started and gripped everything with no concern nor any recognition of environmental, Ecological or of life support realities of needs for the continuance of natural life supportive requirements.
What are the 5 atmospheric compositions of the Earth's atmosphere?
The atmosphere of earth is composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and trace gases.
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By volume, the dry air in Earth's atmosphere is about 78.08 percent nitrogen, 20.95 percent oxygen, and 0.93 percent argon. A brew of trace gases accounts for the other approximately 0.04 percent, including the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone.9 Oct 2019
The current situation is that instead of only 5 atmospheric gas elements and molecules the planet’s atmosphere is now mostly known as 7 greenhouse gases of;
Greenhouse Gases
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
2. Methane (CH4)
3. Nitrous oxide (N2O)
4. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
5. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
6. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
7. Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
This combination of atomic elements, molecules of atomic elements are now preventing the solar radiation infrared wavelength of hypothermia from exiting into space as it must do so the atmosphere of the planet and the planets aquatics, soils are to remain at their correct thermals with no anomalies of discrepancies of planetary catastrophes’ of polar ice melting’s and habitual land flooding.
The variance is obvious as 7 gases and molecules that do not match the correct composition of the usual 5 items as normal as: nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and trace gases.
TPEOM is absolutely focused to address this above portrayed situation with its physics technologies of the EMC ~ MEC units
Therein with all the above researched, collected and now presented to you;
The question enlightening the mind of me is ‘what is your concerns of this global thermodynamics hurting you daily presentation and its now solution to be for the life of you by year 2033 or sooner, as the EMC ~ MEC Physics 10is fully enacted by you by no later than 2026.
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Dr. Prof. Yoshida, Mike Kazuo...\ PhD, BA, Bsc, Phys, MBA, MD GP, CNC, IT & HTML
Environmental Science Physicist
Practical & Theoretical Physics Science Researcher R & D (PTPSRD)
Practical ‘Green Energy availability’
The Pyran Environmental Organization Malaysia (TPEOM) (NGO ~NPO)
+60172924072 <
205A Jalan Pasir Puteh, Ipoh, Perak, 31450, Malaysia
All Rights Reserved by patent office
© 2012 ™ 2045 ® MYIPOI, Meru, Selangor, Malaysia
TOEOM: REGISTRATION: KDRM Malaysia: 1981830786-NPO) Malaysia
110A Linkok Rishah, Taman Rishah,
30100, Ipoh Darul Ridzuan, Perak, Malaysia
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3394-9135
DUNS # 659308259
American Association of Physics}] https://portal.aapt.org/
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BTW: I’m in consideration of providing transportation to another clean, safe Earth world with a G type star too.
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Deciphering the Request
Before we can identify potential collaborators, it's essential to clarify some terms and concepts:
  • TPEOM, MEC ~ EMC: What do these acronyms represent? Are they specific technologies, methodologies, or theoretical frameworks?
  • Atmospheric gases: Which specific gases are you referring to? Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, or others?
  • Norma: Do you mean "normal" atmospheric conditions? If so, what is considered "normal" in this context?
Potential Collaborators
Assuming you are targeting a significant reduction in greenhouse gases to mitigate climate change, potential collaborators could include:
Core Scientific Disciplines:
  • Atmospheric Scientists: Experts in atmospheric composition, circulation, and climate modeling.
  • Climate Scientists: Specialists in climate change, its impacts, and potential mitigation strategies.
  • Environmental Engineers: Engineers focused on developing technologies for pollution control and environmental remediation.
  • Material Scientists: Researchers developing new materials for carbon capture and storage.
Interdisciplinary Fields:
  • Geologists: Experts in geological formations suitable for carbon sequestration.
  • Oceanographers: Researchers studying ocean carbon uptake and circulation.
  • Biologists: Experts in carbon cycle processes, including photosynthesis and decomposition.
  • Economists: Specialists in economic modeling and policy analysis related to climate change.
  • Social Scientists: Researchers studying human behavior, policy, and decision-making related to climate change.
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I am looking for teaching experiences in nursery schools, primary and lower secondary schools, relating to maker education with STEAM to evaluate how useful they can be for the inclusion of foreign students
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Yes - because using the arts in collaboration with other STEM skills can help students who are adapting to new environments, cultures and languages. It can support successful integration with the new educational culture with which the young people are engaging. I have done this with groups from other cultures when starting their journey of engaging in a new culture and its education system. For more detail on this see: https://www.futurehorizonseducation.com/fhe-blogs/less-stem-more-steam
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How I can remove nitrogen from misture of Biogas ( Composition includes Nitrogen 14 % , Methane 44 % , CO2 34% , H2O 2.1% , H2S 2.1% , O2 2.5%)?
I want to produce Hydrogen from biogas using steam methane reforming Process. I want to pre-treatment of biogas remove impurities before reforming. I made Process flow diagram includes Equipment Adsorber(H2S REMOVE using iron sponges bed) , then Reformer( Only 1). Please help me. How?
I attached process flow diagram , my supervisior said add nitrogen unit. He reject it and said heat exchanger , adsorber , absorber, etc pressure temprature not correct. please help me. or provide me any article reference which help me. for the production of Hydrogen from Biogas using Steam methane Reforming Process. Please tell me.
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If you have 14% nitrogen N2 and 2.5% oxygen O2 in the biogas, then there must be an intake of ambient air usually caused by vacuum combined with leaky gas dome(s) or gas piping incl. valves up to the suction nozzle of the biogas blower(s). We experienced this a few times since 1980 after we started our first full scale high-rate biogas plant.
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I have probably misunderstood an email from you. I thought I confirmed my authorship of 16 articles. The result was that a total of 16 articles were removed. I never got a chance to steam. Something must have gone wrong - is it possible for you to restore what was removed or do I have to put all my 16 articles back again into ResearchGate?
Best wishes,
Helén Olsson
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And a last hint: It happens that the list of authors given in RG is not complete or that publications were attributed by an automated algorithm to another other with a similar name. See https://help.researchgate.net/hc/en-us/articles/14292798510993-Authorship for various cases and what to do. To find such cases, search for the titles of the missing publications as I described earlier.
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Is there a relationship between learning history and STEAM?
Share your idea with us please
Can you describe its different dimensions to me?
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Thanks anyway Dr Alves
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CREATIVITY AND HUMOR
In his The Act of Creation (1964), Arthur Koestler suggests that there are three types of creativity:
Type I: Artistic Originality:
A work of art is a distortion of reality ranging from dada to realism, as follows:
Dada
Abstract Expressionism
Cubism
Surrealism
Impressionism (Puntilism)
Expressionism
Realism
Camille Saint Saëns’ “Carnival of the Animals”
Ferde Grofé’s “On the Trail” from “Grand Canyon Suite” (Impressionism)
Edvard Munch’s “The Scream” (Expressionism)
Salvador Dali’s art (Surrealism)
Pablo Picasso’s art (Cubism)
Gertrude Stein’s writing (Cubism)
Jackson Pollock’s art (Abstract Expressionism)
Type II: Scientific Discover and Invention:
There are two types of scientific creativity: Discovery, and Invention.
Scientific discovery is epiphanal, and is accompanied by such expressions as
The Bisociative Click!
The Eureka Cry!
The epiphany! or
Das “aha” Erlebniss!
After scientists had discovered the relationships between the moon’s and sun’s gravitation pull, the ocean tides, amber (and static electricity), the lodestones, and the magnet field at the North Pole. They could invent magnets and compasses, AC and DC currents, electro-magnetic engines, etc.
Type III: Comic Inspiration:
But sometimes the bi-association or the incongruity and incongruity resolution, are greater than what is commonly seen in art or in science. This requires a greater suspension of disbelief, because the bi-association is thought to be Incongruous, Incompatible, Ironic, Ludicrous, Paradoxical, Ridiculous, Satiric, or Sardonic.
Examples would include such anachronisms in Science Fiction as the Grandfather’s paradox, where a person goes back in time and kills his own grandfather.
Other examples would be Othello with the hiccups, or a chess player who gives his opponent a double martini.
Fulton’s Folly was still another example of comic inspiration.
When Fulton told the world that he would be able to build a fire that would boil water to make steam to produce the power to make a paddle wheel steam boat paddle upstream, everybody showed up to watch him fail.
They thought that such an attempt was Ludicrous, Ridiculous, or Laughable.
But the audience was wrong. Fulton’s steam boat actually worked. That’s why Arthur Koestler calls this type of creativity “Comic Inspiration.”
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Kyra: The factors which contribute to creativity are very numerous, and very "creative." Check out the creativity in this PowerPoint about "Humor in Music and the Performing Arts." Thanks.
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The temperature of water in the basin becomes very high as it reaches the boiling point temperature, also it is superheated steam when I simulate the solar still in Comsol, while the temperature should reach 60 or 70 degrees Celsius. Why does the temperature of water become very high?
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Analyisis means that I should enter the equations?
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,,
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Dear Doctor
"Spark Streaming is a scalable fault-tolerant streaming processing system that natively supports both batch and streaming workloads. It is an extension of the Spark API that process live data stream in a real time.
How does it work?
Data streams are chopped into batches of few secs. SPARK treats each batches of data s RDDs and process them using RDD operator. Each batch is processed in Spark. Results pushed out in batches.
Spark Streaming Programming Model:
Discretized Stream (DStream)
- Represents a stream of data
- Implemented as a sequence of RDDs
DStreams API very similar to RDD API
- Create input DStreams from different sources
- Apply parallel operations"
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Delta ferrite to the extent of upto 3% in turbine blade steel grades like X222CrMoV121, K9A62C and some other grades.When finish machined turbine blades are checked for surface defects by LPT (liquid penetrent test) , no surface cracks are found but when magnetic particle inspection is done using head shot method some linear indications are observed in some bladeswhich on microstructural examination and phase micro hardness confirm to be delta ferrite .This problem needs some technological insight to solve the problem.
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Sedimentary limestone casting
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CREATIVITY AND HUMOR
In his The Act of Creation (1964), Arthur Koestler suggests that there are three types of creativity:
Type I: Artistic Originality:
A work of art is a distortion of reality ranging from dada to realism, as follows:
Dada
Abstract Expressionism
Cubism
Surrealism
Impressionism (Puntilism)
Expressionism
Realism
Camille Saint Saëns’ “Carnival of the Animals”
Ferde Grofé’s “On the Trail” from “Grand Canyon Suite” (Impressionism)
Edvard Munch’s “The Scream” (Expressionism)
Salvador Dali’s art (Surrealism)
Pablo Picasso’s art (Cubism)
Gertrude Stein’s writing (Cubism)
Jackson Pollock’s art (Abstract Expressionism)
Type II: Scientific Discover and Invention:
There are two types of scientific creativity: Discovery, and Invention.
Scientific discovery is epiphanal, and is accompanied by such expressions as
The Bisociative Click!
The Eureka Cry!
The epiphany! or
Das “aha” Erlebniss!
After scientists had discovered the relationships between the moon’s and sun’s gravitation pull, the ocean tides, amber (and static electricity), the lodestones, and the magnet field at the North Pole. They could invent magnets and compasses, AC and DC currents, electro-magnetic engines, etc.
Type III: Comic Inspiration:
But sometimes the bi-association or the incongruity and incongruity resolution, are greater than what is commonly seen in art or in science. This requires a greater suspension of disbelief, because the bi-association is thought to be Incongruous, Incompatible, Ironic, Ludicrous, Paradoxical, Ridiculous, Satiric, or Sardonic.
Examples would include such anachronisms in Science Fiction as the Grandfather’s paradox, where a person goes back in time and kills his own grandfather.
Other examples would be Othello with the hiccups, or a chess player who gives his opponent a double martini.
Fulton’s Folly was still another example of comic inspiration.
When Fulton told the world that he would be able to build a fire that would boil water to make steam to produce the power to make a paddle wheel steam boat paddle upstream, everybody showed up to watch him fail.
They thought that such an attempt was Ludicrous, Ridiculous, or Laughable.
But the audience was wrong. Fulton’s steam boat actually worked. That’s why Arthur Koestler calls this type of creativity “Comic Inspiration.”
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In the world of creativity studies, there's a big hurdle everyone's trying to jump: figuring out what creativity really means. It might sound obvious, but if we don't have a clear definition, it's like trying to catch smoke - we just can't get a grip on it. Oddly enough, despite all the talk about creativity, experts can't agree on what it is exactly.
So, for anyone keen on exploring different aspects of creativity, the key isn't just looking at what creativity does but understanding what it is at its core. Sure, it's a slippery concept, but some modern scholars like Mumford and Amabile have been wrestling with it and making some progress.
I'd recommend starting by checking out these scholars' work. It’s like dipping your toes in the water before diving into the pool. They’ve laid some groundwork, and we can build on that to understand what creativity is and how we can measure it. If we manage to crack the code and truly understand creativity, it would be a game-changer, almost like finding holy grail of human progress.
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I would like your expertise and guidance regarding a challenging Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) problem I currently have. The project involves species transport in Ansys Fluent, focusing on simulating a steam methane reforming process.
The issue I am encountering pertains to the Chemkin files that I have uploaded into the Ansys Fluent software. Unfortunately, I am encountering persistent errors, and it seems the software is not properly considering the uploaded Chemkin files. I have thoroughly reviewed the inputs, but the problem persists. Despite my best efforts, I have been unable to resolve this issue.
Furthermore, in this simulation, a key aspect involves maintaining a wall at an elevated temperature of 2000 degrees Celsius. The objective is to facilitate heat transfer to the methane and steam feed mixture to initiate the steam methane reforming reaction.
Regrettably, I have observed that the heat is not effectively transferring to the feed mixture, resulting in the absence of the desired chemical reaction. This poses a significant setback to the project, as the core objective is to study the reaction kinetics and product distribution in this specific environment.
Your support in this matter would be immensely important to my research progress.
Thank you in advance for considering my request. I am eager to learn from your expertise and am open to any suggestions or instructions you may have.
Sincerely,
Sudeep N S
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Hi Anurag Sharma,
Thanks for showing interest in my problem.
Could you please review the attached files and guide me in understanding the concept of the core?
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the magnetic field
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Using magnetic waves instead of steam in a heat exchanger has several advantages and disadvantages:
Advantages:
  1. Enhanced Heat Transfer: Magnetic waves can significantly enhance the heat transfer rate, especially for nanofluids, when an external magnetic field is imposed. This can lead to improved efficiency in heat exchange systems.
  2. Direct Conversion: Using magnetic waves eliminates the need for an intermediate conversion process, directly converting solar energy into electric energy in solar energy-driven power-generating systems.
Disadvantages:
  1. Increased Flow Resistance: The magnetoviscous effects induced by magnetic fields can increase flow resistance and offset the possible convective heat transfer enhancement in ferrofluids. This makes their use as potential heat transfer mediums challenging, especially in strong magnetic fields1.
  2. Economic Evaluation: The economic potential and cost of magnetic refrigerators and heat pumps need to be evaluated.
It’s important to note that these are general points, and the specific advantages and disadvantages can vary depending on the application and system design.
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Steam jet ejectors are not present in the built in models of Aspen Plus. How to add a steam jet ejector in Aspen Plus. Can it be done by the combination of two models or are there any other alternatives?
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Hi Rajdeep , I think you can use it as a combination of expanders and compressors or you can try to make a custom model of the steam jet ejector in aspen plus and itegrate with your flowsheet.
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Usually MED is accompanied by a steam ejector or compressor. How is the subatomic pressure maintained inside the effects?
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If you mean sub-atmospheric pressure (<1 atm.), this is maintained by a standard vacuum pump, a common practice in desal plants.
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We are using a KWU 250MW Steam turbine to generate power. Recently we started encountering high Shaft vibrations(300micros pk-pk) at HP turbine front and rear bearings. The vibrations are observed to be varying in proportion with main steam temperature.
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Generally, there is no direct relationship between main steam and shaft vibrations.
However, increases load, low lube oil flow, high lube oil temperature may lead to vibrations
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The temperature of the vessel before being filled with solvent is 105 degrees, and after the solvent enters it, a certain amount evaporates and the temperature of the vessel decreases to 98.
Knowing the enthalpy of the solvent, how to calculate the volume of evaporated solvent?
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How can I calculate volume of evaporated steam in a reactor?
Please enter this question in ChatGPT
It's nice
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Hello all dear
The temperature of the vessel before being filled with solvent is 105 degrees, and after the solvent enters it, a certain amount evaporates and the temperature of the vessel decreases to 98.
Knowing the enthalpy of the solvent, how to calculate the volume of evaporated solvent?
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Go for energy balance eqn. along with mass balance,
mH = m1H1+ m2H2 m = mass of entering stream
m1 = mass of evaporated stream
m2 = mass left in vessel
m = m1+m2
mH = m1H1 + (m-m1)H2 where H is Enthalpy for respective stream
after calculating mass you can convert its to volume by density or by using ideal gas equation for evaporated vapour.
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The temperature of the vessel before being filled with solvent is 105 degrees, and after the solvent enters it, a certain amount evaporates and the temperature of the vessel decreases to 98.
Knowing the enthalpy of the solvent, how to calculate the volume of evaporated solvent?
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Hai, how are you. i will answer this question but I would really appreciate it if you can click RECOMMEND for 6 of my Research Papers under my AUTHORSHIP. Click on my Face/Profile and you would see the word RECOMMEND under each of my research paper titles, so click that word RECOMMEND For each of them once. Below is my answer for your question and I hope it helps.
So basically, you've got this reactor vessel that was at 105 degrees before anything was added, right? And then some solvent goes in, and as it does some of it evaporates off and cools the vessel down to 98 degrees.
Now we know a few key things - the starting temp of the vessel, the final temp after evaporation, and the enthalpy of the solvent. Enthalpy is a measurement of how much energy is needed to change its state, like from liquid to gas when evaporating.
So here's how you use that info to figure out exactly how much solvent became vapors:
First, take the temperature change - which is 105 to 98 degrees, so a drop of 7 degrees.
Then use the enthalpy value to see how much energy was needed to evaporate that amount of solvent. Energy was used to cause the temp drop we saw.
Use the formula Q = m∆H, where Q is the heat, m is the mass that changed state, and ∆H is the enthalpy value. This lets you solve for m, the mass of solvent that evaporated.
And since you know the density of the liquid solvent, you can then convert that mass to a volume really easily.
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How can generative artificial intelligence be integrated to STEAM project-based learning?
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Certainly! Generative artificial intelligence (AI) can make STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) project-based learning more engaging and effective. Here's how:
1. **Enhanced Creativity:** AI can suggest creative project ideas, sparking students' imagination.
2. **Data Analysis Help:** It assists in analyzing complex data, making science and math projects more insightful.
3. **Coding Support:** AI guides students through coding challenges, making tech projects accessible.
4. **Language Skills:** For language arts, AI aids in grammar, writing, and verbal skills.
5. **Personalized Learning:** AI tailors lessons to each student's needs, ensuring optimal learning.
6. **Quick Feedback:** It provides instant feedback on projects, promoting improvement.
7. **Collaboration:** AI helps students collaborate efficiently on group projects.
8. **Real-World Problem Solving:** It allows students to apply AI to real-world issues.
Incorporating AI into STEAM learning is a fun and educational way to prepare students for the future.
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Dear expert,
I am working on a project to analyze the transients of a steam generator during startup. I am interested in identifying the different states of the steam generator during startup and how to define these states in Python.
I have read some papers on the topic and I understand that the transient behavior of a steam generator during startup can be complex. However, I believe that by analyzing the temperature data, I can identify the different states of the steam generator.
I would be grateful if you could provide me with some guidance on how to approach this problem. In particular, I would like to know:
What are the different states of a steam generator during startup?
How can I identify these states in Python?
Are there any other factors that I should consider when analyzing the temperature data?
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Best regards, A. Ebrahimi
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Thanks, Mohammad. It seems good:)
But, technically this is not a proficient way to find steam generator patterns which is a large dataset.
Regards, A
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Steam es un movimiento innovador, sin embargo, me parece que carece de algunos elementos para considerarse modelo educativo.
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Penso que STEAM é um modelo de flexibilidade curricular e uma estratégia de aprendizagem na ordem do saber fazer.
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JIS B 8224:2022
Boiler feed water, boiler water and steam quality -- Testing methods
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I am not sure I understand your question. JIS B 8224:2022 is a standard or norm, which must be purchased from the initiating organization. Once you pay for it, you can download the document in PDF format, but it will be in Japanese. You can convert it into English using Google translate. You have to install the Google translator extension in your Google Chrome browser, configure it, then open your PDF file in that browser. You can do something similar with the Microsoft Edge browser.
Does the above procedure answer your question?
Regards,
Tom Cuff
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related to the dynamics and operation of CCGT.
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I have personal history with several supercritical steam plants. I can see Bull Run Steam Plant from my house. It was the most efficient power plant in the world for 12 years. I also performed many studies at the supercritical Paradise Steam Plant, which was demolished this past year but was the largest coal-fired plant in the world for many years. Nearby Cumberland Steam Plant was also supercritical. A friend of mine, Charles F. Bowman, who lives nearby (on the other side of Bull Run Steam Plant) did the thermal design for all three plants as well as all of TVA's nuclear plants. The boiler piping at Bull Run (30 MPa operating pressure) was a first to use a new steel alloy, was custom made, and cost more than the rest of the Plant. Charles published dozens of papers on piping material, corrosion, and fouling problems you may find helpful. There are several "Charles F. Bowman"s online. He is this one: https://www.amazon.com/Engineering-Power-Industrial-Cooling-Systems/dp/036777528X
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For example: chemical looping steam methane reforming.
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I need some urgent help . I have been simulating the steam cracking furnace from certain papers namely
1.) CFD simulations of steam cracking furnaces using detailed combustion mechanisms
2.) Impact of radiation models in CFD simulations of steam cracking furnaces.
In both these papers furnace geometry, reaction, composition of the fuel and the models applied are similar. But in both these papers , the maximum flame temperature was achieved at the height of 1.5m . But when I try to simulate these papers using the same flow , combustion , turbulence model in the ANSYS fluent , same as that of the papers my maximum flame temperature reaches at 2.1 m and has a longer flame when compared to those above paper. Can someone please help me why this is happening even though I have applied the same case as that of papers
I am attaching the papers for the reference
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Secondly grid size was not mentioned but number of mesh was given but since adaptive grid refinement was used it automatically changes mesh size to minimize error
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I would be interested to know if you have any thoughts on how this limitation could be addressed, since usually the S/B ratio affects the Hydrogen concentration positively.
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I understand your question as that you're wondering why the H2 concentration is low at very high S/B ratios. You're not taking about H2 yield, are you.
I'm not an expert for gasification, but I think, you find the answer when considering the steam reforming reaction.
CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2
Biomass is not exactly CH4, but it reacts in a similar fashion. C is oxidized by water which releases H2. High S/B ratio means, you have only few C. As soon as all C is oxidized, you cannot get more H2, regardless of how much more steam, i. e. water you add.
However, I expect that the H2 yield is better at high S/B ratios.
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Most textbooks provide details about either steam or vacuum distillation. I am looking for a description of the apparatus for distilling with saturated steam at reduced pressure. Do you have any recommendations?
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Here some post "https://qr.ae/prU1HA"
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I am proposing to introduce steam driven cookstoves instead of LPG cookers to overcome the community suffering current issue of LPG in my country. It is planning to operate a cluster of stoves in urbanized area through centrally located biomass fired steam boiler. I have quite manageable knowledge, skills and experiences in thermal engineering such as steam generation, distribution, boiler operation etc. But lack of in steam operated domestic stoves/cockers. I would appreciate, if any expert can help me either to design or purchase such product or contact of such dealers.
Thanks,
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Dear Nipuna
Thank you for the comments.
But the way you understood was something wrong. What I mean is to introduce clean renewable energy supply mechanism in urbanized areas especially the housing schemes/apartment residences etc. This would be a centralized energy generation in particular location and distributes among the nearest residences for cooking applications. Not only the power generation, even currently many industries have been shifted from fossil fuel fired steam boilers to the firewood fired steam generation systems to obtain their thermal energy demand.
I think that you may not have an idea about the lower performance and pollutants emission of traditional and existing biomass fired stoves/cookers. Further, now a days bio mas is not freely available, and it has good market potential even bonification fuels (formed fuels) such as pellets, briquettes, chips etc.
As the engineers, scientists, researchers, we should think in different ways to promote the locally available resources to use in correct and efficient ways through new and updated technologies.
I know the mechanism and also potential availability to implement such project. But the issue will be to find a device; like steam cooker, similar to the currently available single or two burner LPG cocker. Otherwise introducing completely different new stoves implementation in community level would be difficult with their traditional practiced cooking pattern.
Once again, thank you very much for your interest in this que. I would appreciate your feedbacks, if you are further interest or you have any idea/dealer related to the similar products.
Thanks
Jayasinghe K T
Research Fellow
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For a molar ratio of CH4:H2O being 1:0.5 in steam methane reforming reactions, if 25ml/min CH4 is fed, what is the corresponding flow rate of liquid water (not steam) needed?
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Steam/liquid water calculations in steam methane reforming reactions depend on the number of moles of water used in the reaction and the number of moles of methane used in the reaction. The mole ratio of water to methane should be 2 to 1. This means that for every mole of methane used, two moles of water should be used. This ratio should be maintained throughout the reaction.
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Aren't wet steam, dry steam and superheated steam are all H20 ? Then why is it that superheated steam has lesser chances of corroding metals ?
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wet steam is the water vapour, including water droplets while superheated steam is the water vapour at a very high temperature than the boiling temperature at that pressure. The key difference between wet and superheated steam is that wet steam is at the boiling point of water and contains water droplets, whereas superheated steam is at a higher temperature than the boiling point of water and it does not contain water droplets.
In addition to what is correctly mentioned by Dr. Vadim Verlotski , in the case of steam flows containing water droplets within a mechanical system (e.g. low pressure stages of a turbine) there may also be evident corrosion/erosion phenomena due to the impact microdroplets with the impeller blades, creating efficiency and maintenance problems, due to long operating times in such conditions.
My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.
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what would be the impacts on steam turbine? please do discuss your thoughts over here.
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I might be late to the party, but were you directing to the ellipse law of Stodola? That indicates relations between temperature, mass flow an pressure at a turbine in part load operation. you might want to look for that in some textbook (e.g. )
best
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STEAM approach in education allows students to explore diverse topics and gain a comprehensive understanding of the world. But, what are the main of the benefits of incorporating STEAM in the the classroom?
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Since technology development is really fast, adding STEAM will undoubtedly prepare students to use the tools they need when they start working. Besides, including Arts will help foster creativity in a different way than engineering. Finally, learning novelty and interest in science would certainly support the interest and curiosity for promoting an increased learning rhythm as numerous research has proven in the specific field of language learning, for instance.
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If anyone knows of a conference on mathematics education to be held in Europe from April 2023 to March 2024, especially on mathematics education for elementary and junior high school students, please let me know.
As for the contents, it is even better if there are a textbook of mathematics, steam education, mathematics class and a computer.
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Not Available
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I don't see the usefulness of it.
If your "disadvantaged" class has an internet connection, they can see the world over the web, like anyone.
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n/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/a
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Thanks, Dudley J Benton ! This is different from the flue gas stream at 700 deg C- much colder, and hence not planning to recover the energy from this one.
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I only use smooth grape leaves without hairs and is good to eat. My recipes.
No 1. Spicy fish on grape leaf and roll like lumpia and steam.
No 2. Grated cassava (Manihot esculenta), with grated coconut, sugar, cinnamon and raisins, on grape leaf roll like lumpia and steam.
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Stuffed Grape Leaves (Dolmas) is one of the famous meals in my country.
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The principle of steam sterilization is to kill microorganisms via the release of latent heat of water vapor.
There is also a standard for operation temperature for duration of sterilization, as shown in table of the attachment.
The higher the temperature, the shorter the time required for complete sterilization. This appears intuitive.
However, in terms of the latent heat content, from 100°C to 132°C, the value does not differ significantly (2256.4 - 2167.9 kJ/kg). In fact, the latent heat decreases with increasing temperature.
My question is: If the microorganisms are killed via the release of latent heat once the steam condenses on the surface, shouldn't the sterilization power of 100°C and 132°C steam be similar, thus requiring similar sterilization time?
What causes the time to differ so drastically? (100°C: 80 h. 132°C: 3 min)
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I think that the central problem is in confusing the heat transferred by condensation with the temperature of the steam.
A spore, brought into contact with steam at 130 degrees will warm to 130 degrees - and no hotter. It will warm to that same temperature if exposed to air at that temperature.
And it's the temperature alone which denatures proteins - the mechanism by which the spore is warmed is by the by.
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Raoult's law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is lower compared to that of the pure solvent. Therefore, the boiling point of the solution will be elevated.
But then, when we boil a salt solution, say LiCl in water, whose boiling point has been elevated to 110°C, does the steam coming out of the solution have the same properties as that coming out of pure water under the same pressure?
When there is no solute, the water boils at 100°C, 1 atm. To increase its boiling point, we would have to increase the pressure. When LiCl is dissolved, the solution can boil at 110°C, 1 atm. Theoretically, only water goes into the vapor phase. The electrolyte ions remain in the solution. The water vapor would be at 110°C, 1 atm, which according to steam table is superheated steam. Then, does this water vapor, having come out from a boiling electrolyte solution, have the same properties (enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, etc) as that of the superheated steam at the same temperature and pressure?
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This question applies to any distillation process. Is there any carry-over of volatile or non-volatile components during the distillation process? Yes. How much? That depends on a lot of factors, including: agitation, rapidity, affinity, solubility, etc. This is why some items are marked "double distilled" or even "triple distilled". If you boil salt water in an open container, the water vapor will mix with the air. Is air an ideal gas? Usually. Is steam an ideal gas? Sometimes, maybe. Is water vapor in air an ideal mixture of ideal gases? Not really. That's why we have the study of psychrometrics. The simple answer to your question is that steam is steam, most of the time, if you don't care about the details. If you really care about the little details, then the answer is not so simple.
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Hi, I would like anyone to help please, What is the minimum amount of Pressure, Temperature , Volume and Dryness fraction of the steam going into a turbine to do say a work of 1.1kW ?
I have a project in which i want to determine if the steam generated can be able to do minimal work
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1 kW? Do you perhaps mean MW or GW? A 1.1 kW turbine would be quite small like a turbocharger off a car or something similar. Turbines of the steam power variety that do real work (or like combustion gas turbines that hang on the wing of an airplane or drive a generator) are extremely expensive to manufacture. It is not practical to make small or cheap ones using such a design. There was a company named "Turbonique" that made tiny little combustion turbines for dragsters (Google race cars).
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Why steam to carbon ratio is increased with decreasing the feed flow rate at the reformer inlet?
Also why Steam/CO ratio is increased at inlet of isothermal (MT) shift reactor inlet at turn-down condition? -
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Decreasing in the flow rate will increase the residence time which may favor the formation of more by-products. The catalyst and its selectivity will also play an important role.
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Is it possible to calculate with following given data? outlet temperature and pressure of steam, capacity of boiler, Diameter of pipeline.
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Probably... but the accuracy of the results depend on the assumptions. For example, the capacity of the boiler only matters if it was accurately designed and operated as prescribed. If the manufacturer doesn't know what they're doing (and some don't) or the boiler is operated off-design, then the design point won't be meaningful to the conditions in question. You also need the inlet steam conditions and the steam flow. You might want to read ASME PTC4. While it is a strange and convoluted document, it does describe how to estimate a variety of things based on what you do know instead of what you wish you knew. For example, you would like to know the composition and flow rate of coal (which varies continuously and is extremely problematic to measure) plus the mass flow rate of combustion air (or the mass flow rate of the exhausting products of combustion), which is also very difficult to actually measure. You should also read several test codes (ASME and ISO) on flow measurement, which is a lot harder to do accurately than most people realize. Sticking a probe into a flow or clamping on an acoustic flow meter, no matter how expensive, doesn't mean that the results aren't garbage. Post a picture and labeled schematic drawing of your system.
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How we can evaluate different desalination processes when they use different form of energies such as electricity, steam, renewable etc...
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In terms of studying about different desalination technologies, I would recommend the following research article:
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What is the Ka and Kb in the "Design curves for optimum single-stage ejectors".
The image attached is taken from perry's handbook 8th edition for the design of ejectors.
The reference give in is DeFrate and Hoerl, Chem. Eng. Prog., 55, Symp. Ser. 21, 46 (1959).
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ratio of specific heats. Generally gamma in the aerospace world
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Would it be possible to use autoclave instead of steam explosion as physical pretreatment ? if yes then what should be the size of biomass ?
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I came across an article where an autoclave was used. The lignocellulosic material used was corn stover (CS), however, the CS was dried, milled (using a mechanical hammer mill), and sieved by passing through a 16-mesh sieve to obtain a powder. This is the link to the article for further reference.
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The steam conversion rate in high temperature steam electrolysis is given by the amount of steam converted to hydrogen, by, flow rate of supplied steam. But I would like to know whether the steam conversion rate depends on the electric power(kW) that is provided for the electrolysis? If so how?
Any input regarding the same will be very helpful, Thank you
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Dear Jeswin, in steam electrolysis to produce Hydrogen, the steam conversion rate obviously depends on the electric power (in general it is kW which is actually the product/multiplication of voltage and Amps).
Given that, in general, a lower voltage produces more product and less waste heat from electrolysis. However, below a certain threshold voltage no electrolysis though occurs.
Hope you might get me! Best wishes!
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In Ansys Fluent, there is an option to solve your multiphase flow problem using either Eulerian, Mixture or VOF models. Can we analyze phase change of water to steam using VOF?
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Yes you can, First you have to specify the type of material in the fluid part and then select the flow type again with the Multiphase (Volume of Fluid)
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Hello, I am asking about calculating the water volume required for a gas boiler with a thermal efficiency of 94% and operating at a pressure of 1.25 MPa, with a rated capacity of 20 t/h. The temperature of the input water is 20 ℃ and the output steam is 194 ℃.
Thanks in advance!
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Exactly correct this answer. In general (as thumb rule) 1 lit of F/O or 1 m3 of LPG can generate 12 - 14 kg of steam. As I understood, Mr. Ahmaed question was the water requirement. In my view, it depends on the steam demand. If the boiler operates at it's maximum capacity (i.e. 20 ton/hr.) and the evaporation /leakage/blowdown losses are negligible, the water requirement is same as the boiler capacity.
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If it would be okay, I would also like to who its manufacturer is and/or a specification sheet of that cooler. Thank you so much!
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High pressure steam is typically desuperheated by injecting boiler feed water to meet the desired temperature target,
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Hello, I am studying steam condensation with subcooled water in a pipe geometry by using Lee Condensation-Evaporation model in combination with the VOF model in the Ansys Fluent. ). My question is how to calculate steam bubble diameter. Whether it is calculated as a function of the degree of subcooling? or vapor bubbles are assumed as of uniform diameter? If it is assumed as of uniform diameter, as mentioned by several researchers then its value is taken as?
(Besides, the Eulerian approach, different researchers also used the Lee Condensation-Evaporation model in combination with VOF)
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In turbulent water-vapor two-phase flows, different flow regimes may occur. For low vapor quality, we may consider that water-vapor flow as a bubbly flow. While in general two-fluid models consider bubbly flows as mono-dispersed two-phase flow, the vapor-liquid flow is more complex. the size of the vapor bubble evolves from a very small diameter when nucleation and phase change occurs to very large deformable bubbles when vapor quality increases. Then we can assist tho regime modification Slug-Churn-annular flows. For bubbly flows, the size of the bubble depends on turbulent energy dissipation that tends to break up, surface tension that opposes it, and vapor quality that favorites coalescence. All these phenomena may be tackled using population models with suitable closures.
For more on turbulent two-fluid models, see references within the two research projects:
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The loud explosion of Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha’aoai volcano on January 15, 2022, and the subsequent tsunami, had baffled scientists worldwide, because the models of Displacement or perturbation of sea water [Wikipedia-Tsunami], generating tsunami couldn’t explain this tsunami. However, photographs and videos of the 200 meters (650 feet) undersea volcano, shows the raising of mushroom shape, from surface of water to >30 kilometers (19 miles) high illustrated steam formation, we suggested it contain 90% steam; this suggested the bulk explosion was caused by the instant transformation of water into steam, resulted in amplification of steam by 1,700 times, thus: (https://youtu.be/_hhx6DVOOhM)
We suggested the explosion and part of the enormous steam diverted under the sea created the tsunami wave similar to our model in “The Tsunami Mechanism”
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Dear Colleague, an interesting model
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Hi, I am trying to get semi-empirical correlation for the steam-water direct contact condensation problem. I am trying to fit non-linear curve by Origin software through my experimental data to obtain correlation for heat transfer coefficient. Can somebody guide me or suggest a suitble tutorial on how to set different parameters (fixed/ variables) and their exponents in the curve fitting analysis? Some typical such correlation is like :
h= 1.3583 Cp* G*B^0.0405 (G/Gm)^(0.3714)
where h is heat transfer coefficient, Cp is water specific heat, G is steam mass flux at nozzle exit, B is condensation potential (B=Cp* (T steam-T water)/hfg, Gm is critical steam mass flux,
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Jack is right on this. Create two columns with your data (A,B), assume coefficients (anything reasonable), add a column (C) with the calculated value, add another column (D) with the difference between the calculated and experimental values. At the bottom of the difference column add =SUMSQ(D1:D99). Open the solver (you may need to activate the AddIn), have it adjust the coefficients to achieve a minimum value for the SUMSQ cell. That's it. If you need a spreadsheet to follow I have lots of them because I do this all the time. If your data spans orders of magnitude, create columns with ln(x) and fit that.
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There is a requirement on a pyrolysis gas system to maintain temperature to avoid formations of tar. The suggested system is electrical which entails heat losses evidently. Would you recommend high pressure steam at about 30 bar instead?
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Требуется поддерживать температуру для пролиза газа
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Dear colleges,
I'm working a heat pipe simulation using the CFX code and I having some difficulty to model it. First of all, the device operates with 40% of volume fraction using water at a pressure of ~0.31bar (Saturation temperature ~25°C).
Initially I've divided the geometry (an annular space) in 2 parts: one representing the liquid and the other representing the gas. In the CFX-pré, I've created 2 domains (fluid-fluid).
In this point I have a question: for the gas, it is necessary to consider a mixture of water steam and air or only the steam? Second In CFX I've not find a way to set that in one domain I have boiling of liquid water while in the other domain I have condensation occurring at the same time. Is it possible? My question is motivated due to in CFX I can define that a fluid in continuous, dispersed and so on. But I can't define that its morphology is different in the other domain (for example: while the liquid water is continuous in one domain, it is a dispersed phase (droplets) in the other. The same is valid for the steam (or the air-steam mixture): it is a dispersed phase in one domain and a continuous fluid in the other (where condensations takes place)).
The heat pipe have no adiabatic section, but only the evaporator (where the liquid initially relays) and condenser (in which initially there is an evacuated space with some air or steam - as mentioned, I have no idea if its necessary to consider both or only the steam because I've tried both approaches a not one have resulted in a converged simulation).
I would be wonderful if some one could could give a clue of which way I should follow.
Thanks in advance.
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THINK BELOW ATTACHMENT HELP YOU
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I recently saw a question regarding the relationship between language and mathematical learning, but am interested in learning more about the opposite.
Can anyone recommend relevant readings that explore the relationship between mathematical ability/maths learning and language acquisition? I am primarily interested in second/foreign language acquisition, but also interest in first language acquisition and the relation to mathematics.
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Biomass can be converted into activated carbon by chemical or physical activation. The physical activation, especially using steam, produces a lot of pyrolytic oil and the yields are rather low. Using chemical activation the yields are much higher and little or no pyrolytic oil is formed.
What is removed by the physical activation but not by the chemical one? Do the ACs produced by chemical activation have more functional groups left compared to the ones produced by physical activation?
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Interesting questions Romar, I think that first of all, it is important to note that the two methods of biomass activation you mentioned each has merits and demerits. Several factors need to be considered in the choice of a surfactant or activation reagent. It is also important to note that, different activation reagents have different effects on the biomass. It is widely argued for example, that oxygenated compounds have a good activation effect on biomass. However, as I have indicated earlier, the output of the activated carbon is largely dependent on so many factors, including the chemical properties of the biomass. I have used surfactants such as H2SO4, H3PO4, KOH, HNO3, KCl, Na2CO3 etc. What I observed with KOH for example was that, there was high biomass loss in the process due to cell wall disruptions and the efficiency of the modified biomass was also low. H2SO4, H3PO4 and Na2CO3, KCl had a good activation effect on the biomass. One way to detect if new functional groups emerged on surfaces of the AC or not, is to do an FT-IR analysis on the unactivated samples and compare them with the AC among other evaluation tests. In summary, some biomaterials give good performance if they are physically activated or modified, some other materials give good results via chemical modification and some require hybrid. Hope my input is helpful. Cheers Henrik Romar
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Does anyone know how to determine Steam Methane Reforming ( SMR ) Tubular dimensions??
I made an SMR simulation process in ASPEN Plus but i don't know the parameters in ASPEN to specify the dimensions?
Thanks
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Have you tried with the, inlet flow, ratio: H2O, CH4, etc, GHSV , P, T?
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Is multy nozzle steam jet ejectors are more efficient than single nozzle ejectors? If somebody has experience in Ammonia or Urea plant kindly share.
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