Science topics: Steam
Science topic
Steam - Science topic
Water in its gaseous state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Questions related to Steam
HOW DO YOU CALCULATE POWER GENERATION COST??Power in the steam Turbines produces at every stage where the steam is taken out, whether it may be bleed, extraction or exhaust steam. As the steam out from the turbine increases the power developed on that particular stage will increase.Power generation phenomenon.Power generation in steam Turbines is calculated based on difference between the heat content of inlet steam & extracted steam.📷Factors affecting the power generation:Power generation at particular stage increases, when there is more steam flow &vice versa
Power generation at particular stage increases when there is more difference between inlet & extraction steam & Vice versa
Power develop at particular stage decreases if its extraction pressure increases & vice versa
Power developed at particular stage decreases if its extraction temperature increases & vice versa
Power developed in steam Turbine decreases if inlet live steam pressure & temperature decrease
If steam vacuum decreases power generation reduces or else Turbine will consume more steam to develop same power
If exhaust steam temperature increases then the power power generation reduces or else Turbine will consume more steam to develop same power
If wheel chamber pressure increases, then the power generation capacity of the Turbine decreases
In which part of the Turbine higher power can be produced at lower steam consumption? And why?
It is at the exhaust stage. Because at the exhaust stage pressure & temperature of the steam is very lesser than bleed &extraction stages.
In which part of the Turbine lowest power is produced at higher steam consumption? And why?
It is at the bleed stage. Because at bleed steam pressure & temperatures are higher than extraction & exhaust stages
Calculation part:
1-Calculate the power generated in a back pressure steam Turbine, where 50 TPH steam enters the Turbine at 66 kg/cm2 & temperature 485 Deg C.And steam exhausts to process at pressure 2 kg/cm2 & temperature 180 Deg C.
For calculation of power we need to know the enthalpy of inlet & exhaust steam.
Refer steam table
Enthalpy of inlet steam at rated parameters H1 = 806.5 kcal/kg
Enthalpy of inlet steam at rated parameters H2 = 677 kcal/kg
Now power developed in steam turbine P = Q X (H1-H2) / 860
Where Q is steam flow
P = 50 X (806.5-677) / 860
P = 7.52 MW
Note: 860 kcal = 1 KWH
-A Turbine’s inlet steam enthalpy is 825 kcal/kg & Exhaust enthalpy is 590 kcal/kg. Calculate the work done by steam & specific steam steam consumption
We have,
H1 = 825 kcal/kg, H2 = 590 kcal/kg
Work done per kg of steam = (H1-H2) = 825-890 =235 kcal/kg
SSC = 860 / Work done = 860 / 235 =3.65 kg/kwh or 3.65 MT/MW
6-A steam Turbine inlet steam pressure & temperatures are 104 kg/cm2 & 540 C0 & exhausts at pressure 0.09 kg/cm2 & temperature 43 Deg C calculate the
a- Work done per kg of steam
b- Heat supplied per kg of steam
c- Cycle efficiency
Enthalpy of inlet steam = 829 kcal/kg
Exhaust liquid enthalpy = 44 kcal/kg
Exhaust enthalpy by considering 90% dryness fraction = 44 + 0.9 X 616.44 =598.76 kcal/kg
A-Work done per kg of steam = (829-598.76) = 230.24 kcal/kg
B-Heat supplied per kg of steam = 829-44 = 785 kcal/kg
C-Cycle efficiency = Work done per kg of steam X 100 / Heat supplied per kg of steam
= 230.24 X 100 / 785 = 29.32%
Note:
Power developed at Generator terminals = Power developed at Turbine Shaft X Reduction gear box efficiency X Alternator efficiency
For example:
Calculate the net power developed at Generator terminal if 100 TPH steam enters the Turbine at 811 kcal/kg enthalpy & leaves the Turbine at enthalpy 565 kcal/kg .Assume Gear box efficiency as 98% & Generator efficiency as 95%
Power developed on Turbine shaft = 100 X (811-565) / 860 = 28.0 MW
Net power developed at Generator output terminals = 28.0 X 0.98 X 0.95 = 26.06 MW
In power plant, calculation of cost of steam is very vital in commercial point of view. Following are the parameters which affect the cost of steam.
- Steam pressure
- Steam temperature
- GCV of fuel
- Price of fuel
- And Boiler efficiency
Following gives you the relation among steam cost & above all parameters & vice versa
- Steam cost increases as the enthalpy or heat content in steam increases and vice versa
- Steam cost increases as the GCV of fuel decreases and vice versa
- Steam cost increases as the fuel price increases & vice versa
- Steam cost increases as the Boiler efficiency decreases & vice versa
Understanding with examples.
1.Calculate the cost of steam per kg, which is been using for Steam turbine having pressure 121 kg/cm2 & temperature 550 deg C.The boiler of efficiency 75% uses coal of GCV 4200 kcal/kg to produce this steam.Cosnsider the price of coal is Rs 5000/MT
Enthalpy of steam at above pressure & temperature H = 830.43 kcal/kg
Boiler efficiency ⴖb= 75%
GCV of coal = 4200 kcal/kg
Now, cost of steam = Heat content in steam in kcal/kg X Fuel price / (GCV of fuel in kcal/kg X Boiler efficiency ⴖb)
= 830.43 X 5000 / (4500 X 0.75)
= 1230.26 rupees / MT of steam or Rs 1.23 / kg of steam
2.Calculate the cost of steam per kg, which is been using for chemical process plant having pressure 5 kg/cm2 & temperature 180 deg C.The boiler of efficiency 65% uses biomass of GCV 2800 kcal/kg to produce this steam.Cosnsider the price of biomass is Rs 2400/MT
Enthalpy of steam at above pressure & temperature H = 670 kcal/kg
Boiler efficiency ⴖb= 65%
GCV of coal = 2800 kcal/kg
Now, cost of steam = Heat content in steam in kcal/kg X Fuel price / (GCV of fuel in kcal/kg X Boiler efficiency ⴖb)
= 670 X 2400 / (2800 X 0.65)
= 883.51 rupees / MT of steam or Rs 0.88 / kg of steam
3. Calculate the cost of saturated steam given to sugar process for juice boiling plant having pressure 1.5 kg/cm2 & temperature 130 deg C.The boiler of efficiency 68% uses bagasse (biomass) of GCV 2200 kcal/kg to produce this steam.Cosnsider the price of biomass is Rs 2500/MT
Enthalpy of steam at above pressure & temperature H = 650 kcal/kg
Boiler efficiency ⴖb= 68%
GCV of coal = 2200 kcal/kg
Now, cost of steam = Heat content in steam in kcal/kg X Fuel price / (GCV of fuel in kcal/kg X Boiler efficiency ⴖb)
= 650 X 2500 / (2200 X 0.68)
= 1086.22 rupees / MT of steam or Rs 1.086 / kg of steam
Gameboard scientific-model-building activity is an effective project-based learning approach [methodologies, strategies, and techniques] to adopt, design, and implement in STEAM [Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics] education classroom environments from Pre-K to 12th levels.
How to integrate STEAM into interreligious learning?
304 stainless steel was oxidized using an induction coil under the following conditions: atmospheric atmosphere at 900°C, steam atmosphere at 900°C, and steam atmosphere at 1000°C. After the experiment, the oxide film thickness of the specimen oxidized in the atmospheric atmosphere at 900°C was approximately 5 μm, while the oxide film thickness of the specimen oxidized in the steam atmosphere at 900°C was about 20 μm, and the oxide film thickness of the specimen oxidized in the steam atmosphere at 1000°C was 45 μm. To determine the composition of the oxide films, XRD analysis was conducted. In the XRD data for the specimen oxidized in the atmospheric atmosphere at 900°C, Cr₂O₃ was detected at a high level, and an increasing trend in the background was observed. I am curious why only this specimen shows an increasing trend in the background.

CREATIVITY AND HUMOR
In his The Act of Creation (1964), Arthur Koestler suggests that there are three types of creativity:
Type I: Artistic Originality:
A work of art is a distortion of reality ranging from dada to realism, as follows:
Dada
Abstract Expressionism
Cubism
Surrealism
Impressionism (Puntilism)
Expressionism
Realism
Camille Saint Saëns’ “Carnival of the Animals”
Ferde Grofé’s “On the Trail” from “Grand Canyon Suite” (Impressionism)
Edvard Munch’s “The Scream” (Expressionism)
Salvador Dali’s art (Surrealism)
Pablo Picasso’s art (Cubism)
Gertrude Stein’s writing (Cubism)
Jackson Pollock’s art (Abstract Expressionism)
Type II: Scientific Discover and Invention:
There are two types of scientific creativity: Discovery, and Invention.
Scientific discovery is epiphanal, and is accompanied by such expressions as
The Bisociative Click!
The Eureka Cry!
The epiphany! or
Das “aha” Erlebniss!
After scientists had discovered the relationships between the moon’s and sun’s gravitation pull, the ocean tides, amber (and static electricity), the lodestones, and the magnet field at the North Pole. They could invent magnets and compasses, AC and DC currents, electro-magnetic engines, etc.
Type III: Comic Inspiration:
But sometimes the bi-association or the incongruity and incongruity resolution, are greater than what is commonly seen in art or in science. This requires a greater suspension of disbelief, because the bi-association is thought to be Incongruous, Incompatible, Ironic, Ludicrous, Paradoxical, Ridiculous, Satiric, or Sardonic.
Examples would include such anachronisms in Science Fiction as the Grandfather’s paradox, where a person goes back in time and kills his own grandfather.
Other examples would be Othello with the hiccups, or a chess player who gives his opponent a double martini.
Fulton’s Folly was still another example of comic inspiration.
When Fulton told the world that he would be able to build a fire that would boil water to make steam to produce the power to make a paddle wheel steam boat paddle upstream, everybody showed up to watch him fail.
They thought that such an attempt was Ludicrous, Ridiculous, or Laughable.
But the audience was wrong. Fulton’s steam boat actually worked. That’s why Arthur Koestler calls this type of creativity “Comic Inspiration.”
Recently I've seen the issue where our plant is feeding two radial buses and one ring main bus. Ring main bus breaker tripped and upon clearance of fault the breaker of ring main not closing at our end due to high phase angle difference which i power angle/load angle. How this issue can be resolved.
What if fuel or steam flow to turbine increase that can increase the frequency by reducing load angle during radial feeding is it possible?
For the simulation of a steam transport process in pipes, traditional single-phase flow correlations overestimate my calculations considerably. What type of friction factor should I use?
If you look at hs diagram in part of hbd of steam turbine at end of expansion line you see two points that are ELEP and UEEP.
So what is difference among these two and why h and s values are high for UEEP.
Does UEEP accounts for exhaust lossess
TEP presentation caption (The Environmental Project)
Re: Why should Washington’s DC, or any country government point of location think of as nowadays of as to being 'tomorrow as to come! if it will!’
What is your mind of “tomorrow” You reader?
As being with a clear clean world environment that is as a life giving, life supportive clear, clean world!
Do they care? Do they think of this?
I can assure you that 01/05/2047 is planet Earth as thermally a global a carbon based protein animal & human genome, plant chlorophyll fibrous life form of lands, and aquatic creatures are then baked within this global planet Earth ‘oven’ of 115º C.
Then within 15/06/2048with atmospherics at 120º C, there is no breathable non-polluted atmosphere.
Then by 2050 the atmosphere transforms into a red haze of iron oxide as all the iron, steel of buildings, cars etc. rust into flakes.
Global ‘Weather’ has stopped, as ‘aqua thermionic instituted by the ‘Global thermo atmospherics has instituted global thermodynamics of 120º C + and thus all waters are, or have boiled into a steam vapor that requires a cool flow of air to form it into condensed water that will fall to the ground as ’rain’.
No rain no life to respond from a mergence of bio supporting chemistry.
With this lack of ‘rain’ then no life might be.
Greenhouse Gases
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
2. Methane (CH4)
3. Nitrous oxide (N2O)
4. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
5. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
6. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
7. Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
(CURRENT READER) YOU
What, do you think, feel, about 'tomorrow' arriving for you to see?
Do you want and need and desire to see a great healthy, clean tomorrow?
Then TPEOM With its ‘TEP’ “The Environmental Project” is destined to make that your ‘reality ‘by 01/01/2033!
The most best is we start ASAP from 01/01/2026 or as we are then ready to do!
Our, TPEOM, being ‘ready’ needs, must do as stated in the EMC ~ MEC Physics .pdf document: that is included with this ‘caption.
IN all due regards to all the above mentioning;
The current actuality is that this EMC ~ MEC unit is in need of an update!
While I’m at the Cyclotron of Vancouver BC Canada at its TRIUMF atomic particle accelerator, 12 kilometers from Vancouver, BC, Canada!
The cost of my going there and being there until the needed environmental technology [EMC ~MEC] is ready, is this ‘tool’ of $110,000,000.00 ready at ICBC as of from today March 16, 2024 so it can do he works to save all that UFNDAO stands for.
Forex says GBP is 66,766,165.50 pounds
TPEOM is asking of $110 Million from that WEF MOU of PM Anwar as USD into ICBC Bank.
ASAP as best, because the now continued atmospheric pollution increase will not stop or wait for anything!! Except! TEP ACTION!
That stated! Says to you that I’m ready to do all this TEP now! TPEOM, TEP WILL go to TRIUMF 01/01/2026 to make way of the tool to clear, clean gone th unnecessary amount of those 7 Greenhouse Gases to return the planet’s atmosphere to its normal REGULAR CONTENT of atmospheric gaseous atomic elements.
To actually see, learn how this is performed and done see, read the attached Adobe .pdf file. EMC ~ MEC Physics.pdf
I am: Dr. Prof. Yoshida, Mike Kazuo, PhD. BA, Bsc, Phys, MBA, MD GP, CNC & IT, HTML
Environmental Science Physicist
Practical & Theoretical Physics Science Researcher R & D (PTPSRD)
The Pyran Environmental Organization Malaysia (TPEOM)
Do you (Reader of this! ) YOU as actually care, feel your being alive here on, with planet earth is you?
Then make your making of TEP happen as stated above.
By you DONATING into (TPEOM TEP) as a goodly of something of the sum of $110,000,000.00 via ICBC bank of Kuala Lumpur, Persekutuan, Malaysia!
As to the ICBC account of my name as Yoshida, Mike Kazuo! Then all that you bank into there will go to TPEOM (TEP)
Actually as to you being either a county Government, or an owner of a Foundation, A Philanthropist, A Science projects funds grantor or as a wealthy Financier or Venture capitalist or a ‘Large ‘investor!
Then look into any of the six 6 merchandisable items that TPEOM offers as compensation for your TEP investment.
With full consideration, then, TPEOM TEP accept you as a environmentally aware concerned individual that cares for life, parents, family, your community and thus is thus willing to input as much as you can to make sure you have a hand into the saving this Planet and your family members, because it is your home world!
Then I say welcome to (TEP) as to your concern of inputting the something as to you making sure that it is you that did.
That is included within the EMC ~ MEC Physics .pdf document: http://www.tgmncsb.com/EMC-MEC-C.html & donate into ICBC Bank via: http://www.tgmncsb.com/donate.html <<< This is how to do!
TPEOM TEP actually only seeks $110 Million as extrapolated as being correct to start and to make sure that we actually build // make those environmental tools that will clear and sanitize all The Planets Air, All Waters And All The Soils of every country as being 235 countries of this planet to insure that nothing (neighboring country) will cause, add any pollution.
Welcome to being recognized, counted as one who helped make a clean livable world!
Welcome CURRENT READER as YOU Reader of this!
1. EnergyCell 📷All need electricity for life
2. orsehorse cure A fine House📷 All need a domicile for life
3. Trojan Horse C-19 Cure orsehhhhC📷 all need to be healthy without the pathogen of C-19
4. Top 10 Anti Viral ,pdf
5. Extended life .pdf 📷 This can extend your life [healthily into, past 100 years
6. Full Body Detox .pdf 📷 This will fully ‘detox’ you from any in body pollutants
📷
Dr. Prof. Yoshida, Mike Kazuo...\ PhD, BA, Bsc, Phys, MBA, MD GP, CNC, IT & HTML
Environmental Science Physicist
Practical & Theoretical Physics Science Researcher R & D (PTPSRD)
Practical ‘Green Energy availability’
The Pyran Environmental Organization Malaysia (TPEOM) (NGO ~NPO)
+60172924072 < THIS IS FOR ‘SMS TEXT’ ONLY, NO VOICE CALL.
📷
All Rights Reserved by patent office
© 2012 ™ 2045 ® MYIPOI, Meru, Selangor, Malaysia
TOEOM: Registration: KDRM: Malaysia: 1981830786-NPO)
110A Linkok Rishah, Taman Rishah, 30100,
Ipoh Darul Ridzuan, Perak, Malaysia
ORCHID ID: 0000-0003-3394-9135
DUNS # 659308259
📷📷A very near or already dead planetary environment
📷
TQ your response!
Now then what say you we actually do with what I texted about?
The solar sun clock won't stop, all of us of the humanity of this planet must now make action to re-air condition this planets atmospherics within the minimum of 8 years from this date of 06/04/2024 & + 8 years ='s the absolute target 'Venue' of 01/01/2038 or meet the PONR (Point Of No Return) event moment.
Juguel Mbala Badila I personally am doing all I can to invite many into a council of 12 with billions as memTEAMinto TPEOM http://www.tgmncsb.com/join_TPEOM.html
Then as a Global massive team we will make way to make the emc ~MEC Physics 10.pdf our lifesaving ACTUALITY within the stated Venue timeline.
Juguel what can, will you, your country, your citizen population do with this way I now present?
The GHG inventory covers the seven direct greenhouse gases under the Kyoto Protocol: 1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) 2. Methane (CH4) 3. Nitrous oxide (N2O) 4. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 5. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 6. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 7. Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) THE ABOVE 7 IS KILLING YOU, DAILY! 14 Oct 2022 Overview of greenhouse gases - NAEI, UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory https://naei.beis.gov.uk › overview › ghg-overview
📷
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33214.09284
15 June 2048 equals my extrapolated year date of planets nonviable conclusion. 120º Celsius
However, 01/05/2047 is my extrapolated point of the beginning of PONR (Point Of No Return @ 115º Celsius
📷
The now, year date of my composing this is: 25/06/2024 as the active global situations of most biodiversities of this planet ‘tagged’ as Earth, residing within ~ at the NGEC of the Milky Way Galaxy spiral. In the Milky Way galaxy in a spiral arm called the Orion Spur that extends outward from the Sagittarius arm. Planet Earth resides within a solar system that orbits a G-type star, or “yellow dwarf star that is a 4.5 billion-year-old yellow dwarf star – a hot glowing ball of hydrogen and helium – at the center of our solar system. It's about 93 million miles (150 million kilometers) from Earth.
The height of the Sun’s activity cycle, known as solar maximum, is a time of greatly increased solar storm activity. Sunspots, eruptions called solar flares, and coronal mass ejections are common at solar maximum. The latest solar cycle – Solar Cycle 25 – started in December 2019 when solar minimum occurred, according to the Solar Cycle 25 Prediction Panel, an international group of experts co-sponsored by NASA and NOAA. Scientists now expect the Sun’s activity to ramp up toward the next predicted maximum in July 2025. The height of the Sun’s activity cycle, known as solar maximum, is a time of greatly increased solar storm activity. Sunspots, eruptions called solar flares, and coronal mass ejections are common at solar maximum. The latest solar cycle – Solar Cycle 25 – started in December 2019 when solar minimum occurred, according to the Solar Cycle 25 Prediction Panel, an international group of experts co-sponsored by NASA and NOAA. Scientists now expect the Sun’s activity to ramp up toward the next predicted maximum in July 2025.
The Sun doesn't behave the same way all the time. It goes through phases of high and low activity, which make up the solar cycle. Approximately every 11 years, the Sun’s geographic poles change their magnetic polarity – that is, the north and south magnetic poles swap. During this cycle, the Sun's photosphere, chromospheres, and corona change from quiet and calm to violently active.
Like all stars, our Sun will eventually run out of energy. When it starts to die, the Sun will expand into a red giant star, becoming so large that it will engulf Mercury and Venus, and possibly Earth as well. Scientists predict the Sun is a little less than halfway through its lifetime and will last another 5 billion years or so before it becomes a white dwarf.
The Sun rotates on its axis as it revolves around the galaxy. Its spin has a tilt of 7.25 degrees with respect to the plane of the planets’ orbits. Since the Sun is not solid, different parts rotate at different rates. At the equator, the Sun spins around once about every 25 Earth days, but at its poles, the Sun rotates once on its axis every 36 Earth days.
The Sun is located in the Milky Way galaxy in a spiral arm called the Orion Spur that extends outward from the Sagittarius arm. 📷
The Sun is a dynamic star, constantly changing and sending energy out into space.
Pine trees are known to purify the air around us. Even their scent is helpful in reducing inflammation for people with asthma or allergies. Famous as the Christmas tree, Douglas fir pine trees are a great addition to any yard. They are medium-sized to large evergreen trees that grow up to 30-70 feet.14 Jul 2021
In conclusion, the top 10 Indian trees that produce the most oxygen are the neem, peepal, banyan, teak, eucalyptus, silver oak, Indian laurel, rubber tree, cassia fistula, and sandalwood.26 Dec 2022
📷
What made up Earth's first atmosphere?
The concluded that Earth's early atmosphere contained CH4, H2, H2O, N2, and NH3 This formulation remained prominent until the Homosapien induced the industrial revolution started and gripped everything with no concern nor any recognition of environmental, Ecological or of life support realities of needs for the continuance of natural life supportive requirements.
What are the 5 atmospheric compositions of the Earth's atmosphere?
The atmosphere of earth is composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and trace gases.
📷
By volume, the dry air in Earth's atmosphere is about 78.08 percent nitrogen, 20.95 percent oxygen, and 0.93 percent argon. A brew of trace gases accounts for the other approximately 0.04 percent, including the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone.9 Oct 2019
The current situation is that instead of only 5 atmospheric gas elements and molecules the planet’s atmosphere is now mostly known as 7 greenhouse gases of;
Greenhouse Gases
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
2. Methane (CH4)
3. Nitrous oxide (N2O)
4. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
5. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
6. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
7. Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
This combination of atomic elements, molecules of atomic elements are now preventing the solar radiation infrared wavelength of hypothermia from exiting into space as it must do so the atmosphere of the planet and the planets aquatics, soils are to remain at their correct thermals with no anomalies of discrepancies of planetary catastrophes’ of polar ice melting’s and habitual land flooding.
The variance is obvious as 7 gases and molecules that do not match the correct composition of the usual 5 items as normal as: nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and trace gases.
TPEOM is absolutely focused to address this above portrayed situation with its physics technologies of the EMC ~ MEC units
Therein with all the above researched, collected and now presented to you;
The question enlightening the mind of me is ‘what is your concerns of this global thermodynamics hurting you daily presentation and its now solution to be for the life of you by year 2033 or sooner, as the EMC ~ MEC Physics 10is fully enacted by you by no later than 2026.
📷
Dr. Prof. Yoshida, Mike Kazuo...\ PhD, BA, Bsc, Phys, MBA, MD GP, CNC, IT & HTML
Environmental Science Physicist
Practical & Theoretical Physics Science Researcher R & D (PTPSRD)
Practical ‘Green Energy availability’
The Pyran Environmental Organization Malaysia (TPEOM) (NGO ~NPO)
+60172924072 <
205A Jalan Pasir Puteh, Ipoh, Perak, 31450, Malaysia
All Rights Reserved by patent office
© 2012 ™ 2045 ® MYIPOI, Meru, Selangor, Malaysia
TOEOM: REGISTRATION: KDRM Malaysia: 1981830786-NPO) Malaysia
110A Linkok Rishah, Taman Rishah,
30100, Ipoh Darul Ridzuan, Perak, Malaysia
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3394-9135
DUNS # 659308259
Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mike-Yoshida
American Association of Physics}] https://portal.aapt.org/
📷
BTW: I’m in consideration of providing transportation to another clean, safe Earth world with a G type star too.
I am looking for teaching experiences in nursery schools, primary and lower secondary schools, relating to maker education with STEAM to evaluate how useful they can be for the inclusion of foreign students
How I can remove nitrogen from misture of Biogas ( Composition includes Nitrogen 14 % , Methane 44 % , CO2 34% , H2O 2.1% , H2S 2.1% , O2 2.5%)?
I want to produce Hydrogen from biogas using steam methane reforming Process. I want to pre-treatment of biogas remove impurities before reforming. I made Process flow diagram includes Equipment Adsorber(H2S REMOVE using iron sponges bed) , then Reformer( Only 1). Please help me. How?
I attached process flow diagram , my supervisior said add nitrogen unit. He reject it and said heat exchanger , adsorber , absorber, etc pressure temprature not correct. please help me. or provide me any article reference which help me. for the production of Hydrogen from Biogas using Steam methane Reforming Process. Please tell me.
I have probably misunderstood an email from you. I thought I confirmed my authorship of 16 articles. The result was that a total of 16 articles were removed. I never got a chance to steam. Something must have gone wrong - is it possible for you to restore what was removed or do I have to put all my 16 articles back again into ResearchGate?
Best wishes,
Helén Olsson
Is there a relationship between learning history and STEAM?
Share your idea with us please
Can you describe its different dimensions to me?
CREATIVITY AND HUMOR
In his The Act of Creation (1964), Arthur Koestler suggests that there are three types of creativity:
Type I: Artistic Originality:
A work of art is a distortion of reality ranging from dada to realism, as follows:
Dada
Abstract Expressionism
Cubism
Surrealism
Impressionism (Puntilism)
Expressionism
Realism
Camille Saint Saëns’ “Carnival of the Animals”
Ferde Grofé’s “On the Trail” from “Grand Canyon Suite” (Impressionism)
Edvard Munch’s “The Scream” (Expressionism)
Salvador Dali’s art (Surrealism)
Pablo Picasso’s art (Cubism)
Gertrude Stein’s writing (Cubism)
Jackson Pollock’s art (Abstract Expressionism)
Type II: Scientific Discover and Invention:
There are two types of scientific creativity: Discovery, and Invention.
Scientific discovery is epiphanal, and is accompanied by such expressions as
The Bisociative Click!
The Eureka Cry!
The epiphany! or
Das “aha” Erlebniss!
After scientists had discovered the relationships between the moon’s and sun’s gravitation pull, the ocean tides, amber (and static electricity), the lodestones, and the magnet field at the North Pole. They could invent magnets and compasses, AC and DC currents, electro-magnetic engines, etc.
Type III: Comic Inspiration:
But sometimes the bi-association or the incongruity and incongruity resolution, are greater than what is commonly seen in art or in science. This requires a greater suspension of disbelief, because the bi-association is thought to be Incongruous, Incompatible, Ironic, Ludicrous, Paradoxical, Ridiculous, Satiric, or Sardonic.
Examples would include such anachronisms in Science Fiction as the Grandfather’s paradox, where a person goes back in time and kills his own grandfather.
Other examples would be Othello with the hiccups, or a chess player who gives his opponent a double martini.
Fulton’s Folly was still another example of comic inspiration.
When Fulton told the world that he would be able to build a fire that would boil water to make steam to produce the power to make a paddle wheel steam boat paddle upstream, everybody showed up to watch him fail.
They thought that such an attempt was Ludicrous, Ridiculous, or Laughable.
But the audience was wrong. Fulton’s steam boat actually worked. That’s why Arthur Koestler calls this type of creativity “Comic Inspiration.”
The temperature of water in the basin becomes very high as it reaches the boiling point temperature, also it is superheated steam when I simulate the solar still in Comsol, while the temperature should reach 60 or 70 degrees Celsius. Why does the temperature of water become very high?
Delta ferrite to the extent of upto 3% in turbine blade steel grades like X222CrMoV121, K9A62C and some other grades.When finish machined turbine blades are checked for surface defects by LPT (liquid penetrent test) , no surface cracks are found but when magnetic particle inspection is done using head shot method some linear indications are observed in some bladeswhich on microstructural examination and phase micro hardness confirm to be delta ferrite .This problem needs some technological insight to solve the problem.
CREATIVITY AND HUMOR
In his The Act of Creation (1964), Arthur Koestler suggests that there are three types of creativity:
Type I: Artistic Originality:
A work of art is a distortion of reality ranging from dada to realism, as follows:
Dada
Abstract Expressionism
Cubism
Surrealism
Impressionism (Puntilism)
Expressionism
Realism
Camille Saint Saëns’ “Carnival of the Animals”
Ferde Grofé’s “On the Trail” from “Grand Canyon Suite” (Impressionism)
Edvard Munch’s “The Scream” (Expressionism)
Salvador Dali’s art (Surrealism)
Pablo Picasso’s art (Cubism)
Gertrude Stein’s writing (Cubism)
Jackson Pollock’s art (Abstract Expressionism)
Type II: Scientific Discover and Invention:
There are two types of scientific creativity: Discovery, and Invention.
Scientific discovery is epiphanal, and is accompanied by such expressions as
The Bisociative Click!
The Eureka Cry!
The epiphany! or
Das “aha” Erlebniss!
After scientists had discovered the relationships between the moon’s and sun’s gravitation pull, the ocean tides, amber (and static electricity), the lodestones, and the magnet field at the North Pole. They could invent magnets and compasses, AC and DC currents, electro-magnetic engines, etc.
Type III: Comic Inspiration:
But sometimes the bi-association or the incongruity and incongruity resolution, are greater than what is commonly seen in art or in science. This requires a greater suspension of disbelief, because the bi-association is thought to be Incongruous, Incompatible, Ironic, Ludicrous, Paradoxical, Ridiculous, Satiric, or Sardonic.
Examples would include such anachronisms in Science Fiction as the Grandfather’s paradox, where a person goes back in time and kills his own grandfather.
Other examples would be Othello with the hiccups, or a chess player who gives his opponent a double martini.
Fulton’s Folly was still another example of comic inspiration.
When Fulton told the world that he would be able to build a fire that would boil water to make steam to produce the power to make a paddle wheel steam boat paddle upstream, everybody showed up to watch him fail.
They thought that such an attempt was Ludicrous, Ridiculous, or Laughable.
But the audience was wrong. Fulton’s steam boat actually worked. That’s why Arthur Koestler calls this type of creativity “Comic Inspiration.”
I would like your expertise and guidance regarding a challenging Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) problem I currently have. The project involves species transport in Ansys Fluent, focusing on simulating a steam methane reforming process.
The issue I am encountering pertains to the Chemkin files that I have uploaded into the Ansys Fluent software. Unfortunately, I am encountering persistent errors, and it seems the software is not properly considering the uploaded Chemkin files. I have thoroughly reviewed the inputs, but the problem persists. Despite my best efforts, I have been unable to resolve this issue.
Furthermore, in this simulation, a key aspect involves maintaining a wall at an elevated temperature of 2000 degrees Celsius. The objective is to facilitate heat transfer to the methane and steam feed mixture to initiate the steam methane reforming reaction.
Regrettably, I have observed that the heat is not effectively transferring to the feed mixture, resulting in the absence of the desired chemical reaction. This poses a significant setback to the project, as the core objective is to study the reaction kinetics and product distribution in this specific environment.
Your support in this matter would be immensely important to my research progress.
Thank you in advance for considering my request. I am eager to learn from your expertise and am open to any suggestions or instructions you may have.
Sincerely,
Sudeep N S
Steam jet ejectors are not present in the built in models of Aspen Plus. How to add a steam jet ejector in Aspen Plus. Can it be done by the combination of two models or are there any other alternatives?
Usually MED is accompanied by a steam ejector or compressor. How is the subatomic pressure maintained inside the effects?
We are using a KWU 250MW Steam turbine to generate power. Recently we started encountering high Shaft vibrations(300micros pk-pk) at HP turbine front and rear bearings. The vibrations are observed to be varying in proportion with main steam temperature.
The temperature of the vessel before being filled with solvent is 105 degrees, and after the solvent enters it, a certain amount evaporates and the temperature of the vessel decreases to 98.
Knowing the enthalpy of the solvent, how to calculate the volume of evaporated solvent?
Hello all dear
The temperature of the vessel before being filled with solvent is 105 degrees, and after the solvent enters it, a certain amount evaporates and the temperature of the vessel decreases to 98.
Knowing the enthalpy of the solvent, how to calculate the volume of evaporated solvent?
The temperature of the vessel before being filled with solvent is 105 degrees, and after the solvent enters it, a certain amount evaporates and the temperature of the vessel decreases to 98.
Knowing the enthalpy of the solvent, how to calculate the volume of evaporated solvent?
How can generative artificial intelligence be integrated to STEAM project-based learning?
Dear expert,
I am working on a project to analyze the transients of a steam generator during startup. I am interested in identifying the different states of the steam generator during startup and how to define these states in Python.
I have read some papers on the topic and I understand that the transient behavior of a steam generator during startup can be complex. However, I believe that by analyzing the temperature data, I can identify the different states of the steam generator.
I would be grateful if you could provide me with some guidance on how to approach this problem. In particular, I would like to know:
What are the different states of a steam generator during startup?
How can I identify these states in Python?
Are there any other factors that I should consider when analyzing the temperature data?
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Best regards, A. Ebrahimi
Steam es un movimiento innovador, sin embargo, me parece que carece de algunos elementos para considerarse modelo educativo.
JIS B 8224:2022
Boiler feed water, boiler water and steam quality -- Testing methods
related to the dynamics and operation of CCGT.
I need some urgent help . I have been simulating the steam cracking furnace from certain papers namely
1.) CFD simulations of steam cracking furnaces using detailed combustion mechanisms
2.) Impact of radiation models in CFD simulations of steam cracking furnaces.
In both these papers furnace geometry, reaction, composition of the fuel and the models applied are similar. But in both these papers , the maximum flame temperature was achieved at the height of 1.5m . But when I try to simulate these papers using the same flow , combustion , turbulence model in the ANSYS fluent , same as that of the papers my maximum flame temperature reaches at 2.1 m and has a longer flame when compared to those above paper. Can someone please help me why this is happening even though I have applied the same case as that of papers
I am attaching the papers for the reference
I would be interested to know if you have any thoughts on how this limitation could be addressed, since usually the S/B ratio affects the Hydrogen concentration positively.
Most textbooks provide details about either steam or vacuum distillation. I am looking for a description of the apparatus for distilling with saturated steam at reduced pressure. Do you have any recommendations?
I am proposing to introduce steam driven cookstoves instead of LPG cookers to overcome the community suffering current issue of LPG in my country. It is planning to operate a cluster of stoves in urbanized area through centrally located biomass fired steam boiler. I have quite manageable knowledge, skills and experiences in thermal engineering such as steam generation, distribution, boiler operation etc. But lack of in steam operated domestic stoves/cockers. I would appreciate, if any expert can help me either to design or purchase such product or contact of such dealers.
Thanks,
For a molar ratio of CH4:H2O being 1:0.5 in steam methane reforming reactions, if 25ml/min CH4 is fed, what is the corresponding flow rate of liquid water (not steam) needed?
Aren't wet steam, dry steam and superheated steam are all H20 ? Then why is it that superheated steam has lesser chances of corroding metals ?
what would be the impacts on steam turbine? please do discuss your thoughts over here.
STEAM approach in education allows students to explore diverse topics and gain a comprehensive understanding of the world. But, what are the main of the benefits of incorporating STEAM in the the classroom?
If anyone knows of a conference on mathematics education to be held in Europe from April 2023 to March 2024, especially on mathematics education for elementary and junior high school students, please let me know.
As for the contents, it is even better if there are a textbook of mathematics, steam education, mathematics class and a computer.
n/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/a
I only use smooth grape leaves without hairs and is good to eat. My recipes.
No 1. Spicy fish on grape leaf and roll like lumpia and steam.
No 2. Grated cassava (Manihot esculenta), with grated coconut, sugar, cinnamon and raisins, on grape leaf roll like lumpia and steam.
The principle of steam sterilization is to kill microorganisms via the release of latent heat of water vapor.
There is also a standard for operation temperature for duration of sterilization, as shown in table of the attachment.
The higher the temperature, the shorter the time required for complete sterilization. This appears intuitive.
However, in terms of the latent heat content, from 100°C to 132°C, the value does not differ significantly (2256.4 - 2167.9 kJ/kg). In fact, the latent heat decreases with increasing temperature.
My question is: If the microorganisms are killed via the release of latent heat once the steam condenses on the surface, shouldn't the sterilization power of 100°C and 132°C steam be similar, thus requiring similar sterilization time?
What causes the time to differ so drastically? (100°C: 80 h. 132°C: 3 min)

Raoult's law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is lower compared to that of the pure solvent. Therefore, the boiling point of the solution will be elevated.
But then, when we boil a salt solution, say LiCl in water, whose boiling point has been elevated to 110°C, does the steam coming out of the solution have the same properties as that coming out of pure water under the same pressure?
When there is no solute, the water boils at 100°C, 1 atm. To increase its boiling point, we would have to increase the pressure. When LiCl is dissolved, the solution can boil at 110°C, 1 atm. Theoretically, only water goes into the vapor phase. The electrolyte ions remain in the solution. The water vapor would be at 110°C, 1 atm, which according to steam table is superheated steam. Then, does this water vapor, having come out from a boiling electrolyte solution, have the same properties (enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, etc) as that of the superheated steam at the same temperature and pressure?
Hi, I would like anyone to help please, What is the minimum amount of Pressure, Temperature , Volume and Dryness fraction of the steam going into a turbine to do say a work of 1.1kW ?
I have a project in which i want to determine if the steam generated can be able to do minimal work
Why steam to carbon ratio is increased with decreasing the feed flow rate at the reformer inlet?
Also why Steam/CO ratio is increased at inlet of isothermal (MT) shift reactor inlet at turn-down condition? -
Is it possible to calculate with following given data? outlet temperature and pressure of steam, capacity of boiler, Diameter of pipeline.
How we can evaluate different desalination processes when they use different form of energies such as electricity, steam, renewable etc...
What is the Ka and Kb in the "Design curves for optimum single-stage ejectors".
The image attached is taken from perry's handbook 8th edition for the design of ejectors.
The reference give in is DeFrate and Hoerl, Chem. Eng. Prog., 55, Symp. Ser. 21, 46 (1959).

Would it be possible to use autoclave instead of steam explosion as physical pretreatment ? if yes then what should be the size of biomass ?
The steam conversion rate in high temperature steam electrolysis is given by the amount of steam converted to hydrogen, by, flow rate of supplied steam. But I would like to know whether the steam conversion rate depends on the electric power(kW) that is provided for the electrolysis? If so how?
Any input regarding the same will be very helpful, Thank you
In Ansys Fluent, there is an option to solve your multiphase flow problem using either Eulerian, Mixture or VOF models. Can we analyze phase change of water to steam using VOF?
Hello, I am asking about calculating the water volume required for a gas boiler with a thermal efficiency of 94% and operating at a pressure of 1.25 MPa, with a rated capacity of 20 t/h. The temperature of the input water is 20 ℃ and the output steam is 194 ℃.
Thanks in advance!
If it would be okay, I would also like to who its manufacturer is and/or a specification sheet of that cooler. Thank you so much!
Hello, I am studying steam condensation with subcooled water in a pipe geometry by using Lee Condensation-Evaporation model in combination with the VOF model in the Ansys Fluent. ). My question is how to calculate steam bubble diameter. Whether it is calculated as a function of the degree of subcooling? or vapor bubbles are assumed as of uniform diameter? If it is assumed as of uniform diameter, as mentioned by several researchers then its value is taken as?
(Besides, the Eulerian approach, different researchers also used the Lee Condensation-Evaporation model in combination with VOF)
The loud explosion of Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha’aoai volcano on January 15, 2022, and the subsequent tsunami, had baffled scientists worldwide, because the models of Displacement or perturbation of sea water [Wikipedia-Tsunami], generating tsunami couldn’t explain this tsunami. However, photographs and videos of the 200 meters (650 feet) undersea volcano, shows the raising of mushroom shape, from surface of water to >30 kilometers (19 miles) high illustrated steam formation, we suggested it contain 90% steam; this suggested the bulk explosion was caused by the instant transformation of water into steam, resulted in amplification of steam by 1,700 times, thus: (https://youtu.be/_hhx6DVOOhM)
We suggested the explosion and part of the enormous steam diverted under the sea created the tsunami wave similar to our model in “The Tsunami Mechanism”

Hi, I am trying to get semi-empirical correlation for the steam-water direct contact condensation problem. I am trying to fit non-linear curve by Origin software through my experimental data to obtain correlation for heat transfer coefficient. Can somebody guide me or suggest a suitble tutorial on how to set different parameters (fixed/ variables) and their exponents in the curve fitting analysis? Some typical such correlation is like :
h= 1.3583 Cp* G*B^0.0405 (G/Gm)^(0.3714)
where h is heat transfer coefficient, Cp is water specific heat, G is steam mass flux at nozzle exit, B is condensation potential (B=Cp* (T steam-T water)/hfg, Gm is critical steam mass flux,
There is a requirement on a pyrolysis gas system to maintain temperature to avoid formations of tar. The suggested system is electrical which entails heat losses evidently. Would you recommend high pressure steam at about 30 bar instead?
Dear colleges,
I'm working a heat pipe simulation using the CFX code and I having some difficulty to model it. First of all, the device operates with 40% of volume fraction using water at a pressure of ~0.31bar (Saturation temperature ~25°C).
Initially I've divided the geometry (an annular space) in 2 parts: one representing the liquid and the other representing the gas. In the CFX-pré, I've created 2 domains (fluid-fluid).
In this point I have a question: for the gas, it is necessary to consider a mixture of water steam and air or only the steam? Second In CFX I've not find a way to set that in one domain I have boiling of liquid water while in the other domain I have condensation occurring at the same time. Is it possible? My question is motivated due to in CFX I can define that a fluid in continuous, dispersed and so on. But I can't define that its morphology is different in the other domain (for example: while the liquid water is continuous in one domain, it is a dispersed phase (droplets) in the other. The same is valid for the steam (or the air-steam mixture): it is a dispersed phase in one domain and a continuous fluid in the other (where condensations takes place)).
The heat pipe have no adiabatic section, but only the evaporator (where the liquid initially relays) and condenser (in which initially there is an evacuated space with some air or steam - as mentioned, I have no idea if its necessary to consider both or only the steam because I've tried both approaches a not one have resulted in a converged simulation).
I would be wonderful if some one could could give a clue of which way I should follow.
Thanks in advance.
I recently saw a question regarding the relationship between language and mathematical learning, but am interested in learning more about the opposite.
Can anyone recommend relevant readings that explore the relationship between mathematical ability/maths learning and language acquisition? I am primarily interested in second/foreign language acquisition, but also interest in first language acquisition and the relation to mathematics.
Biomass can be converted into activated carbon by chemical or physical activation. The physical activation, especially using steam, produces a lot of pyrolytic oil and the yields are rather low. Using chemical activation the yields are much higher and little or no pyrolytic oil is formed.
What is removed by the physical activation but not by the chemical one? Do the ACs produced by chemical activation have more functional groups left compared to the ones produced by physical activation?
Does anyone know how to determine Steam Methane Reforming ( SMR ) Tubular dimensions??
I made an SMR simulation process in ASPEN Plus but i don't know the parameters in ASPEN to specify the dimensions?
Thanks
Is multy nozzle steam jet ejectors are more efficient than single nozzle ejectors? If somebody has experience in Ammonia or Urea plant kindly share.