Science method

Staining - Science method

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I used TEM to observe damaged bacteria due the use of antibiotics. However, I am not sure whether the image I took is contamination due to staining or the damaged bacteria (E. coli).
Thank you for any help!
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It is difficult to determine whether the TEM image is of a damaged bacteria or just contamination due to staining without more information. However, negative staining for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been the “gold standard” for imaging microbial samples. Samples to be analyzed using a TEM must have very thin sections. But cells are too soft to cut thinly, even with diamond knives. To cut cells without damage, the cells must be embedded in plastic resin and then dehydrated through a series of soaks in ethanol solutions (50%, 60%, 70%, and so on).
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I'm doing an IF experiment to show the GBP (guanylate binding protein) protein level (cytosolic protein).
However I'm having trouble doing my experiment, the fluorescence signals are expressed in the background, not at the protein location.
Other papers staining the GBP protein show that only specific areas with GBP are stained like dots.
The protocol below was used to stain the GBP protein in the raw cell line.
1. Fixation: Incubate the sample with 4% PFA for 15min at RT. Wash in PBS 3 times.
2. Permeabilization: Incubate the samples for 10min with 0.1% PBST(0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS). Wash in PBS 3 times.
3. Blocking: Incubate the cell with 5% goat serum with 0.1% PBST for 40min and wash 3 times in 1% goat serum (PBS).
4. Staining: Dilute 1’ Ab in 1% goat serum in PBS and stain at 4’ for O/N and wash in 1% goat serum with PBS 3 times. Dilute the 2’ Ab in 1% goat serum in PBS and incubate at RT for 1h in the dark. Wash in 1% goat serum with PBS.
5. Nuclear counterstaining and mounting: Incubate the antifade DAPI solution for 2-4min at RT.
I am using these antibodies,
1. GBP1-5 (Santa Cruz, sc-166960): dilution 1:200
2. Goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-adsorbed secondary antibody Alexa Fluor 488 (Invitrogen): dilution 1:400
Which steps do you think are creating the wrong staining image?
I attached the image that I made.
Thank you.
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I used a confocal microscope and took images of unstained cells. Do you mean autofluorescence? In that sense, there was very little.
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I shake microglia (200rpm, 2h) from P0-P3 mice after 12-14d culture of primary mixed glia. After another 3-4 days culture, I stain the cells with Iba1/GFAP/Oligo2 antibody, but I find that all these markers can stain every cell. Has anyone encountered this? What is the possible reason?
My IF protocol: 1. wash three times with PBS, 2. fix cells with 4%PFA and 120nM surcose in PBS for 15min at RT, 3. 3 x 5min wash in PBS, 4. block cells with 3% donkey serum, 5. incubate cells with 1 antibody over night at 4℃, 6. 3 x 5min wash in PBS, 7. incubate cells in 2 antibody for 1h at RT, 8. 3 x 5min wash in PBS.
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Are all your secondary antibodies made in donkey? If not use the appropriate serum.
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As we are finding difficult to secure the Trypan Blue supplies in Colombia, i would like to know if there is any alternative reagent to Stain the PBMC cells.
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Hello,
I am wondering if anyone here who performs SDS-PAGE has seen this before on their gels post-staining? We make our 12% tricine gels in house, fix them in 25% isopropanol 10% acetic acid, then stained overnight in Coomassie G250 35mM HCl. The gels are then destained in distilled water. We are noticing what seems like "halos" or zones of white around our proteins in the gels. I have images and notes attached regarding the issue. When the peptide is in its neat form, it is in a 1M imidazole, 500mM NaCl, 20mM Tris buffer at pH 8. The peptide has a final concentration of 200mM imidazole when it is in its 1/5 diluted form. We have seen this effect many times before, but are not sure what is it causing it. Is it perhaps due to the presence of imidazole; can the imidazole, or maybe just an overall high salt concentration, cause this effect? We use fresh running buffer, fresh fixative and fresh gel reagents (e.g. new aliquots of APS) for each run. Coomassie is reused and made fresh every month and a half; the Coomassie used here is less than a month old.
Any input or words of wisdom would be greatly appreciated! Many thanks in advance.
Leisha
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The presence of white zones or halos around protein bands on SDS-PAGE gels can be caused by various factors. While it's difficult to pinpoint the exact cause without further investigation, here are a few potential explanations:
  1. Protein aggregation: The white zones could be due to protein aggregation. Aggregated proteins may appear as diffuse white areas surrounding the protein bands. Aggregation can occur during gel electrophoresis or during the staining process. Factors such as high protein concentration, improper sample preparation, or excessive handling of the gel can contribute to protein aggregation.
  2. Staining artifacts: Staining artifacts can also lead to the appearance of white zones. These artifacts may arise from interactions between the staining dye (e.g., Coomassie G250) and other components in the gel or buffer system. It's possible that the imidazole or high salt concentration is interacting with the staining dye, causing the formation of white zones.
  3. Incomplete destaining: Inadequate destaining of the gel can result in the presence of white zones. If the gel is not thoroughly destained, residual Coomassie dye can accumulate around the protein bands, creating a white appearance.
To troubleshoot and narrow down the cause of the white zones, you could try the following:
  1. Adjust staining conditions: Experiment with different staining conditions, such as altering the staining time, concentration of Coomassie dye, or pH of the staining solution. This may help identify if the staining process is contributing to the white zones.
  2. Improve destaining: Ensure that the gel is adequately destained using fresh distilled water. Extend the destaining time if necessary to remove any excess dye.
  3. Modify sample preparation: Optimize the protein concentration and sample preparation protocol to minimize protein aggregation. Consider using a denaturing agent, such as urea or SDS, to ensure proper solubilization of the protein.
  4. Verify gel quality: Check the quality of the gel itself, including the gel composition, polymerization process, and storage conditions. A well-prepared gel can help minimize staining artifacts.
These video playlists might be helpful to you:
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Good day, everybody. I have stained sagranin O rats bones with an intra-articular fracture. In all figures in papers it should be stained blue (bones) and red (cartillage). But as it seen at the figures bone structures stained pink-violet.
Protocol is so:
1. Deparafinize and rehydrate.
2. Weigert's Iron Hematoxylin stain for 10 min.
3. Wash in tap water for 10 minutes.
4. Fast green stain for 10 minutes.
5. Wash fast in 1% acetic acid for 10 seconds.
6. Stain Safranin O for 5 minutes.
7. Dehydrate and clear in xylene.
May be problem in protocol? May be somebody can recommend another protocol?
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CAVE: LONG post!
as promised, back to this your Request, just to clear up:
First of all, I’d propose you correct – at least - the title of your Query in RG to:
>> Technical problems with Safranin O stain. Should it be so stained? <<
This might end up in more ‚attraction‘ to readers of RG and interested colleagues as well.
Think also on / about „full text search function“ in RG’s Q/A-archives.
Nobody will find your Question on >>SAFRANIN O stain<< easily, when you define it as „Saphranin“ or 'Sagranin O'.
OK. The issue / matter might be more complicated as initially thought. This due to not only several recipes / protocols available from (hand-)books, web sources, original articles, etc.
Your ‚working protocol‘ as stated in your initial QUESTION (see above) MIGHT be inaccurate or at least seems to be vague in particular regarding the steps one has to consider when performing such a complicated staining recipe / protocol. So it MIGHT be of benefit if you would let us know WHICH recipe / protocol you exactly are following (reference?).
the procedure of which I am inserting here for other interested colleagues….
STAINING PROCEDURE: 1. Deparaffinize sections thoroughly in three changes of xylene, 3 minutes each. Hydrate through two changes each of 100% and 95% ethyl alcohols, 10 dips each. Wash well with distilled water.
a. See Procedure Notes #2 and #3. 2. Wash well in running tap water; rinse in distilled water. 3. Prepare fresh Weigert Iron Hematoxylin (1409); mix well. a. Solution A: Ferric Chloride, Acidified 20 ml b. Solution B: Hematoxylin 1%, Alcoholic 20 ml 4. Stain in fresh Weigert Iron Hematoxylin for 10 minutes. 5. Wash in running tap water for 10 minutes; rinse in distilled water. a. See Procedure Note #4. 6. Prepare 0.25% Fast Green Stain, Aqueous; combine and mix well. a. Fast Green Stain 2.5%, Aqueous (10852) 5 ml b. Distilled Water 45 ml 7. Stain in 0.25% Fast Green Stain, Aqueous for 5 minutes. 8. Rinse directly in Acetic Acid 1%, Aqueous (10012); 10-15 seconds. 9. Place directly in Safranin O Stain 1%, Aqueous for 5 minutes. 10. Dehydrate in two changes each of 95% and 100% ethyl alcohol.
Clear in three changes of xylene, 10 dips each; coverslip with compatible mounting medium.
RESULTS: - Cartilage: Red to orange - Mucin and mast cell granules: Red to orange - Bone, connective tissue and cytoplasm: Green - Nuclei: Black
Contrary to such a 'modern, & revised staining protocol' I'd like to offer you: SAWYEK (1940) A Standardized Technic for Safranin O, Stain Technology, 15:1, 3-7, DOI: 10.3109/10520294009110324, which in the SUMMARY reads:
>>ABSTRACT.-A method for control of staining with safranin O is described. The procedure is as follows:
  • Overstain the sections, freed of paraffin, 4 hours or more in 0.1% solutions of either light green SF or fast green FCF in 50% alcohol. These solutions are adjusted to pH 2.4 with 0.1 N HCl.
  • Rinse in distilled water.
  • Destain at least 30 minutes in Sörensen's Buffer pH 8.
  • Rinse in distilled water.
  • Overstain in 0.1% Safranin 0,4 hours or more.
  • Rinse in distiiled water.
  • Destain 15 minutes in 0.01 N HCl (pH 2) or in 0.001 N HC1 (pH 3) depending on whether light green or fast green, respectively, is the counterstain. The acid solutions are freshly prepared from a stock solution of 0.1 N acid.
  • Rinse in distilled water.
  • Dehydrate in two changes of dioxan, pass thru xylol and mount in balsam.<<
As mentioned already above In addition, fixation matters too (NB: stated not only in THIS old article):
"Since staining affinity varies widely with the fixation employed, four representative fixing fluids were used: Petrunkevitch’s paranitrophenol-cupric-nitrate-nitric (Guyer, p. 34), Zenker’s bichromate sublimate-sodium-sulphatemetic (Lee, 1937, p. 46), Bouin’s picroformol-acetic (Lee, p. 58), and Petrunkevitch’s sublimate-nitric-acetic-alcohol (Lee, p. 45)."
So, IMHO, 'color deviations' from the "normal staining results" (as reported in any basic literature) may be a consequence of one to some to many alterations in parameters underlying your protocol: fixative, pH, (even sometimes osmolarity / ionic composition of solutions), dyes' quality, rinsing ('blueing': tap water quality, distilled water quality...), application time (dipping for seconds, incubating minutes or hours...etc., etc.).
So one has to go through "try and error" when faced with a problem "pink-violet" instead of "blue" stained bone (guessing it might have been the quality or application mode of the >Weigert's Iron Hematoxylin< stain and further treatment).
You can see (and perhaps the ‚professional‘ knows that for sure) that –especially with the staining sequence you use – not only dye quality is of interest, but starting with the fixation / fixative used, continuing with overall specimen processing AND treatments during staining itself will matter and yield different results in coloration (there are major differences in incubation / treatment steps for washing, clearing and last but not least, mounting of the sections too).
One (and I) cannot help with ‚trouble shooting‘, when not knowing - from scratch and, finally- the entire concept/protocol (i.e. what has been done from A-Z).
(Only one article out of many:
BERGMAN et al_2015: The Bone-Inflammation-Cartilage (BIC) Stain: A Novel Staining Method Combining Safranin O and Van Gieson’s Stains
described and „… established a novel staining method, the Bone-Inflammation-Cartilage (BIC) stain, in which Safranin O staining is combined with van Gieson’s staining to visualize and correctly assess bone erosions, the loss of articular cartilage, and inflammation in a single stain….“
(Free access, at least for me; cf.:
You need to compare the steps you perform with those steps which are published in those many articles which can be found in literature searches or your own recipe / protocol collection.….
There are plenty of other / further staining protocols out in the world’s wild web
or / and
= Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, S. ASHRAF July 2011: Contributions of Inflammation and Angiogenesis to Structural Damage and Pain in Osteoarthritis)
but one has to invest some time and ideas where to arrive with regard to the task you are dealing / have to deal with.
Elucidating / Correcting the ‚conundrum‘ regarding
German Isauro Garrido-Fariña 's hint at: „…en la diafanización a claramiento de Dowson….“
it might be interesting that in ENGLISH it may spell / correctly spells:
'Diaph o nisation (diaphonization)' and DAWSON, which can be found also by taking the Google ‚survey‘ for those terms (as one result out of some) e.g.:
Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2017, 20, Suppl. 1, 27–32 ISSN 1311-1477 (print); ISSN 1313-3543 (online):
ELABORATION OF TRANSPARENT BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS FOR VISUALISATION OF DEVELOPING CARTILAGE AND BONE STRUCTURES,
by N. TSANDEV et al, 2017
Summary Tsandev, N., A. Atanasoff, G. Kostadinov, E. Petrova-Pavlova & I. Stefanov, 2017. Elaboration of transparent biological specimens for visualisation of developing cartilage and bone structures. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 20, Suppl. 1, 27–32.
>>Several modifications of diaphonisation technique for preparation of transparent permanent preparations from fish, amphibians and reptiles are presented. It was demonstrated that the omission of some procedures, changed concentration of solutions, and duration of several diaphonization steps did not alter the quality of obtained permanent specimens. The prepared models could be used for monitoring of skeleton development, and later embedded in transparent polymers with respect to their use in museum collections and exhibitions. Key words: bone, clearing, diaphonisation, fish cartilage, morphology, transparent<< and, from the text:
„…Diaphonisation comprises consecutive fixation of biological specimens in formalin, bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, incomplete maceration in potassium hydroxide, staining with dyes and preservation in glycerol (Pramod et al., 2011). The technique is mainly used for fish, amphibians and reptiles due to their smaller body size and very delicate for dissection tissues (Taylor & Van Dyke, 1985)….“
Regarding the name „DAWSON“ (as mentioned in TSANDEV et al,2017):
cf.: Dawson, A., 1926. A note on the staining of the skeleton of cleared specimens with alizarin red S. Stain Technology, 1, 123–124.
If you haven’t found (Google) web-sources as for implementing 'literature searches' I mentioned yesterday, then I propose and recommend your doing a google search for keywords:
| Weigert hematoxylin Safranin O Fast Green Stain Bone Cartilage | =[5,860 results], or also
| Weigert hematoxylin Safranin O Fast Green Stain Bone Cartilage, Diaphonization or Diaphonisation |
I’ve answered as detailed as possible just for the following reason:
IF you are not allowed or able to use e.g. Google search via unlimited Internet access, you might have problems to access and download the bibliographic sources I included in my post (nevertheless some may at least be accessible via Research Gate's database).
Since you have posted your Question in ResearchGate I think you have at least access to RG’s FULL TEXT RE-SEARCH in their ‚ARCHIVES‘….so take the time to access the SEARCH function (find within a rectangle in the upper menue bar with text: „Search for research, journals, people, etc.", insert your search term(s) / keyword(s), activate in browser and then choose from the menue popping up what seems to be appropriate to / for you: Research (Journals, Persons, Articles), Q/A,… you’ll wonder about the treasure of data saved already in RG. In case you are not served with (enough) results just vary or reduce the amount of (your) keyword(s).
E.g.: for term(s): | [safranin O] rats bones intra-articular fracture | :
by clicking the loupe-icon (automatically chooses RESEARCH=„publications“) will result in displaying an URL: https://www.researchgate.net/search.Search.html?query=%5Bsafranin+O%5D+++rats+bones++++intra-articular+fracture+&type=publication:
also displaying hits/results of your query: You’ll (might) have a lot of possible literature to evaluate.
Choosing the search option „QUESTIONS“ (with the former keywords) results in only two postings: your recent 'Question' and a question asked in 2014 on >decalcifying bone…<
Varying your search terms accordingly you’ll get more and more special references in RESEARCH or QUESTIONS which already have been posted and archived (e.g. Full text search: | safranin O stain bone intra-articular fracture | from QUESTIONS will yield a lot more information on the matter.
Hoping my elaboration helped you anyway…regards and best of luck...WHM
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I need stain lipid droplets in an immunofluorescence for macrophages. I read that I can use Sudan III to do this, but I don´t find any procedure. The only one is this , but the author don’t describe the procedure of the stain.
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Simply 'Google' "Sudan III staining protocol". If you're looking for a simple qualitative assessment, there are many new fluorescent probes, e.g., Nile Red, Bodipy, etc.
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I am doing multiplex immunofluorescence assay on FFPE section. I used CD3 to identify T cells and observed that some of T cells stained with CD3 showed nuclear staining instead of membranous. I am not sure why the staining pattern is nuclear for CD3? is it possible to see nuclear staining with CD3?
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This depends on the type of cancer you are investigating and the tissue from which the FFPE sections are made. As mentioned, e.g. T-cell lymphomas show cytoplasmic CD3 staining.
Try to figure out in which tissue/cell type you see the cytoplasmic CD3 staining.
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I just established a cell line after long-term term culturing and would like to screen for contamination. I only have Hoechst 33342, and I would like to know whether it can be used for mycoplasma screening.
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Hello Xi Su
Yes, you may use Hoechst 33342 for mycoplasma screening.
Hoechst 33342 is a cell permeable fluorescent compound that is able to stain the DNA of eukaryotic as well as prokaryotic cells by binding with high affinity to the minor groove of AT-rich DNA sequences. Both Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342 are very closely related bis-benzimides dyes, and are excited by ultraviolet light at around 350 nm, and both emit blue/cyan fluorescence light around an emission maximum at 461 nm. The key difference between them is that the additional ethyl group of Hoechst 33342 renders it more lipophilic, and thus more able to cross intact cell membranes. Hoechst 33258 is significantly less permeant.
You may use Hoechst 33342 for mycoplasma screening. Please refer to the link below. See page 28.
Hoechst 33342 is commonly used as a DNA binding dye to determine cell cycle status and apoptosis assays.
Best.
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I need to perform staining of A549 lung cancer cells using Alexa flour 594 phalloidin. Can anyone explain the protocol
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Certainly! Here's a protocol for staining A549 lung cancer cells using Alexa Fluor 594 Phalloidin, which is commonly used to label F-actin in cells:
Materials:
  • A549 lung cancer cells
  • Cell culture medium
  • Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
  • Fixative solution (e.g., 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS)
  • Permeabilization solution (e.g., 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS)
  • Blocking solution (e.g., 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS)
  • Alexa Fluor 594 Phalloidin (concentration and dilution may vary depending on the manufacturer's instructions)
  • Mounting medium (e.g., mounting medium containing DAPI for nuclear counterstaining)
  • Microscope slides
  • Coverslips
  • Pipettes and tips
  • Centrifuge (if necessary)
Protocol:
  1. Culture A549 lung cancer cells in appropriate cell culture medium until they reach the desired confluency or experimental condition.
  2. Prepare the required solutions, such as fixative solution, permeabilization solution, and blocking solution, according to the concentrations mentioned above or as recommended by the manufacturer.
  3. Harvest the A549 cells by washing the culture flask/dish with PBS and then detaching the cells using trypsin-EDTA or any other suitable cell detachment method. Collect the cells in a centrifuge tube and pellet them by centrifugation at an appropriate speed and duration (as per cell type and experimental needs).
  4. Remove the supernatant carefully, and resuspend the cell pellet in the fixative solution. Incubate the cells in the fixative for about 10-15 minutes at room temperature to immobilize and preserve the cellular structure.
  5. Wash the fixed cells with PBS to remove the fixative solution.
  6. Permeabilize the cells by adding the permeabilization solution and incubating for about 5-10 minutes at room temperature. Permeabilization helps in the entry of the staining reagents into the cells.
  7. Wash the cells again with PBS to remove the permeabilization solution.
  8. Prepare the staining solution by diluting the Alexa Fluor 594 Phalloidin according to the manufacturer's instructions. Typically, a recommended dilution is around 1:200-1:500, but this can vary depending on the specific product.
  9. Remove the excess PBS and apply the staining solution to the cells, ensuring all cells are covered. Incubate the cells with the staining solution for an appropriate period, usually 30 minutes to 1 hour, at room temperature or as suggested by the manufacturer.
  10. After staining, carefully wash the cells with PBS to remove the unbound staining solution.
  11. If desired, you can counterstain the nuclei by incubating the cells with a suitable nuclear stain, such as DAPI, following the manufacturer's instructions. This step is optional but helps visualize the cell nuclei along with the actin cytoskeleton.
  12. Finally, mount the stained cells onto microscope slides using a suitable mounting medium. Place a drop of mounting medium on a clean microscope slide, gently transfer the stained cells onto the drop, and carefully cover them with a coverslip, avoiding air bubbles.
  13. Allow the mounting medium to dry, and then seal the coverslip edges with clear nail polish or an appropriate mounting sealant.
  14. The stained cells are now ready for visualization under a fluorescence microscope. Use appropriate filter sets to visualize Alexa Fluor 594 and DAPI (if used) fluorescence.
Remember to always follow the specific instructions provided by the manufacturer of the Alexa Fluor 594 Phalloidin and any other reagents used in.
best..
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Hi all,
I’m staining murine brains for degraded myelin basic protein (sometimes called cryptic MBP, also known as MBP69-86) and would like input on what we are seeing. Basically, it doesn’t look like there’s a positive signal where undegraded MBP would be, but is intracellular in the cell somas, and seems to be in neurons, which shouldn’t phagocytose it. Had anyone worked with this in the CNS before, and has an idea on the mechanisms behind what is happening/how we could quantify moving forward? Some early sample images are attached, and we are using cryopreserved brains and antibody cat# AB5864 from Sigma.
Thank you!
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Hello again,
Please check my previous answer. I think that this is not real staining but a tissue artifact present in brains of older mice. Consider the use of TrueBlack to remove this artifact.
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I want to stain some of my mouse brain sections with Cresyl Violet.
The mouse brains (not perfused, no PFA/Formalin used) were fresh frozen in OCT and cut in the cryostat at 15μm thickness. The sections were collected on normal slides and stored at -20℃.
Could you please help me with the staining protocol?
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I agree with the above protocol, However there are a few modifications in mine.
Cresyl Violet Acetate Solution Preparation
1. Solution A: 6mL-glacial acetic acid + 994 mL- H2O
2. Solution B: 13.6g Sodium acetate + 1000mL H2O
3. Combine A and B solution in 9:1 ratio and adjust pH to 3.7.
4. Prepare 1% cresyl violet in the above solution. Filter and use the same for staining.
* Further as PFA fixation was not done, I would suggest to do fixation using ice cold methanol- 10mins followed by PBS wash.
* In addition to the above protocol I also perform differentiation post staining with cresyl violet (2 drops GAA in 95% ethanol).
* I use PBS for washing during the staining.
Do let me know if there are any queries.
Thanks
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Does anyone have a live/dead stain that works for HFF cell lines?
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A method based on crystal violet staining may be used to evaluate Human Foreskin Fibroblasts cell viability. This cationic dye works as an intercalating agent that enables the quantification of DNA, which is proportional to the number of cells in culture, and the dye is easily sequestered by viable cells.
For more information you could refer to the Basic Protocol 2 in the article attached below.
Best.
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I'm trying to perform immunofluorescence staining of Dynein and kinesin on human skin, but I don't know how it should appear, and I looked through published apers and I didn't find any. Any help? any body did this staining on human skin?
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Hi there,
Check the human protein atlas, I am sure there will be several stainings for different dynein and kinesin antibodies.
Kind regards,
Sebastian
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I did a Hoechst stains to check whether my cells were contaminated with Mycoplasm. Please advise or assist.
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Hi,
The best way to eliminate Mycoplasma from your laboratory would be to discard the contaminated cultures. However, since this cannot be done sometimes, 2 methods have been described:
1. The use of Plasmocin (InvivoGen, Cayla, France).
2. The use of chloroform.
Hope it helps.
----
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I'm trying to find a good protocol to co-stain Alzheimer's disease tissue with thioflavin S and 4G8 antibody with IHQ. I haven't found any protocol to perform these two stainings together. I do not want IF, I need to use HRP-secondary antibody. I'd really appreciate it if anyone has suggestions.
Thanks!
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Helo Sofia,
the problem is that thioflavine S is a fluorescence dye. If you prefer to work with brightfield images you have to switch either to congo red which stains the amyloid plaques in a similar way as thioflavine or to an antibody against Amyloid beta. I would recommand a double labeling immunohistochemistry especially when you like to qunatify your results.
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How long does it take to dye?
How to determine the concentration of dye?
If it is detected by ELISA, will the staining method be different?
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How to stain if using DCF-DA staining method?
How long does it take to dye?
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We did in vitro differentiation of MSC cells into osteogenic and adipogenic lineage cells using STEMCELL kit. The protocol recommended to use culture-expanded human MSCs between passages 1 - 4 but cells of passage number 8 were induced to form osteoblast and adipocytes by culturing in osteogenic and adipogenic induction medium for 14 days, 24- well plate was seeded by 10000cell/cm2 and incubated for 48h to reach 80% confluent, then the media was replaced with complete MesenCult™ Osteogenic and adipogenic Differentiation and medium was changed every 2-3 days Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation was visualized by staining with Alizarin Red S and Oil Red O staining, respectively. It seems that lipid accumulation happened for negative control (no differentiation media) and also the same pattern for osteogenic negative control.
I was wondering if someone had thought of a better and more time efficient solution.
Thanks
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Hi sorry to jump on your question but I am doing a similar experiment with MSCs but my cells are not differentiating do you have any tips? and do you mind sharing your staining protocols?
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Hi all,
I'm trying to evaluate the amount of viable E. coli cells in a colture.
I'm going to use the Nuclear Green LCS1 and I will use a plate reader to evaluate the fluorescence emitted by the cells.
Is Nuclear Green LCS1 permeable to prokariotic cells?
Thanks for your help
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Thank you very much for your kind reply!
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hematoxyline and eosin are routin stain
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Dear Saleh,
The answer to your question depends on the commercial stains you use:
- Mayer's haematoxylin is utilized in progressive staining of tissues, thus it has lower concentration and creates a milder but specific stain. If that is your case then you should just decrease the time of haematoxyline and wash well afterwards before continuing with your protocol.
- Harris haematoxyline is utilized in regressive staining of tissues, thus it is more concentrated and overstains the tissue. If that is your case then you should consider adding an additional step after the stain that requires submerging your samples rapidly to a decolorization solution (like diluted acidic acid). Through trial and error you will finally obtain your optimal staining. Additionally, you could try, here as well, reducing the time of haematoxylin.
A final solution (although I don't recommend) is to try diluting haematoxylin (if water based liked Mayer's or Harris) with some distilled water until you obtain the optimal stain. Keep in mind that this method might oxidize your haematoxylin faster and you will have to replace it.
I hope that was helpful,
King Regards
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I have done DAPI staining in untreated and drug-treated EA carcinoma cells using 96-well plate. The procedure included only pbs washes, fixation with paraformaldehyde and incubation of each wells with DAPI (50ul of 1:1000 dilution). Haven't done any permeabilization process, but, still got stained images. Is it proper to do so?
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Hello Ameena
I have attached the paper for your reference.
Please see the subheading “Procedure”.
Good Luck!
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Hi everyone!
We isolated and sequenced our nuclei, and performed hashing prior to sequencing by combining four samples in a single batch, with each sample being stained with a different TotalSeq B hashtag antibody. I am curious whether the 10X Cloud Analysis tool can support the demultiplex Cellranger pipeline for our specific case.
Thank you for your help.
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The 10x Cloud Analysis platform is a suite of analysis tools for single-cell sequencing data generated using 10x Genomics technology. The TotalSeq B antibodies are oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies designed for cell surface and intracellular protein analysis in combination with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) using the 10x Genomics Chromium platform.
TotalSeq B antibodies are designed to label cells for downstream analysis with scRNA-seq. While these antibodies can potentially label nuclei in addition to other cellular compartments, they are primarily optimized for labeling cell surface and intracellular proteins. Therefore, they may not be the most suitable reagents for nuclei staining in isolation.
However, the 10x Genomics platform supports additional assays, such as chromatin accessibility and gene expression, that can be used to analyze nuclei. For example, the ATAC-seq assay can be used to analyze chromatin accessibility, while the 10x Visium Spatial Gene Expression assay can be used to analyze gene expression in tissue sections.
In summary, while TotalSeq B antibodies are not optimized for nuclei staining in isolation, the 10x Genomics platform supports multiple assays that can be used to analyze nuclei and other cellular compartments.
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I am looking to stain blood cells in suspension in order to use in a flow cytometer. Is there protocol for staining suspended cells in culture media or PBS? Thank you!
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I think not. All staining procedures based on the Papanicolau method require a preventive fixation with methanol that "in vivo" would destroy the cells.
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there are many types of carbohydrates(glycoprotein ) :neutral and acidic glycoprotein
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You could stain mucus, neutral mucus (pas) and with alcian blue (acid mucus). some structures that you could stain are intestine, airways and some glands.
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Hi,
I would like to know how people usually handle phalloidin dye (to stain actin) during immunochemistry? I know that is comes from the deadly mushroom Amanita phalloides. I have read the security data sheet that says that it is fatal if swollen, if in skin contact and if inhalated (https://www.thermofisher.com/document-connect/document-connect.html?url=https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets%2FLSG%2FSDS%2FT7471_MTR-NALT_EN.pdf).
However, I have read in the user guide of this compound that the amount of toxins in each vial was lethal "only" for a mosquito. I am then a bit puzzled and I am not sure how to handle this product.
Do you handle it under a fume hood using gloves and eye protection? Or is there something more to do to be safer?
Thanks for your reply.
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phalloidin and other phallotoxins are not cell-permeant; you can only label fixed and permeabilized cells with it. So toxicity isn't an issue for assays with it. but if you were somehow to artificially introduce it into a cell, such as with microinjection, it would bind the actin and negatively affect the actin dynamics, which would in turn affect cell function.
Consult your EHS group, but you should use PPE suitable for it (gloves that are resistant to the solvent in the stock, lab coat, safety glasses), but you shouldn't need to use a hood.
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Planning to do DAPI staining using fluorescence microscopy. Thought of seeding the cells in 6-well plate. What all things should be considered while doing the assay? Does anyone have protocol for the aforementioned?
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DAPI is best if the cells are fixed and permeabilized. Label with a very small concentration, just 0.2 ug/mL for 5-10 minutes in PBS or other physiological buffer at RT.
If you wish to do live cell labeling, then I recommend instead using Hoechst 33342, which is more cell permeant, labeled at 0.4 ug/mL for 5 minutes in media or suitable live cell buffer. Be aware that nucleic acids like Hoechst will affect DNA function, such as proliferation, so isn't recommended for culturing or long term imaging after label; only for end point assays.
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My protein of interest is fused with MBP tag, and it does not contain tryptophan but MBP does. After factor Xa digestion, my protein was separated from MBP, and I eluted my protein while MBP is still in the MBP column.I ran SDS-PAGE with TGX stain-free gel.
Theoretically, my protein should not be visualized in Bio-Rad ChemiDoc imaging system machine because it doesn't have tryptophan. Stain-Free gels (Bio-Rad) contain trihalo compound and they interact with tryptophan residues of your protein and show fluorescent signal by UV detection.
There is no MBP contamination as it stays in the MBP column and it will only be eluted by maltose. What could be the reason?
Thank you in advance!
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Dear Siting
the mw it corresponding to the expected one?Is it possibile that the band the you see it is due to the presence of fattXa added for the digestion?
Did you tried to stain the gel also with comassie blue to have a double check and see if you have only this band?
best regards
Manuele
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Hello,
i already have in the lab this live cell stain suitable for flow cytometry (CytoTrack Green 511/525 BIO-RAD) and i was wondering if i could use it to stain live spheroids which will then be analyzed and imaged by confocal microscopy. Has anybody already used this product for applications besides flow cytometry? Thanks in advance for the help
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Dear Leonardo, I'm also interested in using your tracker! Looking forward to receive news from you
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Tried with 7.5%, 10%, 12% and 15% gel percentages.. Protein concentration was checked through biuret and it is about 1.7mg/ml.. Used coomassie blue for staining (1hr) followed by destaining for overnight.. Any suggestion will be very helpful..
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Bandla Ramesh After extraction, when i performed kjeldahl and DUMAS its showing protein around 60%. But when iam performing colorimetric methods before SDS PAGE color is not changing.. Is there any reason behind this? If there, what could be the solution for this?
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I would like to do a FACS analysis with BrdU-7aad staining, how long should I incubate with BrdU if my cells doubling time is 48hours?
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Excuse me, td=t / Log2 (Nt/N0)
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Hi everyone,
We want to start performing some FluoroJade C stainings at the lab but the product that other labs have recommended is longer available (AG325 from Sigma-Aldrich). Do you have any other recommendation? We are in Spain, so brands from Europe or American ones with European distributors are preferred.
Many many thanks!
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Brian Lee Thanks for your answer! We're still trying to figure it out :S
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I have been running gel zymography (7.5% polyacrylamide co-polymerized with 1% gelatin) loaded with 250 µg of protein / well from colonic lysate with the hopes of visualizing MMP-2 and -9. I had a few good gels, but recently I have been getting these white spots on my gels (see attached) post-Coomassie staining and de-staining, following a protocol by Frankowski et al., 2012 (doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-452-0_15).
Can someone explain where these big spots are coming from? It makes it impossible to quantify my images. I thought it was the Coomassie itself, perhaps due to chunks of undissolved Coomassie; however, I filtered the stain and still have the same problems. My most recent gel looks the exact same as this image, with the same two white circles.
Additionally, is using 1% gelatin appropriate? I have seen researchers use 0.1-0.2% gelatin co-polymerized with the polyacrylamide, but the source I listed above used 1%.
Thank you!
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Thank you again for the reply! The left most side contains samples from mice infected with C. rodentium which should (in theory) contain more MMPs. The samples on the right contain control mice proteins. However, the samples in the C. rodentium and control groups also included liver samples, which evidently have a lot more MMP content. I will re-run my gels tomorrow with only loading buffer, and a set of gels with a lower concentration to see if this occurs again. The protein concentration may be too large as 50 mg of protein / well does not result in this weird staining.
Thank you for your help, I will update you soon!
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May some of you performed staining for immunofluorescence of PBMCs in 96-well plate? As the cells are not going to be cultured, only stained in these plates for confocal microscopy, we are planning to centrifuge (600 g, RT, 6 min) cells in 96 well plate to attach them to the surface of the plate, however I am not sure if this is enough to attach them. I know there are coating plates, but for decreasing costs we are searching alternatives.
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I think you need to connect with your library or google scholar or approaching the authors will certainly help you
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We are isolating hepatocytes from mouse liver and trying to culture them in 6 or 24 well plates. The isolation is carried out according to the protocol and plating is done using William E medium with 10% FBS and 1% PEST. We use to coat the plates with collagen 1mg/ml. But after 3 hours and more the cells are loosely attached to the plates. We are sure these cells are hepatocytes because we stained them with the appropriate markers. Maybe something is missing in the medium which is essential for attachment?
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Double nuclei look not visible in your picture of 3h culture.---------I mean, did you check the cell viability after isolation and after 3-h culture?
In my hand, cells attached loosely even no collagen coating.
Two nuclei may be the important marker for healthy hepatocytes.
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Hello,
I am measuring multiple different parameters in cells using fluorescent channels in flow. I would also like to assess well viability. Given that I take the same volume from each well, and do not define a stopping event, can I compare live events between wells as a viability measure? I understand that not all cells that appear live in flow are viable, thus the use of viability stains. Do such stains have to be used to generate viability data from flow?
Thanks!
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Hi David,
The short answer is that the use of a viability dye is required. Even with taking the same volume from each well, without a viability dye when you compare data the number of "live cells" in the gate could be different for many reasons other than non-viable cells (changes to adhesion, cellular proliferation, etc.). I would recommend using a viability dye or cell death kit (ApoTracker / Annexin V) to attain the information you are looking for. Our lab uses the following dyes extensively for our flow analysis:
https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/L10119 (1:1000 dilution after resuspension in 50ul DMSO)
thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/L34966?SID=srch-srp-L34966 (1:100 dilution after resuspension in 50ul DMSO)
Alternatively, some labs use Propidium Iodide or DAPI to determine viability since these dyes cannot enter live non-fixed cells.
Hope this helps
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Hello Everyone,
I had ordered Recombinant Alexa Fluor® 488 Anti-GFAP antibody from abcam to stain specifically astrocytes. How ever, this antibody is staining other cells too. Does anyone have a similar experience with this GFAP antibody with regards to non specific staining?
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Dear Nandhitha Madhusudhan,
Can you show us an image so we can take a look?
Meanwhile, you can try the same antibody with different secondary one.
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We seeded 2,000 Dermal Papilla cells in 96 well-plate and treated the cells
for 24, 48, and 72 hrs in order to check the proliferative effects of our compounds.
Then we stained them with 0.05% crystal violet at the different time points and we found a purple plaque as shown in the image.
I would like to ask that
1. What is the plaque??
2. Where does the plaque come from?
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You should be use a soultion of crystal violet in ammonium oxalat1:10 staining.
A solution:
Crystal violet:2gr
Absolute ethanol 100cc
B solution:
Ammonium oxalat:1gr in 100cc DW
C: 1cc A additive to 9cc DW
1cc C+4cc B
Staining cell cultures after fixed with 7o%ethanol for
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I am aware that immunohistochemistry is a qualitative or semi-quantitative technique, but I performed several anti-CD163 immunohistochemistries in order to study the presence/absence of M2 macrophages in patients with several conditions. However, I have never quantified the result of immunohistochemistry before, so in the optical microscopy images that I took I see several brown marks (I used DAB for detection) but I am unable to determine if those marks are unspecific or if they are actually staining macrophages. Is there a way of correctly determining which of those DAB stains actually determine macrophages?
Thank you in advance.
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First of all you have to optimize your immunohistochemistry protocol using proper controls, e.g. tonsil. When you know the expected reaction pattern, then do your experiment with on-slide controls so you can monitor the reaction from slide to slide. You can see some examples and suggestions to protocols here:
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Dear all,
I was puzzled by my present TEM results: PTA staining showed a significant low frequency of AAV empty capsids compared with that of UA staining. I used the same sample and conditions (only different in staining reagents), and I really dont know why UA staining could show so many VP with black dot within (empty), however PTA just got many bright full capsids.
And I rarely noticed AAV empty capsid was measured using PTA as staining solution.
Does anyone know the possible reasons?
MANY THANKS!
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Another reason is that PTA is a much larger molecule than UA, thus may not penetrate into capsid as readily. PTA (depending on pH) has also been shown to destroy viral particles if stained for longer than 30 seconds.
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Dear colleagues!
I’m working with mouse splenocytes now to elaborate Treg suppression assay. But I have a trouble at the CFSE staining step. After my initial staining of total splenocytes or some sorted populations of cells from them (naïve CD4 T-cells), next day I observe the initial peaks of CFSE shift to the left with the loss if CFSE intensity ten times. So, it is not a first division when the CSFE intensity should drop 2 times only. It happens in a sample stimulated with CD3/CD28 beads and in a non-stimulated sample. Further 3 days afterwards I observe distinct division CFSE peaks in a stimulated sample. But I do not like that initial CFSE shift.
First, I thought that it was due to unsynchronized cell cycle of splenocytes and tried to synchronize them before CFSE staining keeping the cells not in a full media (RPMI + 10%FBS + 50uM ME + 25mM HEPES + 1mM Sodium Piruvate + 1% Glutamax + 1%Pen-Str) but in a media deprived of IL-2 or in a media with low 1%FBS or in a media with 1%FBS and without IL-2. Nothing changed. Next day my initial CFSE peaks again 10 times shifted.
Where is a mistake? Or is it a standard phenomenon? I add a file with the demonstration of that shift.
My protocol of CFSE staining is as follows: I wash cells with (DPBS+0,1% FBS) two times. I know that someone recommended to get rid of any traces of FBS at this step but others recommend to add FBS to splenocytes as they are very sensitive cells and quickly die without any FBS. Then I stain them for 5 minutes at 37C again in (DPBS+0,1% FBS) and then wash with cold RPMI with 10%FBS – two times.
I appreciate it greatly any tip and possible explanation!
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Dear colleagues,
The matter is explained in the paper attached. CFSE peak shifts due to the natural efllux of CFSE-bound proteins from the cells or degradation of some short-lived proteins. This substanial (more than 10 times) CFSE intensity loss is proliferation-independent. Thus, it is recomended to stabilize CFSE-stained cells in culture for approximately 24 hrs prior to starting any tests with the cells. Pay attention to Fig2 and Notes 20-21
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I previously tried isolating rhizobial strains in YEMA congo red media, choosing the isolate which dint take the congo red stain. But after molecular characterization with sanger sequencing (16S rRNA partial), it was found that most of the isolates dint belong to any of the rhizobial genera. Can anyone suggest me any rapid method for isolating a higher number of rhizobial isolates?
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From the root nodules
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I performed fluorescence stainings on brain formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples (zebrafish). I stained TH+ neurons and counterstained with DAPI.
In tissues coming from 2 specific animals, DAPI (diluted 1:1000) is not working. For all the other samples, belonging to other animals, DAPI is working perfectly.
I am positive that this outcome is not user-dependent, because in the same session I stained many slides, and in some of them the DAPI worked, in some others it didn't. TH staining worked perfectly for all tissues.
P.S. I performed an antigen retrieval with citrate buffer pH 6.0 for 15 minutes at 95°C in a water bath.
Please help! I don't know what could have happened!
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For zebrafish brain sections I have used DAPI at a final concentration of 300 nM (in PBS) for two minutes, followed by 3 washes. It worked perfectly fine.
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I'm trying to measure the ROS production from RAW 264.7 cells by using DCFH staining and analyst by flow cytrometry. The problem is the level of ROS production in control cells was high. I'm not sure what am I doing wrong. Can anyone help me solve this problem?
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DCF is very sensitive. I will suggest you optimize the concentration. Most papers report usage in the 5 to 10 micromolar range but you could reduce the concentration further. Ensure your samples are kept away from light and analyze promptly after staining.
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I use MCF7 cells to overexpress my protein of interest tagged with RFP using Polyethylimine. Then I stain my cells with monodansyl cadeverine(Specific for Autophagolysosomes)(50mM) which is dissolved in DMSO, following this I fix my cells with 4% paraformaldehyde, then followed by Hoechst staining. I'm not able to pick up RFP fluorescence right after my MDC staining. RFP fluorescence could not be captured either in the control which is over expressing RFP (added 200ul of DMSO per well without stain) or in the treated which is over expressing RFP tagged protein, right after the addition of staining solution. Could the volume of DMSO added have any effect in this situation?
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could you look for some answer about it? I am storing cells in medium with 10% of DMSO as usual.
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We had performed the method described in "Identification of HSP90 inhibitors as a novel class of senolytics" using human endothelial cells and human fibroblasts. Briefly, cells were incubated with 10 uM of C12FDG (2h), then prior to analysis, DNA were stained using Hoechst dye 2 ug/mL and we observed green fluorescence stainning in both senescent and non-senescent cells. We also tried to change the C12FDG incubation times and concentrations and we obtained the same results. We are using another kit to detect SA-BGal (senescence detection Kit ab65351) as a control method and the results do not match. We have the attention of always preparing a fresh solution of C12FDG when starting a new experiment.  
We want to use this method for immuno fluorescent method to quantify senescence using INCell Analyser.
Do you have any suggestion that can help us?
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I agree with Piprode!
The paper below is a good reference for the methods.
Good luck!!!
doi: 10.3791/50494
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acetocarmine used to stain DNA
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Hi Muna,
maybe the acetic orcein staining could be an alternative for you.
Here is the link :
Good Luck!
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My lab has recently be discovering a problem that some of our old nissl stain (2-3 years old) is turning to a disgusting orange/ brown color. Its not even every slide that was stained together, just a few every once in a while. Our slides are coverslipped with permount and glass and there's no air bubbles in any of the slides
Does anyone have any idea what could be causing this?
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Hello Jessica,
can you give some more details about the staining protocol and how you have prepared the staining solution?
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Hi everyone,
I am having some problem that my ICC staining is getting contaminated with fungus I suppose after adding the antibody with blocking solution which has Tween, PBS and Donkey serum. I checked one by one, when PBS alone no contamination, Donkey serum and PBS no contamination but all three together contamination is happening. Anyone knows how to troubleshoot this?
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For permeabilization we use Triton X-100 0.2% for 10-15mins. In blocking solution we use it at 0.1% along with NGS/NDS in PBS for 1hr.
Thanks
Samir
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I stained HepG2 cells with propidium iodide (PI), calcein AM, and Hoechst. Dead cells were treated with PFA and Triton-X. The staining concentration and time were fine, but PI stained most of the cytoplasm in almost all cells, while Hoechst stained only the nuclei normally, indicating that the nuclei should be intact. I'm wondering if anyone has encountered this situation before and would appreciate any advice.
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If you wash them gently, no detachment would be observed e.g: add 300 ul of binding buffer to a well of 24-well plate, swirl gently then aspirate the buffer and go on.
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So I have been trying to standardise a zebrafish single cell suspension for downstream sequencing. I am consistently getting decent viability if I measure it via syto 9 and propidium iodide staining using a commercial single use hemocytometer.
But whenever I try to use the logos Luna cell counter or any other automated cell counter which uses 1:1 trypan blue (0.4%) staining, I am getting really poor results for the same exact samples. Any insight would be much appreciated.
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Hi all, I have to postpone some stainings and imaging due to technical difficulties, but the cells are already in culture. They are hiPSC derived cortical neurons in 96well plates and the staining will be Bodipy.
- how long can I keep them in the fridge after PFA fixation?
- is it better to stain first and keep them that way or stain freshly? The structure I'd like to stain is lipid droplets, so I'm leaning towards the first possibility.
Thanks for all comments
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Lipids are pretty much impossible to fix. In electron microscopy you fix and stain lipids with osmium tetroxide (very toxic and dangerous stuff) but the majority of lipids are lost anyway. Your best bet with fluorescence is to image live, or use advanced cryopreparation methods (probably overkill). Think of it as imaging soap bubbles, best to be quick! If you fix with aldehydes you can only hope that by fixing the proteins you also stabilize certain lipid structures too, but the damage happens within minutes. Just keep that in mind, do a live control experiment and don't overinterpret your data.
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I used to normalize my target protein using housekeeping genes. But now I have come to know about total protein normalization. So I would like to do the same. I want to know how to measure total protein using Ponceau S stain.
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@Saswat KUMAR Mohanty, after you transfer you proteins onto a membrane, stain the proteins bound to membrane with Ponceau S, then accurately wash the background to clearly visualise protein bands. Then scan the membrane stained with Ponceau (we use ChemiDoc from Bio-Rad), then estimate the total stain volumes per lanes (we do this in ImageLab software). After you finish the WB and get signals you can normalise the signals to the Ponceau S per exact lanes, where you observe your bands. Sometimes, depending on experiment, it gives more reliable values to compare
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Hi everyone,
I want to do PI and DAPI dual staining for my cell culture.
Can anyone give me a protocol for this.
Thanks in advance.
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Dear Heiko Dussmann. Thank you for your reply and your suggestion. I will use Hoechst in my future test and share it, however, now I need to use PI and DAPI. So, I'm looking for protocol to use this staining for my cell culture.
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Muscle frozen sections were stained with antibody against Laminin.
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Thank you! I will try it! Nandaraj Taye
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Hello,
I am attempting to stain 20um PFA fixed and frozen mouse brain tissues using the protocol below. This has been a very successful protocol for me. I perform side by side staining for anti-Iba1 and GFAP. The GFAP staining turned out well but the Iba1 continues to fail. Previously, I used anti Iba1 ( 1:500, Cat.# 016–20001, Wako) and it works well. This time, I switched to anti Iba1(1:500, Cat.# 019-19741 Wako) in order to increase dilution eventually but I started off using 1:500 as well. Using this antibody, no microglial were observed, but oddly GFAP was seen in the side by side tissue (smae tissue used for Iba1 staining) that was processed at the same time using all of the same reagents with the only difference being the primary antibody. I went back and tried the previous anti iba-1 i used and an additional one from neuromics and still not luck. Any suggestions as to how to circumvent this issue?
Thank you for your help in advance!
Kelly
Protocol:
Brain tissues were fixed in fresh 4% paraformaldehyde at 4oC for 48 h, followed by infiltration in 30% sucrose for 72 h. Tissues were then imbedded in cryoprotectant media (Cat.# 3801481, Leica, Deerfield, IL), flash frozen with dry ice, and sectioned using a cryostat (CM1950 Cryostat, Leica) to a thickness of 20 μm and preserved at -20oC in the cryoprotectant solution (40% PBS, 30% Ethylene glycol, 30% Glycerol). For immunohistochemistry staining, brain sections were blocked in 1% peroxidase (Cat.# 516813, Sigma-Aldrich) at room temperature (RT) for 10 min, washed twice with PBS, then further blocked in PBS blocking buffer (PBS-BB, 2% bovine serum albumin, 0.3% Triton-X-100, 0.2% non-fat milk) at RT for 1 h. PBS-BB was removed, and the sections were added to anti-GFAP (anti-rabbit, 1:1000, Cat. #7260, Abcam) or anti Iba-1 (anti-rabbit, 1:500, Cat.# 016–20001, Wako/ or Cat.# 019-19741 Wako ) antibodies that were diluted in 1XPBS or PBS-BB, incubated at 4oC overnight, and then probed with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit, 1:500, Cat.# 4050-05, Southern Biotech) at RT for 4 h. The sections were washed in PBS three times, mounted onto superfrost plus slides (Cat.#, 22-037-246,Fisherbrand, Pittsburg, PA), and briefly exposed to freshly prepared 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetra hydrochloride substrate (DAB, Cat. # ab64238, Abcam) before dehydrating and preserving with Permount mounting media (Cat.# SP15-100, Daigger Scientific, Hamilton, NJ
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Hello Kelly, I think your problem could b the unsufficient fixation. I made my own expierences when I tried to stain unfixed cryo sections. In the attachment you will find 2 examples. The one is stained after perfusion fixation with 4% PFA and the other one unfixed cryo section just 10 min fixation in 4%PFA before starting with the immuno protocol. You can see the enormous difference. One reason for this phenomena could be the degradation of the microglia proteine which is detected by IBA 1a very soon after extraction of the brain. My recommandatioin: When it is posssible perfuse the animals. If not stay longer in the PFA (5 -7 days). Primary antibody reaction with higher concentration (1:250) overnight at room temperature. Good luck!
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I would like to use FAM [5(6)-carboxyfluorescein] (ex 493/emission 517) fluorochrome in a Immunofluorescence protocol and I need to fix the staining. I can't find any fixation protocol convenient for this fluorochrome.
Thank you in advance.
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Hi. In order to be fixable with aldehydes (such as formaldehyde or formalin) by crosslinking to proteins, the compound would have to have at least one primary amine on it. This reagent is not functionalized with a primary amine, and thus is not fixable.
For a fixable alternative, it would depend upon the usage you are wanting. I recommend you email us at Thermo Fisher Scientific Technical Support to get a recommendation, with details on your intended usage. You can write us at cellanalysis.support@thermofisher.com.
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Hi all,
Has anyone ever performed a live/dead staining on THP-1 macrophages (M0) in a collagen gel? For my master's project I need to verify that my collagen gel is non-toxic to my cells. I seeded the cells in a 96 well plate suspended in 50 microL collagen gel.
I stained it with CTG and PI, but the microscope gave no signal/image.
Is there anyone who has done this before and could possibly share a protocol with me on this?
Tips are also welcome!
Thankyou in advance.
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Thankyou! I will search for papers that have done imaging in collagen hydrogels.
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Hi,
I am using Acridine Orange staining to visualize autophagic cells. The staining should remain green in the nucleus (sometimes also in the cytoplasm) and turn orange within autophagic lysosomes, showing only orange dots in case of autophagy.
However, it seems that the orange coloring is the same and overlapping on the green one. Had this happened to anyone? How can I fixed the problem?
Also, I'm wondering if it is possible to fix with PFA 4% after staining.
Thank you.
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Good morning,
first of all, thank you for your interest in my question.
The acridine orange dye I am using is the product of Sigma A8097, i.e. A.O hydrochloride solution 10 mg/mL in H20 (without zinc).
For staining, I dilute the Sigma product 1:10.000 in PBS pH 7.4. Incubation for 15 min in the dark at 37°C with 5% CO2. Subsequently, 3 washes in PBS. Then, I tried to look under the microscope immediately without fixation, keeping the cells in culture media or in PBS pH 7.4. Or I tried to fix with 4% PFA for 5 min. In all these cases, my problem remains the same.
Thank you further.
Kind regards,
Giulia
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Hi everyone,
I want to do PI and DAPI dual staining for my cell culture.
Can anyone give me a protocol for this.
Thanks in advance.
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Both fluorochromes do not penetrate through membrane of live cells. These fluorochromes are used for staining dead cells for live/dead discrimination.
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I need to know the best way to differenciate Th1/Th2 cells in human PBMC. Is it intracellular staining (for example IL-4/INFg produccing cells) or extraccellular staining (CXCR3,CCR4 etc). What is the most relayable and simple way? Im may opinion extracellular staining is faster and more convinient, but can i relay on tha data of such staining?
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Hi Andrey: Th1 : Cxcr3 (surface marker) + tbet (internal marker) Th2: T1st2 (surface) + Gata3 (internal).
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Dear community,
Recently, I'm doing an experiment to measure the permeability of endothelial cells(HUVEC, HPAEC). I understand that it is important to make sure that endothelial cells form monolayer before proceeding with Permeability Assay. So, I'm going to dye the cell membrane of the vascular endothelial cells and check it with a fluorescence microscope. I'd like to ask you what reagents do you use to dye your cell membranes? What I found in my paper are the ones I suggested below, and I'm asking if it's okay to use to dye endothelial cells.
1. Dil Stain (1,1'-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-Tetramethylindocarbocyanine Perchlorate ('DiI'; DiIC18(3))) (cat# D3911)
2. CellBriteTM Orange Cytoplasmic Membrane (cat# 30022)
3. CellMask™ Plasma Membrane Stains (cat#C10046)
Thanks for your attention.
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I'd avoid lipophilic cyanine dyes, like DiI, because they label ALL membranes, internal organelles as well as PM. (they also don't survive fix and perm).
CellMask plasma membrane stains are excellent for PM and the most uniform choice for live cells. Another choice is Wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugates. They aren't quite as uniform, but they a better if you need to do fixation and permeabilization (if you need to perm, make sure to label FIRST before perming or they will also label internal organelles) and their are more color options. I did the testing and wrote the protocol for them when I was in R&D at Molecular Probes (now Thermo Fisher Scientific). CellMask PM stains lose some intensity with fixation and don't survive perm.
I've never used CellBrite, so I don't have an opinion on that one.
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We´ve been using the Picro Sirius Red staining for several years now (done in out core facility) to show fibrosis development.
However suddenly our stainings, which usually had a yellow background turned orange, which makes the red fibers much harder to adequately quantify.
Our core facility hasn´t strayed from the usual protocol and no solutions were replaced or anything done differently than before, at least according to them.
We´ve done several stainings by hand, all of which have come out orange.
Does anyone have any idea how exactly this might have happened or how to make our background lighter yellowish as it was before?
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Thank you too!
I found a solution by increasing the number of washes and instead of 100-80-40% EtOH went with three washes of 100 EtOH and a wash in pure acetic acid.
I will make sure to try your recommendations, too!
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The cell wall of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora resemble Mycobacterium tuberculosis in consisting of mycolic acid ( low amount); therefore, the Modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique is a test of choice. Other biological stains like Rhudamin and Oramin Calcofluor white are additional options for demonstrating the oocysts of this group of protozoa.
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The most commonly used fluorescent stain for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in microscopy is the modified acid-fast stain. This stain uses a combination of carbol fuchsin and methylene blue to selectively stain the oocysts, making them visible under a fluorescent microscope. Other stains, such as auramine-rhodamine and Ziehl-Neelsen, can also be used to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts, but they are less specific and may produce false positives. It's important to note that the choice of stain may depend on the specific laboratory protocol and expertise, and the sensitivity and specificity of the staining method should be carefully evaluated.
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I'm currently working with mouse peripheral blood, but several issues came out every time. Actually we are using as collection site the tail, blood is drip in eppendorf containing EDTA and inverted several times for better mixing. When the samples arrives in my lab, we use to gently invert again the eppendorf, for better distribution of anticoagulant, and 5ul of blood is placed on the slide. with another slide the smear is performed, the angle of smear is small, to have a thin smear and the velocity is low, to obtain a good distribution of blood all over the glass. Smears are air dried and stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa by lab technician of Hematology dept. the next day.
The problems are related to frequent burst of WBCs and RBCs hemolysis, that occurs almost every time... but we cannot understand the causes.
Thanks for every suggestion
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I've done peripheral blood smears of mice, but I never used anticoagulated blood to do it. Typically, I would collect my blood sample with an untreated capillary tube, put a small drop near the frosted end of the slide, and use a second slide to draw the blood out towards the other end. I let the slide air dry, then fixed the cells by immersing the slide in methanol for 1 minute, followed by air drying and staining. My stain of choice was Wright-Giemsa.
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Please share the protocol
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Just to confirm before sending it for library prep.
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I need to extract cell nuclei from animal tissue before DAPI staining for flow cytometry analysis. I need to test a lot of samples, so I'm looking for a cheaper alternative to ready-made kits. Does anyone know a recipe for such a buffer?
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You may try the recipe given below.
Nuclei Isolation Buffer Recipe:
15mM Tris-HCL (pH 7.5)
60mM KCl
15mM NaCl
5mM MgCl2
1mM CaCl2
250mM Sucrose
You may add protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail to the buffer fresh each time you use the buffer for nuclei isolation.
Brief protocol:
You may cut the tissue into small cubes, and then gently use a dounce homogenizer to more fully dissolve the tissue cubes in the nuclei isolation buffer. Add nuclei isolation buffer containing 0.3% NP-40 to the cut tissue cubes. This should be a cloudy homogenous tissue milkshake when you have finished. Pellet the nuclei at 600 rcf for 5 min at 4°C (nuclei pellet should be smaller and much whiter in color than the whole cells). Resuspend the nuclei pellet gently with nuclei isolation buffer but without NP-40 detergent for washing. Finally, pellet nuclei at 600 rcf for 5 min at 4°C and discard the supernatant.
This should be a much cheaper alternative.
Hope it may be helpful!
Best.
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I'm trying to detect intracellular iron levels in my cells in-vitro and stained using prussian blue. I fixed the cells in 4% paraformaldehyde, washed and let them sit in prussian blue mix from abcam for 30 minutes before washing and mounting them. When I checked the cells were stained a brownish color instead of blue. Has this happened to anyone before? Does anyone have any suggestions or know what's going on?
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To get a blue Prussian Blue pigment there has to be Fe3+ in your cells. Iron tends to be washed out in tissue during fixation in aequous solutions. The HCl in the Prussian Blue-mixture liberates Fe3+ out of compounds like Ferritin. These have to be captured by the Hexacyanoferrat to produce the blue pigment. In tissue-staining the insoluble pigment is captured within the tissue-architecture. I don't know, if minute amounts of Iron in a cell can be detected in this way.
I assume, that the brown staining is just an uptake of Hexacyanoferrat to your cells.
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Hello,
I have an issue with my Alizarin Red staining. It gives random unspecific positivity stains throughout the tissue (Embedded in paraffin, dewaxed in Xylene). My question is, how do I remove these unspecific stains, or how can I remove the staining altogether?
Thank you.
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Maybe you can try to destain as is typically done using 10% CPC for 15 min with rotation @ RT. You can usually quantify these by transferring 200ul of the diluted sample into 96 wells and reading at 562.
10% CPC = 1 g Cetylpyridinium chloride CPC in 10 ml of Sodium Phosphate 10mM pH 7
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We are establishing a stain-free gel protocol in our laboratory to normalize total protein and are having issues visualizing the proteins on the membrane after the transfer. We are loading whole cell lysate into 10% TGX stain free gel (Bio-Rad) and activating them using an Azure Biosystems C400 imager. Activation time is 5 minutes with UV302. After gel activation, the gel looks great in that the proteins can be seen after acquiring an image at UV302 set at auto exposure. Afterwards, the gel is immediately compiled with the turbo-transfer pack and transferred using the Trans-Blot turbo system (mini gel, TGX rapid 3min protocol, we've tried both nitrocellulose and PVDF). To my understanding, we should be able to visualize the bands on the membrane after the transfer and use this image for total protein normalization (I have also confirmed this with Bio-Rad technical support). However we cannot detect the proteins on the membrane using the UV302 auto exposure setting. (We have confirmed that the transfer was successful using other methods). I am hoping it is a simple setting issue with the Azure C400 imaging system however neither Bio-Rad nor Azure technical support can offer any additional support.
Also, according to the bulletin for the Bio-Rad imaging system, the protocol for visualizing the membrane after the transfer is "Stain-free Gel Application" protocol. What wavelength is this protocol?
Thank you for any support
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Hi Monica,
We're having a similar problem imaging TGX stain free membranes with the Azure Biosystems imager. Were you able to find a solution?
Thanks!
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Hello everyone,
We are trying to follow reactions involving PEG (2000 Da) by TLC, but so far we couldn't stain the starting material after running the plate. We tried iodine vapours, ethanolic sulfuric acid, phosphomolibdic acid and potassium permanganate with no success. Can anyone experienced with this task give us a hand?
Thank you in advance!
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Thank you for you answer, Joachim. We always use fluorescent (254 nm) TLC plates, but most of regular organic compounds do not absorb above 200 nm, so no dark spots can be seen on the plate. So is the case of PEGs.