Sport Training - Science topic

Dear Mr. Ziane Lahouari,

I am terribly sorry for my mistake concerning your name.

I think that recognisability of your PhD diploma depends on bilateral agreements between your and other countries. For example, Poland does not recognize academic titles gained in Algeria, although it accepts titles gained in Libya or Syria.

With best regards,

Grzegorz Bielec

Can you help me in publishing it in an international magazine, my dear brother

They better stay home.

^{the Journal of Nutrition, Volume 138, Issue 10, October 2008, Pages 2045S–2049S,https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.10.2045S}

Hi Jenifer, I know this thread is a little old, but this is something I feel I can help with - both on a scientific and commercial level. I work in elite golf, but have a strong background in testing elite sport performance equipment (check out my profile for a couple of publications).

Here is my website: https://golfinsideruk.com/

Feel free to contact me via my freelance page if you would like to discuss some proposals.

Kind regards,

Will

Dear Fathil,

Here are another three boxing e-books as well as an interesting article about hand speed measurements in boxing:

Hatmaker M. Boxing mastery : advanced technique, tactics and strategies from the sweet science. 2004. http://www.singapore-boxing.org/ebooks/Boxing%20Mastery%20-%20Advanced%20Technique,%20Tactics,%20and%20Strategies.pdf

http://www.welshboxing.org/_downloads/aiba_docs/aiba_coaches_manual_2011.pdf

http://www.infighting.ca/media/The-77-Most-Common-Mistakes-in-Boxing_V2.pdf

Kimm D, Thiel DV. Hand Speed Measurements in Boxing. Procedia Engineering 2015;112:502-506. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282553007_Hand_Speed_Measurements_in_Boxing

All the best,

Martin

I worote scientic article about periodization:

1) PERIODIZAÇÃO ESPECÍFICA PARA O VOLEIBOL: ATUALIZANDO O CONTEÚDO http://www.rbpfex.com.br/index.php/rbpfex/article/view/662

2) MODELOS DE PERIODIZAÇÃO PARA O ESPORTE

3) PERIODIZAÇÃO DO TREINO https://portalrevistas.ucb.br/index.php/efr/article/view/3166

Is recomended use a specific warm-up prior the principal part, as dynamic warm-up or dynamic stretching.

Why? Because the proper warm-up have greater performance in principal part, range of motion, motor pattern, some times improve strength. But this not happens in "total" body of evidence.

I suggest this practical paper of Science of Sports: A brief review of this topic and warm-up. 

1) https://www.scienceforsport.com/warm-ups/#toggle-id-1

2) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232214628_Warm-up_Stretching_and_Cool-down_Strategies_for_Combat_Sports

3) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256665002_Effects_of_Dynamic_Stretching_on_Strength_Muscle_Imbalance_and_Muscle_Activation

You might have to take a page from SABREmetrics and invent some metrics. There are several skill sets needed to be a good volleyball player. You need to ask what skills are most important and least important. 

One way to look at this type of model is to create a regression model. You can look at mobility and "spike" speed for a defending player. Suppose you have just one player on a practice surface. You can have them stand in a certain spot and "shoot" volleyballs at different areas of the practice surface at different speeds. You can then look at  speed of the ball, distance in the X-axis and Y-axis from the player. Your response variable can be, did the player hit the ball in a useful manner? (Yes/No)

This type of analysis can tell you if a player on the other team hits a ball with a certain speed and in a certain direction from the player, what are the chances they do something good with it. If that is one of your players, you can then work on that. If you look at tape of other teams, you can use that against the player and work on drills to hit hte ball in those "weak" areas.    

Cher collègue,

Je vous invite à lire le chapitre commun commis avec mon collègue Christophe Mauny :

Christophe Gibout · Christophe Mauny (2006) Les représentations symboliques comme moyens de re - définition et de ré-appropriation des techniques corporelles en sports collectifs. 

L'article est en téléchargement sur le site de researchgate et dispose d'une bibliographie où, peut-être, vous trouverez des choses qui vous interessent.

Bien cordialement,

Christophe Gibout

Dear Masoumeh,

please find attached another brand-new review paper on quiet eye resarch.

This paper is a target article published in the (new) journal “Current Issues in Sport Science” (CISS), which is the official journal of the sport-scientific societies of Austria (ÖSG) and Switzerland (SGS)  (see also  http://www.ciss-journal.org).

The journal's editors are preparing a commentary section on this articel 8submission deadline May 25th, 2016). Unitl now the following authors have accepted invitations to write peer commentaries:

Baker & Wattie (Toronto/Ontario), Causer & Gonzalez (Liverpool/London), Davids & Araujo (Sheffield/Lisbon), Enns & Watson (Vancouver/Toronto), Farrow & Panchuk (Melbourne), Foulsham (Essex), Gegenfurtner & Szulewski (Maastricht/Kingston), Helsen (Leuven), Janelle & Mann (Florida), Klostermann, Kredel & Vater (Bern), Rodrigues & Navarro (Sao Paulo), Schorer, Tirp, & Rienhoff (Oldenburg/Münster), Spering & Schütz (Vancouver/Marburg), Williams (London), and Wilson & Vine (Exeter).

May be, this whole discussion once it has been published could inspire you some.. .

Regards,

Klaus Blischke

Dear Dr. Jason

Olympic weightlifting training (variations of the Olympic clean and jerk, and snatch lifts) is more effective in generate power than traditional resistance training. and this articles will assist you:

1- Effect of Olympic and traditional resistance training on vertical jump improvement in high school boys.

2- Olympic weightlifting and plyometric training with children provides similar or greater performance improvements than traditional resistance training.

3- Olympic weightlifting training improves vertical jump height in sportspeople: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

4- Comparison of Olympic vs. traditional power lifting training programs in football players.

5- Olympic weightlifting training causes different knee muscle-coactivation adaptations compared with traditional weight training

6- Vertical jump biomechanics after plyometric, weight lifting, and combined (weight lifting + plyometric) training

7- Comparison of Two Twelve Week Off-Season Combined Training Programs on Entry Level Collegiate Soccer Players' Performance

I hope the best for you.

Moustafa

Typically athletes who incorporate altitude into their training will live at high-altitude for a period of time but train at lower altitudes.  This allows the body to adapt to altitude (including an increase in red blood cells) and these adaptations confer benefits to endurance performance.  Training low, however, is important, as it allows athletes to train at maximal intensity (which is not possible at altitude).  

Dear my  colleague Hamdy,

I hope the following papers help you.

Buller, P. F., & McEvoy, G. M. (2012). Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight. Human Resource Management Review. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.002

Cholewicki, J., & McGill, S. M. (1996). Mechanical stability of the in vivo lumbar spine: Implications for injury and chronic low back pain. Clinical Biomechanics, 11(1), 1–15. http://doi.org/10.1016/0268-0033(95)00035-6

Colloca, C. J., Keller, T. S., Harrison, D. E., Moore, R. J., Gunzburg, R., & Harrison, D. D. (2006). Spinal manipulation force and duration affect vertebral movement and neuromuscular responses. Clinical Biomechanics, 21(3), 254–262. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.10.006

Danion, F., & Sarlegna, F. R. (2007). Can the human brain predict the consequences of arm movement corrections when transporting an object? Hints from grip force adjustments. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(47), 12839–12843. http://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3110-07.2007

Dulhunty, J. (2002). A simplified conceptual model of the human cervical spine for evaluating force transmission in upright static posture. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 25(5), 306–317. http://doi.org/10.1067/mmt.2002.124421

Flanagan, J. R., & Wing, a M. (1997). The role of internal models in motion planning and control: evidence from grip force adjustments during movements of hand-held loads. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 17(4),

Han, J. S., Goel, V. K., & Kumar, S. (1991). A nonlinear optimization force model of the human lumbar spine. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 8(3), 289–301. http://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8141(91)90039-O

Hansen, L., de Zee, M., Rasmussen, J., Andersen, T. B., Wong, C., & Simonsen, E. B. (2006). Anatomy and biomechanics of the back muscles in the lumbar spine with reference to biomechanical modeling. Spine, 31(17), 1888–99.

Keenan, K. G., Santos, V. J., Venkadesan, M., & Valero-Cuevas, F. J. (2009). Maximal voluntary fingertip force production is not limited by movement speed in combined motion and force tasks. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 29(27), 8784–8789. http://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0853-09.2009

Lackner, J. R., & Dizio, P. (1994). Rapid adaptation to Coriolis force perturbations of arm trajectory. J Neurophysiol, 72(1), 299–313. http://doi.org/citeulike-article-id:450102

Ledet, E. H., Tymeson, M. P., DiRisio, D. J., Cohen, B., & Uhl, R. L. (2005). Direct real-time measurement of in vivo forces in the lumbar spine. Spine Journal, 5(1), 85–94. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2004.06.017

Luinge, H. J., & Veltink, P. H. (2004). Inclination measurement of human movement using a 3-D accelerometer with autocalibration. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : A Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 12(1), 112–121. http://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2003.822759

Shirazi-Adl, A., & Parnianpour, M. (1993). Nonlinear response analysis of the human ligamentous lumbar spine in compression. On mechanisms affecting the postural stability. Spine, 18(1), 147–58. http://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199301000-00021

Shirazi-Adl, A., Sadouk, S., Parnianpour, M., Pop, D., & El-Rich, M. (2002). Muscle force evaluation and the role of posture in human lumbar spine under compression. European Spine Journal, 11(6), 519–526. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-002-0397-7

Shum, G. L. K., Crosbie, J., & Lee, R. Y. W. (2005). Symptomatic and asymptomatic movement coordination of the lumbar spine and hip during an everyday activity. Spine, 30(23), E697–702. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000188255.10759.7a

Teo, E. C., & Ng, H. W. (2001). Evaluation of the role of ligaments, facets and disc nucleus in lower cervical spine under compression and sagittal moments using finite element method. Medical Engineering and Physics, 23(3), 155–164. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4533(01)00036-4

Vaz, G., Roussouly, P., Berthonnaud, E., & Dimnet, J. (2002). Sagittal morphology and equilibrium of pelvis and spine. European Spine Journal, 11(1), 80–87. http://doi.org/10.1007/s005860000224

Wada, O., Tateuchi, H., & Ichihashi, N. (2014). The correlation between movement of the center of mass and the kinematics of the spine, pelvis, and hip joints during body rotation. Gait and Posture, 39(1), 60–64. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.05.030

Wu, B., Wang, C., Krug, R., Kelley, D. A., Xu, D., Pang, Y., … Zhang, X. (2010). 7T human spine imaging arrays with adjustable inductive decoupling. IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering, 57(2), 397–403. http://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2009.2030170

Regards, 

Abdel-Rahman

Thank you very much Hamdy!

The ACSM has a formula for determining oxygen consumption per minute using stepping rate and height that is considered valid and reliable (ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (9th Ed.) 2014).  The formula VO2(ml/kg/min) = (0.2 x steps/min) + (1.33 x 1.8 x steps/min x step height) + 3.5 from page 173 of the ACSM Guidelines referenced above is used to determine oxygen consumption per minute. This allows you to develop your own test as described below.

Step Tests generally use stepping rates or frequencies of 22 s/min for women and 24 s/min for men; however step rates of 26 and 30 s/min have been used and rates as low as 20 s/min may be required for older persons or persons with chronic illnesses or injuries. Step heights are generally in excess of 12 – 16 inches (0.3048 – 0.4064 meters), it should be recognized that in normal populations above the age of 50 muscular strength is not exceptional and most clients will be overweight, if not obese. Therefore asking them to lift their body weight 1 foot, 20 – 30 times per minute, for three minutes, will for a considerable number of those persons involved be a Herculean effort. In an example from our practice, a 30 year old was required to lift their body weight 0.413 meters, 22 times per minute. Each minute the subject performed 783.28 kg*m/min of positive work for a power output of 5.819 W. The subject had a theoretical VO2 of 29.7064 ml/kg/min, at the 1 minute mark the subject had no problems but stumbled at 1:50 and should have been halted at that point. If we predict she was at approximately 60% of max at the 1 minute mark, the predicted VO2max would be in the range of 35 – 40 ml/kg/min, which for a 30 year old female would be between the 45th and 70th %ile, for a rating of Fair to Good. However her pulse was not recorded so it is impossible to compare her heart rate response to this 1 minute performance.

Step Tests:

The information below provides the user with a full functional battery of step tests to use with persons from 30 – 70+ years of age. The goal is to match the test to the client. We do not want to give a client a test that they are unable to complete in a safe manner. We also do not want the test to be so easy that it provides very little useful information about the client’s physical condition. While persons between 30 and 60 may be fairly well conditioned and capable of doing the step test using the 16.25 inch (41.3 cm or 0.413 m) step, clients over the age of 60 who may have some types of mobility issues will be presented with a near maximal performance.

We have selected a series of tests with step heights of 6, 8, 10, and 12 inches. The heights were selected based on the fact that stairs in houses and other buildings range in height from slightly over 6 inches to about 8 inches, that makes the test and training using the test protocol a functional activity that will affect the client’s quality of life and ability to perform activities of daily living. Since the initial height of 6 inches multiplied by 20 is 120 inches, this represents an approximate rise of 10 feet per minute (in reality it is only half that because the test is done up, up, down, down so the actual rise is only 5 feet per minute); but this allows us to relate the test to going up three flights of stairs to the person taking the test. The fact is, however, that it does provide a similar stress to the body as stair climbing and anyone who has ever watched television knows that stairs represent a major obstacle for older persons to negotiate. By using the test as an exercise during the person’s program we can train them to become more effective at stair climbing and over time demonstrate substantial changes in aerobic capacity, strength, and functional capabilities. More importantly, they will be able to see changes in their everyday life and activities which are directly related to their exercise program at our facility.

Since resting metabolic rate is generally accepted as 3.5 ml/kg/min (though a major study published in 2013, (Hand GA, RP Shook , AE Paluch , M Baruth , EP Crowley , JR Jaggers , VK Prasad , TG Hurley , JR Hebert , DP O'Connor , E Archer , S Burgess, SN Blair. The Energy Balance Study: The Design and Baseline Results for a Longitudinal Study of Energy Balance, Res Q Exerc Sport. 84(3):275-286, 2013. DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2013.816224) reported measured values of 2.88 + 0.36 ml/kg/min for women; and 3.04 + 0.33 ml/kg/min for men in a study population of four hundred and thirty (218 women and 212 men) young adults between the ages of 21 and 35 (with a body mass index between 20 and 35 kg/m2) subtracting either the standard 3.5 or the sex specific values from the Energy Balance Study (EBS) referenced above will provide a predicted value of VO2max Reserve, which is strongly related to Heart Rate Reserve (HRR). Since a 1 minute heart rate measurement is performed at the end of the step test, a significant measure of aerobic performance (the heart rate) that can be used to determine what amount of HRR is utilized in the test. We can then use that percentage to calculate the percentage of VO2max Reserve used to complete the test and then determine the predicted VO2max. A numerical example follows:

Subject: 70 year old female client

RHR: 82 bpm

TMHR: 220 – 82 = 138 bpm

HRR: 138 – 82 = 56 bpm

40% HRR = 82 + (.4 x 56) = 82 + 22.4 = 104.4 bpm

60% HRR = 82 + (.6 x 56) = 82 + 33.6 = 115.6 bpm

80% HRR = 82 + (.8 x 56) = 82 + 44.8 = 126.8 bpm

It is not recommended to take a person of this age too close to 80% due to the fact that the higher percentage of HRR attained, the greater chances of cardiac events and without electrocardiographic capabilities, a reasonable person would not go anywhere near that area of performance. Generally, most women of this age will begin to complain rather loudly about the strenuous nature of the test and want to quit. Additionally, use of the RPE will tell you how they are feeling and that should be enough to keep you in the “safe” zone of 40 – 60%.

We also use the Walking Impairment Questionnaire which specifically addresses the ability of the person to perform stair climbing tasks, which will be used to select a theoretically appropriate step height and stepping rate. The step height and stepping rate will provide an estimate of required oxygen consumption against which the HRR can be measured.

Suppose our 70 year old female subject performed the three minute test at a stepping rate of 20 steps per minute (80 bpm on the metronome) on a 6 inch step. Converting 6 inches to meters gives a height of 0.1524 meters [(6 x 2.54)/100]. The stepping rate is 20 s/min. each minute the subject used 14.8125 ml/kg/min O2 [(0.2 ml/kg/min x 20 s/min) + (2.394 ml/kg/min x 20 s/min x 0.1524 m) + 3.5 ml/kg/min]. Her heart rate at the end of the test was recorded at 39 beats in 20 seconds for a HR of 117 bpm.

So we have a HR of 117 bpm and an oxygen consumption of 14.8125 ml/kg/min. Her HR of 117 represents what percentage of her HRR?

HR = 117

RHR = 82

HRR = 56

%HRR = 117 – 82 = 35                      35/56 = 0.625 = 62.5% HRR

Check %HRR: 82 + (0.625 x 56) = 117 bpm

 The test required an oxygen consumption of 14.8125 ml/kg/min. Using the EBS resting metabolic rate value of 2.88 for a woman, we subtract: 14.8125 – 2.88 = 11.9325 ml/kg/min.

11.9325/0.625 = VO2max R = 19.092 ml/kg/min + 2.88 ml/kg/min = 21.972 ml/kg/min = VO2max

A VO2max of 21.972 ml/kg/min is about the 15th %ile or very poor, but the good news is that the poorer the person’s physical condition is initially, the faster and the steeper the rate of improvement.

Although this is not related to soccer, it might help...

You could break down your warm-up into the following parts: 

1. Self-myofascial release techniques (e.g. foam rolling ) 

2. Mobility drills (it is a good idea to focus on ankle, hip and T-spine)

3. Muscle activation drills (progress from single-joint to multi-joint drills)

4. Low impact, non-fatiguing plyometric drills

After completing these blocks, you want to start doing working with the barbell. Choose only drills/ exercises that are specific to the movement/ exercise you are investigating, rather than using a generic warm-up. It is also advised to avoid doing any static stretching immediately before performing explosive lifts.

If the athlete fails twice, even non consecutively the test should be stopped

Core Strengthening is a popular term, like Functional Training, that usually represents some one trying to make a name for themselves in the personal training industry. The whole concept of "Core Strengthening" came about at the end of the last century because of the epidemic of "chronic low back pain." Researchers spent years trying to determine the causes of chronic LBP because of the enormous financial burden it placed on the medical, legal, workers compensation, insurance, and business worlds.

After countless millions of dollars spent and thousands of scientific papers produced, it turned out that the best predictor of a low back injury was a poor performance review by a person's superior in the previous six months. (Turned out that pay back really was a female dog!)

In developing treatments based on the objective study of skeletal structure and function related to specific diagnoses, muscle activity, and movement dysfunction in patients with chronic LBP, it was discovered that the normal, reflexive movement patterns had been disrupted, resulting in atrophy and the institution of new dysfunctional movement patterns which aggravated the injury and led to additional dysfunction, pain, and disability.

Two physiatrists in San Francisco (Joel and Jeffrey Saal, MD) developed a treatment protocol called spinal stabilization training which was rapidly adopted by most physical therapists and doctors dealing with spine related problems. Robert Watkins, MD became one of the most famous advocates of the system as he treated a large number of high profile athletes with back pain. Spinal stabilization was based on the concepts of "neutral spine" - a position that minimized or alleviated symptoms, and "bracing" - the use of an isometric contraction of the abdominal musculature to increase intra-abdominal pressure to stabilize the spine In the "neutral spine" position. Exercises in four basic postures (supine, prone, bridging, and quadruped) were performed using alternating movements of the upper and lower extremities to reinstitute the original, reflexive patterns of muscle activity observed in persons without LBP.

Unfortunately, personal trainers and other practitioners, who lacked the education, knowledge, or ability to understand the reasons for bracing and neutral spine started to use the exercises or permutations of them for "functional training". Since the concept of the "neutral spine" and "bracing" were foreign to them and usually incomprehensible as well, they came up with hallowing and drawing in the belly button to the spine.

In 2013 or 2014 McGill and co-workers demonstrated that only bracing provided significant activity of the targeted musculature and since the publication of that paper the concept of "bracing" has again begun to be the exercise of choice for "core stability," "core strengthening" exercises. Additionally, a paper in one of the journals of the National Strength and Conditioning Association pointed out the flawed logic of plank exercises as "functional training", unless of course you are an athlete auditioning for Circ de Solea in Las Vegas.

For accurate monitoring of total energy expenditure (EEtot), DLW or calorimeter is highly recommended. The method of DLW needs sophisticated equipment and facility (radiation control) and is expensive to set up. Even budget is available, it will take considerable effort to get it done right. Calorimeter (closed-circuit respirometer) is less expensive, but it only houses one animal at a time. Many calorimeters are needed if all animals are monitored at the same time.

If more than 30 animals in a group by randomization procedure and they live under the same situation (diet, ambient condition, etc.), I would argue that the effect of other activities is considered under control. Even there may be possible difference in the mean EEtot between groups; it would be minimal comparing to the much larger EE change associated with exercise training. In addition, if energy balance is a concern, the amount of food consumption can be measured by weighing method.

Hi Robin.

Try;

Laurentino, G., Ugrinowitsch, C., Aihara, A.V., Femandes, A.R., Parceli, A.C., Ricard, M., Tricoli, V. ''Effects of Strength Training and Vascular Occlusion.' (2008) International Journal of Sports Merdicine, 29(8), pp.664-667

There were no adverse events from using BfR with higher training loads (around 60-80% 1RM) but it brought nothing extra to the gains seen in 1RM values and quadriceps cross-section area. (These occured at similar levels in both the BfR and control groups). As Steve says, training at that intensity level without BfR would occlude blood-flow during muscular loading anyway.

Best,

Phil

Hola Luiz, que tal?

Santafevoley,com.ar. apuntes técnicos. Prof Diaz Bancalari.

Maestro escolar y entrenador. Dictó los cursos Fivb niveles I, II y III.

Espero puedas encontrar buen material, suerte!

Libby JJ. The comparison of complex and compound training programs on volleyball players. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill;2006. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:e3f81ca8-7cc5-49a4-8bf8-3f7737d6f0f1

Mihalik JP, Libby JJ, Battaglini CL, McMurray RG. Comparing short-term complex and compound training programs on vertical jump height and power output. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(1):47-53. http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2008/01000/Comparing_Short_Term_Complex_and_Compound_Training.9.aspx

Carter J, Greenwood M. Complex training reexamined: review and recommendations to improve strength and power. Strength & Conditioning Journal 2014;36(2):11-19. http://www.academia.edu/8339897/Complex_Training_Reexamined_Review_and_Recommendations_to_Improve_Strength_and_Power

Hello Manuela! 

I'm  studing running too. I wanna know why people start e continue running.

For your question, i think you can use the transtheoritical model, do you know? it was developed by Prochaska and Diclemente. 

The transtheoretical model helps to understand the behavior change. He believes that to adhere to a behavior, the person goes through five stages: pre-contemplation (behavioral change has not yet been considered by the person), contemplation (one begins to consider behavioral change), preparation (the person wants to change the behavior in the near future), action (are the people who changed their behavior over the last six months) and maintenance (the individual has changed behavior and keep it for more than six months). So, if you want people who usually run, maybe you need find people that runs for more than 6 months. So, if you wish to study people who run regularly, perhaps you should select those that run for more than six months.

I hope this helps you. Good luck! 

Very nice list.

To add on this, you should consider, how long is the sprint, how intense and how many times will it be repeated.

When talking about short "all-out" sprints, the extent of PCr resynthesis and following on that  the time allowed for the PCr resynthesis to occur (ie recovery time between two sprint efforts) is key.

The extent of PCr resynthesis (and thus the availability of PCr  to 'buffer' ATP levels) will largely dictate whether a person might be able to repeat their own sprint performance for a second time

[See articles by Karatzaferi et al 2001 Pflugers Arch. 2001 Jun;442(3):467-74., Karatzaferi et al  Exp Physiol. 2001 May;86(3):411-5. and the work by Gregory Bogdanis and GC Gaitanos (repeated bouts of sprint)]

thank you for your replies.

Sir, is It concern with youth golf development programme?

You can see my article with the title of:

Comparing The Effects of The Plyometric Exercise on Sand, Grass and

Wood Surfaces on Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Of Young Athletes" in "International Journal of Sport Studies. Vol., 4 (4), 441-447, 2014"

Hi Justin,

unfortunately the paper is written and sent in now but thank you so much. Ill add them to the collection. 

Kind Regards

Richie 

This question is really broad, so it is difficult to give a specific answer. You can assist a Coach using instruments to measure efficiency and ergonomy or intensity of movements, cardiac pulse rate, energy consumption, oxygen saturation and many other biometric factors. You can also detect many chemical or hormonal parameters, from saliva or blood.You can "intelligently" cross correlate this data in order to improve efficiency and performance of sport results of an athlete.

You can also use a video camera as a tool to analyze performance in team sport, the relative movements and strategies of players, ball possession, speed of athletes, and many other cross collective parameters, automating all the measurement tasks. And you can also arrive to some automatic quantitative conclusions. No one can substituite all the expertize of a real coach. But it is a good challenge.

Below is a link to the development of a high intensity interval training model that provided significant metabolic gains that included VO^2 over a 4 year time period. The study follows U.S. Division I collegiate swimmers. As a side note, this model was also adapted for use with an elite level tri-athlete and a Hall of Fame NHL Hockey Player. This study is very unique because of the extended time frame (4 years) tracking a distinct population of athletes.

We examined this in the study I've linked below. At the time we examined global field power but we might have seen differences if we had analyzed for a different outcome variable. This is something I may follow up on this in the future.

Hi Gabriel,

There are at least three issues you may want to look into: (1) Using flat (zero grade) treadmill protocol will yield lower VO2max measurement than that of using graded protocol because less skeletal muscles are involved during the flat running, (2) Based on specificity of training effects as well as specificity of measurement, employing a treadmill protocol to measure VO2max may not be a fair comparison between the training effects of two different training modes. For example, trained cyclists elicited 14% higher VO2max while testing on a leg cycle ergometer comparing to testing on a treadmill (Ricci and Léger, Eur J Appl Physiol. 50:283-289, 1983), (3) The physiological performance outcome of anaerobic type of training, Wingate and intermittent sprints in your case, will probably improve both maximum aerobic capacity and maximum anaerobic capacity, both of these two components will contribute to field performance.

My recommendations are (1) Use incremental leg cycle protocol for Wingate training mode and use graded treadmill protocol for sprint training mode to measure respective physiological responses, (2) Add measurement of anaerobic (ventilatory) threshold and/or maximum oxygen deficit to see a more complete picture of the physiological responses before and after training.

Remember that HR is modulated by vagal activity and respiration. A constant regime of controlled respiration at a given frequency , performed constantly, and in particular if performed at the frequency resoanace , gives important results in general if cardiac failure are not present. The problem is to verify if the reduction in HR is linked to an increase in variability of heart rhythm . As you know parasympatetic modulation not only induces a decrease in HR but in particular a variability of R-R intervals that is the basic parameter (The Variability) to verify if the whole cardiovascular system is correctly running . May I sugegst to visit our site www.saistmp.com and downlaod the ne method and the free softwares for estimation of HRV ? It will give important results if you will attempt to use it.

Hello Daniel,

I have been directing the strength and conditioning of the USA Diving Olympic and National teams for about the past 10 years so I think I can add some information to what has already been said. It would take pages and pages to respond thoroughly, but I will give you some things to think on.

I organize 'trunk' training ('core' using your terminology) according to movement specificity for diving. The primary trunk movements in diving can be organized into 4 categories:

1). trunk moving on legs - as in sitting up type exercises

2). legs moving on trunk - as in hanging pike ups

3). trunk and legs flexion/extension - as in a 'v-up' exercise

4). long-axis twisting - as in 'log rolls' and variations

Then I use these categories to ensure that at every workout at least one exercise from each category is included, and then add more sets to weaker areas for specific athletes. In addition to movement specificity, force/velocity characteristics and general training principles need to be considered. For example, during some times of the annual plan divers will do standing weighted somersaults (wt vests - not ankle wts). Sometimes of the year the emphasis is on higher resistance trunk training (exercises are weighted and tempo is slower), and other times the same exercises might be used but with a focus on speed of execution and excellent form and control. For elite/Olympic divers I use a rule of thumb of about 400+ repetitions of 'trunk' exercises each day, every day of the training week (depending on the specific athlete, time of the year, which year of the quadrennium, etc). Having worked with a bazillion strength coaches over the years, this is one area where they generally lack a good 'eye' for specificity since most don't have personal experience with acrobatic type movements. If you follow the 4 categories from above, and come up with exercises that fit each category, you will already be way ahead of the game.

I hope you found this information useful. If you will be at the USAS National Convention in Anaheim next month, I will be presenting on S&C for junior divers in the coaches' sessions.

Best wishes,

Jeni McNeal, PhD

Eastern Washington University

USAD Lead Strength and Conditioning consult

Michal, that is interesting stuff! The MCTQ will certainly help to evaluate the chronotype, first of all. Further, especially for international contests, it is probably important to look at the possible impact of jetlag for athletes that crossed multiple time zones to the contests. Some US baseball teams look at possibilities to reduce the jetlag for their players under such circumstances.

Further, you might have a look at Kantermann: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229162269_The_stimulating_effect_of_bright_light_on_physical_performance_depends_on_internal_time; or http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12388468.

Good luck,

SVen