Sport Performance - Science topic

These are new fields for Sports to be studied thoroughly.

نعم لدينا اهتمام في هذه البحوث

can you precise your question which is vague?

This is a very interesting question. Indeed, it is essential to consider and assess these learning styles, since each person has one or more ways of acquiring knowledge. To identify our learning styles, a useful tool is the CHAEA Questionnaire by Honey-Alonso (1994), designed for people from the age of 9 years, I usually use it in the REAPSES METHOD.

Thank you for the insightful comparison between RMS and the Hilbert Transform in EMG analysis Dr. Safaa Ismaeel

This topic is so important but I have only a idea about to make a assement based on specific task under use of specific cognitive process. The theory related is the adaptive tool box.

Stress can significantly impact sports performance in swimming, affecting both physical and mental aspects of an athlete's abilities. Physiologically, stress triggers the release of hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which can lead to increased heart rate, muscle tension, and decreased coordination – factors that can detrimentally influence a swimmer's efficiency in the water. Elevated stress levels may result in heightened anxiety, negatively impacting focus and concentration crucial for precise swimming techniques.

Mentally, stress can lead to a lack of confidence and self-doubt, hindering an athlete's overall performance. In swimming, where mental fortitude is as vital as physical prowess, stress-induced anxiety may contribute to slower reaction times, impaired decision-making, and disrupted rhythm during races. Additionally, stress can interfere with a swimmer's ability to regulate their breathing, essential for maintaining endurance and speed in the water.

It's crucial for swimmers to develop effective stress management techniques, such as mindfulness, visualization, or relaxation exercises, to mitigate the negative impact of stress on their performance. Coaches and support staff play a pivotal role in creating a supportive environment, offering strategies to cope with stress and fostering a positive mindset among athletes to enhance their overall swimming performance.

Hello Professor, I hope you are happy. By placing the title and abstract of the article on this site (https://publons.com/), you can find the most suitable journal to submit your article.

thank you so much for the reply and the suggestion from all of u. I really appreciate it. I will look into it further. thank u so much! Dean Sbragia Ryan Wexler

Kindly visit..

1.3D MOTION + KINEMATICS ANALYSIS

2.EMG MUSCLE RESPONSE ANALYSIS

3.NEUROTECHNOLOGY: BRAIN TRAINING

4.ALTER G ANTI-GRAVITY TREADMILL

5.ISOKINETIC EXTREMITY TESTING + REHAB

6.3D SPORTS SIMULATION TRAINING

7.3D BASELINE CONCUSSION ASSESSMENT

8.HUBER MOTION 3D EXERCISE TECHNOLOGY

9.ISOINERTIAL TECHNOLOGY

10.INBODY COMPOSITION ANALYSIS

11.CARDIOPULMONARY V02 MAX

12.QUICK BOARD AGILITY TRAINER

13.VISUAL STIMULUS TECHNOLOGY

14.ALTITUDE TRAINING SYSTEM

Hello Nathan Cazard I share with Eduardo Freitas that in your question some background is missing, such as; the type of intense exercise, the type of sport that athletes practice, the age of the athletes, the conditions in which the maximum effort is executed, etc. and of course, what do you consider as intense?

The best MS exercises are aerobic exercises, stretching, and progressive strength training. Aerobic exercise is any activity that increases your heart rate, like walking, jogging, or swimming. You just don't want to overdo it—it should be done at a moderate level. https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/neuroscience-blog/2017/may/multiple-sclerosis-and-exercise

you can check those devices & sensors Carbon fiber based strength Humanox made by telefonica

Dear David Gamero del Castillo

You can use those software which are considered as the top 3 in nutrition software:

Nutrium

DietMaster Pro

Evolution Nutrition

Best regards,

Ismail

A combination of exercises at the home, garden, and/or nature without contact with other people is desirable.

I have a very good experience with it myself. Gongfu, Yoga, or strengthening exercises can be done at home. Walking in the garden and running in nature.

Additionally, because it's kids, social media can be used to make competitions who make more push-ups and like. More fun for them. It will take their thinking into a certain direction.

Actually, a clever trainer can achieve quite a good result in health condition and stamina improvement in such situation.

For adults would be great Taiji Quan and Qi Gong for health exercises in lock down.

All the best & happiness to your kids :-)

Following.

Vegetarian diets do not compromise athletic performance and may even help aerobic capacity, according to a study comparing elite vegetarian and omnivore athletes.

Virus size 200 to 300um size better prevention to cure disease. Must to use N95mask or surigcal mask best solution.

No need to wear facemask to unaffected person. Infection person should wear mask must its.

All data available paper and some global news in covid-19

Dear Dineia

That will greatly depend on what and when you want to measure (the methodological details). The POMS has been widely used, but it focus mainly on negative moods. The PANAS-X considers a wider variety of emotions (clinical setting). The Sport Emotional Questionnaire is thought to represent more accurately the positive and negative emotions experienced specifically by athletes. The Affect Grid provides a very brief measure of the hedonic tone and activation of present emotional states, particularly useful for scenarios of online monitoring/fluctuations of emotional states - it won't allow identification of the specific emotions, but it will identify if the athlete is experiencing pleasant/unpleasant emotional states and associated high/low arousal.

Hope it helps. Good luck

Luis

I agree on using the SMS, additonally have a look at the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale to consider basic needs and its link to motivation and the Sport Climate Questionnaire if you want to specifically control for the influence of the coaches

Lifestyle coach will plan everything from diet to exercise regime. The right diet and training plan will lead to better mental and physical state of the athlete, thus leading to improved sport performance.

Did you think to analyse the joint flexibility by segment or range of motion by position or function on game? Maybe this can better characterize the profile of players.

Psychologically whole humans desires forms from childhood. So this will effect later on their inclination to choice one sport

this link is useful

https://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/sports.../supplements/classification

regards

Hypoxic training with mask for this work.

Dear Luís ,

Maybe the following paper will help you:

Ruiz-Barquín R, de la Vega Marcos R, García Carrión I. Spanish adaptation of "Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence Questionnaire" (PCDEQ). May 2014. Conference: XIV Congreso Nacional y I Internacional de Psicología de la Actividad Física y el Deporte., At Complejo Cultural San Francisco, Cáceres., Volume: ISBN: 978-84-7723-612-2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262493092_Spanish_adaptation_of_Psychological_Characteristics_of_Developing_Excellence_Questionnaire_PCDEQ

Best wishes from Germany,

Martin

Erbil what are you studying please? I am about to start a Masters in Strength & Conditioning in London, UK.

You might be interested in this 2015 article Adam:

Title: Leading From Different Psychological Distances: A Construal-Level Perspective on Vision Communication, Goal Setting, and Follower Motivation

Authors: Yair Berson, Nir Halevy, Boas Shamir, Miriam Erez.

Abstract: How should leaders construct and communicate their messages to most effectively motivate their employees? We offer an integrative framework to address the diverging and complementary nature of two established approaches to employee motivation: Vision communication and goal setting. Specifically, while vision communication involves formulating relatively abstract, far-reaching, and timeless messages, effective goal setting involves formulating specific, challenging and time-constrained objectives. Building on construal level theory of psychological distance, we argue that the experience of construal fit between the attributes of a message and the attributes of the situation will enhance its motivational effectiveness. We present a framework that addresses when visions and goals achieve construal fit and explains why and how construal fit leads to increased follower motivation. We discuss different approaches to integrating visions and goals, propose directions for future research, and illustrate how the notion of construal fit may be used for explaining key organizational phenomena.

Check the paper "Strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low- versus high-load resistance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis" by Schoenfeld et al. 2017 published in the JSCR.

Dear Cheng, 

I was working with athletes from tennis players to sharpshooters.

First step for me is good anamnesis (what is a problem)

Then EEG. After that I'm looking correlations.

I don't like word "protocol". I'm trying to work individuallly.

Please, write my some more details in private message, I will take a look.

Best wishes,

Pawel

The recovery between sets should be longer than between repetitions. A set of repetitions are to targetted to be at a certain intensity. There will be times when that intensity can not be maintained unless the recovery between the sets in allowed.

Gender differences are found in all anxiety disorders in the general populations. I'm not sure that the etiologic differences are fully known although both biological and environmental factors are suggested (see reference below).

Good luck!

Henrik

McLean, C. P., Asnaani, A., Litz, B. T., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). Gender Differences in Anxiety Disorders: Prevalence, Course of Illness, Comorbidity and Burden of Illness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(8), 1027–1035. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006

Dear Phil Newman.

one-bounce catches, increasing stumps height when the stronger team comes to bat, Changing boundary lines etc.Apart from this is there a possibility to do it Mathematically.

These papers may be useful:

1. Dyrstad, S.M. and Hausken, K. (2013), “Using Accelerometer to Estimate Energy Expenditures with Four Equations in Four Training Sessions,” International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences 25, 2, 91-101.

2. Hausken, K. and Dyrstad, S.M. (2013), “Heart Rate, Accelerometer Measurements, Experience and Rating of Perceived Exertion in Zumba, Interval Running, Spinning, and Pyramid Running,” Journal of Exercise Physiology - Online 16, 6, 39-50.

3. Dyrstad, S.M. and Hausken, K. (2014), “Comparing Accelerometer and Heart Rate Monitor in Interval Running, Interval Spinning and Zumba,” International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences 26, 2, 18-25.

4. Hausken, K. and Dyrstad, S.M. (2014), “Determining Activity Energy Expenditure from Heart Rate and Physiological Characteristics,” The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 54, 1, 124-128.

5. Hausken, K. and Dyrstad, S.M. (2016), “Using Heart Rate Monitors to Assess Energy Expenditure in Four Training Types,” Gazzetta Medica Italiana 175, 3, 49-58.

Anthropometry here

There is a high correlation between the legs to height. but there are other factors that also affect the balance of the body. Remember the principle of balance! muscle and ligament strength, density tulaang also influential. in this case the height (leg length also contributes to balance. So high it would be unstable (but check out, if a tall, thin or muscular?), when a tall, thin it will be more volatile and more increases the risk of injury, but if the height is great , muscles strong, broad pedestal base, it will be stable and less risk of injury.

Not a simple answer. Recovery programmes require an individualised approach focussed on the goals of the athlete, their training/competition schedule and the

environment they are in.

CWI temperature and duration should follow such guidelines. However most research is conducted ~10-15 deg C for ~10-15 mins

Dear Frenkel:  That I should be so fortunate to have the opportunity to travel to Spain....

Or to Cuba  -  frankly to anywhere warmer than Minnesota...

I agree with your opening thought, that of overtraining - specifically as concerning younger athletes.  Overuse ( over training ) is much easier to tolerate for a younger person - but the loss of power potentiation due to hyper tonus and a shortened muscle can easily affect anyone.  The problem may not be obvious if no pain or stiffness is present that would evidence an overactive muscle spindle cell issue resulting in a reduction of the relaxed length status.  

The reduced stride length of an elderly individual usually is easily noted due to the % of change - the highly trained athlete may suffer a minor reduction in speed/power - or may even offset a stride length reduction.  I would hope to see a measurement to track the status of stride length/muscle tonus.

Your athletes could benefit from a program of high pressure - deep tissue massage to preserve a full length status of the relaxed muscle group which would give the muscle body the best opportunity to gain work capacity and help to avoid tendon injuries.

Some suggestions:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fb6xlI4bkmE   10 minutes in - massage treatment

If the muscle tissue is maintained to be relaxed it will be more likely to respond to input and be competent - and be less likely to be overused and suffer collagen degradation.

This seems a safer approach to encourage gains - reduce injury.

It is true, Q-Q plot can be have different applications in each type of study. If your aim is prediction of trend between genes over time, it will be better that you use smoothing  or piecewise analysis. Good luck. 

hy.

You can find something here. You should open an account on Google Scholar

Patrick's answer pretty much sums things up. You could implement what he has detailed with the Opal system (as mentioned by Ebenezer) or try building your own! Sparkfun have all the inertial sensor components you would need. There are lots of tutorials on YouTube also.

For any theory reference, the book by Titterton and Weston: "Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology", is a good go to guide. But be warned its very mathematical. 

Hyperbaric chamber, Lactigo carnosine gel, tissue work

"Both oral carnosine and beta-alanine (β-ALA) supplementation have been explored to raise muscle carnosine levels. Regarding β-ALA, there are several potential issues with its supplementation; the first of which is its poor conversion rate to carnosine. By dividing the molar increase in muscle carnosine by the total molar amount of β-ALA, Stegenet al. (23) were able to calculate β-ALA supplementation efficiency. They reported that only 2.80% of ingested β-ALA was incorporated into muscle carnosine, with 95%-96% being metabolized by non-carnosine directed pathways. Also, β-ALA requires a loading phase of up

to 10 wks (3,16), and that users commonly report up to 1 hr of paresthesia shortly after ingestion (20). Similar to β-ALA, carnosine supplementation has several challenges. Due to individual differences in plasma carnosinase levels, there is significant variability in response to carnosine ingestion. Both Asatoor et al. (2) and Gardner et al. (15) were unable to detect any notable carnosine in plasma after administration of a high dose of carnosine, ~60 mg·kg-1 body weight and 4 g, respectively. Gardner and colleagues (15) further noted that large quantities (e.g., up to 14% of the dose) of ingested carnosine was lost in urine. Everaert et al.

(13) observed a considerable non-responder rate to oral carnosine supplementation, noting that in non-responders the plasma carnosinase protein content was ~2 fold higher, and the protein content had ~1.5 fold higher activity compared with the responders. Oral carnosine (17) supplementation fails to substantially elevate plasma carnosine levels, and despite a high

absorption rate in the gastrointestinal tract, ingested carnosine is susceptible to hydrolysis via plasma carnosinase, thus making it inefficient at increasing muscle carnosine levels"

Depends on the goal but this study provides I think the proper insight...."Maximal strength was significantly greater for both 1RM squat and bench press for LONG compared to SHORT. Muscle thickness was significantly greater for LONG compared to SHORT in the anterior thigh and a trend for greater increases was noted in the triceps brachii,(p = 0.06) as well. Both groups saw significant increases in local upper body muscle endurance with no significant differences noted between groups. The present study provides evidence that longer rest periods promote greater increases in muscle strength and hypertrophy in young resistance-trained men"

Generally, 3-RM is 91-93% of 1-RM.

Baechle, T.R., Earle, R.W. and Wathan, D. (2008) Resistance Training. In: Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. Ed: Baechle, T. R., Earle, R. W 3rd edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Could you precise why would you could compare to team sport protocol?

In my opinion, you should try to make something like this :

- create some fatigue with sprint séries 10 X 15" (with R =3') et make an aerobic test (increase 30W all 2').

In this maner you détermine the capacity of cyclist to produice high aerobic intensity under fatigue (like fast start with multiple attack)

Dear my  colleague Hamdy,

I hope the following papers help you.

Buller, P. F., & McEvoy, G. M. (2012). Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight. Human Resource Management Review. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.002

Cholewicki, J., & McGill, S. M. (1996). Mechanical stability of the in vivo lumbar spine: Implications for injury and chronic low back pain. Clinical Biomechanics, 11(1), 1–15. http://doi.org/10.1016/0268-0033(95)00035-6

Colloca, C. J., Keller, T. S., Harrison, D. E., Moore, R. J., Gunzburg, R., & Harrison, D. D. (2006). Spinal manipulation force and duration affect vertebral movement and neuromuscular responses. Clinical Biomechanics, 21(3), 254–262. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.10.006

Danion, F., & Sarlegna, F. R. (2007). Can the human brain predict the consequences of arm movement corrections when transporting an object? Hints from grip force adjustments. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(47), 12839–12843. http://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3110-07.2007

Dulhunty, J. (2002). A simplified conceptual model of the human cervical spine for evaluating force transmission in upright static posture. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 25(5), 306–317. http://doi.org/10.1067/mmt.2002.124421

Flanagan, J. R., & Wing, a M. (1997). The role of internal models in motion planning and control: evidence from grip force adjustments during movements of hand-held loads. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 17(4),

Han, J. S., Goel, V. K., & Kumar, S. (1991). A nonlinear optimization force model of the human lumbar spine. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 8(3), 289–301. http://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8141(91)90039-O

Hansen, L., de Zee, M., Rasmussen, J., Andersen, T. B., Wong, C., & Simonsen, E. B. (2006). Anatomy and biomechanics of the back muscles in the lumbar spine with reference to biomechanical modeling. Spine, 31(17), 1888–99.

Keenan, K. G., Santos, V. J., Venkadesan, M., & Valero-Cuevas, F. J. (2009). Maximal voluntary fingertip force production is not limited by movement speed in combined motion and force tasks. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 29(27), 8784–8789. http://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0853-09.2009

Lackner, J. R., & Dizio, P. (1994). Rapid adaptation to Coriolis force perturbations of arm trajectory. J Neurophysiol, 72(1), 299–313. http://doi.org/citeulike-article-id:450102

Ledet, E. H., Tymeson, M. P., DiRisio, D. J., Cohen, B., & Uhl, R. L. (2005). Direct real-time measurement of in vivo forces in the lumbar spine. Spine Journal, 5(1), 85–94. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2004.06.017

Luinge, H. J., & Veltink, P. H. (2004). Inclination measurement of human movement using a 3-D accelerometer with autocalibration. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : A Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 12(1), 112–121. http://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2003.822759

Shirazi-Adl, A., & Parnianpour, M. (1993). Nonlinear response analysis of the human ligamentous lumbar spine in compression. On mechanisms affecting the postural stability. Spine, 18(1), 147–58. http://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199301000-00021

Shirazi-Adl, A., Sadouk, S., Parnianpour, M., Pop, D., & El-Rich, M. (2002). Muscle force evaluation and the role of posture in human lumbar spine under compression. European Spine Journal, 11(6), 519–526. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-002-0397-7

Shum, G. L. K., Crosbie, J., & Lee, R. Y. W. (2005). Symptomatic and asymptomatic movement coordination of the lumbar spine and hip during an everyday activity. Spine, 30(23), E697–702. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000188255.10759.7a

Teo, E. C., & Ng, H. W. (2001). Evaluation of the role of ligaments, facets and disc nucleus in lower cervical spine under compression and sagittal moments using finite element method. Medical Engineering and Physics, 23(3), 155–164. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4533(01)00036-4

Vaz, G., Roussouly, P., Berthonnaud, E., & Dimnet, J. (2002). Sagittal morphology and equilibrium of pelvis and spine. European Spine Journal, 11(1), 80–87. http://doi.org/10.1007/s005860000224

Wada, O., Tateuchi, H., & Ichihashi, N. (2014). The correlation between movement of the center of mass and the kinematics of the spine, pelvis, and hip joints during body rotation. Gait and Posture, 39(1), 60–64. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.05.030

Wu, B., Wang, C., Krug, R., Kelley, D. A., Xu, D., Pang, Y., … Zhang, X. (2010). 7T human spine imaging arrays with adjustable inductive decoupling. IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering, 57(2), 397–403. http://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2009.2030170

Regards, 

Abdel-Rahman

Yes. But - inform the line of study in detail,  OK.

Mujeeb

dear Colm Skehan

i hope the following research help you

best regards hamdy

Thanks to everyone for your answers. I was able to contact several individuals based on your answers. We're pushing forward on several fronts with tracking integration I hope to share our results soon.

Many thanks for your help. Your comments have helped me a lot as I could not find that information anywhere.

RSA is a great way for measuring performance in ONE area. To get a full performance indicator you would need to measure other parameters such as endurance test. This gives you a different view to RSA. Also, don't forget to use the perfoamnce in competition as a marker. 

 Dear Christian,

I hope that following studies might be of some help:

1. Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 39, Issue 1, July 2005, Pages 143– 53, doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.12.015

2. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 2, Issue 3, July 2001, Pages 157–172, doi:10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00007-3

3. MOOD STATES OF SOCCER PLAYERS IN THE ENGLISH LEAGUES: REFLECTIONS OF AN INCREASING WORKLOAD, Lovell G.P., Townrow J., Thatcher R., Biol. Sport 2010;27:83-88. 

4.  PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING & MENTAL PRACTICE: STRATEGY FOR PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT IN ALL SPORTS – A THEORETICAL EXPLANATION Samapika Mohapatra & Manju Singh, IJDRSA 2012; 8 (1): 197- 206.

Kind regards,

Aleksandar

Dear Ignacio,

see the following publications…

Kindermann W, Meyer T. Inhaled beta2 agonists and performance in competitive athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40 Suppl 1:i43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657501/pdf/i43.pdf

Jaipal. Beta 2 Agonist: Therapeutic Use Exemption, Misuse in Sports and its Adverse Effect on Health. International Journal of Science and Research 2013;2(12):220-23. http://www.ijsr.net/archive/v2i12/MDIwMTM1ODY=.pdf

Kalsen A, Hostrup M, Bangsbo J, Backer V. Combined inhalation of beta2 -agonists improves swim ergometer sprint performance but not high-intensity swim performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(5):814-22. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sms.12096/abstract;jsessionid=C6927DFEB64DDBDD68205FF1EF3EF5DD.f01t03

Koch S, Ahn JR, Koehle MS. High-Dose Inhaled Salbutamol Does Not Improve 10-km Cycling Time Trial Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015 Nov;47(11):2373-9. http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2015&issue=11000&article=00016&type=abstract

Best wishes from Germany

Martin

Dear Dr. Ángel

1- The Effects of Tapering on Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) and Maximal Aerobic Power in Male Soccer Players

2-  Psychophysiological responses to overloading and tapering phases in elite young soccer players

3- The effect of two types of tapering on cortisol, testosterone and testosterone/cortisol ratio in male soccer players

4- The effects of two tapering methods on physical and physiological factors in amateur soccer players

1- Changes in selected biochemical, muscular strength, power, and endurance measures during deliberate overreaching and tapering in rugby league players

 2- The effect of training at the same time of day and tapering period on the diurnal variation of short exercise performances

3- Scientific bases for precompetition tapering strategies

4- Physiological effects of tapering in highly trained athletes

5- Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis

6- The influence of training characteristics and tapering on the adaptation in highly trained individuals: a review

7- Physiological changes associated with the pre-event taper in athletes

8- A practical approach to the taper

9- Tapering for Endurance Athletes.

i hope the best for you.

moustafa

Core Strengthening is a popular term, like Functional Training, that usually represents some one trying to make a name for themselves in the personal training industry. The whole concept of "Core Strengthening" came about at the end of the last century because of the epidemic of "chronic low back pain." Researchers spent years trying to determine the causes of chronic LBP because of the enormous financial burden it placed on the medical, legal, workers compensation, insurance, and business worlds.

After countless millions of dollars spent and thousands of scientific papers produced, it turned out that the best predictor of a low back injury was a poor performance review by a person's superior in the previous six months. (Turned out that pay back really was a female dog!)

In developing treatments based on the objective study of skeletal structure and function related to specific diagnoses, muscle activity, and movement dysfunction in patients with chronic LBP, it was discovered that the normal, reflexive movement patterns had been disrupted, resulting in atrophy and the institution of new dysfunctional movement patterns which aggravated the injury and led to additional dysfunction, pain, and disability.

Two physiatrists in San Francisco (Joel and Jeffrey Saal, MD) developed a treatment protocol called spinal stabilization training which was rapidly adopted by most physical therapists and doctors dealing with spine related problems. Robert Watkins, MD became one of the most famous advocates of the system as he treated a large number of high profile athletes with back pain. Spinal stabilization was based on the concepts of "neutral spine" - a position that minimized or alleviated symptoms, and "bracing" - the use of an isometric contraction of the abdominal musculature to increase intra-abdominal pressure to stabilize the spine In the "neutral spine" position. Exercises in four basic postures (supine, prone, bridging, and quadruped) were performed using alternating movements of the upper and lower extremities to reinstitute the original, reflexive patterns of muscle activity observed in persons without LBP.

Unfortunately, personal trainers and other practitioners, who lacked the education, knowledge, or ability to understand the reasons for bracing and neutral spine started to use the exercises or permutations of them for "functional training". Since the concept of the "neutral spine" and "bracing" were foreign to them and usually incomprehensible as well, they came up with hallowing and drawing in the belly button to the spine.

In 2013 or 2014 McGill and co-workers demonstrated that only bracing provided significant activity of the targeted musculature and since the publication of that paper the concept of "bracing" has again begun to be the exercise of choice for "core stability," "core strengthening" exercises. Additionally, a paper in one of the journals of the National Strength and Conditioning Association pointed out the flawed logic of plank exercises as "functional training", unless of course you are an athlete auditioning for Circ de Solea in Las Vegas.

Having been a coach involved in training and evaluating athletes, I can state from experience, the only subjective evaluation by coaches that provided realistic, reliable information about an athlete's performance came from a coach with whom I had the opportunity to personally validate the information provided by the coach. Once a coach had proven his ability to properly evaluate the athlete's performance, I would accept at face value, his statements. Unfortunately, in the vast majority of situations the evaluation of the coach was skewed by personal feelings, etc. causing the evaluation to be better or worse than the true abilities of the athlete. Therefore, before accepting a coach's evaluation a level of reliability and validity for the evaluation must be achieved, this requires you to be able to determine these things on your own to validate the information provided by the coach.

If the purpose of your investigation is to provide information for training and coaching athletes, subjective information may or may not be reliable and valid. You must have an objective means of measuring your target behavior or outcome, and that requires objective measures of performance. Specific tests of functional aspects of performance will, with an adequate understanding of the relationships of the variables being studied, provide better information about the characteristics under consideration than the best subjective information about the performance of the athlete from all but the best coaches. In my experience, probably less than 10% of coaches, are capable of valid, reliable subjective evaluation of training, coaching, or performance. Therefore, your best information will come from hard, objective measures.  

For calculation of speed from video taken by standard video camera will not be helpful. The throw of ball will take less than 3 sec. Standard video camera record at 30 fps and you get a low resolution. It is best to get a high speed video camera that can capture at a speed more than 200 fps. You have to calibrate the camera lens and the field of view. Try reading Theoretical foundation at http://www.kwon3d.com/theories.html

Good luck. 

I suggest you the FUT-SAT protocol (see atached file)

Dear Ginny,

maybe you can use the following information…

Watanabe T, Berry TR, Willows ND, Bell RC. Assessing intentions to eat low-glycemic index foods by adults with diabetes using a new questionnaire based on the theory of planned behaviour. Can J Diabetes. 2015;39(2):94-100. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1499267114005759

Barrett JS, Gibson PR. Development and validation of a comprehensive semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire that includes FODMAP intake and glycemic index. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(10):1469-76. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46425994_Development_and_Validation_of_a_Comprehensive_Semi-Quantitative_Food_Frequency_Questionnaire_that_Includes_FODMAP_Intake_and_Glycemic_Index

Low Glycemic Index Diet Questionnaire: http://www.good-medicine-clinic.com/uploads/3/2/7/0/3270496/low_gi_diet_compliance_questionnaire.pdf

Moore L, Szpalek HM, McNaughton LR. Preexercise high and low glycemic index meals and cycling performance in untrained females: randomized, cross-over trial of efficacy. Res Sports Med. 2013;21(1):24-36. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234049340_Preexercise_High_and_Low_Glycemic_Index_Meals_and_Cycling_Performance_in_Untrained_Females_Randomized_Cross-Over_Trial_of_Efficacy

Bennett CB, Chilibeck PD, Barss T, Vatanparast H, Vandenberg A, Zello GA. Metabolism and performance during extended high-intensity intermittent exercise after consumption of low- and high-glycaemic index pre-exercise meals. Br J Nutr. 2012;108 Suppl 1:S81-90. http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJN%2FBJN108_S1%2FS0007114512000840a.pdf&code=75057bc56abb47915e74d9e8bd98cb77

Moore LJS. The effects of the Glycaemic Index of carbohydrate meals on metabolism, recovery and endurance performance. THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL (Thesis). 2009. https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/assets/hull:5822a/content

Best wishes from Germany

Martin

I hope that this answer help you

There were studies trying to demonstrate effects of acupuncture to sport performance such as in cycling, etc. Only studies from China that showed a little effect of ear acupuncture in lactic acid clearance after exertion. To my best knowledge, no study showed its effect on speed or any other kind of sport performance.

In my experience.

Acupuncture helped reducing pain particularly due to myofascial trigger point. In addition, some elite athletes will be so nervous or excited that they can not sleep the night before competition. This could be a BIG problem. Medication and acupuncture help in this situation. Acupuncture will help them sleep with fresh wake up in the next morning.

Thank you all for your contribution. With the last answer from Mr. Kemal I would like to close this question as I have already finished my Ph.D.

Best regards

Dear Hanna

 I think the attached paper by Fabian Herold is good for using as a reference. Do not forget, In the test-retest method, you need quantify both of the SEM and ICC.

Hi,

This is a tricky question. As mentioned above, there are no clinical cut offs, only arbitrary suggestions for sympoms of burnout. Tom and Al are certinly the ones to ask. The references below might provide you with additional useful discussions about these issues.  

Eklund, R. C., & Cresswell, S. L. (2007). Athlete burnout. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology (3rd ed., pp. 621-641). New York: Wiley & Sons.

Gustafsson, H., Kenttä, G., Hassmén. P. & Lundqvist, C. (2007). Prevalence of burnout in adolescent competitive athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 21-37.

Hodge, K., Lonsdale, C., & Ng, J. Y. Y. (2008). Burnout in elite rugby: relationships with basic psychological needs fulfilment. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 835-844.

Although Elevation Mask Training simply can not produce the effect of "elevation training" because it just makes it hard to breathe without the change in partial pressure of oxygen this or similar Masks ( eg. gas mask) and other equipment that put greater load on accessory muscles of respiration may be very beneficial in athletic training.

First of all, the importance of oxygen delivery and all of its components are often overlooked as factor for maximal perforrmance because a lot of sport physiology textbooks highlight the importance of cardiac output and lessen the importance of respiration providing wrong background for understanding of performance limitations.

Although heart (and not lungs) is a limiting factor in maximal performance it is usually overlooked potential time body can function on that level. Maximal "use" of the lungs have greater capacity than heart but it can only last for short period of time because a lot of power comes from accessory inspiratory muscles. (eg. swimming - EMG shows 100% serratus anterior activation during 100m race ) When the accessory muscles become "tired" maximal breathing capacity is drastically lowered and delivery of oxygen to blood, not heart output can become limiting factor.

All this can therefore outline the importance of accesory muscle training such as the one you mentioned with "Elevation training mask". There are of course other types of training (eg. Power Lung, Power Breathe, .. )

Some literature:

Also some on potenial pulmonary limit of exercise performance:

All in all, I believe benefit exists  but not altitude training kind of benefit.

Best regards,

Jan Homolak 

Thank you Dr. JIN

There are many articles looking at eye movements in sports:

An excellent early article by: Michael F. Land and Peter McLeod From eye movements to actions: how batsmen hit the ball Nature Neuroscience 3, 1340 - 1345 (2000) found that performance of cricket players’ ability to hit was directly associated with eye movements.

There have been many articles of baseball players performance being influenced by eye movements e.g.Uchida Y, Kudoh D, Murakami A, Honda M, Kitazawa S (2012) Origins of Superior Dynamic Visual Acuity in Baseball Players: Superior Eye Movements or Superior Image Processing. PLoS ONE 7(2): e31530 (you will find a lot references in this article for other baseball studies)

You can also find more references for eye movements in baseball, volleyball, cricket, squash and table tennis in : Miriam Spering , Alexander C. Schütz , Doris I. Braun , Karl R. Gegenfurtner Keep your eyes on the ball: smooth pursuit eye movements enhance prediction of visual motion Journal of Neurophysiology 2011 . 105 1756-1767

Before the propulsive phase, the angles of the ankle, knee and hip are at maximum flexion in the cycle, ie ~ 70 ° of dorsiflexion to the ankle (0 ° = foot fully extended) ~ 120 ° of flexion in the knee (0 ° = fully extended) and ~ 40 ° of flexion in the hip (Janshen et al. 2009). The angular amplitudes for the knees, ankles and hips during the propulsive phase are approximately of 110 °, 70 ° and 100 ° (Janshen et al. 2009). The extension of the legs is more or less complete depending on the level of the rowers (Hase et al. 2004). See also Soper and Hume 2004 and  Rodriguez et al. 1990.

Many sports activities and activities of daily living are complex. They require the integration and coordination of many body systems e.g., cardiovascular, pulmonary, muscoskeletal, neural.

For every physical activity a mix of different physical fitness components (cardiovascular, muscular strength, muscular endurance, anaerobic endurance) and skill-related physical fitness components (coordination, balance, power, speed, reaction time) are needed.

Improvements in performance have a large task specificity (specificity of training). This means that training movements should resemble the required activity, i.e. via the spinal cord the motor cortex of the brain recruits motor units which results in a specific movement pattern.

It can be appreciated that specific functional training is able to improve performance in those who are able to translate the increase in physical fitness in skill-related physical performance.

Hi Karel,

Brian MacKenzie, a UK track and field level 4 coach, produced a book which gives an overview of various types of performance testing, and some references for their normative scores, and reliability. This may be a simple place to get a good overview of some choices.

If you search his name (but make sure you get the correct person, perhaps by putting UK or level 4 coach), you may get more information about him. I also found his personal coaching website, but the book is able to be downloaded free. (There is another strength and fitness person of the same name, different background knowledge.)

Other field tests that are already in use would include those in the NFL field test battery from the pre-season testing combine. For example: Robbins, D. W., & Goodale, T. (2012). Evaluation of the Physical Test Battery Implemented at the National Football League Combine. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 34(5), 1-10.

Sprinting speed, power and agility are high priority there, so the tests reflect those areas of focus.

Good luck with your research.

Jeremy

It is true that a lot of factors play a role and also that the morphology of coronary dominance will probably not influence directly the pump rate. But i can imagine that one or another morphology can influence the blood flow of some smaller parts of the myocardium (for example in the interventricular septum) and in that way some parts can get their oxygen in a more efficient way than other parts. Which could have its repercussions on sustained efforts. These are just assumptions, but I thought to myself that it might be interesting to look at coronary dominance in this context. Gr Tim

Hi, we have submitted a paper (it is under review) related with this topic. Children aged from 12-14  who practice soccer (2 trainings sessions + 1 match /week) with more than 5 years of experience showed better RT and less lapses during a vigilance task (PVT) than not practitioners. Moreover, football players were better than not practitioners in diferrent physical fitness indicators. This data pattern indicates that regular soccer practice could modulate, not only physical fitness (it would be not surprising) but also on cognitive development and performance.

Best,

Floren Huertas

Didn't have this one. Thank you :)

This question is really broad, so it is difficult to give a specific answer. You can assist a Coach using instruments to measure efficiency and ergonomy or intensity of movements, cardiac pulse rate, energy consumption, oxygen saturation and many other biometric factors. You can also detect many chemical or hormonal parameters, from saliva or blood.You can "intelligently" cross correlate this data in order to improve efficiency and performance of sport results of an athlete.

You can also use a video camera as a tool to analyze performance in team sport, the relative movements and strategies of players, ball possession, speed of athletes, and many other cross collective parameters, automating all the measurement tasks. And you can also arrive to some automatic quantitative conclusions. No one can substituite all the expertize of a real coach. But it is a good challenge.

Thank you for the responses. I think I was so clear in my mind about the question I probably did not explain it how I should have. My investigation involves professional (adult) soccer players and looking at ways to increase training intensity. The punishment, or incentive I maybe should of referred to it as, is based on the analysis of heart rate data and those who do not meet the required cut off intensity have to perform an additional high-intensity shuttle run (may be seen as a punishment). There is a lot of research speculating about punishment avoidance as a good external motivator, but I can not find any clinical studies that have tested this. It is used regularly in sport (e.g., if you lose the match, training will be physically hard or teams may have to perform x amount of sprints in relation to x amount of goals/points conceded during training games). I understand your concerns for negative based coaching but this method could also be seen as a positive. The players are given a training load based on their individual endurance capacities and opportunity to self-regulate and meet their target. As a reward for working hard and meeting the desired intensity, they do not have to complete the additional high-intensity shuttle run.     

We have used testosterone/cortisol ratio. You can see the results from the link below. however, we did notice large variations among athletes.

How do you define "fatigue"? without a clear definition it is difficult to give you a proper answer. Most research shows that, at present, there are no physiological or biochemical measures that are better than self-reports to monitor OR/OT and recovery. So I suggest you save money and collect properly and in a systematic manner valid self-reports.

HIIsaac,

Here's another suggestion. A paper showing the construct of the tests, followed by a paper showing a context in which they have been applied. (I have no affiliation with the authorship team, but have been looking at some hockey things myself, recently.) These author names may be worth searching separately to find a similar body of papers which show research in this area.

 

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the reliability of two field hockey specific tests: the shuttle sprint and dribble test (ShuttleSDT) and the slalom sprint and dribble test (SlalomSDT).

Methods: The shuttle sprint and dribble performances of 22 young male and 12 young female field hockey players were assessed on two occasions within 4 weeks. Twenty one young female field hockey players took part in the slalom sprint and dribble test twice in a 4 week period.

The ShuttleSDT required the players to perform three 30 m shuttle sprints while carrying a hockey stick alternated with short periods of rest and, after a 5 minute rest, three 30 m shuttle sprints alternated with rest while dribbling a hockey ball. The SlalomSDT required the players to run a slalom course and, after a 5 minute rest, to dribble the same slalom with a hockey ball.

Results: There were no differences in mean time scores between the two test sessions. The mean differences were small when compared with the means of both test sessions. With the exception of the slalom sprint time, zero lay within the 95% confidence interval of the mean differences indicating that no bias existed between the two measurements. With the exception of delta shuttle time (0.79), all intraclass correlation coefficient values for the ShuttleSDT, met the criterion for reliability of 0.80. Intraclass correlation coefficient values for SlalomSDT were 0.91 for slalom sprint time, 0.78 for slalom dribble time, and 0.80 for delta slalom time.

Conclusions: ShuttleSDT and the SlalomSDT are reliable measures of sprint and dribble performances of young field hockey players.

DOI:10.1080/02640410410001729991

Published online: 07 Feb 2011

Abstract

To determine the relationship between multidimensional performance characteristics and level of performance in talented youth field hockey players, elite youth players (n  =  38, mean age 13.2 years, s  =  1.26) were compared with sub-elite youth players (n  =  88, mean age 14.2 years, s  =  1.26) on anthropometric, physiological, technical, tactical and psychological characteristics. Multivariate analyses with performance level and gender as factors, and age as the covariate, showed that the elite youth players scored better than the sub-elite youth players on technical (dribble performance in a peak and repeated shuttle run), tactical (general tactics; tactics for possession and non-possession of the ball) and psychological variables (motivation) (P  < 0.05). The most discriminating variables were tactics for possession of the ball, motivation and performance in a slalom dribble. Age discriminated between the two groups, indicating that the elite youth players were younger than the sub-elite players. In the guidance of young talented players to the top as well as in the detection of talented players, more attention has to be paid to tactical qualities, motivation and specific technical skills.

Good luck with the dissertation.

Best reagrds,

Jeremy