Space Weather - Science topic

Nesta edição, iremos abordar os temas: (1) IA, em busca da subjetividade humana? (2) Clima da Amazônia - ATTO - 15 anos de estudos do Clima da Amazônia em torres altas (3) Clima Espacial - Observações de OG/TID em altura da camada F2 próximo a região equatorial (4) ESG - Asfalto Verde (5) Química - Avaliação do Teor de ácido acético no vinagre de á...

The Earth’s magnetosheath is a vital source region of soft X-ray emissions generated by the solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) mechanism in geospace. Soft X-ray imaging provides valuable insights into the overall morphology of the magnetosheath. Nevertheless, the dynamic variations in X-ray images during extreme space weather have not been comprehen...

The Carrington event of September 1859 is the best known example of an extreme geomagnetic storm, often cited when discussing space weather risks for modern infrastructure. Historic observations including auroral sightings, magnetometer records and anecdotes of impacts on telegraph systems have been widely shared before, but none of these have incl...

Extreme space weather events require particle‐in‐cell (PIC) modeling to capture the kinetic physics of magnetic reconnection that is not present in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models. The MHD with Adaptively Embedded Particle‐In‐Cell (MHD‐AEPIC) model (Chen et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ea001331) builds on the operational Michigan Geospac...

Spurious solar-wind effects are a potential noise source in future Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) measurements. One noise coupling mechanism is constrained by estimating solar-wind effects on acceleration noise in LISA Pathfinder (LPF). While LISA is designed for drag-free differential measurement, predicting the realistic impact both bo...

We present the results of the first multi-event study of the normalized reconnection rate integrating events spanning the three primary regimes of reconnection observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. We utilize a new method for determining the normalized reconnection rate with fewer sources of uncertainty by estimating the diffusio...

Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China are situated within the northern crest of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA), a region where ionospheric disturbances during geomagnetic storms are particularly pronounced. To address this, the study utilizes ionospheric data collected during geomagnetic storms from 2011 to 2018 at 48 stations of the Crust...

Plain Language Summary Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are well known to cause disturbances in space. However, it remains unclear whether changes in space weather can affect the Earth's internal stress field, and conversely, influence earthquake occurrence. In this paper, the authors introduce a new method called shift neighborhood matching corr...

Due to the scarcity of in situ measurements in the thermosphere, the retrieval of thermospheric mass density primarily relies on model simulations or the inversion of satellite accelerometers and orbital data. Density derived from satellite inversion is more accurate, often reflecting the actual density at the satellite altitude. However, due to th...

Geomagnetic indices derived from ground magnetic measurements characterize the intensity of solar‐terrestrial interaction. Global magnetic indices derived from multiple magnetic observatories at mid‐latitude have commonly been used for space weather operations. Yet, their temporal cadence is low and their intensity scale is crude. To derive a new g...

In photometric modeling, disk function plays a crucial role in describing scattering behaviors related to the local incidence and emission angles of an observed surface. Finding a proper disk function is important for normalizing spectra observed under different observing geometries. This study evaluates the performances of five different disk func...

Ground-based observations of spacecraft signals have been used to study space weather. However, single spacecraft measurements observed from the Earth have limitations in studying the structure and evolution of solar plasma as they are unable to differentiate spatial and temporal variations. To overcome this limitation and improve our understanding...

NUSES is a new space mission aiming to test innovative observational and technological approaches related to the study of low energy cosmic and gamma rays, high energy astrophysical neutrinos, Sun-Earth environment, Space weather and magnetosphere-ionosphere-lithosphere coupling (MILC). The satellite will operate on a low-Earth and sun-synchronous...

Solar active regions can significantly disrupt the Sun–Earth space environment, leading to severe space weather events such as solar flares or coronal mass ejections. Consequently, the automatic classification of active region groups is a crucial starting point for accurately and promptly predicting solar activity. This study presents our applicati...

This study examines the relationship between solar wind dynamics and geomagnetic activity during the ascending (ASC) and declining (DSC) phases of Solar Cycles (SCs) 23 (1996-2008) and 24 (2008-2019), which exhibited contrasting levels of solar activity. High-resolution solar wind parameters-including speed (SWS), plasma density (SWPD), temperature...

The study presents an effective approach for deriving and utilizing polarity-based cross-correlation functions to forecast Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) fluxes based on solar activity proxies. By leveraging a universal correlation framework calibrated with AMS-02 and PAMELA proton flux data under a numerical model, the methodology incorporates Empirica...

We demonstrate the global response of the ionosphere to the geomagnetic super storm on 10–11 May 2024. The in situ observations from the Swarm spacecraft show a rapid depletion of plasma density in the dawn and dusk sectors following the storm. The in situ data are further complemented by the ground‐based total electron content maps. Both the in si...

Plain Language Summary The O(¹S) 557.7 nm dayglow emission has been recently discovered in the Martian dayside atmosphere, having a primary and secondary emission peak observed at ∼80 and ∼120 km altitudes, respectively. It is produced via photodissociation of CO2 by solar extreme ultraviolet radiation and electron impact processes. It is to be not...

Asteroids with the potential to impact Earth have become a significant focus of scientific research and applied space technology. These bodies are expected to be key targets for mitigation actions and space mining activities in the coming decades. Understanding their material characteristics is challenging due to the effects of space weathering, wh...

Total electron content (TEC) serves as a key parameter characterizing ionospheric conditions. Accurate prediction of TEC plays a crucial role in improving the precision of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). However, existing research have predominantly emphasized spatial variations in the ionosphere, neglecting the periodic changes of the...

In a space weather context, the most geoeffective coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are fast CMEs from Earth-facing solar active regions. These CMEs are difficult to characterize in coronagraph data due to their high speed (fewer observations), faintness, Earthward orientation (halo CMEs), and disruptions from associated high-energy particle storms. An...

Asteroids and solar flares present significant threats to planetary security and space operations. This paper proposes an advanced AI-integrated planetary defense system that combines asteroid deflection via kinetic impact with electric propulsion and an AI-driven solar flare early warning mechanism. The methodology integrates deep learning-based t...

Contributing to the objectives of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) International Space Weather Action Teams (ISWAT) Auroral Precipitation and High Latitude Electrodynamics (AuroraPHILE) group, various methods and models are compared for determining the auroral electrodynamic parameters during geomagnetically active conditions. Parameters us...

The migrating semidiurnal solar tide (SW2) originating from the troposphere and stratosphere is a known source of variability in the thermosphere‐ionosphere system, and thus is important for accurate space weather prediction. Previous studies have established that the upward‐propagation of SW2 into the lower thermosphere can be influenced by Arctic...

The D-region ionosphere (60–100 km altitude) is critical for radio communication and space weather research but cannot be easily measured because it is too low for satellites and too high for balloons. The most effective technique is to remotely sense by measuring Very-Low-Frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) waves emitted from man-made transmitters, a techni...

The three Swarm satellites provide an optimum, low Earth orbit (LEO) and multi‐spacecraft platform, to explore for the first time the local correlation between field‐aligned currents (FACs), auroral electrojets, and magnetic perturbations at the Earth's surface. By combining Swarm and ground magnetic field data, one can investigate systematically t...

Plain Language Summary Large ionospheric longitudinal gradient, such as the one reported in this study, are challenging to ionospheric modeling, space weather forecasting and high‐precision navigation and positioning. This paper presents a rare case of a large ionospheric longitudinal gradient in the middle and low latitude regions. Worth noting is...

The 2024 May 10 space weather event stands out as the most powerful storm recorded during the current solar cycle. This study employs a numerical framework utilizing a semiempirical coronal model, along with heliospheric upwind extrapolation with time dependence and cone coronal mass ejection (CME) models for the inner heliosphere, to forecast sola...

This study quantifies the variation and apparent saturation of the cross polar cap potential ϕPC $\left({\phi }_{PC}\right)$ with respect to the motional electric field EM $\left({E}_{M}\right)$ in the solar wind and magnetosheath. The electric potential across the polar cap ϕPC $\left({\phi }_{PC}\right)$ is often observed to respond linearly to s...

The integration of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) has revolutionized geodetic positioning, with techniques like Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution (PPP-AR) offering highly accurate results with reduced convergence times. The full deployment of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System-3 (BDS-3) has spurred interest in asse...

On Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) 8–15 (1996–2020), the Energetic Particle Sensor (EPS) included three integral electron channels, with nominal lower energies of 0.6 MeV (E1), 2 MeV (E2) and 4 MeV (E3). The > ${ >} $2 MeV channel has received more attention than the other two channels, because it is used by the NOAA Space...

Pc5 geomagnetic pulsations (PGPs) are ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves within the 1–7 mHz frequency band observed both in space and on the ground. PGPs offer versatile methods for studying the interaction between the magnetosphere and ionosphere in space. This study presents a comparative analysis of Pc5 pulsations observed in space and on the groun...

To explore the application of neural networks for estimating geomagnetic field disturbances, this study pays particular attention to K-index classification. The primary goal is to develop a robust and efficient method for classifying different levels of geomagnetic activity using neural networks. Our work encompasses data preprocessing, model archi...

Solar active regions (ARs) are the places hosting the majority of solar eruptions. Studying the evolution and morphological features of ARs is not only of great significance to the understanding of the physical mechanisms of solar eruptions, but also beneficial for the hazardous space weather forecast. An automated DBSCAN-based Solar Active Regions...

With the rapid increase in satellite launches and frequent space activities, the impact of space weather on human endeavors has become increasingly significant, prompting greater attention to space weather prediction. Geomagnetic storms, driven by solar wind and coronal mass ejections, significantly affect Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere, nece...

The space weather event from September 5-11, 2017, was marked by high activity, with multiple solar flares and a geomagnetic storm. This study investigates the impact of solar flares and the associated geomagnetic storm on the equatorial and low-latitude region of Africa, utilizing data from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), in-situ el...

The technology of satellite orbit prediction (OP) is crucial in space engineering. However, it is difficult to precisely predict medium and long-term orbit for the low Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites because of time-varying space weather and inaccurate atmospheric density models. To address the problem, a novel intelligent OP method based on the varia...

Polar” substorms are identified as substorm‐like disturbances that are exclusively observed at high geomagnetic latitudes (>70° MLAT) and are absent at lower latitudes. Although “polar” substorms typically occur during periods of quiet geomagnetic activity, it is still unclear whether they can develop under extremely quiet conditions when geoeffect...

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the large-scale eruptions of plasma and magnetic fields from the solar corona, play a critical role in space weather and solar-terrestrial interactions. Understanding the periodicities of CMEs is essential for predicting their occurrences and impacts, but their quasiperiodic variations in different cycles, at differen...

The Lyman alpha (Lyman- $\alpha$ or ${\rm{Ly}}\alpha$ ) radiation emitted by hydrogen is the strongest ultraviolet spectral line on the corona, which can provide important coronal information that is difficult to obtain at other wavelengths and of great significance to comprehensively study the origin of the corona. In order to observe the ${\rm{Ly...

Satellite communication and navigation systems have become more essential to everyday life, but at the same time, understanding the effect of solar activity on these systems is vital. Total electron content (TEC) is a key factor affecting satellite signals. Solar flares affect the TEC variations, and this research examines the forecast of TEC durin...

Protecting people with various diseases from the adverse effects of space weather factors requires an understanding of their effects on healthy people who participate in heliobiological research as a ‘control group’. This study aimed to investigate the effect of human heart-rate synchronization with variations in the geomagnetic field of the ULF fr...

An instability criterion in the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) with the open boundary of a magnetic field is proposed in this paper. We use a series of linear force-free extrapolation fields, in which the normal part of the magnetic field is fixed, to obtain the linear fitting coefficient called relative alpha by using the cojoined value of magnetic fr...

Natural hazards, such as weather in space and the terrestrial environment, have the potential to disrupt critical technologies and infrastructures that contribute to national security and economic advancement. Enhancing our understanding of natural hazards is a central part to developing mitigation strategies to avert their impact on technological...

In this paper, starting from solar storms, which are the main cause of geomagnetic storms, the effects of the speed (v) and density (Np) of solar plasma coming to the Earth on geomagnetic storms are investigated. During the ascending phase of the 25th solar cycle (2021 – 2022), various geomagnetic storms from G1 to G4 were examined. Multiple linear...

NASA's Parker Solar Probe and ESA/NASA's Solar Orbiter are encounter missions that are currently both in their nominal science phases, venturing closer to the Sun than ever before. These complementary spacecraft are operating together in order to combine in situ measurements of solar wind plasma in the inner heliosphere with high-resolution remote...

The Fluxgate Magnetometer (MAG) is one of the seven payloads on board Aditya-L1 spacecraft to sample the local magnetic field environment around the first Lagrangian point (L1) while continuously observing the Sun. This in situ magnetic field measurement are crucial in detecting coronal mass ejections (CMEs), as well for space weather studies in th...

This study examines the impact of the 10 May 2024, geomagnetic storm on the Mexican power grid, utilizing geomagnetically induced currents (GIC), measurements and regional magnetic field data recorded by the Laboratorio Nacional de Clima Espacial. Significant GIC were observed at three different locations within the grid. The observations were comp...

Plain Language Summary Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) are a crucial space weather phenomenon, which adversely affect satellite‐based communication and navigation systems, high frequency terrestrial communication including the Over‐The‐Horizon radar applications, and Global Navigation Satellite System radio occultation measurements for atmospheric...

Plain Language Summary The Martian bow shock is one of the most important plasma boundaries in the Martian space environment. The interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are large‐scale plasma structures ejected from the Sun that drive the space weather conditions in the inner heliosphere. They usually contain atypical high upstream dynamic p...

Submicroscopic metallic iron particles (SMFe) are unique components of lunar soil produced during long‐term exposure on the Moon's surface. They can significantly alter the optical properties of lunar soil and this alteration is crucial for the interpretation of remote sensing data. The origin and formation of SMFe remain a subject of controversy,...

Space weather forecasting is critical for mitigating radiation risks in space exploration and protecting Earth-based technologies from geomagnetic disturbances. This paper presents the development of a Machine Learning (ML)- ready data processing tool for Near Real-Time (NRT) space weather forecasting. By merging data from diverse NRT sources such...

This study examines the impact of the 10 May 2024, geomagnetic storm on the Mexican power grid, utilizing geomagnetically induced currents (GIC), measurements and regional magnetic field data recorded by the Laboratorio Nacional de Clima Espacial. Significant GIC were observed at three different locations within the grid. The observations were comp...

Over the past decades, missions at the L1 point have been providing solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field measurements that are necessary for forecasting space weather at Earth with high accuracy and a lead time of a few tens of minutes. Improving the lead time, while maintaining a relatively high level of accuracy, can be achieved with miss...

This work explores the impacts of magnetogram projection effects on machine learning-based solar flare forecasting models. Utilizing a methodology proposed by Falconer et al. (2016), we correct for projection effects present in Georgia State University's Space Weather Analytics for Solar Flares (SWAN-SF) benchmark data set. We then train and run a...

Magnetic reconnection is a ubiquitous plasma process that transforms magnetic energy into particle energy during eruptive events throughout the universe. Reconnection not only converts energy during solar flares and geomagnetic substorms that drive space weather near Earth, but it may also play critical roles in the high energy emissions from the m...

Column O/N2 ratio (∑O/N2), a physical quantity representing thermospheric disturbances, is influenced by solar extreme ultraviolet radiation flux (QEUV) changes. Investigating the correlation between these two factors is essential for understanding the evolution of the thermosphere. This study examines the correlation and periodic variations of ∑O/...

We investigate the applicability and performance of the plasma physics based WINDMI model to the analysis and identification of substorm onsets. There are several substorm onset criteria that have been developed into event lists, either from auroral observations or from auroral electrojet features. Five of these substorm onset lists are available a...

EUV brightenings are small-scale magnetic reconnection events that consistently appear before and after solar flares. However, it is not well understood how EUV precursors might foreshadow flares and what the physical connection is between the EUV signatures and flares. We studied flare-active and inactive periods in three separate studies using th...

This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the multi-parameter characteristics of Interplanetary Halo Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) observed from 2019 to 2023. The research investigates key parameters like speed, angular width, mass, and geo effectiveness of these compounds based on their physical and dynamic properties. Earth direct...

Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) are a manifestation of space weather events at ground level. GICs have the potential to cause power failures in electric grids. The GIC index is a proxy of the ground geoelectric field derived solely from geomagnetic field data. Information theory can be used to shed light on the dynamics of complex systems,...

The ionosphere is pivotal for satellite navigation, radio communication, and the modeling of space weather. However, the accurate three‐dimensional modeling of ionospheric features remains a challenge. Since solar activity introduces changes in space weather, we collected COSMIC radio occultation observations of 2010–2020 with a suite of indices re...

The report of the 2024 decadal survey for the solar and space physics community was released on 2024 December 5 and has space weather science and applications as a central goal to explore and safeguard humanity's home in space. I discuss some of the main recommendations associated with space weather that will drive our field in the next decade.

Solar radio observation is a method used to study the Sun. It is very important for space weather early warning and solar physics research to automatically classify solar radio spectrums in real time and judge whether there is a solar radio burst. As the number of solar radio burst spectrums is small and uneven, this paper proposes a classification...

Solar radio observation is an important way to study the Sun. Solar radio bursts contain important information about solar activity. Therefore, real-time automatic detection and classification of solar radio bursts are of great value for subsequent solar physics research and space weather warnings. Traditional image classification methods based on...

Context. The Sun plays a significant role in space weather by emitting energy and electromagnetic radiation that influence the environment around the Earth. Missions such as SOHO, STEREO, and SDO captured solar observations at multiple wavelengths to monitor and predict solar events. However, the data transmission from these missions is often const...

Context . The origins of Phobos and Deimos are highly debated, and several distinct hypotheses have been put forth. The two most widely accepted theories are that (1) the two moons were created by a giant impact in analogy to the Earth-Moon system, whereby a debris disk was formed that then formed the two moons by accretion; and that (2) the moons...

Plain Language Summary Geomagnetic activity is a solar wind‐driven or internally driven phenomena in the magnetosphere that significantly affects the ionosphere. Its impact on the ionosphere is a major contributor to space weather. Observations from ground‐based instruments have shown that E‐region electron density does increase with an increase in...

Extreme Space Weather events can negatively affect ground‐based infrastructure and satellite communications. European Space Agency plans to launch a new operational mission, Vigil, to monitor space weather activity and provide timely warnings about immediate danger. In this work, we have identified 24 instruments that have already acquired data on...

Space weather (SpW) is a phenomenon caused by a variety of solar events and has the potential to disrupt infrastructure systems and technology, putting them at risk. Despite SpW’s immense impact, there has been a notable absence of bibliometric analysis studies to understand the research trends, regional distribution, social structure, conceptual s...

In the present work, we study the geometric structures of the Rotating Shallow Water Magnetohydrodynamics (RSW-MHD) equations through a Lie group invariant Euler-Poincar\'e variational principle. In this geometric framework, we derive new, structure-preserving stochastic RSW-MHD models by introducing stochastic perturbations to the Lie-Poisson stru...

This work investigates the impact of C-class solar flare events (XRA) on ionospheric and low-frequency signal propagation by analyzing the maximum correlation lag time, correlation, and Granger causality between low-frequency time-code signal strength and XRA. The results show that within the lag interval of (−5, 5) minutes, XRA exhibits the highes...

Upstream of quasi-parallel bow shocks, reflected ions generate ion–ion instabilities. The resulting magnetic fluctuations can advect through the shock and interact with planetary magnetospheres. The amplitude of magnetic fluctuations depends on the strength of the shock, quantified by the Alfvén Mach number ( M A ), which is the ratio of solar wind...

Context . Solar energetic particle (SEP) events are a type of space weather phenomena in which highly energetic charged particles are released from the Sun into interplanetary space by violent and eruptive phenomena, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections. In order to assess the origin of SEPs, an accurate timing of their arrival at spacec...

The correlation and physical interconnection between space weather indices and cosmic ray flux has been well-established with extensive literature on the topic. Our investigation is centered on the relationships among the solar radio flux, geomagnetic field activity, and cosmic ray flux, as observed by the Neutron Monitor at the Lomnick\'y \v{s}t\'...

Context. Space weather predictions are necessary to avoid damage caused by intense geomagnetic storms. Such strong storms are usually caused by a co-rotating interaction region (CIR) passing at Earth or by the arrival of strong coronal mass ejections (CMEs). To mitigate the damage, the effect of propagating CMEs in the solar wind must be estimated...

Mercury has a very tenuous atmosphere starting at the surface, which is referred to as a surface-bound exosphere, where there are no collisions between exospheric particles. Having a surface-bound exosphere means that the particles in the exosphere have their origin on Mercury’s surface; thus, the composition of the exosphere is connected to the co...