Solvents - Science topic

The appearance of two peaks for piperidine derivatives in their free base/acid forms may be due to differential ionization or interaction with the stationary phase; consider adjusting the mobile phase pH, adding buffers, or using a different column chemistry. Implementing gradient elution and optimizing injection volumes may also help improve separation and resolve the peaks.

@Paul Körner yes first I dissolved citric acid in the solution of dmf and EtOH then I put it in an ultrasound to mix well

For LC-MS analysis, use about 2 grams of dried wild plant and callus samples, extracting with methanol at a ratio of 1:5 to 1:10. After soaking overnight, filter and concentrate the extracts for comparison.

Dmitry Bagrov

To model the dynamics of phase separation, the nonlinear Cahn-Hilliard-Cook equation is used, which is not related to the molecular details of the system, but includes such macroscopic characteristics as the coefficient of interdiffusion, interphase and free energy. The modeling results allow us to distinguish four stages of the process - early, intermediate, transitional and final, each of which has its own kinetic features.

To disperse ZIF-8 nanoparticles in HFIP for incorporation into a polymer electrospinning solution, first functionalize the nanoparticles and create a stable suspension using sonication. Gradually mix this suspension into the polymer solution while adjusting electrospinning parameters to ensure uniform distribution and effective fiber formation.

Here are some recent studies and reviews from 2023 onwards that provide detailed protocols and insights into the recycling of ionic liquids, that may help you:

The gel-like consistency in your microsponges may be due to high polymer concentration, insufficient surfactant, inappropriate stirring speed, or rapid solvent evaporation. Adjusting these factors can help achieve the desired texture.

The first thing that comes to mind is that this is not an optimal eluent for the portion of the samples that are adsorbed by silica gel. Temperature, it seems to me, should not affect adsorption that much, unless it is too extreme. It might make sense to change the composition of the eluent or use step elution to extract the adsorbed part of the sample.

Pls check whether ur Perovskite is stable in methanol etc...acetone shudn't be used especially in uv vis Or PL...use Lewis bases like chlorobenzene, dmf, dmso.... Most of the Perovskites r stable in Lewis bases

Abdirasak Mohamed Siad

EVA in depressant-dispersant additives helps to increase the fluidity of highly paraffinic oil and petroleum products. Mechanism of action. The non-polar part of the depressant molecule is embedded in the paraffin crystal, the polar part of the molecule remains outside and repels other paraffin molecu les. Fixation of the polar part of the depressant molecule on the surface of the crystal, while the non-polar part is outside and isolates the paraffin crystals from each other, preventing them from enlarging and creating an ordered structure. Types of additives Depressant: prevents the sticking of paraffin crystals, but cannot prevent the onset of the crystallization process itself (there is a stratification of the transported petroleum product into two fractions - the lower one with paraffins and the upper light one)

Depressant-dispersant: obtained by introducing a dispersant into the depressor, which as a result allows to maximize the fluidity of highly paraffinic oil and petroleum products.

You are going to extract some reservoir fluid. Usually, for testing during drilling, a core sample of the deposit is obtained. It contains capillaries in which oil is located. It is not clear from your question why you need a solvent. EVA is already sold as a gel (glue) with a solvent. It is necessary to use the solvent in which EVA is already dissolved.

To prepare a collagen protein sample in powdered form for SDS-PAGE, dissolve the collagen in a suitable buffer that maintains its solubility and integrity. Start by weighing the required amount of collagen powder and dissolving it in a denaturing sample buffer, such as 1X Laemmli buffer (containing SDS and a reducing agent like β-mercaptoethanol or DTT), which breaks down secondary and tertiary structures. Heat the solution at 95°C for 5–10 minutes to ensure complete denaturation. If the collagen is difficult to dissolve, pre-dissolve it in a mild acid solution, such as 0.1 M acetic acid, before adding the sample buffer. Adjust the pH if necessary to avoid precipitation and centrifuge briefly to remove insoluble debris. Ensure the final sample concentration is appropriate for loading onto the gel for clear electrophoresis results.

Buenas Ricardo, good to know that the issue was solved :)

Cleaning the substrate thoroughly... Like sonicating with acetone... Then etching with strong acids like HCl or even with aqua regia... Then washing several times with DI water

If possible plasma clean it... (Best way)

Yes, the pH of the sample solvent does indeed matter in HPLC. It affects the retention time and peak shape

Unexpected chromatograms after installing a new GC column may result from improper installation, insufficient conditioning, or incorrect temperature settings. To resolve these issues, check column trimming, installation height, and sample injection techniques.

You can reduce carbonyl group by wolff-kishner reduction by using hydrazine with sodium hydroxide.

We do not undertake any DNA extraction

as far as I can tell from the photos, both systems are not good enough. They do not provide sufficient separation of the components, moreover, the lower spot is clearly not in the analytical region for Rf calculation. I would advise further eluent selection in order to obtain clearer spots of the separated substances. If there are a lot of spots or the banding on the chromatogram persists, I would suggest using two-step chromatography with a 90-degree plate rotation

you surely do not want to dissolve your particles, because dissolving them means lose the particles. You might want to disperse them.

colloidal solution is not a particle solution and can be a micellar solution or a solution of macromolecules

The solubility of erythromycin in water is 2mg/ml while in organic solvent its solubility is far better. Therefore it is better to prepare its stock solution in organic solvents.

Majority of plant based amylase and glucosidase inhibitors are actually the polyphenolic compounds, including phenolic acid and flavonoids. For an example, quercetin showed a significant enzyme inhibitory activity as equipotent as standard acarbose and voglibose. Based on that, I will suggest you to go with 70% MeOH for extraction, which will lead to partition of all water soluble phenolic acids and polar secondary metabolites.

In our laboratory, we prefer 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % MeOH based on the solubility of extract/fractions in Sephadex

A solid may be melt by heating, but be careful for any decomposition. For percent concentrations you must specify "by weight", "by volume", "mole %", etc. In your case I suppose that it is by weight (solid in liquid). For example, 20% corresponds to 20 g in a total weight of 100 g of solution.

Ethylene carbonate is solid at room temperature, propylene carbonate is also very polar and certainly not volatile.

methanol can be used as reductant.

You can certainly use it, and for inspiration: (

What is the background to your query? Why dissolve BaO2?

@Srinivasan: BaO2 dissolves with decomposition in acid.

Dear Fatin Safiudin

I hope you're doing well! I wanted to touch base regarding the triethylamine storage situation. As you Fatin Safiudin know, triethylamine is a strong organic base, and keeping it next to acids is definitely not the best practice. It’s hygroscopic and can react with acidic vapors, especially in confined spaces, leading to the formation of triethylammonium salts on the bottle's exterior. The crystals you’re seeing are likely triethylammonium chloride if it’s near hydrochloric acid vapors, or a similar salt depending on the acid present.

First off, those crystals are generally benign, but it’s a good idea to clean them off to prevent any contamination. If you’ve moved the bottle back to the correct storage away from acids and wiped off the crystals, you’re on the right track! Just remember to use proper ventilation and gloves when handling it to avoid any skin or respiratory irritation.

As for the solvent itself, if the bottle is well-sealed, it should be safe to use. However, keep an eye out for any changes in odor, color, or clarity. If you Fatin Safiudin notice anything unusual, it might be best to discard it to avoid any internal contamination that could affect your reactions.

In short, clean it up, store it properly, and monitor the bottle’s integrity. That should keep everything in check!

Sounds like - you have a particular crystal form that won't dissolve (easily) - as said, redissolve in a different solvent, and start over.

Dear Kevin Bethke, the classical titration in water is very common.

10.1186/2045-9912-2-1

However, in organic solvents some problems are associated, which is the case for most solutes.

NMR with special setup may be used according to the following paper (I couldn't attach it): "Quantitation and Monitoring of dissolved H2 via flow NMR at ... JY Buser · 2014". My Regards

Hello

You can use articles similar to your work. In the experimental part, the materials, methods and apparatus used are described. For example, you can refer to the following articles.

Hi!

That´s because the DCU, the byproduct of the DCC is insoluble in DCM, which is great I think ;-)

Filtrate it out, and move on!

Good luck!

whate is the best solvent for Glutamic acid

Designing an ionic liquid (IL) or deep eutectic solvent (DES) for lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis involves several critical steps. Here’s a structured approach to guide you through the design process:

### 1. Understanding Lignocellulosic Biomass

- **Composition**: Familiarize yourself with the components of lignocellulosic biomass, primarily cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Each component has different solubility and reactivity characteristics.

- **Decomposition Requirements**: Understand the conditions required to break down these components into fermentable sugars. This includes knowledge of optimal temperatures, pressures, and reaction times.

### 2. Identifying Functional Groups

- **Target Functional Groups**: Determine which functional groups in the biomass are key to hydrolysis. For instance, cellulose contains hydroxyl groups that can participate in hydrogen bonding with solvents.

- **Reaction Pathways**: Identify how the IL or DES can facilitate hydrolysis, such as through protonation, coordination, or disruption of hydrogen bonds.

### 3. Selection of Components

- **Ionic Liquids**: Choose cations (e.g., imidazolium, pyridinium) and anions (e.g., acetate, chloride) that can solvate cellulose and hemicellulose effectively.

- **Deep Eutectic Solvents**: Identify hydrogen bond donors (e.g., urea, choline chloride) and acceptors that can form a eutectic mixture with a lower melting point. DESs are often easier to design and synthesize than ILs.

### 4. Property Evaluation

- **Solubility Testing**: Evaluate the solubility of lignocellulosic biomass in the chosen IL or DES to ensure effective biomass dissolution.

- **Viscosity and Density**: Consider the physical properties of the solvent, as lower viscosity can enhance mass transfer during hydrolysis.

- **Thermal Stability**: Assess the thermal stability of the IL or DES under hydrolysis conditions.

### 5. Experimental Design

- **Reaction Conditions**: Design experiments to optimize conditions such as temperature, time, and concentration of the solvent.

- **Hydrolysis Yield Measurement**: Develop methods to measure the conversion rates of lignocellulosic biomass to sugars (e.g., HPLC analysis).

### 6. Characterization

- **Chemical Characterization**: Use NMR, FTIR, or MS to characterize the resulting products and confirm the success of hydrolysis.

- **Physical Characterization**: Analyze the physicochemical properties of the IL or DES, including pH, conductivity, and thermal behavior.

### 7. Environmental and Economic Considerations

- **Green Chemistry Principles**: Ensure that the chosen solvents are biodegradable, non-toxic, and safe for the environment.

- **Cost Analysis**: Assess the economic feasibility of using the designed IL or DES on an industrial scale.

### 8. Literature Review

- **Research Existing Work**: Consult existing literature for examples of successful IL and DES formulations used for biomass hydrolysis. This can provide insights into functional groups, synthesis methods, and performance metrics.

### References and Resources

- **Research Papers**: Look for articles focused on ILs and DESs in biomass processing.

- **Patents**: Review patents for innovative formulations and applications.

- **Collaborations**: Engage with researchers and institutions specializing in biomass conversion and solvent design for practical insights.

By following these steps, you can systematically design and evaluate ionic liquids or deep eutectic solvents tailored for lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis.

Christian Schnurr There is evidence of ester reduction in systems using NaBH₄-MeOH and THF, as reported in this study: Jorge C. S. da Costa et al., Arkivoc, 2006, 1, pp. 128-133. DOI:10.3998/ark.5550190.0007.115. In my undergraduate thesis (2021), I worked on the reductive amination of an aldehyde using 2.0 equivalents of NaBH₄ in an acidic medium (with 10 equivalents of acetic acid (AcOH)), but in an ice bath (0 ºC). You could try optimizing the reaction conditions. Additional conditions are also discussed in this work: Periasamy, M., Thirumalaikumar, M., 2000. J. Organomet. Chem. 609, 1-2, 137-151.

Step 1: Determine the Desired Stock Concentration

Step 2: Calculate the Amount of 2,4-DTBP for the Stock Solution

Step 3: Prepare Working Solutions for the MTT Assay

Decide on the final concentrations of 2,4-DTBP you want to test on MCF-7 cells in the MTT assay, e.g., 0.1 µM, 1 µM, 10 µM, and 50 µM.

Example of Serial Dilutions as follows

Let’s go step-by-step to make working solutions from the 10 mM stock:

These working solutions allow you to add small amounts to your cell culture medium to achieve the final concentrations needed for the MTT assay.

Step 4: Calculate Final Concentrations in Cell Culture Medium

Dear Riswat Musbau, you can use precipitation via the solvent/nonsolvent of couple, chloroform/methanol, as it is done in the attached file. My Regards

Hi,

I would recommend using the same solvent for both measurements. FYI I would expect most M(acac)n to have no conductivity, but if you mean electrochemistry (CV) then acetonitrile, DMF, or DMSO would work for both e-chem and UV-Vis.

-Kyle

you can deploy Copilot Simulating the extraction of 1,3-butadiene using NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) in Aspen Plus can indeed be tricky, especially when it comes to entering accurate binary parameters. Here are some steps and tips to help you get the correct values and improve your simulation results:

Steps to Input Binary Parameters in Aspen Plus:

Additional Tips:

References:

Good luck

Dear Rafatul,

As it was already pointed out, Europium(III) nitrate it well soluble in water. However, Eu3+ tend to precipitate as Eu(OH)3 from water, thus you should acidify, e.g. by HNO3, the solution to be sure, that no Eurpium hydroxide is formed.

All the best for your research!

Thomas

It depends upon the polymer you used. Later on separate the film polymer from the NP.

You can check by adding stabilizers like ascorbic acid or BHT.

Conduct synthesis and storage under nitrogen or argon.

Switch solvent to DMSO or DMF and store at low temperatures (0–4°C).

Stabilize with metal ions like Zn²⁺.

Add bulky or electron-donating groups to shield reactive sites.

These can effectively minimize oxidation

Nail Besli I downloaded my compounds with silver nanoparticles by green synthesis and I don't know yet which the name of the compound yet I deal with an unknown compound

Dear Tooba Abdul Ghaffar, PE is fairly soluble only at high temperatures (crystallinity and chains compactness work against ease of solubility). So, it is wise to try high boiling hydrocarbon solvents, such as naphta. My Regards

Hello Areej Alshamer,

Funalenone is soluble in DMSO. Make a stock solution of Funalenone of a higher concentration say 100mM in 100%DMSO, and make a series of dilutions from the stock (say 1nM to 100uM) using culture media or aqueous buffer. Please note that the final concentration of DMSO when you add Funalenone to the cells should be less than or equal to 0.1% DMSO in order to avoid toxicity caused to the cells by DMSO. Treat the cells with at least five dilutions of Funalenone.

If you need the MTT protocol, I have provided one below.

1. Plate the MCF-7 in a 96-well plate format at a desired cell density such that they are 80% confluent on the day of readout. If cells are overconfluent on the final day of the assay, you may end up with inaccurate results. So, optimize the seeding density for the 96-well plate format before you perform the MTT assay.

2. After 24 hours, when the cells have attached to the substratum, treat the cells with Funalenone by changing the media with treatment media at various concentration ranging from 1nM to 100uM (at least 5 concentrations).

3. Incubate the cells with the treatment media for 24, 48 and 72 hours.

4. After the treatment period, aspirate the treatment media and add MTT reagent to a final concentration of 0.2 to 0.5mg/ml and incubate in the dark for 1 to 4 hours for the formation of formazan crystals.

5. After incubation, solubilize the crystals into a colored solution with the solubilizing solution which may include either dimethyl sulfoxide or acidified isopropanol solution, or a solution of 10% SDS in 0.01M hydrochloric acid.

6. Measure the absorbance at a wavelength of 570 nm.

7. IC50 value may be calculated from the graph constructed by plotting cell survival versus Funalenone concentration.

Please note that IC50 stands for half-maximal inhibitory concentration, and it's a measure of how much of a drug is needed to inhibit a biological process by half. It is a widely used and informative way to measure a drug's efficacy and potency.

Good Luck!

Using the same solvent for both extraction and the DPPH assay ensures consistency and prevents solvent-related interactions that might interfere with the antioxidant activity measurement.

So, I suggest you use ethanol as the most suitable solvent in this case.

First of all, sorry for late response.

In our work, we applied different types of polymeric hydrogels, and we did not noticed any penetration of the particles.

According to our experimental work and our readings, this issue does not exist in the application of hydrogels as draw agents because it is a solid dry material, which swells with water without dissolution.

The phenomenon of reverse diffusion of solutes occurs when solutions are applied as draw agents, and it is called reverse solute flux. This issue is widely discussed in previous studies.

Adding an "-rmin xx " to the genion command also works.

you can deploy Two Minute Separation of the cis- and trans-Isomers of Vitamin K1 without Heptane, Chlorinated Solvents, or Acetonitrile

also some advices from AI Here are a few alternative methods you might consider for separating trans and cis isomers of isoquinolinone:

Separation of Isomers of Vitamin K1 Using Normal Phase HPLC

Separation of Isomers of Vitamin K1 Using Normal Phase HPLC (thermofisher.com)

Best wishes

Check for Computational Convergence Issues: Sometimes, insufficient convergence in electronic structure calculations or inappropriate initial geometry can lead to unexpected bond breakage. Ensuring proper convergence settings and carefully checking the initial molecular configuration may help in addressing this issue.

Thanks and sorry for the late reply!

I end up just collect/purify samples and use H NMR for that project. I would definitely try your solution for similar projects.

Dear Itrat Zahra, since toxicity is the subject of the study then water is the best choice and avoid halogenated solvents. My Regards

Methanol

Is the suitable solvent

if the concentration of your protein after Bradford evaluation is 0.5mg/mL and the final volume of your extract is 8mL for example !!

Yes you should multiply this concentration by the final volume to have the total amount of the protein in the extract: This is 0.5mg/mL x 8mL = 4mg

But, after doing the previous operation, you should have the amount of spent grain (powder) that you used to carry out the extraction, in order to express the concentration correctly: for example, if 5g of spent grain were used to obtain the above 8mL; then The final amount of protein will be 4mg/5g; this will give 0.8mg of protein/g of spent grain

Loss during extraction with ethyl acetate and NaCl can result from:

These adjustments should reduce the loss and improve extraction efficiency.

Dear Anshika Passi, if you want to work with high concentrations, other alternative solvents and fruitful information in the following RG thread dealing with a similar question. My Regards

add this line in your input file:

surface=sas

Yes, isopropyl alcohol can be used as an extraction solvent for leaves, effectively dissolving a wide range of both polar and non-polar compounds. It is particularly efficient for extracting bioactive compounds compared to other solvents like ethanol.

Bayu Yusuf

We have obtained and studied such salts. They are obtained better in water. The main contribution to obtaining such salts is made by hydrophobic interaction, i.e. interaction mediated by water.

Your problem is poor determination of tin content by the EDХ method. In this method, organic molecules are decomposed by high electron energy. It is advisable for you to replace the analysis with a chemical method for determining tin, for example, spectrophotometric.

@Abdelhak Maghchiche thank you so much for your answer and possible solution. I have had to repeat some measurements but have the same negative result for especially xylene. Under most of the conditions, I get positive extraction for benzene & toluene, then negative extraction for xylene.

Ulf Nobbmann

Why, when I access the site using your link, does it say that it is not available for our country?

It is possible that the solvent acted as a fluorescence quencher of surface-accessible fluorescent (mainly tryptophan) residues.

Do you think that everybody knows your research subject? Please be more general and explicit your problem when you ask a question.

I found this molecule (or ion?) dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG),which is a surfactant. The ionized form is probably not soluble in DCM (dichloromethane).

Fednand paul Wanjala

You can disperse nanoparticles in your essential oil. It seems that you have problems with the stability of the suspension. Make it more viscous by adding a polymer that will not spoil other desirable properties of the suspension.

In the context of bioactivity studies using aqueous plant extracts in liquid form, it is imperative to consider the appropriate expression of concentrations and the preparation of test solutions. It is common practice to process plant extracts without evaporating the solvent, thereby maintaining the extract in a liquid state. In such cases, it is appropriate to express concentrations in microlitres per millilitre. This unit represents the volume of extract added to a given volume of medium, which is common practice when testing liquid extracts directly without isolation of individual bioactive components.

A major challenge is the accurate preparation of these extracts for experimental use, particularly when concentrations need to be expressed in units such as µg/µL or µg/mL. Regardless of the liquid state of the extract, dilution to specified concentrations can be achieved without converting the extract to a powdered form. This is known as serial dilution, where the initial extract is treated as a concentrated solution and diluted progressively with water or an alternative solvent. Such dilutions are straightforward when working with volume-to-volume (v/v) ratios, commonly expressed as microlitres of extract per millilitre of solvent.

It is of utmost importance to quantify the dry weight of bioactive compounds in the liquid extract in order to express the concentration in µg/µL or µg/mL. This can be achieved by chemical analysis methods such as gravimetric analysis, spectrophotometry or chromatographic techniques that determine the concentration of specific compounds in the original extract. In the absence of precise knowledge of the mass of bioactive compounds, the concentration can be estimated on the basis of the total soluble solids or active constituents, which can be measured directly in the liquid extract.

For example, if chemical analysis indicates that 1 mL of the liquid extract contains 1000 µg of bioactive compounds, subsequent dilutions can be made accordingly. To prepare a solution with a final concentration of 100 µg/mL, 0.1 mL of extract must be mixed with 0.9 mL of solvent. This approach ensures that accurate and reproducible concentrations can be achieved for bioactivity assays, even without drying the extract.

In summary, when working with liquid extracts, it is both appropriate and widely accepted to express results in µL/mL. However, conversion to µg/ml or similar units requires prior quantification of the active components in the extract. To ensure accurate and consistent experimental conditions, especially when dealing with complex herbal infusions or tea extracts in bioactivity studies, it is essential to employ proper chemical analysis and to follow careful dilution protocols.

The impurity could be t-butanol. We occasionally see this as an impurity in our analyses. In D2O it shows as a singlet at 1.25 ppm. We are not 100% sure about the source of the contamination, but it is likely from the coating on disposable centrifuge tubes and pipette tips.

Hi Itay,

I would try first "%nprocshared=1".

Second -I would check where are your chk files stored - maybe you have a permission problem with the path to the chk-files.

Continuing on Adam B Shapiro answer I will suggest going 10-fold to 100-fold higher in the wells containing fluorescein in the beginning and adding a buffer to the ones that don't. Simply because if a splash occurs it will be of small volume.

Can you help me with that.... I dried the vegetable extract, for example, 20 g was prepared in 200 ml and I got a dry extract weight of 3.2 g. To determine total phenols. I dissolved 1mg in 10 ml of methanol. I took 0.3 ml of the extract with 1.5 reagents and 1.2 ml of sodium carbonate according to the standard method. It was measured at a wavelength of 765 nm. The equation of the calibration curve for gallic acid y = 0.0076 X. The results were shown from 1 to 1.42. I appeared to have very large mg/g values compared to Can you help me with that.... I dried the vegetable extract, for example, 20 g was prepared in 200 ml and I got a dry extract weight of 3.2 g. To determine total phenols. I dissolved 1mg in 10 ml of methanol. I took 0.3 ml of the extract with 1.5 reagents and 1.2 ml of sodium carbonate according to the standard method. It was measured at a wavelength of 765 nm. The equation of the calibration curve for gallic acid y = 0.0076 X. The results were shown from 1 to 1.42. I appeared to have very large mg/g values compared to dCan you help me with that.... I dried the vegetable extract, for example, 20 g was prepared in 200 ml and I got a dry extract weight of 3.2 g. To determine total phenols. I dissolved 1mg in 10 ml of methanol. I took 0.3 ml of the extract with 1.5 reagents and 1.2 ml of sodium carbonate according to the standard method. It was measured at a wavelength of 765 nm. The equation of the calibration curve for gallic acid y = 0.0076 X. The results were shown from 1 to 1.42. I showed very large mg/g values compared to the studentsCan you help me with that.... I dried the vegetable extract, for example, 20 g was prepared in 200 ml and I got a dry extract weight of 3.2 g. To determine total phenols. I dissolved 1mg in 10 ml of methanol. I took 0.3 ml of the extract with 1.5 reagents and 1.2 ml of sodium carbonate according to the standard method. It was measured at a wavelength of 765 nm. The equation of the calibration curve for gallic acid y = 0.0076 X. The results were shown from 1 to 1.42. I appeared to have very large mg/g values compared to studies Can you help me with that.... I dried the vegetable extract, for example, 20 g was prepared in 200 ml and I got a dry extract weight of 3.2 g. To determine total phenols. I dissolved 1mg in 10 ml of methanol. I took 0.3 ml of the extract with 1.5 reagents and 1.2 ml of sodium carbonate according to the standard method. It was measured at a wavelength of 765 nm. The equation of the calibration curve for gallic acid y = 0.0076 X. The results were shown from 1 to 1.42. I appeared to have very large mg/g values compared to studiesCan you help me with that.... I dried the vegetable extract, for example, 20 g was prepared in 200 ml and I got a dry extract weight of 3.2 g. To determine total phenols. I dissolved 1mg in 10 ml of methanol. I took 0.3 ml of the extract with 1.5 reagents and 1.2 ml of sodium carbonate according to the standard method. It was measured at a wavelength of 765 nm. The equation of the calibration curve for gallic acid y = 0.0076 X. The results were shown from 1 to 1.42. I showed very large mg/g values compared to studies.

Yes, you can use an oven with a low temperature to remove water from an aqueous extract.You’ll need to set the oven to a low temperature, typically between 50°C and 80°C (122°F to 176°F), depending on the sensitivity of the extract. Spread the aqueous extract in a shallow, heat-resistant dish or tray to increase the surface area, which helps speed up the evaporation process.

When performing thin layer chromatography analysis of calixarene, the solvent systems used include diphenyl ether, toluene, xylene, chloroform and methanol, dichloromethane/methane system, and ethyl acetate and petroleum ether can also be used.

Anuruddha Mishra My guess is that you want to disperse this material; not dissolve it. If you really want to dissolve it, then there are 2 main ways:

If the former (dispersion) then the 3 steps from a powdered material are wetting (the use of a surfactant as mentioned by John Francis Miller above), separation (the key and difficult step; sonication is the norm), stabilization, if rapid agglomeration occurs after relaxation of sonication (a zeta potential issue that may be solved either with an appropriate concentration of an ionic stabilizer - phosphate e.g. Calgon is normal for inorganic oxides - or sterically with a polymer e.g. 50 kDa PEG or PEI). More on dispersion in this webinar (free registration required):

Dispersion and nanotechnology

Please try HFIP

The choice of solvent for dissolving secondary metabolites extracted from Aspergillus for use on MCF7 cells can depend on the solubility of the metabolites and the intended use. Here's a general guideline for preparing these compounds:

Solvent Selection