Solutions - Science topic

While I like this premise and I agree that Batman does demonstrate a real-world problem solving approach as opposed to say Superman, I am not certain we can hold Batman up as the standard for real-life problem solving. I understand the argument. Superman has powers beyond human ability, Green Lantern holds a magic ring. These are not examples of real world problem solving. Batman has to function as a regular human and therefore has to solve human problems. However, Batman is also Bruce Wayne, billionaire. He has money, time and gadgets-a-plenty. According to the comics, Batman is also a well-read genius who knows a remarkable amount of facts and is an expert in a myriad of skills, including martial arts and fencing. He has his own plane which he can fly himself. He can afford to sleep all day and be up all night or jet off to Europe for three days with no questions asked. While Batman is a good example of someone who must solve problems without magic or alien powers, he is not an "every man" type of character.

If we are going to look for a comic book hero to represent the common man, I prefer Spider-Man. The Spider-Man from the original comics, more so than the recent movies, was an everyday guy. Peter Parker had to make ends meet as a freelance photojournalist while also saving the world, yes with certain superhuman powers, but he was an average guy trying to work two low-paying jobs while also finding time for a social life.

All of that said, I think it is important to point out that no comic book hero is truly an example of good, real-life, problem solving skills. In the real world, if we have a problem to solve, most of us can't throw Bruce Wayne's money at it, nor can we wait for it in an alley down the street and beat it about the head and shoulders with our fists.

Comic books and movies provide an escape from reality. They provide a world where the hero always wins, the bullies and bad guys always get what's coming to them and problems can all be solved by the application of maximum effort and outstanding moral fiber. That's why we run to those worlds after a hard day of reality. Let's leave Batman and the others in that realm we escape to. There's no reason to bring comic heroes into the harsh reality of our world.

I do not understand the rationale behind dissolving the drug in a methylcellulose solution. However, you should try to dissolve the drug first in the same solvent you used to dissolve methylcellulose and then mix it with the solution of 0.5% methylcellulose.

It depends on your experiment and what solvents can you use. For aqueous solution, use a buffer below its pI.

Dear all, you can enhance the solubility by using a MEK based mixture with any other solvent that accepted with regard to the biocompatibility ! Is MEK a biocompatible solvent ? I suggect using MEK-THF binary solution. My Regards

Specific Gravity is calculated based on the weight of a substance dissolved in particular volume divided by weight of an equal volume of water. You can try this method to calculate the specific gravity of a substance.

the best is sigmaplot

Interesting question

Hi,

For procedures similar to the one you have mentioned here, I have read articles mentioning either saline/PBS. However, in my perspective, I would recommend you to stick to PBS for the wash and the dilutions, considering you would later subject the isolated samples for extraction procedures (specific to your work), which sure would employ PBS.

A CsCl internal solution is often used to record EPSC through AMPA receptors. AMPA receptor channels are about equally permeable to Cs as to K, so that the reversal potential remains at about 0 mV. Cl does not really interfere, but I suggest to block the other receptors to better isolate the AMPA EPSCs. A GABAA receptor blocker is highly required to eliminate spontaneous and miniature GABAA IPSCs, because with high intracellular chloride they revert near 0 mV as the current that you want to measure.

You're welcome. I just noted a typing error in my answer. 0.786 g AgNO3 is of course 4.63 mmole, not 6.63 mmole. It must be the same as the mmole amount of Ag.

Hi sandra.. I think about 7.3-7.5.. Show this paper

Thanks very much for the feedback!

Stephen

Hi,

These Abs have been validated for western blot detection of CD9, CD63 and CD81 from exosomes.

·         Exosome – anti-Human CD9 (for Western), Cat No. 10626D

-         Exosome – anti-Human CD81 (for Western), Cat No. 10628D

-         Exosome – anti-Human CD63 (for Western),Cat No. 10630D

kind regards

ketil

By formulating your question this way I guess you want to avoid degradation of PVA ? If you generate or use OH radicals in your process for oxidation, protection of PVA will be difficult. If you work under relatively O2 defficient conditions (lack of OH OR radicals, there some different scavangers readily available (see https://www.google.hu/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDsQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.specialchem4adhesives.com%2Ftc%2Fantioxidants%2F%3Fid%3Drscavenger&ei=B3YJVNnDN4Tm7Aa1poHoAg&usg=AFQjCNGcSrrKzhj-y9A66pQTYmXKJpn5rA&sig2=Vji5b4-Apq6S_UJ1nazKiA

We found the proton hopping to be faster at low concentrations of solute for another system (see reference). This may hold for NaCl as well.

???

Thank you Stam, for your answer. Best wishes

Lets say potato starch.And the salt is a metal salt.There is supposed to be an interaction which makes the system stronger compared to the native starch.But if there are excess ions which are not washed away,does this weaken the interaction?

You have to use whatever the manufacturer mentioned. Sterile water for injection will be available as such. Otherwise, use deionized distilled water or millipore water. PBS/ Saline , unless specifically mentioned , is contra indicated, since it can alter the pH and isotonicity of the final solution. Quantity of water to be used is also important, becoz it can alter the absorption / can cause deterioration of the product. The quality and quantity will be specified by the manufacturer. If you are using pure chemical, get the existing literatures of already done works

Your whole question is concentrated on two main point:

1. solubility

2. stability

Solublity:--------------------------------------------------------------

Emulsion is of two type oil in water phase (little amount of oil mixed with bulk of water) and water in oil (little amount of water mixed with bulk of oil).

Keep in mind both phase are by nature immisicible with each other but by using energy or surfactant or emulsifying agent they are mixed to each other.

These emulsifying agent / surfactant act in same way as we use detergent to remove greasy substance from our skin/ hand . without surfactant oil not solublise or remove with normal water but when we use detergent they get solublised in water and removed away from our skin toward running water.

so if you want to solublise a water soluble substance to a oil phase then you have to enhance solublity of substance by either using polymers or using surfactant.

Amount of polymer and surfactant vary according to nature of oil phase and nature of product so it can be estimated by experiment only.

stability:-------------------------------------------------------------------

stability of drug in presence of other ingredient is depend on amount and chemical nature and behavior of the excipient present there.

few compund are acid liable and can degrade in presence of acidic media or acid reach oil while some can be degraded in presence of water or some in presence of alcohol or phenol.

Better way to analyse whether any excipient are compatible or not it can be analysed by uv/hplc degradation study.

FTIR is also used to find whther they react with each other and form a new bond (showing different FTIR band).

DSC also used for same purpous as of FTIR.

Using HPLC/UV you can identify whether the amount of drugs were decreasing wrt time if yes then at which rate (slow or fast) so on basis of degration rate you can identify shelf life/ expiry date of your final formulation (maximum time after which atleast 90 % drugs reamins present there)

Hi, I found on an old chemistry book that the correct pH for alizarin red is between 6.3 and 6.5 stirred thoroughly and adjusted with HCl or 95% alcohol all the sections fixatives have to be neutral to avoid pH swings and half the staining time if the sections contain lots of calcium rinsing in acid alcohol (1% acetic acid) increases contrast and fixatives containing acid should be avoided. short rinses to avoid loosing the stained calcium. Hope this works

Dear Ryshetti,

your question is very much justified. Solubility measurement is always tricky. If approach to equilibrium is very slow (case of low solubility) too low values maybe obtained. However, it is difficult to avoid and distinguish dissolved and dispersed solutes. This is difficult to be avoided for the ionic liquids because of there amphiphilic nature.

For very precise measurements layering of ionic liquid and solvent maybe necessary followed by analysis of ionic liquid in solvent layer as function of time.

As a first approach mixing of both followed by centrifugation may work.

Commercial concentrated HCl:

Specific gravity = 1.19

1.19g of HCl in 1ml of water

Assay= 37.4%

37.4ml of HCl in 100ml of water

i.e. 37.4 x 1.19 = 44.506g of HCl in 100ml of water

Formula weight = 36.46

1M = 36.46 g HCl in 1000ml of water

So if 44.506g of HCl is present in 100ml of water

Or 445.06g of HCl is present in 1000ml of water

Molarity of that solution is 445.06 / 36.46 = 12.2

Thus molarity of concentrated HCl is 12.2 M

Thank you for the fast reply!

More soluble in methanol than ethanol try like this it may be helpful to proceed ur research