Solid State - Science topic

I recommend you validate your data with the Kramers-Kronig test first to know if the strange data points are from your sample or your machine?

Additionally, it is nearly impossible to determine the root without detailed information about your experiment.

When you say you're interested in the electrochemical properties of the electrolyte, do you really mean the ionic conductivity? That's the value most people declare in publication, even though it's not often very meaningful, and there are many other electrochemical properties that could be analysed.

For EIS measurements with either 3 or 2 electrodes, have you considered simply pressing contact pins against your electrolyte and connecting to instruments cables? As long as you establish contact pressure between pins and the polymer surface, this works for EIS on solid electrolyte. You can also quantify ionic conductivity as the resistance measured by a high-sensitivity ohmmetre, like a Keithley or a four-point probe. I wouldn't mess around with coin cells, that will only introduce more interfaces and noise.

Thank you Prof. Pansu . I shall have a look.

Prof. Kona Veera Ganesh

Anther book that presents dense solids, liquids and gases with the a similar approach, i.e. using an interatomic potential is:

It has an appendix D called: "Multicomponent, Reactive Flow Conservation

Equations" pp. 236

KInd Regards.

Dear Thamer Jaddoa Shihab Ahmed

it seems to me that you miss some steps. DNA and proteins are not the same thinkgs, you need to do some work to pass from DNA to protein

To produce the protein to be immunized in the mice, you have to amplify the dna by PCR, clone it in a vector for protein expression in some host as e.coli and/or mammalian and at this point try to express and purify the protein from this organism. The purified protein that could be used for immunize animals is in general stored at 4°C or -20°C (for long terms) in a buffer as PBS or Tris and in some cases with the addiction of glycerol for storage at -20°C

Alternative, you can try to immunize animals with DNA or mRNA (the same tecnology applied for the covid vaccines). In this way you do not have to purifity the proteins since the protein is produced by the cells of the animals, but the preparation and formulation of matherial is something not so simple, you need to have specific experience.

best

Manuele

Forgot to attach the code....

Dear Scien Tist,

The binding energy of your Ba 3d_5/2 peak is way too high with 808 eV. Either someone really messed up the calibration of your system, or, what I think is more likely, your material is not conductive enough and you observe charging. Are the binding energies of other peaks, like O 1s or C 1s, where you would expect them to be?

I feel like the question is quite vague. Which metal complex, with which other metal complex? Or what class of complexes with what other class of complexes? It's not at all clear if you are referring to metalation, substitution, doping, counterions, auxilary ligands or what?

The way the question reads you have a metal complex and you are unhappy with it's solid state properties. So make another, and test it's properties. Or specify in more detail what it is that you are trying to accomplish.

Please refer to my article:

I'm sorry, I didn't find this article in English. Here it is in Russian.

Perhaps you can translate into English format.

Good luck!

Thank you for your reply... Li Jiurong

Of course, all programs that are used to display crystal structures (like Jmol, Vest, Atoms, Diamond etc etc) will have a tool to measure the distance between a pair of atoms. Just look at the manual of the program you use.

XRD pattern is obtained due to periodic arrangement of the atoms in the material. Preparation processes such as sintering, annealing or other such methods affect the ordering of the atoms. Therefore, the XRD pattern depends on such processes.

As I know, crystal structure of simple molecules and atoms may strongly differ from their packing structure in liquid state. It is due to this state allows to exist there aggregates with symmetry axis of 5th or 7th order impossible in solid crystals. So, the monosaccharides may have really different distribution of conformational forms in solid state. Moreover, the distribution of these forms should depend on the paths how the solid state comes from the liquid one. And after that we may consider the resulted distribution of forms to be almost frozen and unchanged.

Both conventional and solid-state additive manufacturing processes have their own set of issues. Some of the current issues in conventional additive manufacturing processes include poor surface finish, poor accuracy, and limited design complexity. On the other hand, solid-state additive manufacturing processes suffer from issues such as residual stresses, anisotropy, and interlayer defects.

Interlayer defects are one of the most significant issues faced in additive manufacturing. These defects can result in poor mechanical properties, lower product quality, and even product failure. There are several metallurgical solutions available for effectively eradicating interlayer defects in additive manufacturing. Here are a few examples:

Overall, the effective eradication of interlayer defects in additive manufacturing requires a combination of metallurgical solutions. By implementing a range of solutions such as heat treatment, in-situ process monitoring, material selection, and process parameter optimization, it is possible to significantly reduce interlayer defects and ensure high-quality products.

Metal hydride tanks prices can be calculated from the amount of MOC (material of construction) required. For instance, if want to carry 5 kg of LaNi5 alloy, you have to design a reactor which can contain atleast 12 kg of the alloy (considering 0.5 porosity and 20% of expansion volume). Now, the amount of MOC can be evaluated from density of the MOC multiplied with volume of MOC. Now just multiply per kg price of that material with this.

We have obtained the similar curve for DSC of rigid PU foams

You have melting peaks of PU components

Dear Vincent Lecoeuche ,

Thank you very very much for the exaustive and precise answer. I have forgotten to give some relevant information: I am working with an oscillator with a modelocking repetition rate of 80 MHz and the mode-locked mode is achieved in a passively way by means of a SESAM.

I think you found the best solution in the isolation of mycelia on agar medium from solid-state fermentation products on agar plates, If you see that your culture sporulating during fermentation you can use heat treatment of the sample before isolation to exclude growing any non-spore-forming microorganisms during isolation.

Hi Vishal

1H and 13C on single crystals are both possible - just quite difficult as you need a goniometer probe (which are in short supply).

As powders they should be quite routine with MAS NMR, as long as they are in high enough concentrations.

Hello

you can see these articles:

Introduction to Coordination Chemistry (Inorganic Chemistry: A Textbook Series) by Geoffrey A. Lawrance | Mar 15, 2013

Coordination Chemistry by Joan Ribas Gispert (Author)

Concise Coordination Chemistry Paperback – 1 January 2008 by R. Gopalan (Author), V. Ramalingam (Author)

Hi Oliver,

I think the first part of your question has been answered previously by Dr. Kuksenko. You can check it out to get more perspectives.

(https://www.researchgate.net/post/if_discharge_capacity_is_higher_than_charge_capacity_in_lithium_ion_half_cell_from_anode)

@Abhinav Nag

The modified Debye-Callaway model can be used to calculate the thermal lattice conductivity. See, for example, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2022.111196

Thankyou for your answer.

The lack of answers offered so far could be an indication of confidence levels by solid-electrolyte researchers in their own experimental setups!

The coin cell package is full of variables and impracticalities, so I would not start with that. After asking around, the few battery researchers who would share their experience with me have admitted to using conductive glue products - not sputtering - to attach electrical contacts to their solid electrolyte. I'm about to start this myself, using a silver-containing resin purchased from a trusted supplier.

Based on my trials on variability between identical coin cells, with standard electrodes and liquid electrolyte, I'd be very wary of using them unless absolutely necessary. Since you have no risk of leakage, and usually fewer chemical safety hazards to mitigate, a setup with direct contact (such as crocodile clips on gold pins) to either side of the ceramic electrolyte will likely be more repeatable.

A solid-state electrolyte would have two major advantages (asuming that you find one with sufficient stability and conductivity):

1) It will form stable interfaces to the electrodes (being solid, you may even have the possibility to sandwich two electrolytes - one stable towards the anode and one stable towards the cathode)

2) The transference number of the active ion (e.g. Li+) will be 1 in a true solid-state electrolyte. This will have the (often overlooked ) advantage that you can use thicker electrodes, as the electrode utilisation will not be limited by salt depletion, as is the case with liquid electrolytes - see e.g. K. West, T. Jacobsen, and S. Atlung: “Modeling of Porous Insertion Electrodes with Liquid Electrolyte”. J. Electro­chem. Soc. 129 1480‑85 (1982).

To get a sufficiently high conductivity in a solid-state electrolyte is, however a problem that apparently is not solved at the moment ;-)

Keld

Do you mind sharing the input files for the scf and the thermo_pw calculations?

Did you try to see if there is any mistakes in the input for thermo_pw?

Sergei V. Kuzin Thank you, I think I need more deep analysis towards this.

James Dewar was the first who obtained the solid hydrogen in 1899. Solid hydrogen has a very low density of 0.086 g/L (compared with 0.050g/L for the liquid form). Thus, you don't have any reasonable improvement converting hydrogen from liquid to solid state.

Katı halde veya sıvı halde olabilir. Onu kendi çalışmana göre yapacaksın. Uv kullanılırsa Katı ve sıvıda farklı olur.

Sajjad Mohammadi

With two different laser wavelengths, there can be different Raman spectra.

1. You change the wavelengths, but you also change the place where the beam falls on the crystal structure.

2. Raman spectra are complicated by fluorescence.

Thank you Philip Hasnip. Your answer is helpful. I will get back up to you if get any issues while computing.

Dear Hamza Elaamri ,

Yes it is possible to observe the effect of doping on the structural, electrical, magnetic and optical properties of a compound. But each effect will depend on the type of compound, the element used for doping and its concentration. More details of your research are needed to better discuss your results.

Best regards

Yes, Prof. , you are right. Perturbation theory works sometimes, but we must agree that there is not a unique approach to solving the kinetic equation.

I apologize for the late reply.

The reason why perturbation does not work always is that there are many physical phenomena that involve processes out of equilibrium with chaoticity and randomness, in addition to.

So sometimes if the problem can be linearized, then perturbation can be used, but sometimes.

Let us see, for example, superconductivity by only considering the T different from the 0 K case (Matsubara frequencies is usually and correctly named) and only taking into account the first term in the zero temperature energy gap (that takes into account self-consistency, or another example is the Vlasov equation in the case of linearization for plasmas is a wonderful example of linearization where perturbation theory applies as you stated.

Best Regards.

I think recrystallization of NaCl from aqueous solution may be sufficient. because the purity of the chemicals is usually determined using the physical properties of those chemicals

Also check please the following useful RG links:

Dear Sohrab,

The previos answer is almist full. This metal has almost zero thermal effect on resistivity. Hence, the net change in length (volume) under the pressure is detected directly (without noise due to heating). Read on the naterial in

Need a postdoc position in computational solid state physics especially Organic inorganic perovskite.

Dear Scarleth Vasconcelos ,

can you show, please, some EIS plot(s) about your WE (NMC cathode) ?

You can care about the highest peak

@Nazia . Thank you for sharing this paper.However I need a practical method by which high spore yield of fungus (around 10¹⁰ to 10¹¹ /g) can be achieved with media optimization!

See attached article

Paulo Barbeitas Miranda Thank you very much

Dear Dr. Ross,

This is indeed a difficult task. My college Gerhard Althoff-Ospelt proposes a 15N HETCORE. Here, the combination of 15N and 1H chemical shift could give rise to the protonation state. Which kind of equipment do you have? A 7mm probe would be advantageous with respect to sensitivity but a 4mm probe would also be suitable.

Another solution would off course be fast spinning and 1H detection.

Many Greetings

Kristof Grohe

Hi, i'm having the same problem and i couldn't find any of the typical standards (RhB, Rh101, FLuorescein, etc) with the reported solid state quantum yields. Did you solve this issue?

Anoop Sunny Plasmonic waves combine incident electromagnetic waves and a metal electron gas density oscillation. The electromagnetic wave is transverse oscillation, but with oblique incidence and P (or TM) polarization, there is a longitudinal component that interacts with plasma electrons oscillations. For the electromagnetic wave of S or TE polarization, interacting with electrons density component is absent, so it will not participate in plasmons excitation. If you use for excitation non-polarized light, only its P polarized component will excite plasmons; you will lose half of beam energy.

Have a look for clue at https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6871865

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/17/3545/htm and

Hello

Bring the forward biased voltage and current in sequential columns do the same for reverse then divide IF/IR

plot IF/IR versus VF

This is valid if both forward and reverse biased voltage steps are the same

Good luck

Those oscillations are usually due to a poor choice of the vacuum thickness, causing the wave function of one side of the slab to overlap with that of the other side. Increasing the vacuum thickness should fix it.

Preston Guynn Oh really appreciate ur reply. but I think I make u be confused. I mean I wanna know the actual set-up "cut-off voltage" like 1.9-3.7V or 2.5-4.3V.

Prof. Joseph Gerges

In addition to the previous post, this old USSR course might help. It is free to read, and a really good reference for the theoretical part:

Best Regards.

Dear Bryan, the .cif file is the final document which summarizes the results of a single-crystal X-ray structure determination. This is the key document which is e.g. deposited at the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). For some fundamental information about .cif files please have a look at the following useful article:

Once you have the .cif file of a structurally characterized compound, you can not only visualize the molecular structure but also the crystals structure including inter-molecular hydrogen bonding networks. As a typical example please have a look at the following publication from our research group:

This paper is freely available as public full text on RG. I hope this helps answering your interesting technical question. Good luck with your work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

Dear Shlu,

As shown in 4he attached figure , the charge current flows from left to right through a conductor Hall bar. If the charge current is non-polarized (with equal numbers of spin-up and spin-down electrons), the spin imbalance does not induce a charge imbalance or transverse voltage at the Hall cross. If electrons, which are polarized in the direction of magnetization M, are injected from a ferromagnetic electrode while a circuit drives a charge current (I) to the left, a spin imbalance is created. This produces a spin current (I_S) without a charge current to the right of the electrode. Spin–orbit interactions again separate spin-up and spin-down electrons, but now the excess of one spin type leads to a transverse charge imbalance and creates a spin Hall voltage, VSH. As the distance, L, between the electrode and the Hall cross increases, the voltage signal decreases, allowing the decay length of spin currents (spin diffusion length l_sf) to be measured. More details about SQHE will be presented in Chapter 9 of my Book, about spin transport in nanostructures.

Hirra Anwar,

Fairly comprehensive answer was provided in multiple other threads for databases which I direct you to them. In general, you can look at places like the crystallographic open database (COD) or American Mineralogist. SREC also provides a complete and upkept list of free crystallographic databases. These will allow you to search the composition you are looking for. The only caveat is that you need to check the structures that you use, with something like VESTA.

Previous threads:

Databases:

Good luck!

Dear Kiran B Manjappa , you did not mention your photosensitive compound or any properties for the polymers. From the top of my head, I suggest using polystyrene due to its remarkable transparency. I guess spin-coating is a well-known method for fabricating polymer coatings that you can utilize.

Thank you so much for your post, Prof. Hadi Jabbar Alagealy

Very interesting to know that TB helps in the study & understanding of electron transfer in solid-state devices.

Best Regards.

Dear Tumpa,

We do so, as we consider the vacuum level as a reference energy level.

All insulating materials undergo breakdown when the electric field caused by an applied voltage exceeds the material's dielectric strength. Under sufficient electrical potential, an electrical breakdown can occur within solids, liquids, gases or vacuums.

In highly purified liquid dielectrics, the breakdown is controlled by phenomena similar to those for gasses and the electric strength is high (of the order of 1 MV/cm). ... The gas in the bubble has a lower strength than the liquid, so that more gas is produced and the bubble grows, ultimately causing breakdown.

Various factors, such as the shape of electrodes, their area, the applied electric field, gap spacing, the structure and type of polymeric materials, their molecular weight, types of additives, water and gas content, type of voltage waveform used, the pressure of the pregnant (if any), have an effect on the breakdown ...

It basically goes from a few Hz (for certain axion/ dark-matter experiments ) over the Khz to Mhz range (NMR based axion search"CASPER") with a big activity now between 100 Mhz and about 50 Ghz (all sort of cavity based axions search..Primakoff effect) and then lots of infrared, visible to UV PM (photomultipliers and PM like devices (solid state) devices e.g. for scintillator readout

Dear Sinan Battah,

I have only one idea about liquification which is to take the vapour below the critical temperature and pressurise.

This liquid can be preserved in many ways by designing suitable containers.

Thanks

N Das

In preparation time you can control the lead loss due to evaporation if you follow some techniques. These are

I want to draw your attention to the article: Julia Jezierska, Vladimir Kokozay and Andrzej Ożarowski, EPR studies of spin-spin interactions between Cu(II) centers in dimeric, hexameric and homo- and heteronuclear tetrameric complexes, Research on Chemical Intermediates, Vol. 33, No. 8-9, pp. 901-914 (2007). Best greetings,

Hi Naseem Ud Din ,

Thank you for your explanation. I will try it out.

This line is actually the end of the first (and only) ionic step from OSZICAR, with total energy as the first value and other energy values afterwards.

Thank you again

Dear Karthik, thank you for asking this very interesting technical question. Yes, the conversion of MO₃ thin films into MoS₂ films by sulfurization with elemental sulfur is indeed possible. This process has for example been reported in the article entitled "Direct Transformation of Crystalline MoO₃ into Few-

Layers MoS₂" (Materials 2020, 13, 2293) which can be freely downloaded as pdf file from the general internet. It was pointed out that this process could be carried out at moderate temperatures using simple instrumentation. Elemental sulfur powder was used as sulfurization agent.

In my recent article on Heat balance in the oxygen steelmaking process, I have mentioned the values. Kindly find the attachment of the link.

Dear Ahmad,

yes, in principle, you can use a Swagelok cell^[1].

However, you might receive more specific help, if you could share some infos about the materials of the

a) electrodes, and the (water? based)

b) electrolyte (membrane^[2]).

Dear Jitesh Pandya many thanks for your very interesting technical question. te synthesis and processing of lead-perovskites is an important current research topic worldwide. Thus there is a large body of scientific literature available worldwide. From the outside it is difficult to solve your specific problem without knowing the detailed reaction conditions (target compound, starting materials, solvent etc.). For an alternative synthesis of methylammonium lead bromide perovskite nanocrystals using ionic liquids please have a look at the following relevant article:

Unfortunately this paper has not been posted as public full text on RG. However, the Supplementary Information is freely available (see attached pdf file).

Also please have a look at this potentially useful paper:

There are also a number of interesting references describing the crystallization of lead bromide perovskite materials. For example, please go thorough the following Open Access articles:

and

Moreover, I strongly suggest that you use the "Search" function of RG to find and access relevant articles in this field. As an example, you could search e.g. for the term "lead bromide perovskite" and then click on "Publications":

This will provide you with a long list of useful articles.

Hi Szymon,

From what I have seen for alkaline media:

Nickel is chemically resistant, and a good OER catalyst. Can dislodge catalyst during charging.

Titanium doesn't evolve oxygen during charging, but you may get some dissolution initially.

Steel may release ions such as Fe, Cr, Mn over time that can contaminate the zinc electrode.