Soil - Science topic

The velocity of shrink/swell behaviours of clay soils can vary depending on several factors, such as the type of clay, its mineral composition, and the environmental conditions. However, typically these behaviours occur slowly over a period of weeks to months rather than quickly.

Go to the Rodale Institute website Douds and the collaborators have formulated the method for on farm mycorrhizae production.

The on farm propagation gives an adaptive mixture of species with ability to be effective under your conditions.

When I did a google search using these keywords, several sources appeared: agriculture hyperspectral download.

Hi

Here is one approach to model a horizontal beam on nonlinear Winkler foundation (BNWF) with axial, transverse, and vertical springs in OpenSees:

1. Discretize the 1 km long beam into elements (say 100 10m long elements).

2. Use an ElasticBeamColumn element for each beam segment.

3. Attach zeroLength elements to each node:

- zeroLength in local x-direction for axial soil springs

- zeroLength in local y-direction for transverse soil springs

- zeroLength in local z-direction for vertical springs

4. Use a Parallel material to combine the elastic behavior with a Bilin/Quad nonlinearity for each spring.

5. Apply spring properties like stiffness, yield strength, post-yield stiffness.

6. For damping, attach zeroLength elements with a ViscousDamper material at the ends.

7. Apply restraints and prescribed displacement to beam ends to simulate boundary conditions.

8. For load, apply point loads, prescribed displacements, or ground motion acceleration to the model.

The spacing of the soil springs depends on the desired discretization accuracy. A spacing of 5-10m would likely be reasonable for this length of beam.

This assembles a beam on springs system with nonlinear material models and damping to capture soil-pipeline interaction effects under dynamic loading. The zeroLength elements conveniently allow applying 1D spring-damper behavior between nodes.

9 years ago, Alexander Ryss https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexander-Ryss

answered the similar question:

"Synergism of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita: see in:

Moura, R.M. de, Enchandi, E. and Powell, N.T. (1975) Interactions of Corynebacterium michiganense and Meloidogyne incognita on tomato. Phytopathology 65, 1332–1335.

(Citation after: KARSSEN G. , WIM WESEMAEL W. Moens M. 2013. Root-knot Nematodes. In: CAB International 2013. Plant Nematology, 2nd edn (eds R. Perry and M. Moens)"

Is there any new information?

Also, the link below may prove useful.

Hi Amir,

I checked your input file and it seems that you are using MC material def. for your soil. So, my guess was that the strain concentration is caused by discontinuity in the material behavior. Your soil block is pulling the infinite region and since it is less deformable, you get the stress concentration and plasticity in the interface region. But I tried to run your input file and in fact, the plasticity already occurred during the static step.

So, there are 2 concerns here from my pov:

1. The way you create the model. First, there is no infinite elements in the bottom of the soil. I understand what you are trying to simulate but by modelling it this way, you have no representation of the static and dynamic behavior in the vertical direction.

2. The geostatic state is missing. As you know, the soil behavior is governed by its confining stress. And it is paramount in nonlinear soil simulation. In your static step, you apply the gravity loading to the soil but there is no predefined stress in the soil. This yields incorrect nonlinear behavior because the soil strength is underestimated. Any deformation beyond this point would be considered invalid. If you are unfamiliar with this, please check the abaqus manual regarding geostatic step.

So, for your model, I recommend to apply the infinite elements surrounding the main study area. You can imagine the interface to be like a half-ellipsoid. The interface here is the line between regular and infinite elements.

And then apply the correct geostatic step. I know it can be a challenge to implement a geostatic step on a model with irregular surface. How I usually solve it is by having a preliminary geostatic computation. In this preliminary model, I apply the geostatic computation while applying fixed boundary condition to all soil (finite) region and record the reaction forces. These reactions are then used as input in the true geostatic step in the main model to stabilize the result. I don't know whether you want to go this far, so I'll stop with the details.

Cheers and good luck with the model.

To convert nitrogen in mg/kg to kg/ha, you need to know the bulk density of the soil. Once you have the bulk density, you can use the following formula:

Nitrogen (kg/ha) = Nitrogen (mg/kg) x Depth (cm) x Bulk Density (g/cm3) / 10

For example, if you have a soil sample with 20 mg/kg of nitrogen, a depth of 10 cm, and a bulk density of 1.2 g/cm3, the calculation would be:

Nitrogen (kg/ha) = 20 mg/kg x 10 cm x 1.2 g/cm3 / 10 = 2.4 kg/ha

So the soil sample contains 2.4 kg of nitrogen per hectare.

Thank you very much for your reply Marwan Hany

Your suggestion is very helpful to my research !

Thanks again.

Keda Jin

R-is good!

I don't understand. Is this a question ? Or just a chance to post a thought on a topic ?

Please go though this book chapter.

Perspective Chapter: Conservation and Enhancement of Soil Health for Sustainable Agriculture

Ammonia (NH₃) is generated because of nitrogen in the feces and urine of pigs and cattle and the uric acid of poultry manure. Ammonia forms from the biological and chemical breakdown of manure protein, uric acid, and urea during manure storage and decomposition. Ammonia Recovery is an award-winning, low-cost, environmentally responsible method of recovering nitrogen, in the form of ammonia, from various dilute waste streams and converting it into concentrated ammonium sulfate. The most effective method for reducing ammonia emissions from manure application sites is to incorporate that manure into soil as quickly as possible. This drastically reduces volatilization losses resulting from exposure to air. Treating common ammonia odors in the home landscape may be done by the addition of carbon or simply applying liberal amounts of water to leach the soil and a lime treatment to increase the soil pH. Excessive ammonia discharged to receiving waters can cause serious ecological problems, such as eutrophication resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen, and excessive algal growth. Substantial concentrations of ammonia in wastewater can also cause toxicity to fish and wildlife.

Altered climate will have an effect on soil processes and properties at least some soils may become net sources of atmospheric C, lowering soil organic matter levels. Soil erosion by wind and water is also likely to increase. Climate change can also impact soil biota by increasing water and wind erosion of soil, especially where the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events increases and where climate-change driven changes in land use make soils more vulnerable to erosion. Climate change is one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss, but destruction of ecosystems undermines nature's ability to regulate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and protect against extreme weather, thus accelerating climate change and increasing vulnerability to it. Soil is by far the most biologically diverse material on Earth. Soil contains a large variety of organisms which interact and contribute too many global cycles, including the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Soil provides vital habitats for micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, as well as insects and other organisms. They make nutrients available to plants through interactions with other soil organisms and abiotic factors such as temperature, pH, and moisture content. Nutrients derived from organic matter can reduce the reliance and misuse of synthetic inputs. Organisms living in the soil provide many essential services to humankind. They support food production by helping plants to grow, and they play a key role in controlling nutrient cycles and thus in regulating the Earth's climate. Soil provides ecosystem services critical for life: soil acts as a water filter and a growing medium; provides habitat for billions of organisms, contributing to biodiversity; and supplies most of the antibiotics used to fight diseases. Soil provides nutrients, water and minerals to plants and trees, stores carbon and is home to billions of insects, small animals, bacteria and many other micro-organisms.

Hello Andressa. Perhaps, if it is an option, try testing DNeasy PowerMax Soil Kit (https://www.qiagen.com/us/products/discovery-and-translational-research/dna-rna-purification/dna-purification/microbial-dna/dneasy-powermax-soil-kit) or FastDNA™ SPIN Kit for Soil (https://www.mpbio.com/us/116560000-fastdna-spin-kit-for-soil-samp-cf?gclid=CjwKCAiA9NGfBhBvEiwAq5vSy9UwRg2Lj2cAsBFMfJXRwjYMTstKb1lJDjSO8X8Ii9IvCeW0JzTfEhoC0zQQAvD_BwE).

The use of lava pumice for horticulture is limited based on its serious deficiency in essential Calcium. In addition it is quite high in Potassium and Magnesium which make Calcium availability worse. I was mandated to use lava pumice in Hawaii ginger production systems but upon its poor performance made it use untenable. Another problem is these materials are too dense for container plantings. Not everything that is available has competitive usage qualities. The availability of minerals from pumic materials are also low.

There are many soil moisture sensor are available in the market but the accuracy does not exceed 0.3%. The most notable are: IoT, ECOWITT, XLUX, IPPINKA Sustee Aquameter and Netro Whisperer.

Yes, it does.

See link:

Amer Chabili No, soils and sediments are laser diffraction measurements. They're, in general, far too large for DLS.

Sebastian Kuśmierz , I doubt that the urease and depletion of O2 explain the described effect. You need to explain 1) the massive formation of NH4 and ii) the parallel process of alkalization. My hypothesis is as follows. Glucose is used by microorganisms as a main C source. Additional C source is the N-containing organic compounds from manure. Microbial growth stoichiometry requires the C:N ratio to be about 10:1, most probably in your system there was an excess of organic N (proteins, amino acids, ...), therefore microorganisms took the C-part and excreted excessive N as NH4. It caused a rise of pH. The second source of NH4 is decaying microbial biomass accumulated from the growth on glucose. Usually, glucose is consumed in 3-5 days, then cells start to starve and lyse releasing intracellular cations, e.g., K, Ca, Mg, and plenty of additional NH4. Quite possible that cell lysis is accelerated by amaeba and other small animals present in your compost. Thus, a combination of three powerful factors led to the formation of NH4 and parallel alkalization resulted in NH3 emission: NH4 + OH- --> NH3 + H2O

@ Layth, to change soil texture is very difficult and it involves considerable mechanical and financial input. If your soil is mucky clay, you can improve its texture and structure by adding sand and compost. Sand will quickly improve the texture by separating some of the smaller mineral particles and allowing more openings for air and water circulation.

@ Thomas, so far I know, 2m is the ideal depth.

Under the saline condition the soil will crust becoming impermeable to water percolation. The physical nature of biochar and help explain its effect by breaking the crusting. Secondly the ability of the char carbon is to adsorb the sodium ions taking them out of solution.

The use calcium sulfate is a way of exchanging the soluble sodium for calcium that flocculates the soil without driving the reaction more alkaline.

Sulfur can have the effect of lowering the soil pH to lower more favorable levels.

Organic matter in the form of compost is also highly advantageous in that

Finally, the use of micronutrients can be critical in overcoming alkaline sodic conditions.

Researchers may want to experiment is the combinations of these influences to get better remediation and lower the dosages require

Addition of crop residues I. e rice straw, maize straw as source of available carbon. Rice straw supports fungal growth that can accelerate the organic matter decomposition. Applications of green waste compost, sedge peat, furfural residues, farm yard manure, cattle manure, poultry manure, different agro-industrial by products, composts, cow manure and rice husk. Poultry manure can increase CEC and soluble and exchangeable K, which is a competitor of Na. Please go through the following review article, Effectiveness of organic wastes as fertilizer and amendments in salt affected soils. Agriculture, 2015:5(2), 221-230

@ Shreya, I advise you to go through the below reference:

Methods for Root Exudate Collection and Analysis by Hugo A. Pantigoso, Yanhui He, Michael J. DiLegge & Jorge M. Vivanco , The Plant Microbiome (2020) pp 291–303.

Please find below some useful links for further readings on LIMAN IRRIGATION.

Regards.

Hi Danial,

You might use the liquid-liquid extraction method using an organic solvent. The most important thing you need to know is the chemical structure of your analyte (antibiotic) and to know about its pKa. Accordingly, you can apply the Handerson-Hasslebalch equation by using an appropriate buffer at specific pH to collect your antibiotic in the non-ionized form.

The best thing is where you find the bird, and photograph the aquatic as well as semi-aquatic plants of that waterbody the seed identification becomes much easier after that.

Replace the glass plate in the original Lee kit with a new plate made up of test soil. Run your experiment and have your readings accordingly. It should give accurate results.

Any solution for this ?

Dears;

I'm having the same issue. Did you manage to find a solution? Is it possible for you to share it with me?

You might get a few ideas from a couple of our papers, Hazel Pistol Erosion Plots and Sediment from a Small Gully (not exact titles) in Researchgate. One must find suitable way to separate sediment from the typically large amount of water. Filtration is one approach, separating coarse sand and larger particles from the fine sediments and taking samples of the suspended mix and filtering and drying is another.

If the samples are taken during the storm hydrograph, such as grab samples, or proportional samples taken when wading the cross section, it can be difficult to get appropriate sampling in fast changing conditions. The filter fabric fences in the small gully article, filters the sediment +water mix, leaving the sediment to be volumetrically sampled, dried and weighed.

For fine sediment concentrations, you might be able to calibrate sample measurements of filtered and dried samples with preprocessed turbidimeter readings. Turbidimeters would not capture particles that settle quickly, and some refraction of light interference from organic particles, etc. If no access to ovens to dry samples in remote field studies, you might try constructing solar oven, or developing procedure of calibrating wet weights of filtered samples with dry weights.

There are all sorts of potential error in this type work. Recognizing this, it’s best to stick with standard approaches, or at least do some cross checking between standard and method adjustments used, and those variants fully described.

Sandip Kumar Gupta

No, the use of inorganic fertilizer can not increase / cannot contribute the organic matter in the soil.

Arash Hashemi

The following RG link is also very useful:

Yes, it can be present. As worms tunnel, they consume almost everything in their path, including microscopic plastic pollution.

Earthworms can be significant transport agents of microplastics in soils, incorporating this material into the soil, likely via casts, burrows, egestion, and adherence to the earthworm exterior (Rillig et al., 2017). However, in common sense, vermicomposting is the method of making compost (humus-like material known as vermin-compost) from biodegradable waste by using earthworms.

Also check please the following useful RG links:

Yes you can used Calcium Hydroxide as a soil conditioner but depends upon soil pH. It has higher pH and corrosive in nature you can apply carefully. Hydrated Lime Treatment is particularly suitable for the rapid response phase due to its short treatment time, simple process and use of readily available materials. With trained and skilled staff, it allows for safe, cost-effective and rapid treatment of faecal sludge with outputs that can be safely used for irrigation or soil amendment or can be safely infiltrated or disposed of, if the environmental conditions permit.

1-Biodegradation of microplastics in food and agriculture;

2- Soil amendments and compost products ( due to insecurity of Food stuff specially after Ukraine critical situation

Highly appreciated your question and discussion!

Good afternoon! If the model solution stops, it is desirable to check the boundary conditions, it is also possible to increase the size of the computational grid. The pile is usually monolithic and the moment of inertia is evenly distributed.

Strongly Negative correlation

Dear Ashar Ahmad

You can measure the exchangeable cations using Ammonium Molebdate solution under spectroscopy.

Control erosion

Use cover crops

Implement crop rotation including legumes

Practice ley forage farming

Return manures and composts

Biological conversion of wastes for energy

Adjust soil pH

Adjust and adjust for deficiences and toxicities based in the soil

Eliminate compaction

Practice mixed cropping and animal production systems

Utlizae wastes from local industries on agricultural activities

Practice wind control

Combine agriculture with forestry

Monitor soil carbon condition establish a plan and goal monitor results

Swear off synthetic chemical imputs.

Hello Christina,

There is no DNases step in the total RNA isolation kit protocol. In the total RNA isolation kit, just after RNA gets released from the capture column you add another buffer that allows DNA to release from the column. That makes this protocol RNA-DNA parallel extraction. I've been using the same protocol (as per company guidance) to isolate RNA and DNA parallelly from different types of soil samples for a long time. But I never had such a problem.

Even amplicon sequencing was not successful for DNA isolated by total RNA kit but successful with PowerSoil kit.

I measure DNA concentration by a Quantus machine.

thanks

Soil due to native availability of NPK and other physical, chemical and biological properties also affects the supply and NPK uptake by crops. A NPK ratio of 4:2:1 (N: P2O5:K2O) is generally considered ideal and accepted for macro-level monitoring of consumption of plant nutrients for the country as a whole. However, it is difficult to trace the genesis of this NPK ratio. The efficiency of even balanced NPK fertilization remains low due to the wide-spread deficiencies of secondary and micronutrients. Also, in many areas over-fertilization with nitrogen is not only mining soil of other plant nutrients but is also creating environmental and health problems such as enriching ground water with nitrates. But it will depend upon several factors like soil type and climatic conditions etc.

For more information on this topic go through following link:

Also check please the following very good link: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/118041/files/11.pdf

First of all, yes, fertilizers provide crops with nutrients which allow crops to grow bigger, faster, and to produce more food. To grow, plants require nitrogen compounds from the soil, which can be produced naturally or be provided by fertilizers. However, applying excessive amounts of fertilizer leads to the release of harmful greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and the eutrophication of our waterways. The synthetic chemicals in the chemical fertilizers adversely affect the health of naturally found soil micro-organisms by affecting the soil pH. The use of chemical fertilizers also jeopardizes the health of bacteria that fix the nitrogen balance in the soil. Though chemical fertilizers increase crop production; their overuse has hardened the soil, decreased fertility, strengthened pesticides, polluted air and water, and released greenhouse gases, thereby bringing hazards to human health and environment as well. However, there is imbalance of NPK. It has been observed that, continuous application of DAP has caused build up of P in the soil.

Erupting volcanoes cause sudden, drastic change in an area, forcing organisms to evolve rapidly to adapt to the new environment. Change in an organism's environment forces the organism to adapt to fit the new environment, eventually causing it to evolve into a new species. They eventually become different species. So that changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of individual organisms or an entire species. Short-term environmental changes, like droughts, floods, and fires do not give populations time to adapt to the change and force them to move or become extinct. However, short and long term environmental changes Quiz - Quizizz. What is an example of how organisms respond to short term changes in the environment? Animals tend to eat a lot more before the change occurs to have stored energy. Animals will go extinct or die due to the short term change. Therefore, in evolutionary theory, adaptation is the biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or to changes in their current environment. The idea of natural selection is that traits that can be passed down allow organisms to adapt to the environment better than other organisms of the same species.

Three types of simple shear tests are the unconfined compression, cone, and vane shear tests. The unconfined compression test is usually per- formed on a cylindrical sample with a diameter- to-length ratio of 1:2.Moreover, mechanical and chemical processes and/or reinforcing materials are used in order to increase soil shear strength. Necessity for reinforcing and strengthening of soil in geotechnical and civil engineering projects requires use of new materials and reinforces and shear strength is a very important property of soils. The concept is used by geotechnical engineers in estimating the bearing capacity of foundations and in assessing the stability of retaining walls, slopes, and embankments and the design and construction of highway and airfield pavements. However, electrostatic charges (attractive forces) acting between these fine particles, and surface tension from pore water holding particles together even without the application of external confining forces, hence clay soils have some shear strength even when normal stress is zero.

Oxidation and microbial proliferation leads to SOM loss. So as long as it is safe from oxidation and microbes there will be no loss of SOM. But still if tillage is done in soil and exposure of surface soil to sunlight is happen then it will take very less time for SOM to loss.

Both are negative logarithm of hydrogen ion. Apparently soil pH is measured with 1:2 ratio soil : distilled water. And soil water pH is directly measured by pocket pH meter in wetted soils. So both are more or less same.

Dear @Rupinder Singh, your nice explanation rises another question in my mind, which is about application rates of inorganic and organic fertilizers. Is it possible that you share your idea in this case and provide rationale for your last paragraph. Thank you for taking attention to my question.

Dear Emma Hickey

The calculation of fertilizer per Ha to g/kg is very clear

See, the dose of fertilizer/ha is calculated for 15 cm of plough layer holding 3 million kg of soil i.e. 3000000 kg

so, in case of 90 kg/ha dose, if you want to calculate it for 1 kg soil, it would come to 90/3000000

In the given case of 600 g soil, the fertilizer would be, (90/3000000)*0.6

Make sure that the dose mentioned is for 90 kg of 'fertilizer' per se, not the 90 kg of 'nutrient' (in the second case you need to consider nutrient content of the given fertilizer, e.g. 60% N in urea, 18 kg N and 46 kg P2O5 in DAP)

Don't forget to follow row randomization and column randomization for your experimental pots for maintaining homogeneity

Best of luck

Thomas Fungenzi Tough question but i dont think that the carbonates can be found in the acidic soils as it is found or in fact present in the alkaline soils

Anoop Kumar Srivastava Yes i do feel that Organic Matter is a must and have as Humic materials and Humus is a must and I have personally seen changes in few crops in the agricultural fields and believe me overall enhancement is more than 30-35%

please just put these keywords on any search engine like google or yahoo , you will find hordes of literature pouring in.....since this is the most debated issue of biochar. Infact , biochars proved their worth through these issues only.

It would be very appropriate to measure the pH without any dilution as suggested by Dr. Milham.

Nice question . Why dont you add different proportions of expanding clays ( smectites ) to see the effect ...

Kindly consult this article:

CARBON FOOTPRINT OF SELECTED CEREAL AND LEGUME CROPS CULTIVATED IN THE OLD BRAHMAPUTRA FLOODPLAIN SOIL

An interesting question . The rhizocompetent microbes would prefer broadcast method of fertilizer application , uniformly available to microbes spatially over band placement ...it will be an interesting execise to evaluate the crop response under two different methods of fertilizer applications vis-a-vis microbial growth ( population counts and diversity as well).

Planting trees doesn’t always help with climate change. Reforestation is seen as a way to help cool the climate, sucking excess warming carbon out of the atmosphere. But it’s not always that simple.

不知道啊

Check Applied soil mechanic with Abaqus application, Sam Helwany, C 2.9 p 61. it has a full description continuing with a good example.

Please find the attachments.

Regards.

This is a good question.

This is a good question.

This is a good question.

This is a good question.

That is a good question.

That is a good question.

Md. Tareq Bin Salam , Yes many of the good articles having the permissible limit of heavy metals in soil and plant as per WHO

That is a good question.