Social Welfare - Science topic

One factor is the dominant discourse regulation interpreted as exclusively child-focused, (solely) working with the child and directing resources towards the child.

Dear Michal,

Having recently seen your post, I have some relevant articles or research studies from the United Kingdom to pass on (although you may already be aware of some of them). The first two relate to child protection social work and the following two (my own work) to adoption, (The second of these focuses more specifically on media reporting of the racial politics of adoption).

Maria Leedham (2022) ‘Social Workers Failed to Heed Warnings’: A Text-Based Study of How a Profession is Portrayed in UK Newspapers, British Journal of Social Work 52,2 1110–1128

Warner, J. (2013) ‘“Heads Must Roll”? Emotional politics, the press and the death of Baby P’, British Journal of Social Work. 44 (6) 1137-1153

Kirton D (2018) Still the ‘trusty anvil’?: media perspectives on adoption reform in England, Adoption & Fostering, 42(4), 400-416

(De)racializing ‘common sense’: media perspectives on adoption reform in England, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 43(7), 1208-1226

Lastly I should mention that the British Association of Social Workers has fairly recently created media reporting guidance, details of which and some related material can be found from the following links

I hope some of the above is helpful and good luck with your work.

Best wishes

Derek Kirton

Emeritus Reader in Social Policy and Social Work

University of Kent

Paula Vazquez Lopez some of my articles for older adults:

Kind regards

Tiago

The theories that connects unemployment and social factors are

1 Structural functionalism

2 Conflict theory

3 Symbolic interactionism

Structural functionalism theory suggests that society is made up of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and order.According to this theory, unemployment can be seen as a symptom of a larger problem in society.for example, unemployment may be the result of social factors like a lack of educational opportunities,lack of economic opportunities or discrimination.

Education is seen as dysfunctional social structure.lack of education opportunity leads people not having the skills they need to find a job.lack of economic opportunities may leads to people not having enough jobs available to them.Discrimination may leads to people being denied access to jobs based on their race, gender or other characteristics which these factors can all contribute to high levels of unemployment.

Conflict theory suggests that unemployment is the result of conflict between different groups in society.

Symbolic interactionism suggests that unemployment can have a negative impact on a person's identity and behavior.

The designation of ShanTao as a social welfare firm prompts thought-provoking inquiries regarding the characteristics and objectives of social enterprises. To ascertain whether ShanTao is a legitimate social enterprise, it is imperative to examine the principal attributes and goals conventionally linked with social enterprises.

According to the definition, organizations that apply commercial concepts and are dedicated to solving social or environmental problems are known as social enterprises. Their goals are to have a beneficial social impact in addition to being financially sustainable. The extent to which a social enterprise puts profit ahead of social benefit varies, though.

ShanTao's reliance on donations suggests a closer alignment with traditional charities. Questions concerning their intentions are raised by the fact that it charges more costs for goods than other local retailers. It can be reasonable if the higher prices are only necessary to maintain sustainability and pay for operating expenses. On the other hand, it might be a symptom of a mismatch with standard social entrepreneurship principles if the pricing approach appears exploitative or if revenues greatly exceed the social effect. Retaining the outward appearance of a charity may be a deliberate choice. It might be meant to attract sponsors and supporters. On the other hand, it presents questions related to mission drift if it is inconsistent with the organization's real operations.

ShanTao's status as a social enterprise is determined by its impact, fundamental aims, and dedication to striking a balance between social and financial sustainability. To form a sophisticated opinion, we must take into account both the organization's exterior image and its true objectives as well as activities.

Share of informal workers is an indicator of "not enough" for defining a separate welfare state model. As, for example, the share of unemployed, the share of high-tech employees, etc.

thank you for your comments

best!

John k

I am also with you, but many argue another way because of poverty. I think with a certain modification, indirect taxes support economic growth faster than direct taxes on earnings, which may be sustainable and help poverty eliminate successfully.

When evaluating the effect of public policy think about the direct effect (stated objective of the policy) and possible short run and long run indirect effects. Next, list down the measurable indicators (like health status/ education, etc.) that you wish to examine. Then using appropriate qualitative and quantitative approaches one can evaluate the effectiveness of the policy.

عامل مهم في تعزيز العدالة الاجتماعية

Pension contributions for the aged basically come in different forms per the standing order of the new pension schemes available. if the aged was a worker in the public sector, then he would fall under the obligatory contribution category. also these same people can decide to make contrributions to private schemes which is more like a savings scheme. But if the aged find themselves in the informal, there is still a scheme available for them to make voluntary contributions towards old age. These groupings are in the Defined Contribution schemes.

Interesting Question. Look forward to insights.

Dear colleague,

Please refer to these papers....

I hope they help.

regards

Am in line with Arvydas Guogis

I also share the previous comments, which indicate that the ultimate goal of research should be to improve the life of society, from different points of view: health, education, environment, ... But don't forget that many scientific or technological advances, or the models that allow to describe or interpret certain phenomena, or the improvement of certain useful devices in specific areas, ..., require research at a more theoretical level, whose results will be very positive, later, in the field of applications.

Hi Mary!!

Thank you so much for your reply!! I shall look into the link you mentioned!

Thank you :)

Article related to TRUMPCONOMICS now published, you can take a look at it when you have time The 2016 shift from normal liberal democracy to extreme liberal democracy in the USA: Pointing out the structure of Trumpconomics, its meaning, and its expected local and global implications, both analytically and graphically https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335313547_The_2016_shift_from_normal_liberal_democracy_to_extreme_liberal_democracy_in_the_USA_Pointing_out_the_structure_of_Trumpconomics_its_meaning_and_its_expected_local_and_global_implications_both_analyti https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334964196_The_2016_shift_from_normal_liberal_democracy_to_extreme_liberal_democracy_in_the_USA_Pointing_out_the_structure_of_Trumpconomics_its_meaning_and_its_expected_local_and_global_implications_both_analyti

Supporting young people in home purchase by: guaranteeing credit and / or subsidizing interest .

the interactions of three spheres of life - family and civil society, market, the political system and other institutions - produce the most significant changes. In many cases, the change is produced by what happens in the civil society, others are market pressures, others are the political system. Still, to understand the complex nature of changes in these social spheres of life and relation with other spheres of life, keep in mind the distinction between Systemic integration and Social integration and the different conceptualizations has had over the years (Lockwood, 1964 ; Habermas, 1984; 1987; Archer, 1996a; 1996b)

Check the extensive bibliographies of John McMurtry's books since 1998. They are a gold mine.

You may want to look at game theory as one of the incidentals you are keeping in view.

In micro finance, the two key factors are margins and scale.

You can check our model on age and attitude ….

Dear Antonio,

Thank you very much for your answer. Your papers are really helpful for my research.

Best,

Carmen

agree with @Carlos Eduardo Maldonado

regards

In my understanding, placing the social welfare and social work within the broad framework is not the issue. Since the SA has wealth of resources, its focus to development could be on the self centered than global centered ( Although it is a difficult task in the present so called Globalized society")

HI,

Try these

Langston, J. (2016). Invisible fathers: Exploring an integrated approach to supporting fathers through the Mellow Dads Parenting Programme piloted in a UK prison. Journal of Integrated Care, 24(4), 176-187.

Gatrell, C. J., Burnett, S. B., Cooper, C. L., & Sparrow, P. (2015). The price of love: The prioritisation of childcare and income earning among UK fathers. Families, Relationships and Societies, 4(2), 225-238.

Culpin, I., Heron, J., Araya, R., Melotti, R., & Joinson, C. (2013). Father absence and depressive symptoms in adolescence: findings from a UK cohort. Psychological medicine, 43(12), 2615-2626.

Hi Archana,

You could try the following

Midgley, N., Ansaldo, F., & Target, M. (2014). The meaningful assessment of therapy outcomes: Incorporating a qualitative study into a randomized controlled trial evaluating the treatment of adolescent depression. Psychotherapy, 51(1), 128.

O'Cathain, A., Thomas, K. J., Drabble, S. J., Rudolph, A., Goode, J., & Hewison, J. (2014). Maximising the value of combining qualitative research and randomised controlled trials in health research: the QUAlitative Research in Trials (QUART) study--a mixed methods study. Health Technology Assessment, 18(38).

Thanks,

Hamish

Dear Paul

Thank you for your reply

Do you know perennial grass that can be grown in arid areas

Durante una gran parte de la historia agraria (y creo que en general) el problema ha sido el  de la desigualdad como planteas al final de tu texto: falta de márgenes amplios que potenciaban "prepotencia de unos y falta de posibilidades de elección de otros". La pregunta entonces, en mi opinión, habría que reconducirla a las posibilidades reales que cuentas los grupos, en una situación de estrechos márgenes de actuación, para actuaciones basadas en la confianza  mutua. El sesgo de mi investigación me obliga a ejemplificar con la conflictividad rural en los años 30 del siglo pasado cuando las posibilidades de cooperación fueron escasas. ¿Cómo medimos el tamaño del campo de elección entonces? Me gustaríanque me ilustraran  con análisis más allá de Olson para entender acciones colectivas con estrechos márgenes para la cooperación. Y más difícil todavía, en coyuntura económica depresiva. 

Happy to share concepts or thoughts on how to arrive at solutions.  So you are aware, the city of Mobile, AL has a tiny house community already functioning.  I intend to go down there to see how they started their project, and if we could adapt some things here to make it work.  Likewise, I will keep you updated.   Terry

It is sad that even on an academic platform like this pure racism is spread on this issue. Please try to apply Ricardo's logic (e.g. in connection with violence against women and girls) on white perpetrators and follow these thoughts for yourself. As is always the case with racist discourse it is also full of very simple errors - e.g. that only European countries would take in refugees, take a look at Libanon or even Turkey, will you?

Back on the original question: a lot of critical research is done members of 'kritnet' - unfortunately their page is in German only, but I guess you could get in touch by writing an e-mail: http://kritnet.org

If you have the continuous scores of the NBI index you can run Gini of Theil If your discrete categories are quintiles, yo can also run one of these dispersion stats. Otherwise you can calculate the ratio of marginal households against non poor.  

there is a literature in economics showing simply being near the coast matters.    and the curse of oil if the subnational is resource rich too.  finally, if the subnational was at one time independent can matter - ex. Texas in the u.s. was its own country briefly

Dear Mohamed,

often, there is very strong connection between political thinking (ideology) and social welfare. In the most basic way, a social system guaranteeing social welfare is constructed around the discourse regarded to relationship between human (citizen) and society. If there is a strong stress on individual and his/her abilities, personal responsibility, and (relative) independence from the society, the social system is significantly weaker and it is regarded as futility since everyone is an architect of his/her wellbeing. Society in this sense equals to the market where everyone meets each other only to fulfill his/her needs. Where there is discoursive awareness of human beings as social beings and of structural limits of society as the market resulting in idea that not everything in one's life is within personal reach, there is also stronger social system. If you are interested in this topic, I would suggest to become acquainted with social justice as one specific field of political theory and philosophy and then to read about empirical researches of concrete Western social systems.

For social justice, there is huge textual production, a lot of overview and comparative literature. As for the approaches, there is neoliberalism (Friedrich Hayek, Ludwig von Mises), libertarianism (Robert Nozick, Murray Rothbard), egalitarian libertarianism (Peter Vallentyne, Hillel Stener, Philip van Parijs), egalitarianism (John Rawls), luck egalitarianism (Ronald Dworkin, Gerald Cohen), prioritarianism (Derek Parfit), basic needs approach (Martha Nussbaum, Amartya Sen), individual recognition and respect approach (Nancy Fraser, Axel Honneth), and some more. Literature of these thinkers is easily available.

For empirical studies, Stefano suggested Gøsta Esping-Andersen's Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism and I agree, it is good, albeit somewhat outdated, book. For contemporary analysis of American social system I would keenly suggest Jonh Gilliom's Overseers of the Poor and Kaarin Gustafson's Cheating Welfare. For analysis of European social systems, there is, for example, book Nordic Welfare States in the European Context edited by Mikko Kautto, Johan Fritzell, Bjørn Hvinden, Jon Kvist and Hannu Uusitalo. There is a lot of very focused journal articles about social systems of individual countries.

Nowadays, the neoliberal approach to social justice and system is dominant so there is a stress on individualization of social and life risks as well as on intorduction of new public management for directing the social system. In this sense I would recommend reading some text by Francois Ewald dedicated to social risk and its redistributiion in Western societies, and also the classic book Risk Society by Ulrich Beck.

I don't know if I answered your original question but I hope it will be somewhat helpful at least.

Very interesting comments....and perspective. I did write about elder abuse as well as advocacy in one or two chapters of my book: Charlene M. Kampfe (2015) Counseling Older People: Opportunities and Challenges. Publisher: The American Counseling Associaton.

For macro indicators, you could check the European System of Social Indicators. It is an instrument to monitor European citizens' quality of life, societal social cohesion and sustainability as well as changes in the social structure of European societies. It is an ambitious project and rather incomplete, but you may find what you are after: http://www.gesis.org/en/social-indicators/products-of-the-zsi/simon-social-indicators-monitor/

This is being explored in many developing countries due to lack of capacity at higher levels of government, mostly becuase of the possibility it offers to improve accountability.

However, it reduces the potential legitimacy of the national state be reducing the scope of its involvement in the lives of citizens. I do not think that is a problem in and of itself, but I think national governments would normally prefer to take credit for these things because it legitimizes their authority to tax, rather than devolving both taxation powers and services delivery responsibility to local governments. I think that regimes would mostly only tolerate this if they were quite confident in their perceived legitimacy.

Also, there could be problems with funding formulas, for example if lots of people moved from one jurisdiction to another. In China, for example, you pay into one municipal plan for certain areas of social insurance, but it is not portable, with the result that the most vulnerable workers usually get the lowest returns from their social security contributions. I really like the ideas and ideals of community-level funding AND delivery of these services, but I think the level of pooling is too small to offer the level of social security that most people would prefer to have (with the exception of some very narrow segments who are very wealthy and obtain their social security primarily through regime stability and police, etc.).

Latin America is the most unequal region of the world. However, for more than a decade now, it has been also the only region where inequality has been decreasing. This is very much a consequence of the first developments of welfare states. The case of Brazil, in particular, is considerably relevant. Brazil has a very long historical tradition of state activism (for example, the Government Revenue in Brazil, as a proportion of GDP, is a little higher than the average of OECD countries). Since the promulgation of the 1988 democratic Constitution, as well as after the worker's party won its first presidential election in the beginning of the 2000s, new social policies have been thought and implemented, and as a consequence, the Gini coefficient of income concentration dropped from 0.61 to less than 0.50 (we now know it has been much more a decrease in earnings inequality than in total income inequality). Besides programs of conditional cash transfers, Brazil has an important legislation to increase the value of minimum wage, as well as an enormous and relatively comprehensive universal public health system (despites its low quality). The main difference of the welfare system in Brazil and the most remarkable examples of western Europe is that while in the European model policies are mainly universal, in Brazil some programs are completely focalized based on mean-tested criteria.

Hello Paulinus,

I have been thinking on this topic of sustainabilty for quitw some time now, In this I must admit my thinking and reading has started to sway. My position at first was leaning to the possibility of having some social program like the one you refer to be sustained. Howerever, living in the U.S for almost 55 years I am becoming more and more sceptical as time goes goes on. From my perspective based in Critical Social Theory, I asked myself and request all to ask ouselves; what has human kind socially built, excluding bricks and morter, that have been sustained? In thinking and searhing on this question I find less than the fingers on one hand.

That is were I would start Paulinus. It does not matter what others have defined, it is how you define it. Just as you can reject or think about what this responce is refering to. For example, when you think about sustainability does it include time and space? If it does then you have another starting point. Second, is your thinking on sustainability focused on communnity,state, nation state, or global? Third, what is the context in which you define sustsainabilty, this will greatly narrow and focuse the research. Fourth, as you research; ask youself what is connecting all the various studies together? Think about presuppositions, philosophicy, theory, political influence. I hope I don't sound as if... Fifth, consider what is burried deep in the relationship between this question the related research. Finaly, what I believe to the most important and rearly mentioned in discussions on research is look for what is not there (relates to 4) not said not reported. A lot of times silence and absence speak.

Last, my amswer to the first paragraph's ending question has something to do with linear time, not space in the geographic sense, and are global. Three concepts have meet my definenetion of sustainabilty, the first being patrairarchy and the others I leave to you Paulinus and others.

Hope I have helped,

Douglas 

This paper might give you and idea of fiscal costs and the transition to the FDC system introduced in Chile in 1981:

I think that a very useful contribution at this regard is the the book of Emanuele Ferragina (2012) "Social Capital in Europe. A comparative Analysis" Edward Elgar Publishing 

Dear Edmund,

try the following links: (There are mainly quantitave studies, but nobody can do quantitative research before collecting experience in qualitative research; so there's a great chance for you, to find what you are looking for)

Projekt "Einstellungen zum Wohlfahrtsstaat im europäischen Vergleich" (see: http://eswf.uni-koeln.de/forschung/ewv/)

Projekt "Wohlfahrtsstaatliche Maßnahmen und Einstellungen der Bürger" (see: http://eswf.uni-koeln.de/forschung/wme/index.html)

Working papers and publications:

Thorsten Heien (2000b): Attitudes Towards the Welfare State in Europe: Starting Point or Obstacle on the Road to a Social Union? Paper presented at the ECSR-Workshop "Comparative Social Justice Research", Oxford, United Kingdom, September 13-14, 2000. EWV-Arbeitspapier Nr. 2. (see attachment below)

Hans-Jürgen Andreß und Thorsten Heien (1998): Explaining attitudes towards the welfare state: Problems of a current research project. Paper for the Conference "Welfare States at the Crossroads". WME-Arbeitspapier Nr. 3. (see attachment below)

Hans-Jürgen Andreß und Thorsten Heien (1999a): Explaining Public Attitudes towards the German Welfare State using Structural Equation Models. Paper presented at the "Conference on Recent Trends and Methods of Social Stratification Research", Potsdam, Germany, April 30, May 1-2, 1999. WME-Arbeitspapier Nr. 7. (see attachment below)

Hans-Jürgen Andreß und Thorsten Heien (1999b): What determines people's attitudes towards the welfare state? A cross-cultural comparison using multiple-group structural equation models. Paper presented at the Conference "Large Scale Data Analysis", Cologne, Germany, May 25-28, 1999. WME-Arbeitspapier Nr. 8. (see attachment below)

Thorsten Heien und Dirk Hofäcker (1999a): How do welfare regimes influence attitudes? A comparison of five European countries and the United States 1985-1996. Paper presented at the ECSR-Workshop "Causes and Consequences of Socio-Economic and Political Attitudes in Eastern and Western Europe", Mannheim, Germany (October 7-8, 1999). WME-Arbeitspapier Nr. 9. (see attachment below)

Hans-Jürgen Andreß und Thorsten Heien (2000): Four Worlds of Welfare State Attitudes? A Comparison of Germany, Norway, and the United States. to appear in: European Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (December 2001). download under: http://esr.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/4/337.abstract

See also:

Morten Blekesaune and Jill Quadagno (2003): Public Attitudes toward Welfare State Policies. A Comparative Analysis of 24 Nations. Dowload under:

http://www.socsc.hku.hk/sigc/gc2013/pdf/Reading%20Materials_Taiwan/lecture%205b_Lih-rong%20wang.pdf.

Kohl, Jürgen (2013): Hohe Akzeptanz des Wohlfahrtsstaates trotz kritischer Leistungsbewertung: Wohlfahrtsregime und Einstellungen zum Wohlfahrtsstaat im europäischen Vergleich. Download under:

Kind regards and good luck Detlef

Usually you do not include the impacts of Government social services. Only direct income payments are defined as public intervention. It could be interesting to include the value of public housing but you will loose the possibility of any international comparisons in terms of poverty reduction policies.

From a political perspective, key risks are 1) that privatization itself is both a product and producer of a particular ideology, and 2) that the global capitalist framework makes such decisions more or less irreversible. If interested, there are good documentaries on the issues you raise above, for example the effects on IMF policies for money lending to developing countries, which force countries to give up access to key infrastructure (e.g. privatisation of water supply and provision, which exclude the poor). 

TELIGEN is probably the only source of comparable information on prices, but causality is tricky , you cannoy just take a 'before-after approach' and you need to control for confounding factors. See the telecommuncations chapter of Florio M 'Network industries and social welfare' (OUP, 2013)

I thought I would share for others who might be interested that I am using the following resources:

Barnett-Queen, T., Blair, R., & Merrick, M. (2005). Student perspectives of online discussions: Strengths and weaknesses. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 23(3/4), 229-244. doi:10.1300/J017v23n01_01

Bushfield, S, (2005). Field clusters online. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 23(3), 215-227. 10.1300/J017v23n03_04

CSHSE. (2013). National standards. Alexandria, VA: Author.

de Boer, C., Campbell, S. L., & Hovey, A. (2011). When you come to a fork in the road, take it: Taking social work practice using blended learning. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 37(3), 1-17.

Franyo, G. (Ed.). (2013). CSHSE Bulletin. Alexandria, VA: Council for Standards in Human Service Education.

Hash, K. M., & Tower, L. E. (2010). The development and evaluation of online learning modules to deliver lifespan content in human behavior and social environment courses. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 20(3), 379-392. doi:10.1080/10911351003673260

Larsen, A. K., Visser-Rotgans, R., & Hole, G. O. (2011). Teaching and learning community work online: Can e-learning promote competencies for future practice? Journal of Technology in Human Services, 29(1), 13-32. doi: 10.1080/15228835.2011.565244

McFadden, R. J., Moore, B., Herie, M., & Schoech, D. (2005). Web-based education in the human services: Content and connections. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 23(1/2), 1-9. doi: 10.1300/J017v23n01_01

Walsh, C. A., & Baynton, M. (2012). Distance education in social work: An evaluation of an undergraduate course on family violence. International Journal of Higher Education, 1(1), 148-159. doi:10.5430/ijhe.v1n1p148

Williams, J. H. (2010, April 10). Social work education and technology: Challenges and opportunities. Presentation at the spring meeting of the National Association of Deans and Directors of Schools of Social Work , Naples, Fl.

Schools are a must for everybody. We learn so much there, not just theorical issues but we create our own personality and we interact with peers who possess similiar interests. We diversify our knowledge by studying different fields and, when we are young, we store information in a much easier way as our brain is still " clean". That's why if we pay close attention to what we are taught we will learn for life. Now of course there are negative aspects such as bullying and even subjects some students underperform such as maths. However, in most cases schools are a must for society and we should invest in good training and teaching since this improves the creation of knowledge, innovation, planning and development.

God and Nationalism are alive and kickin' - at least when you look at the right wing movements in most European countries. In fact, I have the impression that the crisis led to a further strengthening of right wing tendencies - take for instance Hungary or the latest elections in France. Actually, the dismantlement of the welfare state is very much a part of this tendency - right wing populism for the middle classes (heading for a bigger social stratification) and right wing extremism for the under class (hating Jews or Roma or whoever fits instead of their national elites). Maybe Hungary is in fact the model of what to expect in Europe.

What a lovely rhetorical question from a promising lady of yours Dammy.

Well, in my own opinion, I think causes of poor performance among Nigerian students are multi-factors in nature. These can be categorized as being biological, psychological and social in nature. Biological in the sense that some are below average in intelligence quotient considering their age group; which could attributed so many factors too. Psychological in the sense that; do our students are actually ready to learn? What is their mind-set toward qualitative learning? Do they believe getting good grades as functions of hard work? and so on. Social in the sense that ; is our environment conducive and stimulating enough for ideal learning? Do students have access to necessary materials that could help them learn better and perform well at the end? Many, many like these..... But, I know, Nigerian students should willingly develop themselves in all ramifications for them to withstand their mates internationally. Nigerian students wake up...........

Depends on how do you define economic development!

I live in Denmark, a Scandinavian type welfare state. Danes used to be proud of this welfare model which has worked very well, but as Markus Pausch says, it is under pressure from international economic competition. The strong economic pressure is evidenced by the fact that even socialist politicians are cutting down on welfare now, knowing that this will cost them their reelection because those who voted for them want welfare. Politicians of all colors here claim that they want to preserve the welfare system, while at the same time argueing for free trade, economic liberalism and deregulation. They pretend that there is no conflict between welfare state and neoliberalist politics even though the country is evidently taking part in the "race to the bottom".

I would even more broadly argue that analyzing politics and political economy in general is highly important because in most countries around 50% of GDP goes through the hands of collective institutions (government, etc.) and the remaining 50% are influenced by the rules set up by collective institutions.

Depend from culture to culture.

There is , as you might know a strong TB-HIV co-infection issue around the world. You can find quite a bit of my stigma work on ResearchGate.