Social Values - Science topic

Tadele Amare Kassie

Yes, numerous studies highlight the importance of research recycling in science, society, and the economy. This refers to the reuse of data, experimental results, and research ideas instead of neglecting or archiving them without further application. Here are some facts and possible solutions:

✅ Accelerated Progress – Using already collected data in new analyses reduces the need for costly experiments and enables faster development of new discoveries. ✅ Improved Scientific Reproducibility – One of the major challenges in science is the lack of reproducibility of results. Sharing and reusing data help mitigate this issue. ✅ Interdisciplinarity – Old data can have new value in other fields. For example, satellite images used for climate research can also be beneficial in urban planning.

🔹 Example: The Open Science Framework (OSF) allows scientists to share and recycle data, which has already improved reproducibility in psychology and other sciences.

✅ Increased Transparency – When data and research are recycled and openly shared, the risk of result manipulation and scientific fraud decreases. ✅ Strengthening Education and Innovation – Students and young researchers can use existing data for new analyses instead of wasting resources on collecting basic data. ✅ Democratization of Knowledge – Making data accessible reduces barriers to research, especially in less developed countries.

🔹 Example: Initiatives like Harvard Dataverse provide free access to databases from various disciplines.

✅ Reduced Research Costs – Instead of funding duplicated studies, resources can be directed toward new ideas and applications of existing results. ✅ Increased Productivity – Companies and universities can develop new technologies faster if they have access to already validated data. ✅ Commercialization of Scientific Data – In some cases, recycling research results leads to the creation of new products and services.

🔹 Example: The pharmaceutical industry increasingly uses recycled data from old clinical trials to develop new drugs, significantly speeding up processes and reducing costs.

🔹 Legal and Ethical Reforms – Implementing policies that require researchers to make their data and results available through open repositories. 🔹 Incentives for Data Sharing – Allocating grants and academic credits for researchers who contribute to shared databases. 🔹 Technological Solutions – Enhancing artificial intelligence algorithms to extract useful insights from old data. 🔹 Changing Academic Culture – Increasing the recognition of secondary analyses instead of focusing solely on original studies.

Very wonderful

There are certain sectors and certain businesses which are problematic. Many other sectors and businesses agree that their counterparts should not exist and actively work toward supporting humanity and the planet.

Examples of our agendas for achieving sustainability which must involve the private sector--those who are on board with sustainability:

1. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8959-2_2

2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imic.2015.04.001

3. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-02-2017-0043

And reflections on responsibility in the context of the petroleum industry:

1. https://doi.org/10.17585/arctic.v7.418

2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.03.008

3. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-10-2015-0150

Dear Rafael Pereira,

Great, brilliant question. I would add to the question, apart from pro-environmental issues, also pro-climate aspects, because these issues are interrelated taking into account the developing global climate crisis, and thus also the environmental crisis. Well, in my opinion, the best multi-criteria model for a better selection of projects to improve pro-environmental and pro-climate competences should be based on the integration of various factors and issues of the negative impact of civilization on the state of the natural environment, the progressive decline in biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems, the negative effects of environmental pollution with various types of waste (in including plastic waste, microplastics), the impact of the progressive global warming process on terrestrial and oceanic natural ecosystems, the level of extinction of flora and fauna species, etc. On the other hand, this type of multi-criteria model should also take into account various aspects of the classic growth, brown , the linear economy of surplus for a sustainable, green, zero-carbon economy of zero growth and the circular economy as a process that is necessary for to hide a significant part of the planet's biosphere from destruction, in a situation where, according to long-term prognostic models of climate change, a global climate catastrophe was to occur already at the end of the present twenty-first century. I described individual aspects of this issue in articles that were published on my profile of this Research Gate portal. I invite you to research cooperation on this important issue for the future of the biosphere, biodiversity and climate of the planet.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Dear Geoff, we have gone off the relevant question here, so this will be my last comment to your outside the question comments….

With respect to your previous comments and the current comments….

You original comments and critic of the working of the traditional market and its negative social and environmental consequences are consistent with my point of view because that means that we have been trying to use a distorted market in environmental terms to address environmental problems, a big inconsistency. However since GDP thinking is part of the distorted traditional market thinking, then unless it is made consistent with the relevant environmental sustainability problem like green GDP produced by green market growth where green producers and green consumers meet at the green market price, then the GDP based on distorted thinking is also distorted….

Before the Brundtland Commission report in 1987 I was thinking about how to correct the distorted traditional market model to transition it from a fully dirty market nature to a fully clean market nature using sustainability thinking, and then the commission formally called for correcting the social and environmental issues associated with the traditional market development model…. Then I realized that since 1776 to 1987 most economists knew or should have known the assumption of environmental and social neutrality assumptions and the assumption of population dynamic neutrality assumptions in the long term were going to lead to over production, over consumption and over population problems, but they remained silent. So I started a one man project to slowly but sure document the short comings of the traditional market models in simple terms and shared ideas on how to go beyond traditional business as usual model as the Brundtland commission asked in terms of red market thinking, green market thinking and sustainability market thinking….. Then came, Kyoto protocol, then came 2012 Rio +20 and the supposed move to green markets, then came the world of dwarf green markets a la environmental externality management and the flipping of traditional perfect market thinking…..And with all those events came paradigm shift knowledge gaps that needed to be closed….

Below I shared some of my articles related to the issues described above with some good food for thoughts on beyond business as usual

Did Adam Smith Miss the Chance to State the Goal and Structure of Sustainability Markets in His Time? If Yes, Which Could Be Some of the Possible Reasons Behind That?

What If Markets Have Always Been Distorted? Would It Then Be a Good Fix to Add Fair Trade Margins to Correct Distorted Agricultural Market Prices?

Complex and Man-made Markets: Are We Currently Approaching Sustainability in a Backward and More Chaotic Way in Terms of Economic Thinking?

Beyond Traditional Market Thinking: What is the Structure of the Perfect Green market?

Sustainability thought 165: How can we show that the overpopulation framework a la ecological overshoot is a subset of the most distorted market price possible framework? What are the main implications of this?

From Traditional Markets to Green Markets: A Look at Markets Under Perfect Green Market Competition

Sustainability thoughts 126: Are environmental externality management based production and consumption bundles inconsistent with green pareto efficiency and with pareto efficiency principles at the same time? If yes, why?

The Flipping of Traditional Economic Thinking: Contrasting the Working of Dwarf Green Market Thinking with that of Green Market Thinking to Highlight Main Differences and Implications

David Morgan already warned you correctly not to use stepwise regression. If you are interested in the arguments why this would be a bad idea, see my two answers to a question about stepwise methods raised by Xue Deng about 6 years ago:

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Can-I-use-backward-selection-technique-for-Binary-Regression-Model?_ec=topicPostOverviewFollowedQuestions&_sg=t2dNT-jPd-dl2EdY4ukGKH6EBr967rzTXn_mN0jS2VZTQdA4_xy_9cdbIrY9nFZOcCHWMhKkzQBw3Mnb

thanks Norkhairi Bin Ahmad

Hello, I used a matrix question with the following options:

Keeping the two extra paragraph marks to insert two extra lines above each of the responses will keep the responses lined up with the 'you receive | other receives' statement. I added the recommended text using the Rich Content Editor. Hope this helps!

I enjoyed reading Bryan Caplan's books and articles (2011; 2018). He discusses the concept of value in relation to the funder. So, in the case of education, when the public saw themselves as paying for the education of students, they expected a social or civic return. Whereas through further marketisation and the student loans model, the students see themselves as the funders and expect the value to be for themselves, rather the a soceital one.

Hi!

I think the Stakeholder theory

regards, Pavlo

Thank you, it seems very interesting!

Dear @ Wondimagegn Menggist

Will be waiting for the same.

“may be time consuming and would affect the response rate” - what supporting evidence do you have?

Overall, differences in values between groups holding distinct demographic characteristics are quite small (i.e., large between-group similarities). Here are a couple of studies with thousands of participants that might be relevant.

Gender: Schwartz & Rubel (2005)

Age: Robinson (2012). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5549227/

Country: Fischer & Schwartz (2011) https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110381429 , Schwartz & Bardi (2001) http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/32/3/268

Education-level, income, religious denominations, age, gender, countries: Hanel et al. (2019) (Study 1 and Supplemental Study)

Put simply there are two key aspects to describing a distribition

1 the central tendency or middle

2 the spread or the degree of variation around the middle.

The problem with the the variance (and the standard deviation) is that can be seen as a combination of these two elements in that is is affected by the units of measurement for the variable being studied. The coefficient of variation purports to be a measure of spread that is dimensionless.

So if you assessing income inequality of two countries with different monetary systems you would want the coefficient of variation.

This project is in part about developing a measure of inequality that uses a Poisson multilevel model to get at the spread taking account of the mean.

Dear Helena Pokrivka,

Clearly, there is no obvious scalar basis for measuring a ‘nudge’ so we are dealing with non-parametric data. Such data can however be analysed in terms of order and ranking. An appropriate ranking measure is a Likert Scale, which consists of a pair of opponent 5 or 7-point scales with nominally linear increments that are distributed symmetrically about a neutral value midpoint. Thus for example, in the case of describing probability the midpoint might be denoted as “moderate” and the opponent extremes could be “extremely likely” to “not at all likely.” I leave it to you to devise a Likert scale representation of multiple nudges, the term convincing comes to mind.

Hi Velvetina,

I suggest that you might consider the Dark Tetrad which adds "everyday-sadism to the Triad see Buckles, Jones, & Paulhus, 2013

Hello Hanaa,

The skewness statistic quantifies how much departure a given data set has from symmetry (as in a normal distribution, or any other distribution in which the left hand portion is a mirror image of the right-hand portion). Non-significant results imply that the distribution does not differ dependably from being symmetric.

The "tests of normality" evaluate the data set against the null hypothesis that the data come from a normally distributed population. Non-significant results imply that it is reasonable to behave as if your data set is (sufficiently close to being) normally distributed.

As regards the histogram, remember that with a relatively small N (here, N = 36 cases), it is unlikely that you'd see a random sample match perfectly to a normal distribution, even if you knew for a fact that the parent population was normal in shape.

Good luck with your work.

It appears that gossip is one of the micro themes that most interactants tend to use in personal conversations with those with whom they have an intimate relationship. Although gossip is considered unethical, for some unknown reason, it creates a secretive venue which the parties involved in the conversation seem to enjoy.

You might look at the first few chapters of the book, Dyadic Data Analysis by Kenny et al. (2006).

Thank you for your answer and link to further information. I can see many applications for such modelling and strategy.

Hello, Susan

Here in Bahia (Brazil) I am taking care, along with my brothers, of my mother, an 80-year old woman with Alzheimer's disease and osteoporosis and two femoral head prostheses.

If you are interested, I will try to answer the questions you have for your study.

this question is beyond difficult and not amenable to short bytes of reply.

however, the short answer, ethically, if success is the criterion, is a simple NO!

here are 2 of dozens of papers on the subject:

Acta Paediatr. 2001 Jan;90(1):69-73.

Growth hormone in short children: beyond medicine?

Bolt LL(1), Mul D.

Author information:

(1)Department of Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Erasmus

University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Comment in

Acta Paediatr. 2001 Jan;90(1):5-6.

The indications for growth hormone (GH) treatment in non-GH-deficient short

children are in debate, with some arguing that this treatment does not belong

solely in the medical domain. We describe three different approaches to the

issue, and argue that neither a disease-oriented nor client-oriented approach is

sufficient. Both lead to withdrawal of medical interventions or to an undesirable

application.CONCLUSION: An approach focusing on suffering as an indication for

treatment of short stature is the most appropriate. The challenge is to develop

proper tools by which to evaluate suffering and the efficacy of GH treatment in

these children in order to relieve or prevent suffering.

PMID: 11227337 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

---------------------

Soc Sci Med. 2015 Apr;131:305-12. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.015. Epub 2014

Oct 7.

Growth hormone, enhancement and the pharmaceuticalisation of short stature.

Morrison M(1).

Author information:

(1)Centre for Health, Law & Emerging Technologies (HeLEX), Nuffield Department of

Population Health, University of Oxford, Room 120, Rosemary Rue Building, Old

Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7LF Oxford, Oxon, UK. Electronic address:

michael.morrison@dph.ox.ac.uk.

This paper takes the biological drug human Growth Hormone (hGH) as a case study

to investigate processes of pharmaceuticalisation and medicalisation in

configuring childhood short stature as a site for pharmaceutical intervention.

Human growth hormone is considered to have legitimate applications in treating

childhood growth hormone deficiency and short stature associated with other

recognised conditions. It is also regarded by bioethicists and others as a form

of human biomedical enhancement when applied to children with idiopathic or

'normal' short stature. The purpose of this study is not to evaluate whether

treatment of idiopathic short stature is enhancement or not, but to evaluate how

some applications of hGH in treating short stature have come to be accepted and

stabilised as legitimate 'therapies' while others remain contested as

'enhancements'. A comparative, historical approach is employed, drawing on

approaches from medical sociology and Science and Technology Studies (STS) to set

out a socio-technical history of hGH in the US and UK. Through this history the

relative influence and interplay of drivers of pharmaceuticalisation, including

industry marketing and networks of drug distribution, and processes of

medicalisation will be employed to address this question and simultaneously query

the value of enhancement as a sociological concept.

Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.015

PMID: 25455477 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Interesting.

I am going to provide an answer which is rather indirect. There is a resident community, upstream the Port-Reitz Creek in Mombasa, Kenya. The resident population was, initially made up of local people. They understood the importance of mangroves as a habitat for fish, crabs, lobsters etc. Consequently, they conserved the mangrove habitat as it was bringing benefits in terms of income from fishing activities. They were not keeping any data in terms of fish catch income, but, all they knew was that life was good. Then came another community, initially, not resident to the area.

The new community saw the mangrove forest as a source of charcoal and building poles. They started harvesting these from the mangrove forest. The consequence was a decline in fish catch and income for the indigenous local population. This resulted in disharmony between the two communities occasioned by the resource use conflict. While I have some knowledge about this issue, I did not venture to find out if data was generated, However, my colleagues in Research Gate, particularly those involved in marine science studies, may have better insight on the subject. Does my answer tickle the mind of such one colleague to provide a more comprehensive answer to the questioner, I wonder?

They should learn that they are loved and that we, parents and teachers, will stand for them no matter what. No matter what they do, they will be loved as far as we live.

Thanks miss Béatrice Marianne Ewalds-Kvist

I suggest you search and read the article titled 'Through a glass, darkly: Measuring the social value of universities' authored by Ursula Kelly and Iain McNicoll.

To investigate this dilema, and come with a veredict, you should read The Human Action from Ludwig Von Mises. In there you will see that Economy can only comes out from human interest, and ultimately from human action.

This means that the benevolence and trust is the basis of the market, from which come out the monetary benefits.

In a situation of disaster, and rebuilding of a society, the first step is always the creation of human bonds, that enhances trust between people. When people become enough trustable, then comes the possibility of a market which brings the possibility a monetary system.

This is a observable fact that you can collect in the history of economy and in a, as you put, a post disaster situation.

In conclusion: monetary benefits demands "social value".

The work by Osorio Saraz et al. (2012) about "Fuzzy modeling applied to the welfare of poultry farms workers" may be suitable to start with the idea.

Jairo Alexander Osorio Saraz; Leonardo Schiassi; Tadayuki Yanagi Junior; Flávio Alves Damasceno; Neiton Silva Machado, (2012). Fuzzy modeling applied to the welfare of poultry farms workers, DYNA. Revista de la Facultad de Minas, Vol 79, No 174; pp. 127-135.

Thomas,

Did you find one that work?

I'm feeling adventurous this semester and might try this one

I want to add another topic for discussion: signs are the royal road to explain the structuring of psychological processes. But signs also provide an understanding about the process of the co-construction of regulatory systems of emotions and actions. No doubt signs enable regulatory systems with more flexibility and directionality

regarding new contexts and relations. Goal orientations and promoter signs are examples of semiotic devices whose objective is to create meaning about unforeseeable experiences, and also mechanisms (social values?) to anticipate events that can take place in the future. Likewise, these devices are also required to make sense of apparently insignificant facts of everyday life

I think this is a very interesting question. In a sense, science is a "cultural value" and when used to guide conservation decision-making we can consider it to be the primary cultural value that is being used. There are always other values in play as well, as noted by Nelson, in that there are biases towards and against particular taxa. For example, it is very diffiuclt to protect snails. In Nova Scotia (Canada) there are a couple of species of endemic freshwater snails with very limited habitat, but no interest in their conservation, while the native moose sub-species gets lots of attention even though the sub-species itself is not at risk within the region as a whole. Dragonflies will win supporters, but horse flies will not.

Lands which have spiritual value for aboriginal people are sometimes protected in Canada and it seems to me that these tend to correspond with natural areas that would be judged valuable based on ecological criteria alone.  I have not tried to assess this formally, and I think it would be useful to try to do so. When thinking of this my mind turns to Uluru (Ayers Rock) in Australia which is a good example of an iconic place that has both great spiritual and great ecological value.

We tried assessment of students knowledge and awareness of students regarding environmental issues.