Social Capital - Science topic

Dear Suvigya Sharma

You can measure human capital efficiency (HCE) empirically. HCE is a component of Intellectual capital (IC).

The following paper and related papers to the IC will be helpful for you.

Good luck for your project.

Best regards

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf

are those really units of analysis, or simply variables? What do you mean by unit of analysis?

Adaptation is a natural dimension of research. Definitely you can explore the usability of an already existing method with different condition and observe what can emerge. But you can not report this paper as a methodology contribution, rather you can claim you contribution as survey saying that you have surveyed an existing method with different context. The method is not the scientific condition you are making, rather you can claim the context or empirical testbed you are offering is your contribution.

Chapter 12 ~ Resources and Sustainable Development – Environmental Science (pressbooks.pub)

The idea of social capital has enjoyed a remarkable rise to prominence in both the theoretical and applied social science literature over the last decade. While lively debate has accompanied that journey, thereby helping to advance our thinking and to clarify areas of agreement and disagreement, much still remains to be done. One approach that we hope can help bring further advances for both scholars and practitioners is the provision of a set of empirical tools for measuring social capital. The Integrated Questionnaire for the Measurement of Social Capital (SC-IQ) - with a focus on applications in developing countries. The tool aims to generate quantitative data on various dimensions of social capital as part of a larger household survey (such as the Living Standards Measurement Survey or a household income/expenditure survey). Specifically, six dimensions are considered: groups and networks; trust and solidarity; collective action and cooperation; information and communication; social cohesion and inclusion; empowerment and political action

(PDF) Measuring social capital: An integrated questionnaire (researchgate.net)

If 'othering' is treating people as different / outside the 'norm' then the opposite might be 'normative acceptance'.

As in - 'the othering of group is compared to the normative acceptance of group b'.

Social capital is a concept that is created by the interaction of individual interest with social interest. You can assess the impact of social capital by studying the actual beneficiaries who are directly benefited from the organisation through primary data interpretation.

The operationalization of digital capital is crucial in order to research digital inequalities. Digital capital, according to the definitions of leading authors in the field of digital sociology, agrees very well with Bourdieu's analytical focus on how capitals convert into each other, which may explain how new forms are being created inequalities or maintain existing ones. As for concrete case studies in the digital sphere, digital capital offers some handy theoretical tools that are more appropriate and specific than classical Bourdieu notions such as habitus or cultural capital. Changing the nature of the Internet and modern technologies requires both flexible theoretical concepts, and existing one's definitions and conceptualizations of digital capital can serve as a potential response to challenges of digital case studies. However, digital capital needs to be further expanded to include elements of digital culture precisely because it could adequately encompass online culture and digital products, such as online memes that are becoming increasingly popular and diverse. Recent works dealing with digital inequalities in Europe and the world show that digital inequalities in many countries can be perceived through the same social factors.

Hello Boris,

If all three variables are measured or observed (vs. latent), then ordinary path analysis or regression could be used to evaluate each hypothesis.

H1: Testing path EI -> EB (for difference from zero, and positive sign)

H2: Testing path SC -> EI (for difference from zero, and positive sign)

H3: Testing path of SC*EI -> EB (note: SC*EI is a product term, which you may wish to form by mean centering each variable before multiplying). For H3, you'd want to include direct link of EI -> EB and possibly that of SC -> EB so as to get the relative contribution of the interaction term compared to the direct influence of the constituent elements on outcome, EB).

This could all be specified in a single path model.

Good luck with your work.

Alternatively, run a factor analysis using the 16 questions, as well as the last question, and see how they are grouped together! It may reveal multiple components. This would be the statistically correct thing to do!

You could perform exploratory factor analysis, which would show what factors fit together, and statically establish the various scales. Thereafter you would need to run the various validity and reliability statistics. You certainly would not have one scale!

What are the variables you have chosen can you give us some idea, are these qualitative ?

One of the frequent criticisms of "social capital" as a concept is that it seems to suggest it is a quantifiable form of value that a person can accumulate and invest in the manner that economic capital can.

I'd say it's not helpful to view social capital in that way. We don't really, as individuals, hold onto own little pots of social capital. Rather social capital, if it can be said to 'exist' at all, exists as those connections we have with our peers and the institutions they are embedded in. It exists as the potential to convert those connections into other forms of capital, such as economic capital, cultural capital, etc. Because we are talking about social capital as social relations themselves, rather than an individually ascribed form of value that is generated/amplified by those relations, your point about individuals multiplying each others' social capital in infinite feedback loops doesn't really apply.

You can refer to our measurement of social capital that might be the most integrated scale of social capital developed based on agribusiness entrepreneurs, also seen as farmers.

I agree with Tomasz and Piotr. MDPI facilitates rapid publication. This is not synonymous with accepting poor quality articles. Probably as everywhere their quality varies. The advantage is the speed of publishing. I also published in Agriculture and Energies two articles. The review process was normal.

Also check https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/careers/jobs/role-of-investor-relations-ir/

The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic on the public sphere of housing estates is correlated with the effectiveness and efficiency of management of housing cooperatives' authorities or the local government of residents of a given housing estate. Another important determinant of anti-pandemic safety in housing estates is the level of applied basic rules of hygiene, cleanliness of public places, including, for example, staircases and other parts of common multi-family buildings and the public space of a housing estate, the standards of safety management related to municipal waste, sewage and water supply management. . This issue is related to the level of quality of services provided by municipal institutions and enterprises dealing with waste management, sewage systems and water supply systems, which should ensure a high level of treatment of water supplied to housing estates and ensure a high level of anti-pandemic safety. In addition, an important issue is also the level of awareness of the inhabitants of the housing estate regarding the standards of applying procedures and principles of public safety, including anti-pandemic safety, culture of citizens in respect of compliance with new anti-pandemic restrictions, the level of social trust in local and central authorities and institutions, the level of social solidarity and between the generations of inhabitants of a given housing estate, etc.

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Hi Rakib,

I hope you are doing well! My immediate thought is that to reduce the number of variables to one variable for the trust variables (because I am assuming it is some type of Likert scale) is to conduct a principal component analysis (easily done in SPSS). Then, you could see which variables load onto the "trust" component at above .4 after extracting one component. Then, average the observed variable that loaded onto the components to get a composite score. This option might be best for the trust score because that one seems more continuous. However, I think it could be possible to just add up the organization affiliation variables (because into a composite score and get a "total organization affiliation" score) because it is simply a tally of organization involvement.

Hope this helps!

Best,

Bryant

Hi Ju,

I hope you are doing well! I am wondering if you are not using the correct code to specify a regression vs adding an observed variable as an indicator. These two codes are not the same thing. For example, in R's Lavaan I would use F =~ I to specify an observed variable (I) as an indicator to a factor (F). However, if I wanted to regress the observed variable (I) onto the latent variable (F) I would use F~I. You should not need to do any extra complex calculations of the observed variable or the factor scores as you are suggesting. Correctly specifying a regression, versus an indicator, should easily allow you to use a latent variable as a predictor for an observed variable.

Hope this helps!

Best,

Bryant

Aribi Asma

I have as an example my country and specifically the micro-region where I live: we have a cooperative bank that, by financing small producers, turned us into a hub for the production of milk, chickens and swine. In addition, we have small factories for clothing and food products derived from meat and vegetable fairs.

Also, with microcredit, we are starting to make wine, with the production of grapes in a place where nothing had been planted before.

This is the scenario I am following.

Cheers!

Dear Kencho:

It´s a very good point the one you choose. As far as I know, there are not absolute answers to what you are asking. That because Microfinance is a broad subject that has many different type of organizations behind. I suggest you authors and an organization: Begoña Gutiérrez Nieto, Carlos Serrano Cinca, Roy Mersland, experts on these subject, and CERMI: Center for European Research on Microfinance, they´ll be useful.

Regards

Gustavo Concari

Very insightful. Following now.

Please Go Top This Link:

https://gaag.home.xs4all.nl/work/PG_comparison.pdf

You can use Confirmatory Factor Analysis to assess measurement equivalence, but you it would not work for comparing "every country," because you have only one set of measures for each country. One alternative would be to group countries into "sets" that might be hypothesized to have different measurement structures for your scales.

Dear Colleagues and Friends from RG,

The above discussion inspired me to formulate the following question:

On the basis of the above considerations and conclusions from the discussion on interesting issues discussed, I formulated the following thesis that in recent years the importance and applications of economics and behavioral finance have been growing. Therefore, it is crucial to define the dominant research determinants regarding behavioral reactions of investors on capital markets and consumer behavior on consumer goods markets.

Below I have described the key determinants confirming the formulated research thesis. To the above discussion I would like to add the following conclusion formulated as a summary of my previous considerations on this topic: Determinants of research on behavioral reactions of investors on capital markets and consumer behavior on consumer goods markets.

Economics due to the social issues of many subjects and problems in this field of knowledge, which it deals with is classified in many science centers in the field of social sciences. Social issues related to the economic conditions of people's lives, social determinants of economic development of economic entities and states, social policies led by states, behavioral factors of changes in economic situations in individual markets, etc. constitute a significant part of issues that are studied and described in the field of economics. Therefore, economics, even if not all of the issues it deals with, however, in most of the studied economic and financial issues falls within the scope of social sciences. In recent years, the importance of research in the field of behavioral economics, behavioral finance, etc. has grown.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the importance of behavioral economics and finance, including an analysis of the determinants of media shaping consumer opinions regarding company brand recognition, product and service offerings, etc. by increasing the importance of online information services, including social media portals. The growing importance of financial market psychology, the growing significance of behavioral factors influencing investment decisions of individual investors operating on capital markets and consumers making purchasing decisions on markets of popular products and services.

Therefore, the key questions that need to be answered are: Are investors active in the securities markets more cautious in making investment decisions after the global financial crisis, or are they more thoroughly analyzing the investment risk of investing in capital markets? Did any of you conduct research aimed at determining possible changes in the significance of financial market psychology and behavioral economics in capital markets, including securities markets, after the global financial crisis of 2008? If research shows that the importance of financial market psychology and behavioral economics in capital markets is decreasing, what is this mainly determined by? Is it the result of post-crisis greater awareness of investment risk among investors, or also a change in the structure of the dominant segments of investors operating on capital markets, or is it also the result of an increase in the number of transactions carried out by computerized transaction systems?

Business and economics are connected or determined to a significant degree with psychology. Examples of the most often cited, described and researched are emotionally determined behavioral behaviors of both consumers in consumer product and service markets as well as stock market investors in capital markets, including securities markets, in addition also currency markets, etc. Issues of the influence of psychological factors on economics can be found also within the scope of marketing activity directed at potential consumers of certain products or services. Supported by intensively conducted advertising campaigns, the sale of certain types of products and services is particularly determined by psychological issues used in advertising campaigns, which increase the scale of appearance and fashion activities for specific types of products or services. Sometimes the effectiveness of advertising campaigns depends to a large extent on whether the information message contained in advertising spots acts on human emotions and thus generates smaller or larger revenues from the sale of specific products or services. In financial markets, on the other hand, the impact of psychology on investment decisions of individual investors can be significant. Periodically, in situations of increased speculation in capital markets, imbalances in securities markets, there is a period of investment euphoria, sheep's momentum, investing fashion and, as a consequence, a strong revaluation of securities valuation (bull market) and periods of strong stock market recession, during which there is fear of investing, panic, getting rid of already undervalued shares, bonds, derivatives, etc. (bear market). Bull market and bear market phases appear periodically, sometimes cyclically in succession. If in capital markets, including securities, the importance of emotions can be an important factor influencing the decisions of individual investors, then the issue of financial market psychology may be an important topic of scientific research. Another interesting research issue is the determination of the importance of increasing the automation of the process of placing stock exchange orders in connection with the use of automated transaction systems by investment banks. Therefore, in the context of the above issues, it may be important to verify the research thesis that the growing importance of automated IT transaction systems used for computer orders for the purchase and sale of securities may reduce the impact of financial market psychology. If it was possible to examine this correlation, then another research issue for which a research project could be launched would be to determine the impact of automated IT transaction systems used by investment banks on the issue of stabilizing the stock market situation, the period of recovery after the emergence of the stock market crash, etc.

What research methods are used to analyze the behavioral and pragmatic behavior of individual investors operating in financial markets, including capital and securities markets? In addition, in related issues it is also interesting to find the answer to the following question: What currently dominate research methods are used to analyze behavioral and pragmatic consumer behavior in specific markets? Are there methods for precisely measuring consumers' pragmatic attitudes? The key is to distinguish the determinants that shape consumer behavior in market conditions. In my opinion, a good method of collecting data for the needs of this type of analysis are survey research methods, which cover consumers of a specific, cross-sectional group, segment of citizens, with specific characteristics. Then statistical elaboration of the results of conducted research should provide analytical material for the formulation of specific assessments and characteristics of both behavioral and pragmatism of specific actions undertaken by a selected segment of participants in a specific market, e.g. consumers of specific types of products and services.

In addition, advertising of consumer products and services serves to increase the demand for the advertised offer, and thus significantly affects the increase in consumption and also indirectly to change the behavioral behavior of social behavior and also to increase consumerism. In developed and developing economies, advertising is largely responsible for the rise in consumerism, but it is not easy to investigate to determine precisely what quantitative dimension this impact is. In connection with the above, in recent years the importance of the issues of data sentiment analysis obtained from social media portals has been growing in Big Data systems. For many companies, social media portals such as Facebook, Tweeter and others are a source of data on shopping and behavioral preferences used by companies operating in various industries and sectors for the purposes of marketing activities.

In line with the above, in my opinion the importance and applications of economics and behavioral finance have been growing in recent years. The above considerations show that many determinants are currently operating that shape changes in behavioral responses of investors in capital markets and consumer behavior in consumer goods markets.

I conduct research in this area. The conclusions of the research I published in scientific publications that are available on the Research Gate portal.

In view of the above, I am asking you the following questions:

Please reply

I invite you to discussion

thank you very much

Best wishes

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I know that J. Butler speak about of "collective actions", "conformation of assembly", "bodys in the public space", "personal and collective identity", "personal and collective resistance" and "Radical democracy" in her book. This text was published in 2017. You can read the PDF in this link:

If your question pertains to data collection then Focussed Group Discussions (FGDs), participatory and non-participatory observations, and semi-structured interviews might help.

Mr. Michael and Mr. Valle:

I am very grateful for your response and collaboration with the recommended articles, they have helped me to find a background. Michael Uebel Felipe Rafael Valle Díaz

For anyone interested in this topic, see our Call for Papers for a Workshop at the German Development Institute (DIE), Bonn, 4-5 December!!

Your question intrigued me, why would you ask about psychological factors about a sociological phenomenon? The concept of social capital explains it is a relational phenomenon; social capital (only) exists between people, so it cannot (itself) have psychological characteristics.

But of course there are features of social capital such as trust that could also be seen as individualistic. For example an individual who is perceived as trustworthy or reliable is more likely to have more social capital.

What I am proposing is that you rework your question, what personality (or psychological variables) are assocaited with accummulating social capital.

You will note that my suggestion is actually similar to Mary's@ answer. My concern is with inputs; hers is with consequences

when we need to study the impact of any service which is already existing , the results of impact may not be only due to the service as it was not controlled or manipulated , hence for service impact studies service should be a new intervention ( mode, type, approach etc. ) at least in the area of study so that Before and after/ pre and post intervention study of physical capital, social capital, human capital, financial capital, and social capital can be made and compared so that we can arrive at realistic impact. this type of studies require meticulous planning use of methodologies to manipulate the variables under experiment. most of the impact of services are felt and experienced by farmer that are subjective/ qualitative in nature and influence the said capitals.

You will need to closely define your term accessibility.

Further, enablers for repatriation of refugees are several and may include improvement in compelling conditions in the countries of origin. However, the opposite can also be an inhibitor. Hospitality of recipient countries, integration packages and regulations can also play some role. Thus, decision to repatriate may be a complex one.

The best way to compare two areas is to live in both for at least a few months and not to merely simulate them via computing algorythms. This may seem counter-intuitive, but consider how the media distort or even ignore some place you live or have lived. Can this be because "memes" about places are being passed without enough active observers o update and correct invalid or incorrect data on those places.

Basically, in the field of management, be careful of the use of "best or most effective modern" management approach for the basic reasons of (1) there is NO best practices or most effective management practices, but only "appropriate" within the context, culture, capabilities, capacities, competencies of the organization; (2) there are "generic" practices in management that are adapted or re-hashed over the decades as management gurus try to "re-invent, re-package or re-construe" basic management practices as adapted to new environmental changes/demands. Also an important note is that "what is applicable to one company" might not work for another, so when using or applying any re-construed modern management practices, both of the rationales (1) and (2) applies. Hope that this helps.

As an elections administrator in Georgia, geography matters in terms of youth political participation. I have worked in three different political jurisdictions as an a manager an CONTEXT is so important.

Control variables just play same role as independent variable in a regression equation, however may have a different way of interpretation. So it is just to add them as separate (additional) variables in your regression equation.

My PhD thesis referred to both Bourdieu and Putnam in my analysis of the concept of social capital. The research was on economic cooperation in Kenyan credit cooperatives. Look it up on the University of Witwatersrand wired space.

Hi Letta,

First, it is hard to understand your conceptual framework. To me, a conceptual framework is a model CONNECTING key concepts TO demonstrate some sort of arguments towards a topic/research objectives. A conceptual framework therefore is quite unique to each study. You just LISTED your key concepts, not forming a framework yet.

Second, as defined above, your objectives which is conceptualised from your topic, must pose the problem to your conceptual framework to be solved. In other words, your conceptual framework should contain your hypotheses in relation to your research questions/objectives. Therefore, you base on your objectives to identify which theory should fit into your framework.

Third, regarding your three objectives, the social capital theories may be relevant, but I am not sure this theoretical tradition would be as important as other traditions such as sustainable cooperatives, etc. in helping you explain/answer those questions.

Best,

kien

I would tend to agree with Anastasia, but still it should be possible to define social capital for a specific study and then select parameters / variables that are useful to measure it in the specific context. Here it also depends, if you are looking more for a quantitative or a qualitative approach. What the latter is concerned I would conduct life history studies to get deeper insights of how people's career developed and how social relationships can provide (or cannot provide) explanations...

seems relevant to this query. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach is a method of analyzing and changing the lives of people experiencing poverty and disadvantage. It is a participatory approach based on the recognition that all people have abilities and assets that can be developed to help them improve their lives. The livelihood assets, which the poor must often make trade-offs and choices about, comprise:

Thence, the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach organizes the factors that constrain or enhance livelihood opportunities, such as vulnerability contexts and policies and institutions, and shows how they relate. Toward livelihood strategies and outcomes, the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach can help plan development activities and assess the contribution that existing activities have made to sustaining livelihoods.

Hi, Sukanta,

The precedence of political dominance over socioeconomic dominance is one of the central themes of Acemoglu and Robertson's book, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. One of their central claims is that the political institutions that create property rights and investments in public education, for example, are preconditions for sustainable socioeconomic growth.

The concentration of wealth in the hands of a national elite ultimately constrains socioeconomic growth as the elite structure institutions to limit creative destruction to maintain the status quo in their own favor. Acemoglu and Robinson are quite critical of these extractive economies in their book, but do not really seem to take this argument to its logical end - the concentration of wealth in the hands of the few lead to their political dominance and the erosion of socioeconomic growth for the many.

In my view, it hardly matters whether wealth concentration is achieved through dictatorship or market forces. Wealth concentration leads inevitably to the weakening of political and social institutions that provide for fair distribution of socioeconomic gains.

There really wasn't very much literature on global cooling.

There is a useful study addressing this issue: Peterson, Thomas; Connolley, William; Fleck, John (September 2008). The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. American Meteorological Society. 89 (9): 1325–1337.

By the late 1970s when the popular media captured on the idea of global cooling and deemed that argument headline worthy, the majority of scientific papers on climate change were suggesting warming rather than cooling (see Peterson et al cited above, which found that of the 71 papers published on climate change from 1965 through 1979, 7 [9.86%] suggested cooling; 61.97% predicted warming; and the remaining 28.17% reached no conclusion). Moreover, based on the difference between the scientific literature and the suggestion of global cooling taken up in the media, the World Meteorological Organization issued a statement (a reprint of the article is here: https://enthusiasmscepticismscience.wordpress.com/h-h-lamb/1976_june_22_times_worldstemperaturelikelytorise/) to the media that the current scientific evidence in 1976 that stated "significant rises in global temperature are probable over the next century..."

So, in this example, one could say newspapers and magazines (Time magazine, for example, published an issue in April 1977 with a cover depicting a penguin walking on ice with the bold "headline" that read "How to Survive the Coming Ice Age"), which have some level of established social capital (some level of trust in news-reporting), attempted to play up the cooling findings in a minor portion of the scientific literature. Since newspapers were not, at the same time, reporting that most of the literature was reporting concern about a future warming trend, newspaper publishers/editors were using their social capital to, one could say, manipulate public opinion. Why? Who knows....

In any event, the "famous" scientific paper, which was in part at the center of the cooling claim, was also being mis-represented, (http://science.sciencemag.org/content/173/3992/138). That paper suggested that cooling might result from air pollution related to aerosols if aerosol pollution levels increased by a factor of 4. One of the authors of that article, Stephen Schneider, later argued that he had mis-calculated/over-stated the cooling effect, and underestimated the heating effect of CO-2 by a factor of 3 (see his book, Stephen H. Schneider and Lynne E. Mesirow, The Genesis Strategy: Climate and Global Survival, Plenum, April 1976). Thereafter, as is well known, Schneider published numerous manuscripts on climate change and global warming. Later, Schneider also used his social capital, appearing on TV talk shows and in documentaries to discuss climate change to provide a scientific view.

Dear Leonidas A. Papakonstantinidis

Thanks for the answer. I am actually more concerned about the methodology of studying school culture than definition of school culture.

Thanks

SKM

of students at school. Many studies have suggested that friends have a powerful influence on school adjustment, attitudes, and behaviors. However, there is a paucity of systematic investigations on the relationship between peer influence and adolescents’ school engagement. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship by applying longitudinal analyses as well as testing indirect effects of peer influence via students’ motivational factors such as locus of control and academic expectation. Results from this study indicated that peers have an important influence on the behavior and development of adolescents. These findings are understandable in that the child’s acceptance within the peer group is one of the key measures of positive/negative school experiences. Perceived support from peers can give students a sense of motivation and help students see the importance of pursuing academic success.

I suggest you look at the concept of community capacity. This can be strengthened and measured and there are a number of publications and tools available-see my RG contributions as a guide.

Please consider to redraw the question. If you have a 'country' variable, you can analyze them separately in SPSS easily by multiple methods (compare means, grouping data, etc.).

Without separating countries you can use the clustering function and on this way you can capture country differences as well. For me, this looks the most reasonable analysis.

I hope you soon find just what you want; hopefully someone will reply with an ideal measure.

Again, very best wishes.

Please let me know if the following references/sites are useful to you:

1.  Measurement of Social Capital - Social Capital Research

http://www.socialcapitalresearch.com/literature/operationalisation/measurement.htmlJan 5, 2004 ... There is considerable debate and controversy over the possibility, desirability and practicability of measuring social capital, yet without a ...

2.  Measuring Social Capital - Office for National Statistics

https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171766_371693.pdfJul 18, 2014 ... Measuring Social Capital. Author Name(s): Veronique Siegler, Office for National Statistics. Abstract. This article on social capital is published ...

3.  The measurement of social capital - ScienceDirect

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0213911114002416Social capital has been defined as the resources available to individuals and groups through membership in social networks. The definition is consistent with ...

Dennis

Dennis Mazur

It's all in application

Yes, there are mediated variables. I will explain the detial for a person who join with me.

In general, even from a positive thinking- philosophy, every problem, or everybody has a price. It means that any institute or organization could research, evaluate, and come up with related motivations, encouragement, and solutions for employees,or programs toward improvement, to begin with. most of time, the issue would be (1)- short-term programs without strategies for long-run. (2)- In the hierarchy of business atmospheres, higher elites might forget about the impact and the importance of the middle-managers, and lower stage-employees. (3). The upper level groups of an organization could stay in denial of changing Time (era), Size of the issue, Space (variety of environments have different needs), to plan for a change,to improve.     

It depends a little on what you want to find out and what conception of social capital you adopt: generalised trust (eg Granovetter); trust and reciprocity (eg Putnam); or networks through which social resources flow (eg Burt, Lin). Many approaches to social capital research measure levels of social capital, but relatively few measure how it is mobilised. Lin's work and those who have combined social network analysis with social capital analysis probably come closest to this. 

Dear, Prof. Michael thank you very much for briefing about calculating wealth index. I am using the same variable and coding given by Filmer and Pritchett, 2001 for calculating Wealth index. My projects requires to create the wealth index adopted by the DHS and National Family Health Survey, India. 

In short, I have 21 variables for 642 HHs. 

For your convenience I am also attaching the reference documents which have described the method.

Looking forward to hear from you soon.

Thanks a lot for your time and consideration!!

Unfortunately, you may have to conduct the study utilizing those parameters given the fact - as you state - that access to an adequate sample population may be impossible. This limits the scope of your data in terms of representation; however, I believe that the novelty of your work would make this study highly publishable (albeit under the caveat that study results are likely not representative of the entire population but of those 'readily available' for research at this time). 

Dear David, these might be helpful too:

Minkler, M., Vasquez, V. B., Tajik, M. & Petersen, D. (2008). Promoting environmental justice through community-based participatory research: the role of community and partnership capacity. Health education & behaviour, 35(1), 119-137. 10.1177/1090198106287692.

Cargo, M. & Mercer, S. L. (2008). The value and challenges of participatory research: strengthening its practice. Annual review of public health, 29, 325-350.

Best of luck!

It would be best to begin with activity and network theories in genera,l to which activity network theory moves in a more focused context. Carl Butts article in Science Vol 325, No. 5939, pp 414-416 (2009) looks at foundations of network analysis and Tom Brughmans article in Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory Col 20 (2013); Yrjo Engestrom ( one of the leaders in developing activity theory) has written extensively on the subject --see Ergonomics 43, No 7 (2000) and Journal of Education and Work Vol 14, No 1 (2001) for a good bibliography of his work extending back into the 1980s.

in general there is no contradiction, but the contradiction is likely to occur between the components of the social capital at different levels and between different community groups, in particular due to differences in the value systems

My understanding is that social capital is defined for a type of "capital" that can be used in production, or more generally, that can enhance economic efficiency.  Hence, it doesn't make sense to define social capital for personal well-being.  I doubt if relationship within a family could be counted as social capital.  It probably refers more to relationship outside the family.

I think it is risky to broaden the concept of social capital to include the relationship between a company and its customers.  Doing so may dilute the analytical power of the concept.  Otherwise, any relationship between an organization and other people can be counted as a type of social capital.  To push the argument to the extreme, even international relationship might be counted as social capital.  I don't think that makes sense.  A normal and correct way to define the concept is to look at the relationship between people.  Organizations such as a firm or a club can help to build up personal relationships among its members or employees, i.e. increasing social capital.

Hope this helps. 

FD

My reading of the growing consensus  is that 5 is too low

see

Dear Tom, thank you for the title that can be found at this link:

I tried an update on Social Capital in early 2016 (attached) and correspond with the contributors still alive such as Michael Woolcock who headed the World Bank's Social Capital Initiative.

Last year I had to review the results on assessing countries by their Social Capital (Excel attached) and you won't be surprised to seeing that Social Capital lead to redundant and unilateral biased results.

Organized voluntarism, voting and giving are specific Western traditions that can't being transferred to developing countries.

We therefore redefined Social Capital by eight indicators of non-material social goods and are measuring them in 32 languages and 141 countries yet:

It's quite difficult to regain attention for Sozial Capital that has been threaten so poor by Bourdieu and Putnam.

My dear I hope my attached paper be interested for you about measure social capital in organizations.

best wishes 

What health care problem are you trying to solve/investigate?  BTW, some people view "cohesion" as a form of social capital, while other definitions/structures are also supported by various scholars.

Here is a paper on how within-hospital social networks help spread info about reducing the spread of bloodstream infections...

Here is how social network analysis was used by the CDC to map the spread of TB in a community...

Finally, a study of women's social networks who were trying to quit smoking...

The Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS) was founded in 1979 as a voluntary, non-profit, self-governing organization to promote the welfare, interests, and development of postsecondary institutions whose mission is characterized by a distinctly Christian purpose, as defined in the agency’s Foundational Standards.

The American Association of Christian Colleges and Seminaries, Inc. was officially incorporated in January 2005. The membership of the AACCS, Inc. is currently composed of fifteen institutions located in the continental United States and Puerto Rico, including Bible colleges, universities, and seminaries. Each member school is clearly identified with the historic Christian fundamentalist tradition.

We need to distinguish between form and content of social network. If we are talking about friendship network the content will include trust and support. If we are talking about advice network the content will include information and resources. The level of content (e.g., trust, support, information and resource) will depend on the number of ties (for example: in-degree centrality measure). 

Artefacts and monuments of the city that are peculiar 

.  Social capital in the form of trust, social norms of reciprocity and cooperation resides in relationships, not individuals, and therefore in the social networks in which they participate. Active participation within social networks builds the trust and cohesiveness between individuals that are important to mobilise and create the resources necessary to support collective action. Social capital is a feature of social organisation such as networks, trust, facilitated co-ordination and collaboration. Individuals invest in and use the resources embedded in social networks because they expect returns of some sort although resources are not equally available to all individuals and are differentially distributed across groups in society (Lin 2000).

Lin, N. (2000) “Inequality in Social Capital.” Contemporary Sociology vol. 29 pp. 785–95.

If it is family specific then it can't be social capital which by definition is infrastructural

Dear Monica,

once you consider so called "structural" Social Capital such as networks and institutions you end by reclaiming governance to guranteeing equality and equal access to public goods and markets. But in most of the cases this "big change" doesn't happen.

Even in the European countries with a relatively strong governance rural producers are totally driven by mechanisms they can't control and influence, e.g. the EU restrictions on what they are allowed to produce and what not. So small farmers never deliver to a "free market" but work in conditions that disadvance them.

Therefore we decided to measure Social Capital not as a "structural" one but as the amount of local social goods, especially trust, friendliness, helpfulness and hospitality and of course the will to invest in local cooperatives and SME.

So identifying Social Capital in our eyes means to identify and to enhance positive assets.

We have the assessment as well in Spanish and of course you can use it to assess even small communities:

Networks normally are competing and therefore damaging each other. I wouldn't  call that "Social" Capital in General.

But social goods help everybody to live in local harmony and security - and that's it what small farmers mostly need to stay their ground and to develop their villages.

Please try a model of neural networks embeded in a dynamical system woth maliable structure