Snake Bites - Science topic

Background Venomous snakebites induce tissue destruction and secondary infection; however, the optimal timing of surgical intervention for these complications remains unknown. This study assessed the clinical predictors of early surgical intervention in patients with snakebites. Methods This retrospective study included 63 patients (45 men and 18...

Background: There is paucity of information regarding the etiology and outcomes of Acute Kidney Disease (AKD) in children. Methods: The objectives of this cohort study were to evaluate the etiology and outcomes of AKD; and analyze predictors of kidney survival (defined as free of CKD 2, 3a, 3b, 4 or 5). Patients aged 1 month to 18 years who deve...

Rauvolfia tetraphylla L is one among the traditional plants that has more therapeutic effects and numerous beneficial components, few of them were majorly used as a medicine for snake bites. This medicinal plant has immense pharmacological properties that could aid in formulating a drug for treating diseases. This was the major motivation for the s...

This chapter’s objective is to give brief information on Arisaema jacquemontii which is a high-value medicinal plant. This chapter also includes its distribution, taxonomy, brief details about its morphology, and flowering seasons. In addition to this, some details have been provided related to its cultivation. This plant has some major phytoconsti...

In recent years it has become possible to design snakebite antivenoms with diverse pharmacokinetic properties. Owing to the pharmacokinetic variability of venoms, the choice of antivenom scaffold may influence a treatments neutralisation coverage. Computation offers a useful medium through which to assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics o...

Cadaba farinosa leaves are used in Ayurvedic medicine to cleanse snake bites, as well as for fevers, as a laxative to eliminate intestinal parasites, and to cure diabetes (Jefferson et al., 2014). The powdered sample extraction was carried out according to method described by El-Mohmood (2009). Serial exhaustive extraction was carried out by macera...

Simarouba glauca has a long history in herbal medicine in many countries. Simarouba glauca is one of the important herbal drug used against dysentery hence its bark is also known as dysentery bark. The bark and leaf extract of Simarouba is well known for its different types of pharmacological properties such as haemostatic, antihelmenthic, antipara...

Background: In the Brazilian Amazon, snakebite envenomings (SBE) disproportionately affect indigenous peoples. Communication between indigenous and biomedical health sectors in regards to SBEs has never been explored in this region. This study aims to build an explanatory model (EM) of the indigenous healthcare domain for SBE patients from the per...

Snakebite is a defense mechanism of snakes and can be a medical emergency. Snake venom contains a mixture of protein components that affect the functional activity of the target physiology. The structure of the poison in snake venom has different variations for different snake species. As for snakebite, it can be life-threatening if it has neurotox...

Background: Snakebites represent a significant health problem in tropical countries, with an annual incidence of 2.7 million cases worldwide. The incidence of secondary infections after snake bites is also high and is usually caused by bacteria from the oral cavity of snakes. Morganella morganii has been identified as an important cause of infecti...

Background Senna occidentalis (L.) Link has been used worldwide in traditional treatment of many diseases and conditions including snakebite. In Kenya, a decoction from the plant roots taken orally, is used as a cure for malaria. Several studies have demonstrated that extracts from the plant possess antiplasmodial activity, in vitro. However, the s...

In the Brazilian Amazon, deaths and disabilities from snakebite envenomations (SBEs) are a major and neglected problem for the indigenous population. However, minimal research has been conducted on how indigenous peoples access and utilize the health system for snakebite treatment. A qualitative study was conducted to understand the experiences of...

Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is a life-threatening medical emergency with a high mortality rate. Common secondary complications following SBE, such as wound infections, are significant due to their impact on worsening local tissue damage and causing systemic infection. Antivenoms are not effective to treat wound infections following SBE. Moreover,...

Snakebite is a health problem to persons in agrarian rural environments, and Langtang North Local Government Area is not an exception. A total of 861 reported cases of snakebite incidence were recorded in Langtang North Local Government Area, Plateau State from 2007 to 2019. However, agriculturalists and other fieldworkers have been reported to be...

Snakebite envenomation is a relevant medical hazard in French Guiana and Martinique, two French territories in the Americas. All snakebite envenomations in Martinique are inflicted by the endemic viperid species Bothrops lanceolatus, whereas Bothrops atrox is responsible for the majority of snakebites in French Guiana, although other venomous snake...

We report a case of cutaneous mucormycosis occurring in the setting of disseminated intravascular coagulation following snakebite in an adult. It occurred in the chest wall presenting as a necrotic patch with satellite spots. This case occurred in a different clinical scenario in which mucormycosis is not usually suspected. This highlights the impo...

Introduction Snakebite is a neglected public health issue affecting individuals of all ages in many tropical countries. Venom from snakebite is a potentially life-threatening disease associated with severe morbidities and mortalities. However, literature on snakebite envenoms management practices remains understudied. This study sought to explore c...

Snakes are a natural form of pest control that play an essential role in the ecosystem's balance. Snakes can provide an ecological service to people by lowering insect populations that can spread disease and harm agricultural produce. Because snakes assist us in so many ways, they have long been the subject of torture and unfavorable views across c...

Snakebite is a global public health concern, which often occurs in tropical and subtropical underdeveloped areas, but it is often neglected. In the southern China, Naja naja atra (Chinese cobra) is a common venomous snake that causes swelling and necrosis of local tissues, even amputation and death. Currently, the main therapy is the administration...

The Maroi Puja is an important religious festival of the Koch Rajbanshi people associated with the worship of snake popularly known as Manasa (snake Goddess). The Maroi puja is normally performed by the Koch Rajbanshi in the particular day of the month of Jaistha, Asadha, Sravana and Bhadra (May, June, July and August) where other folk deities are...

Background: Snakebite envenoming (SBE) is an acute, life-threatening emergency in tropical and subtropical countries. It is an occupational hazard and a major socioeconomic determinant. Limited awareness, superstitions, lack of trained health providers, poor utilization of anti-venom results in high mortality and morbidity. India is the snakebite...

Background: Most of the people living in developing countries rely on local remedies from traditional medicines to take care of their healthcare needs. In recent years, the use of medicinal plants increased considerably. Consequently, studies on medicinal plants are necessary to produce more effective drugs with fewer side-effects. This work aims t...

Snakebite envenoming is currently considered a neglected tropical disease, which affects over 5 million people worldwide, and causes almost 150 000 deaths every year, as well as severe injuries, amputations and other sequelae. Snakebite envenoming in children, although proportionally less frequent, is generally more severe, and represents an import...

Snakebite is considered a neglected tropical disease, and it is one of the most intricate ones. The variability found in snake venom is what makes it immensely complex to study. These variations are present both in the big and the small molecules found in snake venom. This study focused on examining the variability found in the venom’s small molecu...

Snakebite is a globally neglected tropical disease, with coagulation disturbances being the primary pathology of many deadly snake venoms. Age-related differences in human plasma have been abundantly reported, yet the effect that these differences pose regarding snakebite is largely unknown. We tested for differences in coagulotoxic effects (via cl...

Introduction Dog bite is the second most common injury sustained by humans after snake bites, and it is amongst the top 12 causes of non-fatal injuries worldwide. Globally, 59,000 human deaths occur annually due to rabies, and 95% of these deaths occur in Asia and Africa. Dog bites remained a public health concern in Ghana, with three out of every...

Background: Continuous occurrence of snakebite incidences and the vulnerability of some communities remain a critical problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite causing permanent disability to almost half a million people annually and numerous deaths, snakebite and associated complications are still largely neglected. This study aimed at elucidating r...

Background: Snakebite envenoming is a serious and life-threatening medical condition that predominantly affects people living in rural communities across Africa, Asia, and Latin America. As our climate changes, there is a growing concern that negative human-snake interactions will increase. Our ability to prevent and manage snakebite requires effe...

Snakebite envenoming continues to claim many lives across the globe, necessitating the development of improved therapies. To this end, broadly-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies may possess advantages over current plasma-derived antivenoms by offering superior safety and high neutralization capacity. Here, we report the establishment of a pip...

Background: Snakes are one of the most important wildlife resources and are widely distributed. Bungarus multicinctus is a highly venomous snake and is distributed in central and southern China. In recent years, venomous snake bites have gradually increased. Genomic resources are significant for understanding the evolution of a specie and the molec...

Background: Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease affecting deprived populations, and its burden is underestimated in some regions where patients prefer using traditional medicine, case reporting systems are deficient, or health systems are inaccessible to at-risk populations. Thus, the development of strategies to optimize disease...

Background: Snakes are one of the most important wildlife resources and are widely distributed. Bungarus multicinctus is a highly venomous snake and is distributed in central and southern China. In recent years, venomous snake bites have gradually increased. Genomic resources are significant for understanding the evolution of a specie and the molec...

Africa remains one of the regions with the highest incident and burden of snakebite. The goal of the World Health Organization to halve the global burden of snakebite by 2030 can only be achieved if sub-optimal access to antivenoms in the most affected regions is addressed. We identified upstream, midstream, and downstream factors along the antiven...

Background Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that mainly affects poor populations in rural areas. In hyperendemic regions, prevention could partially reduce the constant risk, but the population still needs timely access to adequate treatment. In line with WHO's snakebite roadmap, we aim to understand snakebite vulnerability thro...

Snakebite clinical trials have often used heterogeneous outcome measures and there is an urgent need for standardisation. A globally representative group of key stakeholders came together to reach consensus on a globally relevant set of core outcome measurements. Outcome domains and outcome measurement instruments were identified through searching...

Background: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) can be diagnosed in patients presenting with clinical features of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) by using Mayo clinic criteria. Multiple precipitators have been attributed to causing TTC. Rarely it has been reported to occur following an acute envenomation. Aim: This review describes the various patterns...

The use of anti-venom is one of the main control measures for snakebite envenoming when applied immediately after the snakebite. Systemic effects of the envenoming are usually reversed; however, neutralization of local effects is hardly achieved. The need for adjuvant therapies associated with serum therapy can improve the treatment for local effec...

Insects are the largest group of animals, which constitute 75% of all living animals. insect species are horrible to man. There are various types of insects found i spiders and mosquitoes etc. Ant (Pipilika) causes (Makshika) cause itching, swelling, burning sensation & pain aches, feeling of heaviness of the body and the site of bite will black me...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009657.].

The present study was undertaken to collect information from local tribe Vantangiya about their traditional healers based on medicinal plants and their uses during August 2019-till date. Five villages where the Vantangiya tribal community have been residing since 1922, have been selected for the purpose. The selected villages are Jangal Tinkoniya,...

The World Health Organization has listed Snakebite Envenoming (SBE) as a priority neglected tropical disease, with a worldwide annual snakebite affecting 5.4 million people and injuring 2.7 million lives annually. In many parts of rural areas of Africa and Asia, medicinal plants have been used as alternatives to conventional antisnake venom (ASV) d...

Paris polyphylla is often used in Chinese medicine to treat conditions such as carbuncles, trauma, snake bites, and mosquito bites. In the present study, we investigated the effect and mechanism of the morphological transition and extracellular phospholipase activity of Candida albicans treated with polyphyllin I (PPI). First, the minimum inhibitor...

Warnings of neurotoxic respiratory paralysis following envenomation by rattlesnakes (Crotalus sp.) have been included in numerous scholarly publications over the past 60 years, resulting in fear and anxiety in the public and among clinicians. We examine the validity of the widespread belief that rattlesnakes in the arid southwestern United States,...

Snakebite is a global health problem and yearly snakebites have been estimated up to 5 million leading to about 100,000 deaths each year. While those numbers are showing that snakebite is one of the largest risks from wildlife, little is known about venomous snake distribution, spatial variation in snakebite risk, potential changes in snakebite ris...

The root of Polygonum bistorta (PB) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant material widely used in China. It has been commonly used for the treatment of hemostasis, detumescence, diarrhea, snake bite, and acute gastroenteritis. However, the research on the antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds from PB is inadequate. In the current resear...

Bungarus fasciatus is one of the medically important elapid snakes of South and South-eastern Asia and is responsible for several snakebite incidents some of which were fatal. In this study, the venom compositional variation of Bungarus fasciatus from three different geographical locations in eastern and north-east India: two adjacent villages of H...

Patients bitten by Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, Viridovipera stejnegeri, and Naja atra develop different degrees of wound infection. This study validated BITE and Cobra BITE scoring systems that we established previously. Bacteriological studies of patients with wound infection were conducted. The operating characteristic curves and area under the...

Snake venoms are complex mixtures of toxins that differ on interspecific (between species) and intraspecific (within species) levels. Whether venom variation within a group of closely related species is explained by the presence, absence and/or relative abundances of venom toxins remains largely unknown. Taipans (Oxyuranus spp.) and brown snakes (P...

Secreted phospholipases of type A2 (sPLA2s) are proteins of 14–16 kDa present in mammals in different forms and at different body sites. They are involved in lipid transformation processes, and consequently in various immune, inflammatory, and metabolic processes. sPLA2s are also major components of snake venoms, endowed with various toxic and phar...

Background: Bivalent freeze-dried neurotoxic (FN) antivenom has been the primary treatment since the 1980s for Taiwan cobra (Naja atra) envenomation in Taiwan. However, envenomation-related wound necrosis is a significant problem after cobra snakebites. In the present study, we analyzed the changes in serum venom concentration before and after ant...

Background: One of the subdisciplines of Ashtanga Ayurveda is known as Agadatantra, and it deals with the various conditions associated with poisoning as well as their diagnosis and treatment. Sarpavisha is the most important Visha because it is the condition that requires urgent assistance. There are many Agada Yogas (anti-poisonous formulations)...

Hemidesmus indicus (Apocynaceae) has been utilized traditionally in the Indian subcontinent for the treatment of snakebites and scorpion stings. It has also several beneficial bioactivities in human beings such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and skin diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-venom capability of Hemidesmus indic...

Snakebite envenoming is a public health issue linked to high mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. Although antivenom has been the mainstay treatment for envenomed victims receiving medical care, the diverse therapeutic efficacy of the produced antivenom is a major limitation. Deinagkistrodon acutus is a venomous snake that poses significant con...

Although India has a well-established and growing economy surrounding synthetic drug chemistry with an antibiotic base, a large part of the population, especially in forested villages and tribal belts, is relying solely on plant-derived drugs. This is due to a lower number of side effects, low chances of resistance development against pathogenic mi...

Snakebite affects more than 1.8 million people annually. Factors explaining snakebite variability include farmers’ behaviors, snake ecology and climate. One unstudied issue is how farmers’ adaptation to novel climates affect their health. Here we examined potential impacts of adaptation on snakebite using individual-based simulations, focusing on s...

Respiratory and airway-protective muscle weakness caused by the blockade of neuromuscular transmission is a major cause of early mortality from snakebite envenoming (SBE). Once weakness is manifest, antivenom appears to be of limited effectiveness in improving neuromuscular function. Herein, we review the topic of venom-induced neuromuscular blocka...

Pit vipers from the genus Tropidolaemus are identified as one of the common causes of snake bite from venomous species in Malaysia. All Tropidolaemus species bite cases referred to the Remote Envenomation Consultation Services (RECS) between 2015–2021 were included. A total of 4,718 snake-related injuries cases consulted to RECS with 310 (6.6%) inv...

As a disaster-prone country with unique geographical features, snake biting is a major public health concern in Bangladesh. The primary reasons of mortality from snakebite include late presentation to the hospital, low efficacy of antivenom, and a lack of adequate management facilities. Because snake venom characteristics vary depending on geograph...

Background India is a diverse source of medicinal and aromatic plants. Desmodium species are one among them having importance in curing many human diseases. This herbaceous plant's species diversity minimizes problems with its pharmaceutical or herbal formulation. As a result, a detailed analysis of the phytochemistry of the Desmodium genus will al...

Background Hump-nosed vipers (HNV; Hypnale spp) are one of the medically important venomous snakes in Sri Lanka and South-Western regions of India. The haemostatic dysfunction due to HNV bites is poorly characterized by standard diagnostic tests performed to identify coagulopathy. We aimed to determine the usefulness of rotational thromboelastometr...

Catatonia can be associated with multiple physical and mental illnesses, and idiopathic catatonia is a well-recognized clinical entity. Here we report a case of recurrent idiopathic catatonia with underlying immunologic abnormalities, with an emphasis on etiological hypotheses. An 18-year-old female with mild learning disability, dyspraxia, autoimm...

Human-Snake conflict (HSC) is a complex and pervasive problem that occurs wherever snakes and people share the same habitat. Lack of information, ignorance by the masses and absence of snakebite prevention measures results in around 2100 annual deaths in Gujarat while the national mortality figure is as high as 58,000. While the need to improve the...

This case report highlights the necessity to have in consideration about the ischemic complications post snake envenomation along with the traditional hemmorhagic events. We report a case of 28-year-old male who developed ischemic cerebral vascular accident post snake envenomation. The manifestations of snakebite may cause severe and sometimes fata...

All cultures throughout history have used herbal medicine as a form of healthcare. From ancient medicinal plant have been use various source of medicine. Medicinal plants accumulate various secondary metabolites like saponin, alkaloids, terpenes, sterols, flavonoids, glycosides, cyanogenics, tannins, lactones, quinines, resins, phlobatannins, volat...

Euphorbia hirta L.. is a common herb with global spread. Different parts of E. hirta are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a variety of human and animal conditions, such as skin diseases, inflammation, digestive and respiratory disorders. This bibliometric study aimed to provide a panoramic view of the publication landscape in the l...