Slavery - Science topic

It seems a case of black people unable to do things for themselves. When other races want a critique of certain sensitive parts of their history. They seem quite competent to do that themselves and are in control of the narrative. UNESCO i am not sure about. In the sense of its affiliation with the united nations, who's latest toothless performance regarding the support for women and children being murdered. Does not fill me with any confidence.“Mere research, which does not address the most critical component of this diabolical practice, is simply an attempt to whitewash the issue,” said professor Appiagyei-Atua of Ghana.

My worry would be that after all is said done the verdict will be slavery wasn't that bad. Trevor Hercules

god means a set of good qualities if you have a patience courage responsibility you can see god in your near about

First of all one tribe sold another tribe. So selling the other tribe was a guarantnee their own tribe will not end up in slavery. Second they probably got the same thing as from Europeans, i.e. trtinkets or nothing at all. And third, they were able to keep a position of power thanks to the support of the slave-buyers. And at times one tribe that were the victims of this slave commerce could or managed to take over and they became the tribe that sold the other tribe (the one that had been on top for some time) into slavery: this happened several times in the Mali empire long before the Europeans got into the picture. But the real question was what happened to the slaves. In the west they were transported to distant countries where they had to work for a pittance, including the Northern Africas countries long before they became Muslims. But in the east many had to be young males around 12 because they were very systematically castrated on their way to the mediterranean basin, very often flush with the abdomen. We estimate that half of them died of complications, blood loss, or infections.

Fascinating question. I can't think of any company. If there are any, that would make a fascinating study. Good luck.

Added context: Western Europeans only count as Celts, Norse, and or Germanics

Any government that seeks power rent, which is the leaven of economic corruption for itself and its party, is doomed to collapse.

A democratic government must be aware of the importance of the individual in managing the state, respect his civil, intellectual and human rights, and draw future plans to ensure the existence of generations that respect the opinion of the other and reconcile with him.

No, the academic arena is not safe for marginalized academics or marginalized voices. There are many subtle and not-so-subtle ways marginalized voices are oppressed, suppressed, and contained. As the example of Nikole Hannah-Jones demonstrates, either you contain yourself within the boundaries of acceptable cannon, or you don't get promoted or tenure.

When I was finishing up my PhD, one of my advisors told me that if I ever wanted a career I need to "toe the line" . I'm a member of a privileged demographic and social class. I can imagine what those without my privilege have experienced.

The concept of liberty seems a bit problematic with respect to scientific analysis since it relies implicitly on an agent will (in the sense internal mental state) and the extent to which the agent will can be legitimate (liberty of opinion), exercised (political liberties).

The central position of the agent will is where I see the difficulty with respect to scientific analysis. In order to fit our direct intuition, we quite often assume that will is actually free and that this free will we all have are essential features distinguishing our minds.

However, it could be argued that our mind are ultimately reducible to the activity of our brain. If we refuse hypothesis of an invisible soul and examine what is the material substrate more likely to be at source of our internal world, the brain seems like the only possible candidate. Our self consciousness and the resulting feeling of having an inner self that is making the thinking in a completely free manner might be illusion though. This internal world in which we are apparently completely free is the result of a specific electric state of our neurons and synapse, they are not in themselves this inner world but clearly they are permitting it to happen.

If our mind is so strongly embodied in matter, why to suppose that it has essentially different properties than matters? Specifically what could be its liberty as it ultimately would be necessarily deterministic, once given a state of the brain and the electric charge of neurons at a time t, there would be a unique possible value at time t+dt (given dt small enough at least). What we internally experience as free will is actually the only way things could have go with this precise brain in a precise environment.

Of course I'm not saying it's possible to predict anyone thinking based on any measures. The variability introduced by our immediate environment and senses would anyway make impossible to tell anything meaningful regarding someone internal world state.

I'm not even sure that, if the idea of deterministic consciences would be true, it would have much implication on how we can understand mind and liberty. It's emotionally something that feels important, to have this private world where there is something that is me that is really in charge in the secret of my mind, but maybe I overate this importance.

very good question

Victor Ubaka Onyemelukwe May be you are right. It is inevitable that will finally come soon. We see the regencies from Bill Gates vaccination and NanoChipping plan. But it doesn’t mean we will give up without fight to stop it. That is how we know we don’t cause it.

Depending blindly on the retailer or buyer in terms of design, price , technology can be term as Modern Slavery in Supply chain of Garments/Textile Industry . Lack of innovation in the downstream of supply chain is also responsible in this issue.

Dear Syed

It would be a honour to set up a common research regarding this topic. Thus, you seem to be more experienced, do you like to make a short outline. Therefore, I could start with to gather data. I am looking forward to hearing from you!

Best regards

Stéphanie

Central banking has evolved as a decisive monetary policy ('to police') tool ('only 3 inventions in human history: fire, wheel, cental banking'; an old joke) of the 'capitalist panned (planning) economy'. One alternative economic model would be free banking: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_banking

https://mises.org/library/free-banking-theory-history-and-laissez-faire-model-0

Your arguments: '...to limit the ability of the masses to accumulate wealth' and '...controlled by non-elected officials' are, in my opinon, right statements. These political phenomena are closely connected to the 'systems convergence', which happenend during and after the cold war.

https://www.newcoldwar.org/michael-hudson-on-the-new-world-order/

https://library.mises.org/sites/default/files/rae8_2_2_2.pdf

I think as a state policy yes. But there are a lot of variables to take in account. For exemple, in Brazil, in 1888 when the slavery was abolished the government did not creat policies to become possibilite for the black people from that moment on "brazilian citzens", to live in society with the same rights of the white people. So, the abolitionist official policies must be followed by public policies to insert the old slaves/new citizans in society with the same rights that free people had have already. I believe that a "truly abolition" can happens just in a mid-term with policies to equalize the relation. If not, the problems of the slavery like racism and unequality between black and white will persist for a long time.

A good reply, but it can only be implemented when a driving force will make sure it gets implemented.

All labor need to organize and establish a different set of priorities. Social changes in favor of workers will only happen when workers themselves realize what a force they are - once they are united an determined...

Outstanding Points on the problem. Currently, I have reached economic cycles in the United States for the last 200 years. The fifth current upwave will create a major boom in the United States for 20 years. We will experience record economic growth, low unemployment, low interest rates, a NASDAQ should go over 10,000. The engine is the new millennial generation who have embraced the 4th Industrial Revolution and will make record economic profits.

Timothy, I'll search out the paper on the Anglo-Saxons and let you know author, etc. But they claim: 1) New perspectives on Wessex and the development of English history, 2) the variety of languages spoken during 9th century, and if I remember rightly 3) many Anglo-Saxons accompanied Rollo (?) in his conquest of the later Normandy in France.

As said here, I think Marx may have had a point about development of slavery in Mesopotamia based on patriarchy as before they had indenture (debts, etc), but not Egypt surely. And yes you are, of course, right about slavery in Egypt-like in the Joseph story foreign slaves were given skilled or service-industry (household) positions, not hard labour.

Great question, as pointed out by the earlier respondents there is a difference and much has to do with the initial intent and ultimate freedom of those trafficked.

I think you cannot find publicly available multilingual versions of international survey - only the generic one (English). There are many secondary data analyses on trafficking, as well as national reports - for example Eurofound deals with labout exploitation and trafficking.

Here you could find summary of methodological challenges in research on trafficking. http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/global_survey.pdf

In case your research is for Master degree, I would recommend to be focused on qualitative research, combined with secondary data analyses. Good luck!

Dear Chinedu,

Since 1999, the Australian government has launched a series of anti-migrant smuggling awareness campaigns. These have been even more stern since 2012, following an increased number of “boat” arrivals. The campaigns aim to foreground the deadly consequences of migrant smuggling. For example, the 2012 “don‘t be sorry“ campaign targeted Afghan, Iraqi and Iranian diaspora communities in Australia. These campaigns are usually translated to the languages of the main arrival groups and are disseminated across the media.

https://law.uq.edu.au/files/6729/Schloenhardt-Philipson-SoM-Awareness-Campaigns-2013.pdf

Technically, an embassy is not part of the country it resides in but part of the country it represents. If the represented country pays but lip-service to human rights and laws aganst slavery, the slave-keepers give indeed an accurate representation of their home nation.

Taking steps against such behaviour would require Australia's Department of Foreign Relations to declare people like Pakistan's High Comissioner to Australia or an attaché to the Saudi Arabian Embassy "persona non grata" - which is a very strong measure in diplomacy and very likely to cause repercussions from the country that person represents, as diplomatic personnel usually hails from influential families who will act to get even for the loss of face they suffer back home.

As long as we depend on other countries the economic slavery will continue. But if the relationship between countries is really based on mutual benefit and division of labor for the welfare of society it is sustainable.International business is built on pillars of mutual trust and benefit and optimizing the capabilities of countries with specific skills and resources.The faster the humans realize the importance of mutual trust, the speedier will be such reform as banishing slavery of any form. Greed is the cause of discontent and decay.

Upon reading the question posed here I wondered about what kind of slavery was being denoted and why one would seek to write a book on slavery instead of a book on freedom. Just like the safest prison involves one where the inmates believe they are free while incarcerated and incarcerated while free and thus willfully stay incarcerated, there exists a similar effect related to the question of productivity under slavery where the slaves / the workers are the most productive when they believe they are doing the work as willful workers instead of realizing they been enslaved. Now I realize some may be writing a book on slavery/freedom while actually writing a book on freedom/slavery as a way to get through to them under the influences of certain ideologies to consider better ways... though I would wonder if that was the case here and how some seek a solution to a problem instead of seeking to do what better be done as it better be done via handling the situations accordingly (hint a solution implicates a problem and thus creates the problem to solve ... whilst handling the situations accordingly implicates handling the situations accordingly )

None of the above: you cannot have environmental sustainability IF it does not look at modern slavery. I believe you cannot have sustainability (of any type--local, supply chain, etc.) if you do not look at, consider, modern slavery. So, the latter is my question: is anyone working with sustainability in such a way that it argues for modern slavery being considered as part of sustainability, as needing to be addressed in that context.

The temperature of the Oceans has been increasing since the mid 1880's.  This is logical as it corresponds with the extensive growth of the various trans-continental rail roads on all of the continents ( 1840's to 1880's and beyond ).  The steam engine was the instigator of our ability to mine more coal, move more people and goods, and add Volume to the Atmosphere, so we add Pressure, and Temperature to the Atmosphere which is absorbed by the oceans.  Changes in CO2 content is only one of the many changes we have and will make to our planet and its atmosphere, and its temperature sink, the oceans.

We will return all of the Coal that took 60 million years to sequester in the ground, back into the atmosphere in about 600 years.  The return rate is 100,000 times the sequestration rate.

The other thing we are doing is using up the Oxygen in the atmosphere, and converting it to CO2.  The Volume of the Atmosphere is very large, but it was only 20.8 % O2.  This is dwindling toward 20.7 % O2.

We can change our ways or die gasping for Oxygen while broiling in a super-heated atmosphere of high Pressures and high temperatures.

It is up to us.

Mantey,

Several necessary considerations:

First, may I suggest that you have two very different papers under the same roof: Africans and Diaspora Africans. Their identities and histories are incongruent--one group having come from slaves, the other having had some of its people taken away. As well, it is necessary to distinguish among Africans across the continent, recognizing and delineating the way peoples in different regions were directly affected and caught up in the slave trade and how those different histories have been translated to the present. 

Which is the second necessary consideration: how the past has been translated into the fabric of today's different African and Black Diaspora cultures. This is essentially about identity, and invented identities as Hobsbawm writes about. Since nothing positive came from the slave trade--basically only tribal chiefs and other power holders accrued any benefits; there was no meaningful transfer of technology (save for guns) or socio-economic structures/ideas. Africans did not follow suit and become maritime explorers (only in relation to the Arab traders on the upper east coast was there any African involvement in maritime exploration, much of it to southwestern India). Far and away the major and overwhelming benefits through the centuries of the slave trade came through trade with North African Arabs and is the reason Islam spread to 1/3 of the continent. Even greater technological inputs came from colonialism after the end of the slave trade, and "confrontation" is still historically attached to colonialism, rightly so, but not on the Muslims who forced Islam on tens of millions of Africans over eight hundred years of conquest. Again, invented traditions assume different positions regarding the past--a Muslim country/culture is not going to write "confrontational" history about itself, nor would most countries.

Third, from a methodological point of view, the term "confrontational" and the meaning of "background" to the slave trade must be well defined, as the entire project depends on that clarity. Without looking at your paper, I don't know what you mean by "background".  As for "confrontational", confrontational with whom? The countries who were most directly involved in shipping, selling and buying slaves until the mid-1980s? with African historiography and its writers? With Whites in general? With colonialists wherever they may be found?  And confrontational "how"? In country school textbooks, in cultural media (songs, poetry, novels, certain national celebrations), in demanding reparations for people lost? Also,, what does someone have to gain by being confrontational in some way? Again, you are looking at identity.

And it is  most important to consider that in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, only 4.4% of slaves were shipped to North America (U.S. & Canada). The majority (93.6%)  were shipped to Central America, South America and the Caribbean Islands. So, you have a huge population to research concerning how today's IDENTITY manifests itself among these various peoples, and African Americans are the least represented in the Diaspora, so you need to explain why you are focusing on them and not the other 93.6%.

Also, "should" is an unworkable concept in social science because it presupposes and requires too many moral or ethical imperatives (unless your paper is a purely philosophical treatise heavy on how people "should" behave)--but I think you are not asking that nor coming from that point of view.

I hope these thoughts help in some way.

Best,

Stephen Childress

I was going to suggest asking Gary Craig but I assume you will have done that...

Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau is the main refernce. You will access a large bibliography towards local and regional theses about this subject.

You can find related to your study in my country.Writer by İsmail Parlatır-Book Name is Tanzimat Döneminde Kölelik but language is Turkısh.The book tell about a period of time Tanzimat  Literature's story and novel inside slavery. in Turkısh Literature.But language is Turkısh maybe you can find Englısh.Good Luck

I agree with your opinion,Migrated men, women, young people, children and families may experience slavery conditions in a range of industries and situations such as:   Construction trades, Domestic work, Farm work, Factory work, forced marriage, Retail – green grocer, bakery, car wash, beauty therapy services, Sex services.

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Your definition recalls the discussions in Britain at the end of the 18the century about whether slaves should have their humanity fully recognised in which case the removal of their state of slavery would be required as then Christian ethics could require that to happen.  Of course that is exactly what happened.  The arguments against the 'emancipatory' position was not that they were not human but rather that the abolition of slavery would lead the owners (of property, i.e. slaves) to lose as free labour they suggested would be less productive than slave labour.

I define slavery properly so-called as: the ownership of one person and their descendants by another.  Anything else I would not call slavery.  I do recognise though that other forms of labour such as serfdom are sometimes almost indistinguishable from slavery.  In terms of the actual conditions for example of bonded labourers in the British Empire in the Nineteenth Century there were definitely points at which they may have been materially 'better off' under slavery.

Are you serious?  'Hordes of refugees and immigrants' ?  Do you include yourself and your fellow citizens in that description?  The bulk of the population of North America is made up of descendants from such people.  Indeed if we go further back in history the evidence suggests that we are all, in the West, descended from people who initially emigrated from Africa!  Human rights are supposed to be that - 'human' not 'Western'.  They are therefore supposed to be bestowed on all of us regardless of our origins.  I think the 'West' needs to be reminded also about its historical and contemporary relationship with the 'Rest' of the world.  That will help explain the antipathy, even hatred felt to things 'Western' in some many parts of the world.  It will also help to explain, most of the current conflicts in developing world countries.  Finally, it will help to explain why more and more people are turning to a distorted ideology/philosophy  (jihadism) in the (mistaken, in my view) hope that it will provide them with liberation from Western imperialism.  The West, after centuries of ripping off the Rest of the world needs to consider its responsibilities for the mess in which the world is now in.  Bombing civilian populations, propping up dictators and military juntas, who have been putty in our hands, is not going to build a sustainable environment.  We need to change our relationship with other human being across the world.

slavery as a system is hardly capable of putting free slaves and masters on an equal socio-economic standing, not even after many many years. However, especially in urban contexts, there are slaves and freed slaves who were more successful than many of their (former) masters, especially among those masters who depended on their slaves for survival, those who had one or maybe two slaves, common among white and mestizo single women and widows. Slaves' 'success' was highly differentiated, but so also were their masters. Lots of cases in "Paying the Price of Freedom"......

googling chemical analysis of clay pipes I found this 

Chemical analysis of residues from seventeenth-century clap pipes from Stratford-upon-Avon and environs  

Mizè mennen parespè = If you show suffering, then people lose respect for you.  There are several important writers on the relationship between Vodou and Haitian culture.  Karen McCarthy Brown writes that "there is a special shame associated with begging.  When the spirits want to teach a lesson in humility to a devotee, they command that person to don the ritual version of rags and go to the market and beg .  The ignominy of begging comes largely from the fact that beggars are seen as isolated individuals whose activity announces to the world that they have been abandoned by the extended kin group and now must forage on their own.  Even if the family were lost through death rather than discord, the person who must beg can easily be seen as someone who was not clever enough or respectful enough or sufficiently hardworking to find a place as adopted kin in another family."

(Brown, K. M. (2006). Afro-Caribbean spirituality: A Haitian case study. In C. Michel & P. Bellegarde-Smith (Eds.), Vodou in Haitian life and culture; Invisible powers (pp. 1-25). New York: Palgrave Macmililan.) The editors of this book have published extensively in books and peer-reviewed journals about Vodou.  I just noticed that you are in California: Get in touch with Claudine Michel and Patrickk Bellegarde-Smith who are associated with KOSANBA (The Congress of Santa Barbara) which is a scholarly association for the study of Haitian Vodou.

Hi Toula,

Good day.Thank you for your suggested references and links.

Dear Shamiaga, gettting back to you,  check out,. It  shows that there was no silence, but survival and empowerment strategies and tactics:  http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2015.1013451