Shrimp - Science topic

Grass shrimps are a food source for many fish, other invertebrates, and birds and parasites can be passed on to top consumers (dolphins, larger fish, humans, etc). Some literature leans towards seasonal/temperature-dependence parasitism. I can anecdotally say that I found that grass shrimps were more likely to host trematodes ( prevalence and total parasites per individual) near boat docks/marinas. There is a high likelihood that more species across all trophic levels are present in these marinas due to dumping of fish parts, bycatch, as well as, pollutants. I don’t have access to this data anymore, but hope this helps.

Rotifer are non-partisan because no harmful effects on shrimps.

Dear Alyssa delica Astilla

Following steps may reduce the risk of parasite in shrimp aquaculture: to be sure from the source of water, keep maintains water feature(physical -chemical characteristic), depend upon Hygiene and Quarantine methods, controlling and prevention the biological carrier and Reliance on a periodic system of disinfectant and chemotherapeutic methods

good luck.

Hello Choi Myounggwang

You may purchase L15 (2X) media from the link given below. Details are given in the link.

Best.

There have been a number of studies that have investigated the impact of mesh size on catchability in static gear, such as gillnets and trammel nets. Here are a few examples:

It is important to note that the impact of mesh size on catchability can vary depending on the specific species and fishery being studied. It is also important to consider other factors, such as the fishing gear configuration and fishing effort, that can also affect catchability.

It is possible that combining feed enzymes, minerals, and probiotic microbes may affect the efficiency of the microbes. The specific effects will depend on the types and amounts of enzymes, minerals, and microbes being used, as well as the conditions under which they are mixed and used.

To make a composition by mixing probiotic microbes, feed enzymes, and minerals, you will need to consider the following factors:

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any additional questions.

To fix brine shrimp (Artemia salina) in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA), you can follow these general steps:

It is important to handle the brine shrimp carefully during the fixation process to avoid damaging the exoskeleton. You may want to refer to published literature or consult with experts in the field for more detailed protocols and recommendations for fixing brine shrimp.

There are several contract research organizations (CROs) that specialize in testing treatments for diseases in shrimp. Some examples of CROs that offer these services include:

It is important to carefully consider the reputation and expertise of any CRO you are considering working with, and to thoroughly research their services and capabilities to ensure that they are a good fit for your needs.

I hope this information is helpful! If you have any further questions or need additional recommendations, please don't hesitate to ask.

The Hazel decomposition model is a statistical model that is used to analyze the sources of change in production and production variance in agriculture and other sectors. The model decomposes the change in the average of production and the change in production variance into four components:

To calculate the Hazel decomposition model, you will need to gather data on production and production variance over time. You will then need to use statistical software, such as R or STATA, to fit the model to the data and estimate the coefficients for the four components.

To develop the model, you will need to follow these steps:

If you have any further questions about developing the Hazel decomposition model or need additional guidance, I would be happy to help or recommend a researcher who may be able to assist you. Please let me know if you have any specific questions or concerns.

There are several options for sterilizing the surface of shrimp to sample the tail muscle, hepatopancreas, and gut aseptically:

It's important to note that these methods are only effective at sterilizing the surface of the shrimp and may not be effective at sterilizing the internal organs. To sterilize the internal organs, it may be necessary to use aseptic techniques, such as wearing gloves and using sterile instruments.

For more information on sterilization methods, you may want to consult the following references:

Prof. Ahmad AL Khraisat, I agree with you.

To prepare different doses of bacteria after performing a viable plate count, you will need to follow a set of steps that involve calculating the volume of bacteria needed for each dose, adjusting the concentration of the bacteria to the desired level, and sterilizing the bacteria before use. Here is a general protocol for preparing different doses of bacteria:

Volume of bacteria = (Desired concentration) / (Actual concentration)

Where "Desired concentration" is the desired concentration of bacteria in the final solution (e.g., 1x10e37/ml), and "Actual concentration" is the concentration of bacteria in the original solution (e.g., 1x10e7/ml).

It is important to note that the specific details of the protocol may vary depending on the specific goals of the experiment and the resources available. It is also important to follow good laboratory practices and to handle the bacteria and chemicals carefully to avoid contamination and to ensure the integrity of the results.

Isolating mitochondria from freshwater amphipods involves several steps, including homogenizing the tissue, centrifuging the homogenate to pellet the mitochondria, and separating the mitochondria from other cellular components. Here is a general protocol for isolating mitochondria from freshwater amphipods:

It is important to note that the specific details of the protocol may vary depending on the specific goals of the experiment and the resources available. It is also important to follow good laboratory practices and to handle the samples and chemicals carefully to avoid contamination and to ensure the integrity of the results.

Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a microsporidian parasite that can infect the hepatopancreas (the digestive gland) of shrimp and other crustaceans. While it is possible to cultivate EHP in shrimp cell lines, it requires specialized techniques and equipment, and is typically only done in research settings.

To cultivate EHP in a shrimp cell line, the first step is to obtain a pure culture of the parasite. This can be done by isolating the parasite from infected shrimp or by using a commercially available culture of EHP.

Next, the shrimp cell line must be prepared for infection. This typically involves growing the cells in tissue culture flasks or wells, and maintaining them in a sterile environment.

Once the cell line is prepared and the EHP culture is obtained, the cells can be infected with the parasite by adding the EHP culture to the cells and incubating them at the appropriate temperature and humidity. The infected cells can then be observed for signs of EHP growth, such as the presence of spores or the development of characteristic cytopathic effects.

It is important to note that working with EHP and other microsporidian parasites can be challenging, as they are highly infectious and can cause serious illness in humans. Therefore, it is important to follow proper safety protocols and to use caution when handling these parasites.

It is possible that some studies on the parasitology of freshwater shrimp have found phytoplankton instead of parasites. Phytoplankton are microscopic algae that are found in freshwater and marine environments, and they can be mistaken for parasites due to their small size and similar appearance.

Phytoplankton are an important component of the aquatic ecosystem, and they play a role in the food web as primary producers. They are typically not harmful to shrimp or other aquatic animals, and they are not considered parasites.

There are many published studies on the parasitology of freshwater shrimp, and it is possible that some of these studies have reported the presence of phytoplankton in the samples being examined. However, it is important to carefully identify any organisms found in the samples to ensure that they are correctly classified. This can be done using a variety of techniques, such as microscopy, molecular techniques, or other diagnostic methods.

It is also important to consider the specific goals of the study when collecting and analyzing samples. If the goal is to study the parasites of freshwater shrimp, it is important to use appropriate sampling and diagnostic methods to ensure that the parasites are accurately detected and identified. If the goal is to study the phytoplankton community in the aquatic environment, it is important to use appropriate techniques and protocols to collect and analyze the samples, and to accurately identify and characterize the phytoplankton present.

It is possible for eggs of certain parasites to be found when examining freshwater shrimp for parasites. Fasciola, a type of flatworm that can infect the liver of freshwater and marine fish and invertebrates, is one example of a parasite that can produce eggs that can be found when examining shrimp.

Fasciola eggs are small (about 50-60 micrometers in diameter) and oval-shaped, with a thick, smooth outer shell. They can be found in the liver or other internal organs of infected shrimp, as well as in the feces of infected animals.

Other parasites that can infect freshwater shrimp and produce eggs that may be found during an examination include nematodes (roundworms) and trematodes (flukes). These parasites can infect the digestive system, gills, or other organs of shrimp, and their eggs may be found in the feces or other body fluids of infected animals.

It is important to note that the presence of eggs does not necessarily mean that the shrimp is actively infected with the parasite. Some parasites have complex life cycles that involve intermediate hosts, and the eggs may be present in the shrimp as a result of its exposure to the parasite in the environment, rather than as a result of active infection.

The stocking density for vannamei shrimp with an average weight of 2 grams in a PVC holding tank of 41 square meters will depend on several factors, including the water quality, feeding rate, and the overall health of the shrimp. It is generally recommended to maintain a stocking density of 15-20 shrimp per square meter for vannamei shrimp. However, it is important to monitor the water quality and the health of the shrimp closely, and to make adjustments as needed to ensure the well-being of the shrimp. It is also important to provide adequate aeration and filtration to maintain good water quality.

I think it is important to consider the ongoing discussion regarding the taxonomy of the genus Penaeus. It is clear that there is a lot of debate surrounding the use of the sub-genus Litopenaeus as a genus, and that there is no consensus on the matter. However, the Yang et al. (2023) study found that the sub-genus Litopenaeus is distinct from Penaeus, and I think it is important to consider this when deciding which taxonomy to use. I also think that Tim Flegel's suggestion of using the sub-genera in parenthesis is reasonable and could help to clarify the taxonomy for people who are not taxonomists. Ultimately, I think it is best to use whichever taxonomy is most accepted and widely used in the scientific community.

These are definitely helminth eggs, e.g. Paragonimus eggs.

You are correct, visual sorting gets increasingly difficult as the particle size gets smaller. The sizes of MPs that you are able to pick out of your sample first comes down to what you can see, and that is often dependent upon the magnification abilities of your microscope. And there can be a fair amount of error associated with that as MPs often look like other things (e.g., diatoms). Adding additional techniques before visualization can help a lot.

First is the digestion of the tissue. I have tried both KOH and H2O2 + heat on fish tissues and found them both to be effective. I typically use H2O2 at 65C for a few of hours with periodic agitation, depending on the size of the tissue sample. Karami et al. (2017) has a nice paper on different types of digestions. Next is separation from the surrounding media. If you are interested in separating by polymer type, then you can consider a density separation. Li et al. (2018) provides a good method. Just know that some of the chemicals used can be a little difficult to handle and particle size can impact buoyancy. The latter might be solvable by adding centrifugation (see Nguyen et al. 2019). You mention filtration, and I would say that is the most common method. There is some discussion about how to best filter samples to get the most MPs while avoiding contamination. While not the only one, Cai et al. (2020) addressed that subject recently. Personally, I think that filters are a good way to go if your MPs are large enough to be caught by it. You should consider passing the digestate and subsequent filtrates through multiple filters with smaller and small pore sizes so that you you don’t clog filter pores and when you get to the smallest particles large bits aren’t obscuring the view of smaller particles. Nanoplastics are still a big problem. The Nguyen et al. (2019) study says that their technique is able to separate those too, but I haven’t tried it yet. Its generally agreed upon (as of now) that there is no one good method to separate out the really small nanoplastics. And if you think you have a separation method, once they get that small, the only way to verify if you got any is by using an electron microscope (maybe uFTIR…very much maybe). That’s one of the reasons most people purchase fluorescent NPs to use in their exposure experiments. Next is the Nile red staining that you mentioned (I’m assuming you are using protocols from Maes et al. 2017 and Shim et al. 2016?). I certainly see this as one of the more commonly used methods to differentiate MPs from their background. And, if your microscope has enough resolution, you should be able to see particles <500um. Considering that you are using shrimp tissue, you should determine if you will get autofluorescence within the same wavelengths as the stain. I also recommend reading Meyers et al. (2022); they have some interesting ideas about using Nile red that I look forward to trying. Stanton et al. (2019) proposes the use of DAPI as a costain gives better results. And as the previous responder mentioned, FTIR has the final say in whether something is a plastic or not, and what kind it is. If it is possible for you to do on at least a subsample of what you separate from your sample, then it will make your study stronger. Regarding tissue type, I think that has more to do with your question. When dealing with aquatic organisms, exposure route should be carefully considered as it can be inhalation, dermal, and/or ingestion. Particle size typically determines if an how a particle can translocate through the body, and not all tissue types are equally permeable. The muscle seems like generic sort of tissue to look at, not in a bad way though. Would it be possible to collect hemolymph?

I’m not sure how much I helped to solve your problem, but I hope I at least gave you a few more directions to look in.

Good luck!

- Melissa

Cai, H., et al. (2020) Microplastic quantification affected by structure and pore size of filters. Chemosphere 257, 127198. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127198

Nguyen, B., Claveau-Mallet, D., Hernandez, L. M., Xu, E. G., Farner, J. M., & Tufenkji, N. (2019). Separation and analysis of microplastics and nanoplastics in complex environmental samples. Accounts of chemical research, 52(4), 858-866. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00602

Karami, A., et al, (2017) A high-performance protocol for extraction of microplastics in fish. Science of the Total Environment 578, 485-494. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.213

Stanton, T., et al. (2019). Exploring the efficacy of Nile red in microplastic quantification: a costaining approach. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 6(10), 606-611. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00499

Meyers, N., et al, (2022). Microplastic detection and identification by Nile red staining: Towards a semi-automated, cost-and time-effective technique. Science of the Total Environment, 823, 153441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153441

Li, L., et al., (2018). A straightforward method for measuring the range of apparent density of microplastics. Science of The Total Environment 639, 367-373. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.166

Maes, T., et al. (2017) A rapid-screening approach to detect and quantify microplastics based on fluorescent tagging with Nile Red. Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 44501. http://doi.org/10.1038/srep44501

Shim, W.J., et al. (2016) Identification and quantification of microplastics using Nile Red staining. Marine Pollution Bulletin 113, 469-476. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.049

Currently there is no effective method to treat EHP. Once infection is confirmed, very often it will stay, and the only way to deal with it is epidemic control and the implementation of biological preventive measures from breeding to farming. Confirm with PCR tests that the PL is not infected.

Anecdotal evidence suggest that EHP is more prevalent in grow-out ponds of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) where the salinity is high - >15 parts per thousand (ppt) - compared to grow-out ponds with low salinities (<5 ppt).

file:///C:/Users/JICA-PC/Downloads/fishes-07-00339-v2.pdf

Feed contain vegetable oil, soya and spirulina extract

Dear Vineesh, May be before going for the PCR please check the primer in AGE first then try to go for Touchdown PCR. Less amount of DNA is good, Please see if it is a Universal primer having degenerate bases sometimes this happens. But please go for touchdown PCR it may help.

Hi Hiram Herrera - in my experience there is no predetermined volume ratio of solvent:tissue. I have recently digested lobster muscle tissue and used 30mL 10% KOH per ~10g of tissue, followed by filtering and then 10mL of 30% H2O2. I found these ratios by running numerous tests beforehand using different configurations and lobster tissues. You certainly don’t want to use too much or too little solvent, but the amount that will work best depends on many factors such as length of the digestion, how much heat you are applying, whether the tissue has been preserved or is fresh (for example fresh vs frozen vs ethanol preservation has different effects on the proteins within the tissue which can impact how it digests). A good rule of thumb in my experience is to make sure the tissue is completely covered. Sorry I don’t have a more straightforward answer, but ultimately if you’re able to, play around with different ratios and you’re bound to find what works best for digesting shrimp tissues!

How we can maintain the probiotic microbiome again quickly after water exchanges, in order to avoid pathogenic bacteria's bloom ? 1. Hatchery technician commonly use Bacillus sp. & lactobacillus probiotic powder directly apply it to the water or at the first we activated them by culture, 2. We should notice that water supply had been desinfected before use it, 3. We should maintain rasio C:N at raised more than 15, 4. We should control alkalinity as one of limiting factor for maintain probiotic as biofloc.

Litopenaeus vannamei (White leg shrimp or king shrimp)

Order: Decapoda

Family: Penaeidae

Phylum: Arthropoda

Kingdom: Animalia

Suborder: Dendrobranchiata

Subphylum: Crustacea

Dear Mohamed H. Kalaba, the simplest way is to perform the reaction under Microwaves instead of a conventional water bath. Please have a look at the following document, you may search for similar studies. My Regards

Two options:

The anticoagulant citrate_EDTA solution for the collection of marine invertebrate haemolymph (100 mM glucose, 30 mM trispodium citrate, 26 mM citric acid, 510mM NaCl and 10mM EDTA.Na,; pH = 4.6) was prepared according to Siiderhlll and Smith (1983).

Shrimp salt solution (SSS) was prepared to correspond to the ionic and osmotic values of shrimp haemolymph (Vargas-Albores, 1992; Vargas-Albores and Ochoa, 1992): 450 mM NaCl, 1OmM KCl, 10 mM EDTA.Na,, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.3, 850 mOsm/Kg.

If LC50 is not comes under your selected concentrations then you need to select higher concentrations range. First of all range finding bioassays were performed to calculate LC0 (maximum 0 % mortality) and LC100 (minimum 100% mortality) values. Then choose different concentrations between LC0 and LC100 values and note the concentration dependent increase in mortality. Finally probit analysis were used to find out LC50 value of the selected compound.

Hamed Ghanaatian studied species are Hemimysis speluncola and H. margalefi

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ticus is the most common species among crustaceans, often causing various diseases and significant losses in aquaculture. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a newly emerging shrimp disease that has severely damaged the global shrimp industry. This species of bacteria is associated with gastrointestinal illness in humans and has been implicated in foodborne disease. The present study carried out, isolation and characterization of pathogenic bacterial flora isolated from the infected hepatopancreas of vannamei, obtained from various aquafarms in Andhra Pradesh, India, on 11th June 2018. The collected samples were plated on TCBS- (Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile salt-Sucrose) agar medium and Hi -Chrome vibrio, as described in Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Isolated colonies were subjected to the following tests- microscopic examination, growth at different temperatures, growth at different NaCl concentrations, and biochemical tests. Further purity, maintenance, and propagation of purified cultures were done. The microbial culture was identified using 16s rRNA molecular technique. Phylogenetic Evolutionary analyses and distance matrix were conducted in MEGA7.In the present study, different samples were screened, a total of three green colonies (V44, V45, V46) were isolated, identified by biochemical tests and genetic identification as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A systematic methodology has been developed to isolate and characterize Vibrio sp. from diseased shrimp and identify them by genetic analysis.ticus is the most common species among crustaceans, often causing various diseases and significant losses in aquaculture. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a newly emerging shrimp disease that has severely damaged the global shrimp industry. This species of bacteria is associated with gastrointestinal illness in humans and has been implicated in foodborne disease. The present study carried out, isolation and characterization of pathogenic bacterial flora isolated from the infected hepatopancreas of vannamei, obtained from various aquafarms in Andhra Pradesh, India, on 11th June 2018. The collected samples were plated on TCBS- (Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile salt-Sucrose) agar medium and Hi -Chrome vibrio, as described in Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Isolated colonies were subjected to the following tests- microscopic examination, growth at different temperatures, growth at different NaCl concentrations, and biochemical tests. Further purity, maintenance, and propagation of purified cultures were done. The microbial culture was identified using 16s rRNA molecular technique. Phylogenetic Evolutionary analyses and distance matrix were conducted in MEGA7.In the present study, different samples were screened, a total of three green colonies (V44, V45, V46) were isolated, identified by biochemical tests and genetic identification as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A systematic methodology has been developed to isolate and characterize Vibrio sp. from diseased shrimp and identify them by genetic analysis.

For full text .

Mr Senthikumaravelan....

To enrich Artemia, we can feed with vitamins or calcium or by adding an emulsion of phospholipids rich in DHA to newly hatched Artemia. The Artemia eat the emulsion. The Artemia are then fed to the fish or can then be kept refrigerated for up to 3 days. Feed the artemia minimum of 12 hours before feeding them to fishes or other organism...

This might help:

I did not do that. But I am not positive about that because

1- the difference in dietary requirement between these two shrimp. Monodon needs higher dietary protein than vannamei. You can not feed them separately, instead you should a single diet for them both. Low protein causes health deterioration in monodon and high protein increase ammonia production by vannamei.

2- monodon is an aggressive species and will show antagonostic behaviors toward other species. I guess high mortality in cannamei may occur

Hi Maizah, I concur with James: each species has a different set of characters, so you will have to study them in advance. I prefer to start taking photo's of living specimens, because they show some behaviour I want to register (see https://nieuwewendingproducties.blogspot.com/2018/03/in-vitro-in-natura.html - http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.com/2017/10/spookkreeften-determinatietabel.html)

Also check https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231264628_A_Brine_Shrimp_Bioassay_for_Measuring_Toxicity_and_Remediation_of_Chemicals

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Also can see

Please read chapter ir chitin chitosan writen by boukhlifi fatima

Sorry, small size and lack of notice may cause this

Hi

Thank you very much for this nice question. Obviously, BFT system can be conducted in earthen pond and concrete pond based system. I had found some papers on BFT, which were conducted in earten pond or concrete pond.There were some species such as tilapia, filter feeder carps and giant river prawn cultured in Bangladesh, China and Brazil or Mexico. Please find this paper from e-resources sources. The pond based BFT having enormous prospects in tropical and subtropical regions, but management will be be different than indoor system.

Best regards and thank you.

Md Eilious Hosain

may this can help

The best temperature to store seafood

The optimal range for storing and/or transporting fresh seafood is between -1℃ and +5℃. The rate of deterioration compounds as the product temperature increases. For example, seafood stored at 4℃ deteriorates twice as fast as seafood stored at 0℃, while at 10℃ seafood deteriorates four times as fast as the same seafood stored at 0℃.

Therefore, even when keeping seafood at 4℃, which is within the recommended range, it will still spoil twice as fast as it will at 0℃. Cooked king prawns will stay in peak condition for four days at 0℃, only two days at 4℃ and just one day at 10℃. Put simply, the warmer the product, the shorter the shelf life.

In simple terms, keep your seafood as cold as possible for it to last if possible. If you suspect your seafood is spoiled, don’t take the risk of getting food poisoning. Better to throw it out and buy fresh or eat something else entirely.

Of course Caprella scaura, thank you @Abhishek Mukherjee

From our experience, yes there is high possibilities the bigger shrimp attacked the molted shrimp. But as long as you provide with enough feed and maintain good WQ, cannibalism should not be an issue. So far, we did not use any artificial substrate in our tank and the shrimp looking good.

Dear Margaret Okundigie,

For the analysis of antioxidant enzymes activities in amphipods, I generally use acetone at 0.01% (final concentration). Be careful to add a solvent control in your experiment to compare the results.

Good luck

Thanks for your helps. I will consider those ideas to complete my plan.

You may find these helpful

Atya innocous

Atya lanipes

Also check https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325525775_White_feces_shrimp_disease_prevention_and_treatment

Chitosan can be best utilized as safe antibacterial agent for textiles but there is always a limitation of its durability. The chitin containing shellfish waste is available in huge quantities, but very low quantities are utilized for extraction of high value products like chitosan.

In this link we will find A Simple and Effective Method for Extraction of High Purity Chitosan from Shrimp Shell Waste :

Thank you

Several reliable methods for quantifying protein have been developed to simplify the process. These methods include Warburg-Christian, Lowry Assay, and Bradford Assay (all of which rely on absorbance properties of macromolecules). Bradford assay method is uses a dye to bind to protein.

Hi Valentin. I am interested. I also work with my team on similar issues. If you are still interested, my email is khaled.mohammed@icman.csic.es

Please take a look at these useful RG links.

Golonka Jan but can they convert when its already in the form of carbonic acid? that is the part I am unsure of

Hi, William,

Here in Brazil there is an excellent expert in ciliates. His name is Thiago da Silva Paiva. You can try to get in touch with him by e-mail: paivatds@gmail.com

Not first you have to develop the

  shrimp seed industry or check how expensive it is to bring it from other countries and if it is profitable

You could indeed use ANCOVA/linear regression (after checking your model assumptions, i.e. linear relationship between length and weight (in model 1), normality and homoscedasticity of residuals and independence of observations).

As observations from the same population are probably not independent, you should add population as a variable in your model.

There are two possibilities:

Since you are interested in the difference of length-weight slopes between sexes, you should add an interaction effect in your model.

The model looks something like this:

length ~ weight + sex + population + weight*sex

If the interaction effect is significant, the length/weight slope differs with sex. To identify the which of the four groups differ significantly from each other, you can carry out a post-hoc test on the interaction term (e.g. Tukey test). If the interaction is not significant, you cannot assume that the l/w ratio is significantly different between any of the four groups.

Another way would be to use the length/weight relationship directly in a model:

length/weight ~ Sex + Population

Here, we do not need an interaction term, as the relation between the l/w ratio and the four ‘Sex’-groups is implicitly part of the model. If ‘sex’ is significant, you can again perform a post-hoc test on ‘sex’.

If you are using R, this link might be helpful: https://rcompanion.org/handbook/G_09.html

it's likely to be easier to catch in the pelagic phase of behaviour in depths of between 100 and 200 m

This is not for your species, but should help. Addition of some EDTA calcium/magnesium chelator, adjusted to neutral (pH7) or haemolyph pH should work. Add 1-2 drops of a 2% solution per ml. If the clumping occurs as you harvest the haemolymph, try starting with a small amount of 0.5% EDTA or EGTA in saline in the syringe or pipette You use to collect your sample.

Thank you Moayyad Shawaqfah

The background count with the empty container is not the background of the sample. The sample background is altered by the sample matrix and contributions to the K-40 ROI from other radionuclides in the sample. The K-40 background of the sample must be determined from the sample spectrum. The variance of the net count is the sum of the variance of the determined net and the variance of the determined background. The uncertainty is the square root of the sum.

Typically seawater buffered Davidson's or 95% ethanol. Shields (2017) provides extensive discussion on differential fixation: Jeffrey D Shields, Collection techniques for the analyses of pathogens in crustaceans, Journal of Crustacean Biology, Volume 37, Issue 6, November 2017, Pages 753–763, https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/rux077

link: https://academic.oup.com/jcb/article/37/6/753/4161633

According to my knowledge maintain proper C:N ratio

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I think Eclio can be used tranformation of plasmid containg your gene of interest . better to say which plasmid and promotor is the best for the expression.

Pichia pastoris can also be used as a host strain.

You can do so by using any statistical software.Even excel program allows to do it.

Please find here : a paper comparing different exosome isolation methods from plasma, sera and CSF samples. Let me know if you have any questions on it and I would be happy to help!

Hi Alok,

There are several WSSV diagnostic kits available in the market. One is IQ2000 WSSV Detection and Prevention System PCR kit by GeneReach. There are also nested PCR protocols used to detect WSSV such as that of Kimura et al. 1996.