Sharks - Science topic

A previously unknown reference to the Russian ethnologist, biologist, and traveler Nikolaj N. Miklucho-Maclay (1846–1888) was discovered in correspondence between Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). This reference has remained unknown to science, even to Miklucho-Maclay’s biographers, probably because Darwin used the Russian n...

The recognition that deep-water sharks are among the most vulnerable marine species to fisheries exploitation led to the implementation of fishing prohibition regulations in European waters. Reducing unwanted bycatch and mortality are key fisheries mitigation measure for the conservation of these species. Yet, few studies have investigated how to m...

Shark-human interactions are some of the most pervasive human-wildlife conflicts, and their frequencies are increasing globally. New South Wales (Australia) was the first to implement a broad-scale program of shark-bite mitigation in 1937 using shark nets, which expanded in the late 2010s to include non-lethal measures. Using 196 unprovoked shark-h...

The evolutionary origin of the jaw remains one of the most enigmatic events in vertebrate evolution. The trigeminal nerve is a key component for understanding jaw evolution, as it plays a crucial role as a sensorimotor interface for the effective manipulation of the jaw. This nerve is also found in the lamprey, an extant jawless vertebrate. The tri...

This study aimed to understand the structure and function of the artificial reef ecosystem of the Sea of Oman and its stability and maturity. For this study, the trophic model of the Sea of Oman’s artificial reef ecosystem was described using the Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) ecosystem modeling software (Version 6.6.7). The essential characteristics of...

Subsea power cables cause electromagnetic fields (EMFs) into the marine environment. Elasmobranchs (rays, skates, sharks) are particularly sensitive to EMFs as they use electromagnetic-receptive sensory systems for orientation, navigation and locating conspecifics or buried prey. Cables may intersect with egg laying sites, foraging habitat and migr...

We present previously unknown stacked bowl-shaped bioherms reaching a size of 45 cm in diameter and 40 cm in height from weakly solidified peloidal sand from the upper Sarmatian of the Paratethys Sea. The bioherms were mostly embedded in sediment, and the “growth stages” reflect a reaction on sediment accretion and sinking into the soft sediment. T...

South eastern Australia is a global warming hotspot, and is also home to ~70% of Australia’s population and one of Australia’s largest fisheries—the South East Scalefish and Shark Fishery. This fishery spans shelf to deep waters, subtropical to temperate waters, employs many gears, and interacts with over 100 species. Despite following best practic...

(1) Background: Labial cartilages (LCs), as their name suggests, lie in the folds of the connective tissue, the lips, framing the gape of elasmobranch chondrichthyans. As such, these cartilages lie laterally to the jaws and marginal teeth. They are considered to influence the ability of creating suction during the feeding process. As past studies h...

Pustular microbial mats in Shark Bay, Western Australia, are modern analogs of microbial systems that colonized peritidal environments before the evolution of complex life. To understand how these microbial communities evolved to grow and metabolize in the presence of various environmental stresses, the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) detection tool...

Squalene is a natural triterpenoid that is important in medicine, and daily-use chemical and nutraceutical industries. The demand for squalene remains high and constant. Shark liver oil is the source of the compound; however, the source is unsustainable due to the protection of the gradually extinct animal. This study aimed to construct an engineer...

Nazca is a city and system of valleys on the southern coast of Peru. The name is derived from the Nazca culture, which flourished in the area between 100 BC and 800 AD. Nazca Lines contain over 800 straight lines, 300 geometric figures and 70 biomorphic designs. Some of the straight lines are 30 miles long, while the largest bio morphs stretch up t...

Sawfish conservation is a critical concern, yet insufficient baseline data on their presence and status has hindered conservation efforts at national and regional levels. Between 2015 and 2017, interviews were conducted in fishing communities in Ecuador and Peru to assess the historical and current status of largetooth sawfish Pristis pristis . Int...

This paper is a brief overview of the first fossil remains of a shark of the genus Ptychodus in the Ulyanovsk Oblast. The studied material is presented to isolated tooth. The collected tooth belongs to P. polygyrus, the last representative of the genus Ptychodus. This finding expands the geographic spread of this species in Europe in general and in...

Yeast infections have gained significant attention in the field of marine biology in recent years. Among the broad diversity of marine organisms affected by these infections, elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) have emerged as highly susceptible, due to climate change effects, such as increasing water temperatures and pollution, which can alter the com...

Information on how the trophic ecology of predators shapes their movement patterns and space-use is fundamental to understanding ecological processes across organisational levels. Despite this, studies combining spatial and trophic ecology to determine how prey preference and/or resource availability shape space use are lacking in marine predators...

The mucus layer covering the skin of fish has several roles, including protection against pathogens and mechanical damage in which proteins play a key role. While proteins in the skin mucus layer of various common bony fish species have been explored, the proteins of shark skin mucus remain unexplored. In this pilot study, we examine the protein co...

To help understand bioapatite microstructures and related chemical variations, their impact on O-isotope compositions measured and give insights on sample preparation, this study analysed conodonts and shark teeth prepared in different orientations through microanalytical and bulk sampling techniques: scanning electron microscopy (SEM); electron pr...

Bycatch of cartilaginous species is considered one of the main drivers for the dramatic declines observed in many populations. Pelagic longlines and passive nets impact many species depending on their life stage and habitat use. Here, we present an updated list of incidental catches collected through a 4-year fishery-dependent survey. We documented...

This study relates to the lending and borrowing system to meet daily needs. Many people think that the credit process at banks takes a long time, so those who need money quickly will lend the money to parties who apply quickly using ID cards. Loan sharking is an act carried out by lending money in a very fast process but the interest offered is muc...

The frequent fluctuation of pork prices has seriously affected the sustainable development of the pork industry. The accurate prediction of pork prices can not only help pork practitioners make scientific decisions but also help them to avoid market risks, which is the only way to promote the healthy development of the pork industry. Therefore, to...

Fish oil has been known for its antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective characteristics due to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are essential for optimal brain function and mental health. The present study investigated the effect of Carcharhinus Bleekeri (Shark Fish) oil on learning and memory f...

Understanding how reef-associated sharks use coastal waters through their ontogeny is important for their effective conservation and management. This study used the horizontal movements of acoustically tagged Caribbean reef sharks ( Carcharhinus perezi ) to examine their use of coastal space around the Cayman Islands between 2009 and 2019. A total...

Citation: Chamorro, F.; Otero, P.; Carpena, M.; Fraga-Corral, M.; Echave, J.; Seyyedi-Mansour, S.; Cassani, L.; Prieto, M.A. Health Abstract: Oily fish is a rich source of energy, proteins, essential amino acids, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. Among the macronutrients with the highest contribution are lipids, mainly long-chain omega 3 polyunsatura...

Among vertebrates, sharks exhibit both large and heterogeneous genome sizes ranging from 2.86 to 17.05 pg. Aiming for a better understanding of the patterns and causalities of shark genome size evolution, we applied phylogenetic comparative methods to published genome-size estimates for 66 species representing the main phylogenetic lineages, life-h...

Elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates) are among the most threatened marine vertebrates, yet their global functional diversity remains largely unknown. Here, we use a trait dataset of >1000 species to assess elasmobranch functional diversity and compare it against other previously studied biodiversity facets (taxonomic and phylogenetic), to identi...

Many elasmobranch populations were already depleted well before fishery surveys had even started, which means historical investigations are needed to reveal their ignored declines. This is probably the case for the Bramble shark Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) whose populations in Europe are suspected of having decreased significantly. In or...

While the general diet of Mediterranean elasmobranchs has been widely studied, little is known about food partitioning and competition among sympatric species, despite these being important forces structuring marine communities. Using stomach content and stable isotope analyses, we investigated diet and trophic levels and evaluated the diet overlap...

This paper is not meant to be a review article. Instead, it gives an overview of the major research projects that the author, together with his students, colleagues and collaborators, has worked on. Although the main focus of the author’s work has always been the fish lateral line, this paper is mainly about all the other research projects he did o...

The increasing demand for virtual machine (VM) request is caused due to the increasing number of users. Hence, the VM placement is considered as a critical task for attaining effective resource handling in cloud data centers (DCs). In general, the VM placement procedure deploys the set of VMs onto the set of physical machines (PMs) depending on spe...

Upper Cretaceous coastal marine deposits are widespread in the Southern Urals with a number of marine vertebrates previously reported from this region. However, previous studies on the vertebrate faunas in this region often lack detailed taxonomic descriptions and illustrations, rendering comparisons to other faunal assemblages difficult. A new di...

Records concerning marine megafauna (e.g., cetaceans, pinnipeds, seabirds, and sea turtles) predation and scavenging events by sharks are scarce along the Brazilian coast. Although Brazil is noteworthy as one of the main global hotspots regarding elasmobranch functional diversity, endemism and diversity, studies on the food biology of this group ha...

In this paper, the effect of the load pattern on the optimal configuration of a stand-alone PV-Wind hybrid system based on minimum cost is studied. The proposed hybrid system consists mainly of PV modules and wind turbines (WT) in addition to diesel generators (DG) and batteries (BT) for supplying both peak demand and generation shortages. Three di...

Fulfilling household needs for a woman is required to be able to obtain and manage halal-sourced finances from a small and micro-entrepreneur. The trap of conventional and online loan sharks poses a significant risk to the borrower's assets due to the lack of business capital they have in the short term. Establishing a micro waqf bank initiated by...

Jet flows injected in a transverse flow need rapid and effective mixing for various applications ranging from medicine injection into bloodstreams to nuclear pressurized water reactors (PWRs). Inspired by marine organisms, spiral snails, and sharks, bio-inspired nozzles are proposed and experimentally investigated to explore their advantages in sup...

Simple Summary Underwater mountains, or seamounts, are deep-sea habitats collectively forming an area as large as Europe. Yet, they are one of the least studied ecosystems on earth. Known for supporting rich marine life compared to surrounding deep-sea environments, we have no information on how seamounts truly compare to other iconic biodiversity...

We assessed the trophic roles of 13 medium-sized elasmobranchs in central Patagonia (41°-47°S) by identifying their interspecific relationships and trophic overlap using stomach contents and δ ¹⁵ N and δ ¹³ C values. We also conducted a literature review of the available diet information for Argentina. Specimens were collected from the bycatch of t...

In 2021 the University Museum of Bergen conducted an archaeological excavation at the Middle Neolithic (3500–2700 BC) site Nerlandsøy at Sunnmøre. The most surprising find was 154 teeth from Porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus) imbedded in culture layers. Teeth from this species have been found in three other sites infrom North-Western Norway, however in...

Identifying sex-linked markers from genomic data has both theoretical and applied importance, especially in conservation. Yet, few methods and tools exist to detect such markers from Restriction-site-Associated DNA sequencing reads and even fewer tools can identify sex-linked markers from existing genotyped data. Here, we describe a new R function...

Simple Summary Research on the welfare of elasmobranchs (i.e., rays, sharks, and skates) in human care is lacking. Therefore, we observed the behaviors of members of four ray species in the presence of aquarium visitors. The rays spent more of their time performing active behaviors (i.e., swimming and eating) and less time performing inactive behav...

SAPTA. It has the largest irrigated land, second largest railway network of the world after the US. SAARC represents a hope for the largest pool of poor people of the world, with a consumer base surpassing 750 million people will be the largest single economic block in the world. Accelerate economic and social development in the region. SAARC regio...

A specimen of common thresher shark Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre 1788) was caught in a fishing net in the waters off Piran (Gulf of Trieste, northern Adriatic Sea). It was a juvenile male with a total length of 2841 mm. In recent decades, other cases of juvenile specimens of common thresher shark have been recorded in Slovenian coastal waters. Desp...

The IUCN Red List most recently evaluated the spadenose shark (Scoliodon laticaudus) in 2005 and classed it as near threatened. The research was done at fish landing locations at PPI Dumai between May and July 2023. The goal of this study is estimating spadenose shark growth, mortality, and exploitation rates. Total length and total weight were the...

How similar do humans behave to great white sharks when hunting cape fur seals? This question was the focus of my Master of Science by Research (Computing Science) completed at Staffordshire University, 2023. Using Unreal Engine 4, I built a videogame based on published research of great white sharks hunting cape fur seals and invited participants...

This paper investigates the indigenous perceptions of estuarine crocodiles in southern Palawan, the Philippines. Filipino communities generally regard crocodiles as both ferocious and enigmatic, given their potential threat to both society and livestock. Indeed, crocodile attacks on the local population occur with alarming regularity in the souther...

The high level of living needs versus people's income, which tends to stagnate, is the main factor in the rampant practice of loan sharking in Tasikmalaya Regency, especially according to BPS data, where as many as 10.73% of people are still classified as weak economic categories. In practice, loan sharks offer easy and fast loan services but set i...

An individual specimen of Galapagos shark (Carcharhinus galapagensis) was observed in the waters surrounding Malpelo Island, Colombia, on the 9th of July 2016 and the 13th of June 2019, which was identified by direct observation, photos, and videos obtained during scuba diving. The individual was approximately 2 m in total length and presented whit...

The order Lamniformes contains charismatic species such as the white shark Carcharodon carcharias and extinct megatooth shark Otodus megalodon, and is of particular interest given their influence on marine ecosystems, and because some members exhibit regional endothermy. However, there remains significant debate surrounding the prevalence and evolu...

Increased environmental temperatures result in greater energy demands for ectotherms, however, it is currently not clear if these energy demands can effectively be met by increased foraging effort. Here, we tested the temperature dependence of foraging effort and metabolic rate in an aquatic ectotherm across its entire natural thermal range. We dev...

Many modern sharks are known as dietary opportunists and their feeding behaviour and diet can be observed in many different ways. By contrast, the reconstruction of feeding behaviour and diet of their early ancestors is rather difficult. Direct evidence such as oesophagus, stomach or gut contents is scarce in early chondrichthyans (e.g. Kriwet et a...

Elasmobranchs are facing global decline, and so there is a pressing need for research into their populations to inform effective conservation and management strategies. Little information exists on the population ecology of skate species around the British Isles, presenting an important knowledge gap that this study aimed to reduce. The population...

The unsustainable use of wildlife increases the risk of species extinction. In biodiversity-rich Indonesia, information on the scale of wildlife use is limited and requires further study. To address this, we explored the potential of text messaging (short message service; SMS) surveys to investigate levels and spatial patterns of domestic wildlife...

Hemingway’s novel The Old Man and the Sea was published in 1952 and won the Nobel Prize for Literature two years later. As an excellent work created by Hemingway, the language style of the Old Man and the Sea highlights Hemingway’s literary characteristics. He likes to use simple and colloquial language and flexible collocation of verbs and nouns t...

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There are many advantages to transitioning from conducting marine wildlife surveys via human observers onboard light-aircraft, to capturing aerial imagery using drones. However, it is important to maintain the validity of long-term data series whilst transitioning from observer to imagery surveys. We need to understand how the detection rates of ta...

The waters of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are home to a wide variety of shark and ray species, many of which are unique to the region and about which relatively little is known. Research efforts to date have focused primarily on identifying the species that occur locally and their importance to fisheries, but further research is required to unde...

In recent decades, the abundance of sharks in the world's oceans has decreased due to overexploitation by commercial fisheries. Over this same period, sharks have been increasingly targeted for sport by recreational anglers. "Catch-and-release" (C&R) angling, where sharks are released alive after capture, has been proposed, and in some situations,...

Elasmobranchs (i.e., sharks, skates, and rays) have survived five mass extinction events and changed relatively little throughout their ~450-million-year evolutionary history. Therefore, elasmobranchs may provide critical evolutionary perspectives on how species and populations can elicit phenotypic plasticity and adaptation responses to climate ch...

Chondrichthyans comprise a diverse group of vertebrate species with extraordinary ecological relevance. Yet, multiple members of this evolutionary lineage are associated with significant extinction risk. The sailfin roughshark Oxynotus paradoxus is a deep-water benthic shark currently listed as vulnerable due to population declines in parts of its...

The relationship between humans and sharks has existed for a long time, especially in shark utilization. Tanjung Luar is the largest shark and ray fishery in West Nusa Tenggara. The community’s dependence on shark and ray resources is very high in this location. This study aims to look closely at the performance of shark target fishing and utilizat...

A carcharhinid shark was caught in a set-net fishery off Wajima City in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. The individual was identified as a copper shark Carcharhinus brachyurus based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding using the 12S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit l gene (cox1) regions of the mitochondrial DNA. In Japan, th...

Theory predicts relaxed host specificity and high host vagility should contribute to reduced genetic structure in parasites while strict host specificity and low host vagility should increase genetic structure. Though these predictions are intuitive, they have never been explicitly tested in a population genomic framework. Trypanorhynch tapeworms,...

The megalodon, Otodus megalodon, is arguably the most renowned ancient shark because of its extreme size and carnivorous nature. Paleontologists overwhelmingly agree that it went extinct towards the end of the Pliocene. However, some cryptozoologists have proposed that it never died out. Their evidence for its modern survival consists of alleged po...

Overfishing, habitat degradation, and climate change have caused declines in shark populations throughout the world's oceans. However, in the United States Gulf of Mexico (GoM), populations of several coastal shark species are starting to stabilize following decades of successful regulations and enforcement. The stabilization of coastal shark popul...

ABSTRAK: Bersamaan dengan pertumbuhan pinjol, muncul pula kekhawatiran terkait etika komunikasi antara perusahaan pinjol dan konsumen, terutama dalam interaksi melalui media sosial seperti WhatsApp. Salah satu fenomena yang muncul adalah ketidaksantunan berbahasa yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan pinjol dalam mengancam konsumen melalui pesan teks. Ket...

The commercial adoption of BCI technologies for both clinical and non-clinical applications is drawing scientists to the creation of wearable devices for daily living. Emotions are essential to human existence and have a significant impact on thinking. Emotion is frequently linked to rational decision-making, perception, interpersonal interaction,...

Sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans) play a crucial role in marine ecosystem functioning but are highly vulnerable to fishing. Hence, understanding the spatial overlap between chondrichthyans and fishing effort is essential for effective conservation and management. Here, we propose an integrated approach that combines Vessel Monitoring Sy...

Background Elasmobranch populations are declining, predominantly driven by overfishing, and over a third of global sharks, rays, and chimeras are estimated to be threatened with extinction. In terms of trade, Brazil is ranked the eleventh-largest shark producer and the top importer of shark meat in the world. Research has shown that elasmobranchs a...

Seawater contains a wealth of genetic information, representing the biodiversity of numerous species residing within a particular marine habitat. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding offers a cost effective, non-destructive method for large scale monitoring of environments, as diverse taxonomic groups are detected using metabarcoding assays. A la...