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Dates: 1–4. September 2025.
New proposal submission deadline: 30 April 2025.
Conference Venue: University of Miskolc, Hungary
Keynote Speaker: Claude Romano (Université Paris-Sorbonne / Australian Catholic University)
Plenary Speakers:
Gaetano Chiurazzi (University of Turin / Collège International de Philosophie, Paris) Gert-Jan van der Heiden (Radboud University Nijmegen) François Raffoul (Louisiana State University) Daniela Vallega-Neu (University of Oregon)
Organizing Committee:
Chair: Miklós Nyírő (University of Miskolc)
Members: Gaetano Chiurazzi (University of Turin; Collège International de Philosophie, Paris) Csongor Lőrincz (Humboldt University, Berlin) Zsuzsanna Lurcza (University of Miskolc) Péter Makai (University of Miskolc) Daniel Neumann (University of Graz) Wojciech Sowa (Jagiellonian University, Krakow) Tamás Ullmann (Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest) Miklós Vassányi (Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Budapest)
Topic Description
The conference focuses on the aspects and significance of the concept of “event” and the various ways in which events are mediated, covering a vast field of phenomena and the pertaining disciplines. For a detailed topic description, please visit the conference website: https://eventandmediation.uni-miskolc.hu/EN
Possible topics include, but are not limited to:
Continental event-philosophy
· Reconstructions of and critical engagements with past continental approaches to the concept of the event (Bergson, Whitehead, Heidegger, Gadamer, Blanchot, Badiou, Merleau-Ponty, Deleuze, Derrida, Marion, Nancy, Richir, Malabou, Romano, Tengelyi, etc.).
· Contributions to a conceptual history/typology of the different event concepts.
· Analysis of the metaphysical, ontological, phenomenological, and socio-critical dimensions of the event.
· The phenomenality, temporality, and the space-binding aspects of the event.
· The subjective aspect of the experience of the event (linking the concept of the event with the subjective processes of genetic phenomenology, the problems of language, the unconscious, and the existential).
· Study of various instances of “medial agency” (as a full-fledged agent being sub-jected to events) and “medial dispositions”.
· Consequences of event-philosophies for our understanding of the modes of human responsibility, personhood, and moral identity.
Analytic event-philosophy
· Reconstructions of and critical engagements with past analytic approaches to the concept of event (Davidson, Quine, Kim, etc.).
· The basic metaphysical structure of events (concrete particulars, abstract entities, hybrid nature, ontologically simple); the metaphysical constituents of events; the role of participants, time, and properties in defining an event.
· The individuating criteria of events (over time, across different contexts, different possible worlds); the role causation and spatiotemporal regions, respectively, play in individuating events; issues of negative causes and negative events; issues of overlapping or nested events.
· How do events fit into broader ontological categories, or do they constitute a sui generis one; are events fundamentally different from objects, states of affairs, or facts; do all events involve changes of some sort, or there are static events?
· Related topics from other analytic fields: action-theory (e.g., human actions as events, different from mere happenings and bodily movements); philosophy of mind (e.g., distinct mental events’ relation to physical events in the outer world and in the brain); philosophy of language (e. g., the role of linguistic elements – verbs, tenses, adverbs, etc. – in event semantics, and the way they alter the conceptualization of events).
Philology
· Philologically demonstrable instances that support the hypothesis of the “medial” nature of the ancient worldview, or its decline.
· The semantics of the middle voice, and the ways humans perceived it in cognitive terms.
· The Greek perception in grammatical literature (so in ancient science) affecting the Latin and medieval thought.
· Aspects of change of the verbal systems over the ages of the language and cultural developments.
· The relation of the middle voice to the passive in different languages.
· Comparison of the middle voice and the so-called ergative structure (in Basque, Georgian, Mayan, Tibetan, etc.).
Religious Studies
· What is an “event” in religion; what are the foundational events of a religion and why?
· How, by what events, is the history of God interconnected with the history of the world?
· What is the (transcendental) significance of ritual events?
· What are the tokens of a mystical event in the several religions of mankind?
· The relation between “medial disposition” and religiosity: is there a sense in which a religious believer is neither active nor passive in a religious event; is the acceptance of the operation of divine grace a “medial” event; is the religious experience of mystics a medial experience?
· Traces of the “medial worldview” in diverse aspects of Christian medieval, and any other cultures.
· The religious significance of the Greek middle voice (mesotes) in the Bible.
Medial philosophy of culture and technology
· The cultural transition from homo ludens to homo laborans and its implications on cultural identity, alienation, and reification.
· Study of the concept of play and its role in the formation of culture (Huizinga, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Fink, Gadamer, Derrida, Winnicott, Dewey, etc.).
· Play in the contemporary digital world: risks and opportunities.
· The “medial” role of tools and techniques in the formation of the cultural environment.
· The symbolic character of technical objects: the origin of symbolization, technique and the process of hominization (Leroi-Gourhan, Stiegler, Simondon, etc.), meaning and loss of meaning in the technological world.
Literary and Cultural Theory
· Medial cultural techniques that make visible, even generate events through a – symbolic or analog, more recently digital – recording (cf. Kittler) or through representation.
· Mediality creating the event, and the event “using” mediality, displacing its conventional or pre-coded forms of being.
· Language as a performative medium or a medium for performativity.
· The limits of language arrived at in or from the event, and the finitude of the event manifested from language.
· Biopoetics of the event as manifested in literary texts.
· Natural history (Naturgeschichte) as a category of event in literature.
· The linguistic event between singularity and iterability, performativity and virtual embodiment.
· The corporeal, embodiment modes of the event with anthropological implications (Agamben, etc.).
· The event inscribed in public structures (because of its mediality) and its latency.
Abstracts/Proposals
The organizing committee invites proposals for papers (lasting no longer than 20 minutes), thematic panels, and book panels addressing the conference themes outlined in the Call for Papers.
Interested speakers should submit a 400-500 word Abstract and a max. 150 word Biographical Note. On the Abstract, please indicate the preferred area of expertise for abstract evaluation (Continental Philosophy / Analytic Philosophy / Philology / Religious Studies / Literary and Cultural Studies).
Scholars are only allowed to present one paper in the conference. An exception may be made if a scholar is also providing commentary at a book panel.
PhD students, postdoctoral fellows, and independent scholars are also invited to submit proposals.
Submit your Abstract and Biographical Note to eventandmediation2025abstract@uni-miskolc.hu
Extended deadline for submission: 30 April 2025.
A confirmation will be sent to your email address within two days. If you do not receive it within two days after completing the submission, first please check your spam folder, and contact the organizing committee (at eventandmediation2025@uni-miskolc.hu ) only if you do not find the confirmation.
Selected submissions will be confirmed by 15 May 2025.
The working language of the conference is English. The conference will be a four-day, in-person event.
Conference Proceedings
The conference proceedings comprising selected papers will be published as an open-access electronic publication.
Deadline for submission of written articles: 30 September 2025.
Registration
Registration fee for lecturers: 65 Euro (early bird: by 30 June 2025); 85 Euro (full fee, by 31 July 2025). PhD students, postdoctoral fellows, and independent scholars must also register, but their registration is free.
Registration opens on 15 April 2025.
Registration is online, through the registration page on the conference website (https://eventandmediation.uni-miskolc.hu/EN). Payment will be possible through online credit card payment. Bank charge is: 3,8%.
The registration fee covers access to the whole program, catering at the coffee breaks, lunches, and the reception dinner.
Proposals whose authors do not register by 31 July 2025, will be removed from the program.
Important dates:
30 April 2025 – Extended deadline for proposal submissions 15 May 2025 – Decision on proposals 30 June 2025 – Deadline for early registration (early bird fee) 31 July 2025 – Deadline for late registration (full fee) 31 August 2025 – Arrival 1-4 September 2025 – CONFERENCE 30 September 2025 – Deadline for submission of written articles
Contact
For further inquiries, please contact Zsuzsanna Lurcza or Péter Makai via the following email: eventandmediation2025@uni-miskolc.hu
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Hello, I have a large number of manuscripts to be published in the academic conference, how can we contact?
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Can somebody tell me if the wave-particle duality is caused by the collapse of the wave function?
How can matter behave in two ways, it doesn't make sense. It has to have a single description.
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This is a deeply important question, and it lies at the heart of what my work — Quantum Wavefront Dynamics (QWD) — was created to address.
The short answer is:
No, wave-particle duality is not caused by wavefunction collapse.
Collapse is not what creates the duality — it’s what destroys the wave-like behavior and reveals the particle outcome.
But the mystery goes deeper:
How can one entity behave like both a wave and a particle, and when does it become one or the other?
According to QWD:
• The quantum entity (photon, electron, etc.) is always a real, extended wave — not a probabilistic ghost.
• This wave has a geometric structure — a wavefront — that propagates deterministically.
• When no external disturbance occurs, this wave evolves coherently and produces interference patterns.
• However, when the environment (observer, device, material) interacts with it asymmetrically, it begins to distort the wavefront curvature.
• This distortion leads to gradual localization — the wavefront bends, concentrates, and behaves as if it “collapses” into a particle detection.
QWD’s Key Contribution:
• It provides a single physical description — not duality, not collapse postulates.
• Wave and particle are two stages of one evolving wavefront under different physical conditions.
• Collapse is not instantaneous. It’s a continuous, deterministic, geometry-driven process.
This model aligns with modern experimental findings (like decoherence and interference decay) but removes the need for mystery, randomness, or parallel realities.
If this resonates with you, I invite you — and all reading — to explore my published manuscript:
Quantum Wavefront Dynamics (QWD): A Deterministic Framework for the Wave-to-Particle Transition
Available here on ResearchGate: [Insert Your RG DOI Link]
It presents a full theoretical explanation, simulations, and proposed experimental tests — and offers a unified view that dissolves the duality paradox.
Sincerely,
Adam Dakhil Nasser Alzerkany
Author of QWD
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The line of thought here is that modern physics, despite its groundbreaking discoveries and advancements, faces several challenges that undermine its effectiveness and clarity.
Sugested Weaknesses
1. Lack of Clear Objectives
Modern physics often lacks well-defined objectives in its educational and instructional materials. For instance, the dynamics section focuses on concepts like momentum and kinetic energy, but these objectives are not consistently reflected in textbooks or official science manuals. This ambiguity can lead to confusion among students and researchers about what they aim to achieve in their studies.
### 2. Weak Sense of Aim
While physicists may have specific goals, such as proving a theory or discovering new particles, a deeper, overarching aim is often missing. This lack of a unified vision can result in fragmented research efforts, where scientists may not fully appreciate how their work contributes to the broader understanding of the universe.
### 3. Abstract and Vague Concepts
Key concepts in physics, like mass and energy, are often abstract and definition-dependent. Mass, for example, is frequently misunderstood as a state (e.g., solid) rather than a measurable property. This confusion arises because these concepts are more theoretical than conceptual, making them difficult to grasp intuitively.
### 4. Disorganization and Lack of Unification
Physicists often engage in diverse, non-convergent activities, reflecting a lack of organization within the discipline. The failure to unify its branches (e.g., quantum mechanics and general relativity) and the proliferation of spontaneous initiatives without a robust, interconnected vision hinder the progress of physics. This disorganization can lead to inefficiencies and a lack of cohesion in research efforts.
Conclusion
Among the sugested primary weaknesses in modern physics are its lack of clear objectives and a unified sense of purpose.
Key concepts such as mass and energy are often purported as abstract and definition-dependent, leading to confusion.
Additionally, the discipline may suffer from disorganization, with diverse research efforts lacking a robust, interconnected vision.
It is interesting to study further how these challenges may hinder the progress of physics and proposes a need for clearer objectives and a more cohesive approach to research.
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Mr Nicolis,
I never spoke of "vaque physics" as a science which is the opposite i. E most concrete, more presice etc but on some of its aspects, like Vaque Discipline objectives
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Britannica defines materialism as the view that 'all facts (including facts about the human mind and will and the course of human history) are causally dependent upon physical processes, or even reducible to them'.
The issue with this definition is the use of 'physical processes'. What is physical process? Are there non-physical processes? How could anyone even begin to test for that, no matter what it means. It seems to me that there are processes, either known or unknown to us. If they interact with what our senses (and/or scientific instruments which are an extension of our senses) they can be detected. If not, we can simply know nothing about them. Thus, calling known processes physical does not seem to add anything. By extension, materialism makes not sense either. There in only the world, and the facts within it, either known, or unknown. Maybe also parallel universes, but I digress.
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Materialism, as a philosophical concept, is relatively well defined but remains subject to interpretation and debate depending on the context in which it is used. There are multiple versions of materialism, each with its own nuances:
  1. Metaphysical Materialism (or Physicalism)The idea that everything that exists is fundamentally physical or material. Consciousness, thought, and mental states are seen as products of physical processes in the brain. A dominant view in contemporary philosophy of mind and science.
  2. Historical Materialism (Marxist Materialism)A framework developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It explains historical and social development as driven by material economic conditions rather than ideas or beliefs. Focuses on class struggle and modes of production.
  3. Consumerist or Cultural MaterialismThe belief that material possessions and wealth are central to personal success and happiness. Often associated with modern consumer societies.
While these versions of materialism are conceptually distinct and generally well-defined within their respective domains, debates persist. For instance:
  • In philosophy of mind, the hard problem of consciousness challenges materialism’s ability to explain subjective experience.
  • In historical materialism, critics argue that ideology and culture play a greater role than purely economic forces.
  • In social theory, consumerist materialism is debated in terms of its psychological and ethical implications.
So, while materialism as a broad category is well articulated, its sufficiency as an explanatory framework continues to be contested across disciplines.
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I seldom bother other people with questions and especially requests to read my paper. This time I decided to do so. I wrote in 2008 a proof of the Riemann Hypothesis and revised it this year. The paper was from 6. May 2020 to 28. Agu 2020 in the Annals of Mathematics, the Princeton journal. After 13 weeks I asked if the paper just got lost somewhere, but they assured that it is in review. After 16 weeks they rejected the paper with the form used for papers not taken to review, so no referee statement, suggestion to submit it elsewhere, and wish you good luck. It is certainly possible that the Annals just kept it somewhere without reviewing and lied when I asked them, it is possible that they found a fatal error and just for fun suggested bothering other journals, but both of these cases show rather immature sense of humor. I hope the editors of the Annals have better grasp of scientific ethics. Thus, maybe they were uncertain. If so, it was probably because of the proof of lemma 2 that was somewhat unclear. Now I have written a new and very clear proof of Lemma 2. It is the only place where the paper could possibly have an error and the place where the error could be is pages 10-13, but I find no error. Could somebody check those pages? The paper is
Deleted research item The research item mentioned here has been deleted
It is 14 pages, all but the proof of lemma 2 are certainly correct. It takes some half an hour to check the whole paper.
Thanks,
Jorma Jormakka
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My proof is here
This proof from 2021 was never checked and nobody has shown that there is any error in it. I spent 2000 dollars in trying the payable "checking" by the Journal of Number Theory. It was fake: they read five pages, did not find any errors but insisted that I have to pay mode thousands or they will not continue, so extortion. I have this my proof, it is enough for me, I know that the Riemann Hypothesis is true. I am not interested in checking proofs by other people as nobody ever cared to check my proof. Science is taken over, no chance. But good luck.
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I'm trying to explain organic molecule's adsorption onto activated carbon based on chemical parameters, and I found a good correlation between the adsorption amount and topological polar surface area (TPSA).
However, this parameter is used only to explain pharmaceutical absorption and not for different groups of organic molecules. Instead, electron density has been studied as a very important element in adsorption phenomena.
Can these two parameters be correlative? Does it make sense to consider adsorption and some pesticides TPSA, for example?
Any help would be significant to me.
Thanks.
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Thanks for the contribution Bello Ibraheem Qozeem Matej Babjak
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Are we sure that Planck's results don't allow us to calculate it?
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If we seek a frame of reference for the universe beyond Einstein’s relativistic framework, we must consider an absolute or emergent structure that underlies spacetime itself. General relativity describes how mass and energy shape spacetime locally but does not provide a universal "rest frame" or a preferred perspective. However, quantum gravity, string theory, or causal set theory suggest that spacetime might emerge from more fundamental, discrete, or holographic structures. If a deeper frame exists, it might be rooted in the quantum vacuum, the entanglement network of the universe, or a cosmic-scale ordering principle yet to be discovered. This would challenge our notions of relativity and potentially redefine inertia, causality, and even time itself.
I hope this helps.
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A successful teacher has a sense of humor. So, leave aside excessive seriousness and create an atmosphere of fun in the classroom. This leaves a good impression on the learners’ psyche that may extend even after they graduate from university.
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A successful teacher possesses a blend of personal qualities, professional skills, and effective strategies that enable them to inspire and educate their students. Here are the key characteristics:
1. Passion for Teaching Why it Matters: Passionate teachers are enthusiastic and motivated, which inspires students and fosters a positive learning environment. Examples: They demonstrate genuine excitement about their subject and care deeply about their students' success. 2. Strong Communication Skills Why it Matters: Clear communication ensures students understand concepts, expectations, and feedback. Examples: Effective teachers can explain complex ideas in simple terms and adapt their communication style based on students' needs. 3. Patience and Empathy Why it Matters: Patience and understanding help teachers address diverse learning paces and challenges. Examples: A successful teacher listens to students' concerns, remains calm under pressure, and shows compassion for struggles. 4. Expertise in Subject Matter Why it Matters: Deep knowledge ensures the teacher can provide accurate information and address students' questions confidently. Examples: They stay updated with the latest developments in their field and incorporate them into lessons. 5. Adaptability and Creativity Why it Matters: Every student is different, and classrooms are dynamic; being flexible allows teachers to adjust to changing needs. Examples: They use creative teaching strategies, like games, projects, or technology, to engage students. 6. Effective Classroom Management Why it Matters: A well-managed classroom creates a safe and productive learning environment. Examples: Successful teachers set clear rules, maintain discipline with fairness, and minimize disruptions. 7. High Expectations for Students Why it Matters: Believing in students’ potential encourages them to strive for excellence. Examples: They challenge students while offering support, helping them build confidence and achieve goals. 8. Commitment to Lifelong Learning Why it Matters: Continuous learning keeps teachers relevant and improves their skills. Examples: They attend workshops, pursue professional development, and seek feedback from peers and students. 9. Cultural Competence Why it Matters: In diverse classrooms, understanding and respecting different backgrounds fosters inclusivity. Examples: A successful teacher integrates diverse perspectives into lessons and avoids biases. 10. Strong Organizational Skills Why it Matters: Well-organized teachers can plan lessons effectively, manage time, and keep track of students’ progress. Examples: They maintain detailed lesson plans, set realistic timelines, and give timely feedback. 11. Approachability and Openness Why it Matters: When students feel comfortable, they’re more likely to ask questions and seek help. Examples: They encourage open dialogue and foster a non-judgmental environment. 12. Focus on Student-Centered Learning Why it Matters: Engaging students actively in their learning makes lessons more meaningful and memorable. Examples: They encourage discussions, group work, and critical thinking rather than relying solely on lectures. 13. Use of Technology Why it Matters: Technology enhances learning and prepares students for the modern world. Examples: They incorporate tools like smartboards, educational apps, and online resources into lessons. 14. Strong Relationship-Building Skills Why it Matters: Building positive relationships with students creates trust and boosts motivation. Examples: They take an interest in students' lives, celebrate their achievements, and provide emotional support. 15. Resilience and Positivity Why it Matters: Teaching can be challenging, and a positive attitude helps teachers stay motivated. Examples: They handle setbacks with grace, focus on solutions, and remain optimistic about their students' growth. 16. Commitment to Equity Why it Matters: Ensuring all students have access to quality education helps bridge gaps and promotes fairness. Examples: They tailor teaching strategies to individual needs and advocate for resources to support struggling students. 17. Strong Assessment and Feedback Skills Why it Matters: Regular assessment and constructive feedback help students improve and stay on track. Examples: They use a mix of formative (ongoing) and summative (final) assessments and provide actionable feedback. 18. Passion for Inspiring Lifelong Learning Why it Matters: Successful teachers instill a love for learning that extends beyond the classroom. Examples: They encourage curiosity, critical thinking, and the pursuit of knowledge for personal and professional growth. A successful teacher isn’t perfect but continually strives to grow and adapt, focusing on the success and well-being of their students.
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# 181
363 – Suggested procedure for choosing the most appropriate MCDM method to solve a certain problem
Author: Nolberto Munier
This is an old problem still unsolved, and probably never will; we continue using current MCDM methods that cannot model reality properly. The present paper proposes a methodology to clarify this issue by following a procedure called ‘Analysis and Concentration on the Main Objective’ (ACMO).
“The formulation of a problem is often more essential than its solution, which maybe a matter of mathematical or experimental skill”
Albert Einstein
ACMO uses a principle, that as far as this author knowledge, has never been enunciated before, that can be defined as ‘Finding the objective that best reflects the purpose of the project’. That is, the criterion or objective that embodies or epitomizes what the project is aimed to. Alternatives are subject to a set of criteria of the most different nature related to economics, engineering, financing, environment, health, government, sustainability, transportation, food, social issues, manufacturing, mining, etc. However, normally, among all criteria or objectives (both are equivalents), there is one that best interpret the purpose of the project, whatever it might be.
Examples:
· Take an investor with a portfolio of projects involving the erection of tall buildings in a mix of dissimilar constructions; he wants to invest according to his available capital, and thus, this is his main concern, of course, earnings are very important, but there will be no earnings if funds are not enough to finish a project.
Therefore, the amount of necessary investment is the most important issue. Naturally, the undertaking is also subject to have a decent Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and this could possibly be the second most important objective, and of course, when all projects complying with social and environmental regulations, to taking into account different risks, as well as exogenous factors.
There maybe other motivations like expanding, exporting, entering in a new market, etc.; it is not a matter of guessing, but in asking oneself, what do I want? what is my aim, what is the purpose of this project? what is the initial idea, necessity or vision that triggered this project?
Other developers aim for a good return of funds invested, probably the most significative is the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), or entering in the agroindustry or producing software, etc.
As said, there might be a second most significant criterion or objective, and even a third, which is convenient, because when performing the sensitivity analysis (SA), he may find that the maximum IRR is closely associated to volatile or uncertain criteria, like a potential scarcity of concrete, or not enough demand of apartments, and then, he might incline for developing an industrial park, or any other undertaking not attached to uncertain circumstances.
In opinion of this author this elemental analysis is not always done, if ever, and thus, missing in attempting to solve a problem. In other words, an immense majorly of practitioners are looking only for a ranking of projects, assuming they are feasible, without any proof of it, and thus, something not even thought about. Some perform a SA, but do not analyze how much they can increase or decrease the criteria, let alone understand which are those criteria out of the total set. Most ‘select’ a single criterion simply by considering the one that has the maximum weight, which does not have any mathematical support, let alone validity; it is only intuitive …..and invalid.
There is no need for criteria comparisons and quantifying them in a certain scale; instead, it is only required to define for each one a target value, and this is of paramount importance, for example establishing an IRR of 6.8%, a maximum labor work of 25 workers, a payback period of money investment in 9 years, a market penetration of 35%, etc. Of course, for this, it is essential to work with resources than can be of any kind, like funds, quantities, allowed percentages of NOx contamination, etc., and targets established for each one, fixing acceptable ranges for each target, or even a single value, computed not by guessing but for analysis of the problem, its effects, characteristics, etc. that is, setting up a realistic and achievable value.
For instance, the DM may say “I want to produce as a minimum 23,500 units of my product per month, because that amount is related with my economy of scale, and a maximum of 28.300 due to my available investment capital”, for I am not willing to risk more money than that, or simply, work with one of the two values.
The method aims at designing a system that complies with the targets as close as possible, either maximizing or minimizing. Most possibly not all targets will be achieved in a 100%, but it is important that each one of them is addressed.
Observe that all of this is at present done by an investor, owner or company that define the maximum capital to invest, the size of the crew, the annual budget, taxes, the limit for amortization of loans from banks, etc.; thus, he only needs to use these values as targets.
The investor normally has a plan or schedule for each project, linked to the others, when to start and finish each one, rate pf annual construction, etc. but at present most of this is absent in the initial matrix, not due to the DM ignorance, but because there are very few MCDM methods that can model thus data, and the DM must rely on one of the myriads of existing MCDM methods, even knowing that their modelling does not represent reality, but only perhapselectricity demand objective, a coarse approximation.
· Maximize the as in the case of deciding which type of installation or plant (Wind, PV, Biomass, etc.) to build. This is the basic objective, among the others related to land use, wind strength, solar irradiation, etc., but all of them supporting the demand objective subject to a set of criteria, because if there is no demand, all these criteria are irrelevant.
It is assumed that in general criteria have dissimilar importance or weights and then, usually, they are assigned arbitrarily, not a good procedure indeed, or in the best case using objective weights, that are real. As it can be understood, criteria depend on the alternatives, and the latter evaluated by criteria. Consequently, results must indicate in what extent these criteria targets are satisfied. This is a fundamental premise, and for this point of view we can see that MCDM methods must select the alternative that best approximate the targets.
· Minimize the cost objective, as in the case of fabricating and exporting goods, subject to other criteria, like international prices volatility, competition, transportation delays, quality, etc. The result may indicate a company the convenience to export or not, based on the results of the cost objective. All other criteria are directly or undirectedly, depending on it, like bank loans, interest rate, payback period, etc. Or it maybe that it has a cost target which cannot be surpassed, or maximum production target that cannot be achieved due to not enough funds.
· Maximizing the benefit objective, which probably is one of the most common. Of course, it is tightly linked to other objectives like maximizing production, minimizing working capital, maximizing efficiency, etc. As in most cases, the target objective say sales, for over 500,000 Euros, maybe conditioned by the restrictions exerted by other objectives like working capital, bank loans, payback period, IRR, etc. This means that criteria cannot be considered as independent or in isolation, since normally they are directly or indirectly related to each other. Consequently, the sum of individual values for criteria is incorrect, since what is needed is the intersection of criteria and alternatives, performed at the same time. Why the sum is incorrect? Because a criterion may receive influence from other/s that can increase or decease its target. An example, is that a decrease in investment criterion for the whole project, may affect the environmental criterion, because it means that we must reduce expenditures by not acquiring some costly equipment to lower CO2 emissions.
· Minimize the contamination objective, as in the case of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel fired power plants, replacing contaminant plants with renewables. Nowadays this is the first concern world-wide. All criteria are important, but this is the most significant. For instance, there is world-wide consensus that by 2050 there must be zero CO2 emissions from for electric generation plants. There are a lot of criteria that must be considered, like replacement of oil-fired plants by renewables, costs involved in the transition, selection of plants to be decommissioned, electricity demand, etc., but all of them supporting the contamination objective.
· Maximize number of people objective, in the case of selecting transportation scenarios at national or regional level, choosing among air, private car, buses or trains, alternatives. This is a priority in all countries but especially in those with a very large population. This scenario looks for facilitating people movement. The most important aspect is for people to be able to travel to work, to schools, to hospitals, etc., the balance of criteria is secondary. We can see it in some countries where people even travel in the roofs of overfilled railway cars; the objective is reaching the working place. Of course, the ideal would be people travelling comfortable seated, but if for whatever reasons this is not possible, people look for different, dangerous and bizarre means to reach a destination. All other criteria pale in comparison.
· In national government policy, and from a macro economic point if view, it could be that the most significant objective is the increase of the Gross Domestic Product or GDP, or maybe the fiscal balance since many factors depend on it as inflation, payment of international loans, etc.
· Maximize the enjoyment objective, in case of selecting a place for a vacation time, considering beaches, mountains, cruisers, cities, staying at home, visiting family, etc. This is perhaps the priority for everybody. Needless to say, prices are also important, as well as comfort and safety. Perhaps for some people cost is very significant and thus, prefer staying at home, but it also means losing some “perks” such not meeting friends, or not enjoying the breach. As can be seen, a consequence is normally linked to a decision or action, and this is not represented in the sum but in their multiplication or intersection
· Maximize probability of success objectives, in case of selecting best health treatment for certain diseases. Very important when doctors with different opinions must agree on a treatment. In these cases, there could be if not contradictions, at least different opinions on treatment, drugs and surgery procedures, which must be considered. As an example, there are three different medical treatments as A, B and C for a certain disorder in a patient, and three doctors they may or not coincide, therefore, the decision matrix must be able to represent that discordance, for instance John inclines for treatment C while Stephen believes that B is the best and. Andrews thinks that a combination of treatment A and B could be very effective. To model this condition, we need to use binary notation, that is “1’ for agreement with a treatment and ‘0” for disagreement. In this case we will have for John 0 0 1, Stephen for 0 1 0 and Andrews 1 1 0.
· Minimize the risk objective in many different projects. Consider different risks like personnel, delays, material failure, dubious data, atmospheric conditions, strikes, etc. It is a fundamental objective in all projects; a severe transgression may produce serious problems. This is the main objective in performing sensitivity analysis, since an alternative that depends on a criterion with very little, or worse, without any allowable variation, constitutes a risk. Consider that nothing is gained in selecting the best alternative if it is not stable, and subject to unpredictable variations as in the stock market, or international prices, or even weather or meteorological phenomena, like floods and draughts.
· In a plan to reduce poverty maximizing government help to poor families’ objective, according to different schemes (options or alternatives), like subsides, improving education, help to build their houses with affordable bank loans, etc. No need to emphasize its importance.
· Maximize assisting people objective to communities affected by wars, or natural phenomena (earthquakes floods, fires, etc.)., with different plans. This is prioritary as we have seen recently in some countries
As can be seen in the few cases mentioned, there is a main or primordial objective that is the essence of a project, and it is on which the DM is interested. It does not matter if it is weighted or not, or its relative value among the other objectives or criteria. We are not measuring its importance in numbers or in words, what we need is to establish a reachable target and select the MCDM that yield values as close as possible as the target. Consequently, we are looking for a comparison not for absolute values. The degree of compliance with the established target, is a tangible measure that allows us to determine the best MCDM method for a particular scenario, that is not based on subjectivity but in analysis, research, and mathematics.
Suggested procedure
For starters, the DM needs to accept that criteria and objectives are equivalent - and this not an assumption, but linear algebra - and that both work with resources that can be money, people, number of equipment, percentages, contamination, etc., and this is a reality. Each criteria/objective is then a goal or objective, with a target to achieve, they cannot be indefinite. That is, resources are the ‘material’ not necessarily physical, with what criteria work.
Thus, we can say that in a housing development, criterion ‘Water supply’, must be at least the minimum value by household, according to HWO (Health World Organization), for instance about 150 litres/day-person. This value is a target, limit, or reference, and expressed in the same units as the respective criterion, whatever it might be.
If the project is to purchase a car, there must be a criterion ‘Investment’, that puts a limit, and specifying for instance, not to spend more than 5,500 Euros, because this is the amount that the purchaser has in mind. This value is the target
If the problem refers to the selection of an electricity generation equipment, the criterion ‘Demand” says that as a minimum it must deliver 200 MWh, i.e., a minimum limit. This value is the target.
If the scenario deals with environment, there must be a value, that can be a percentage, establishing an limit, for instance, that the maximum allowable noxious emissions of NOx is 25 ppm (parts for million). This value is a target.
These four completely different cases in type and complexity have a common factor: It is that in each one there is a single criterion that dominates the rest.Dominance not in value, but in the sense that without it the project does not exist.
Just think:
A developer cannot sell a house without enough supply of water
A person cannot purchase a car if he/she does not have the money
To generate electricity, it is fundamental to know the demand
A metallurgical company might be violating the law, if its emissions surpass a certain limit, which of course must be known
Observe that these limits govern our existence as in maximum car speed, water usage, sleeping hours, high and low temperatures, heavy snow, date to pay taxes, closing times in a supermarket, number of years to graduate in a university, metric system, etc.
This author proposes two different procedures for selecting the most appropriate MCDM method:
a) Using sensitivity analysis with the main purpose of measuring risk
b) Employing target analysis with the main purpose of measuring efficiency or compliance with an established target
In reality it is suggested to use first the b) procedure, and then, check risk employing the a) procedure
Example
Consider a bidder that launches invitation bids to build a power generation plant and receives three proposals A, B and C, on a project subject to 12 criteria.
The bidder estimated the the most important criterion was C4, ‘Demand’, with targets like installed capacity between a minimum of 235MW and a maximum of 265MW. Why this range?
Because the minimum is due to economies of scale, meaning that 235MW is the minimum for a profitable operation. The maximum of 265MW is set up because it corresponds to the future maximum forecasted demand, and also considering the available amount for this investment.
Therefore, offers submitted in accordance to this interval; after reception, the DM needs to evaluate the proposals based on the 12 criteria, and where C4 is considered the most important. He employs three MCDM methods that can solve the problem: M1, M2 and M3.
Running sequentially the three methods, the results in MW are, always considering criterion C4.
M1 M2 M3
A1 255 260 260
A2 260 250 255
A3 250 262 240
Rankings according to capacities
M1- A2 > A1> A3
M2- A3 >A1 > A2
M3- A1 >A2 >A3
Observe that method M3 does not comply with the minimum, therefore, it is out the selection, consequently we must center in M1 and M2. These results must be in accordance with the limits established for the bidder, because these targets were also inputted in the decision matrix as targets. If a method’s result does not comply with this range, this method should be eliminated, as in M3.
Consequently, the bidder will only consider methods M1 and M2 and will select one of them.
If the three methods fit the requirements, they must be analyzed.
Therefore, it is necessary to determine which method is the best. This can be done by performing a sensitivity analysis (SA). The purpose of a sensitivity analysis is to find out how strong is the best solution or alternative, and it is a common and mandatory process in all MCDM methods.
For any method, SA starts by identifying which are the criteria - and there could be several - that define each solution, and once identified - normally done only by a few methods - which is their allowed variation, that is, maximum and minimum limits values, also given by a few methods This variation range may by large, small, and even zero, i.e., no variation.
Is this variation is wide enough as per the DM judgement- the increase / decrease will not generally affect the best alternative, and it will keep its first position in the ranking. If it is small, also to the DM judgement, the alternative maybe considered with a certain risk. If it is zero, most probably the best alternative needs to be replaced by the second best.
Why? Because a small change in the criterion or criteria with this no-variation, immediately will cause that the best alternative is replaced by the second best or third best. Of course, there is a mathematical reason for this.
However, we are interested in criterion C4 ‘Demand’, and thus, we can have:
- Wide variation of demand criterion: We select the MCDM method with the highest demand variation. However, how the DM can say if a certain variation is good or not? By analyzing, researching, using statistics, trends, about the performance of that criterion along time, and consulting with the stakeholders if it is in their opinion an acceptable variation.
In the case of a wide allowable variation, consider that there is high probability that the criterion will not reach its limits, and then, it is reasonable to think that as long as the criterion move4sd along its limits, there is certainty that the alternative will not be affected, and will keep its position.
- Small variation of demand criterion: In here, the DM must make statistical research of the ups and downs of demand. If it is stable, the best alternative maybe safety accepted. If the demand is unstable, with high periods of lows and heights, it is wise, to replace the best alternative for a second or a third, because there is a great risk. It could be that another MCDM method suggests another alternative as the best one, therefore, the DM must follow the same process for the three of them
- If the demand criterion is zero, make the same analysis for the three methods.
Remember, that normally any alternative depends more than one criterion, consequently, this analysis mut be dome for each one of them., because the alternative maybe strong considering some of the criteria but very weak due to others.
There is another easier methodology that consists in comparing the targets, in the case for C4, between the wished value, normally known as RHS, and the value for that target given by the method, normally known as LHS.
The difference among these two values for criterion C4 indicates how well the RHS target was met. Then, select the MCDM method that minimizes this difference.
Conclusion
The proposed procedure is simple., provided that you use the right software, if not, it is almost impossible, because the DM does not know which are the criteria on what depends the best alternative, nor the allowable range of variation.
The advantages of this procedure is that it does not matter which MCDM methods are used, it is irrelevant if they employ subjective or objective weights, and it is immaterial the correlation value between them, that in reality does not make any useful contribution.
No personal opinions and assumptions are needed and it can be performed very easily, since it only requires to run the same problem on the chosen method, and analyze the main objective.
Naturally, the reader can say ‘Yes, it can help, but how do we do if our MCDM methods do not use resources or limits’?
Well, that is the problem, which is not attributable to the procedure but to the methods themselves, and it is due to the algebraic process of most of them, with the exception of PROMETHEE/GAIA and SIMUS, that do take resources into account, and thus, deeming criteria as objectives with a target, not as simple restrictions as other methods do.
Non considering resources indicate that out of these two methods, the balance of MCDM methods assume that resources are bottomless, limits do not exist, and that there is no need to determine how a criterion performs. All is reduced to find the best alternative, when it is fundamental to see how each criterion/objective performs. This information allows the DM to make the correction in data he considers necessary according to the nature of the problem and on what the stakeholders say.
Some readers may think that sensitivity analysis is the response to this problem
No, definitely it is not, and it addresses another different problem, that is finding if the alternative selected is strong or not.
Your comments positive or negative, especially the latter, will be very welcome.
Nolberto Munier
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Thank you for your request
In may opinion what you say is true, but you approach the resources issue in a different way of mine. In your case it is related somehow with advantages, especially when you mention "availability of time, data, expertise, and computational tools directly affects how effectively a method can be applied"
Of course they are advantages, but from my point of view resources are much more than that, because there is no material project that can be made if you do not have the resources for their execution, and it applies to selecting a restaurant, purchasing a car, building a tall rise or fitting diseases.
In the two first cases you need money. For building a tall rise you need hundreds of items live concrete, time, money, equipment, manpower, etc. For fighting diseases you need money, health experts, laboratories
If you are generating electric power you need to consider as a resource the maximum quantity of CO2 , NOx, etc. contamination you can produce, that is your resource of your 'bank' of contamination allowed by international regulations, and they are limited
At present, as per my knowledge, out of more 200 MCDM methods there are only three that consider resources: PROMETHEE, Lineal Programming an SIMUS. All others assume that resources, whatever their nature are infinite, which of course, is false
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Philosophical Thoughts These philosophical questions do not have easy answers, but they are fundamental to understanding human existence and our relationship with the universe. It is fascinating how the concept of the "real" remains dynamic and evolves, drawing from science, technology, metaphysics, and psychology.
Information, energy, storage, and our senses are the foundations of our perception of the universe. Our senses act as filters that shape our experience. If we had more or different senses, we would likely perceive an entirely different reality. This brings up the question: Is there an objective reality, or only different versions of it, depending on how each being perceives it? Consciousness seems to be a dynamic system that adapts to the data it can collect. Therefore, do we live within a window of reality determined by our biological limits? What I’m describing is very similar to Plato's Allegory of the Cave. Our senses work like the shadows on the wall of the cave – they give us a limited version of reality, but not the whole of it. If we had more senses or different perception, we might see a completely different world, perhaps closer to the true nature of existence. So, is the universe as we know it just a projection of our perception and not the absolute reality? And if so, is there a way to escape the cave and understand something beyond the limits of our senses? Our perception of reality is directly linked to the senses and tools available to us. If we look through a microscope, we suddenly discover an entirely different world, invisible until then. Similarly, if we had more senses or other ways of perceiving information, we might understand the universe in an entirely different way. So, is reality simply a projection of our limited senses and not something absolute? If the reality we perceive depends on our senses and tools, then it might simply be a projection of a much more complex and unknown world – something like a user interface of the universe, adapted to the capabilities of the human brain. This reminds us of:
  • Plato’s Cave, where people only see shadows of reality.
  • Simulation Theory, which suggests we might be living in an artificial reality.
  • Quantum physics, where matter seems to exist in indeterminate states until observed. If we look at it this way, then our perception of the universe is a “functional system” adapted to our brain, but not necessarily the true nature of existence. Something like a simulation. The colors out there, beyond our brain, don’t exist; they’re a simulation construct, a flawed perception. Simulation, in one form or another, requires technology.
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I have noticed that when I recall memories, I most vividly recall details of certain senses - mine particularly being the sounds and "physical feelings" (touch) of memories. I have had friends who recall memories with different elements of the memories that were stored more vividly. Not sure if there's any basis for this anywhere?
I am asking because I am doing a semester-long research “study” and I want to do it on the connection between one’s primary “love language” and whether it correlates to one’s primary sensory memory. the friend I spoke to about our sensory memory both found a correlation between our memory storage and love languages so I hope to see if there is some evidence for this on a broader scale! But to do that I must have a reliable way of measuring people’s sensory memory.
I was thinking of making it a qualitative analysis and have them describe some vivid memories of heirs and then quantify it by identifying the sensory words they use in describing their memories.
Anybody have any other suggestions on how to measure this , if there is any?
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Marie Cassandra Normally when people tell me stories from their biography I see it as an inner film. This film allows me then to make an empathical connection. I guess for a therapist it would be considered as projection.
Since you are in counceling would you say that this had an impact on how you process such informations?
"Do you find that you interpret your surroundings through certain senses?"
Not really. But I know for sure that interpreting memories is more visual for me, except those memories are linked to very strong negative emotions. Than a strong emotional component is like put on top of the visuals which can even 'outperform' the visual character of the memory and lead to defense mechanism, where I so to say either pause or even stop the inner film.
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# 183
Dear Ljudevit Krpan; Ivan Cvitković ;Tanja Poletan Jugovic; Ines Kolanović
I read your paper
Application of Multicriteria Analysis in the Selection of the LNG Terminal Location
My comments:
1- In the abstract you say : “best compromise location” based on system characteristics, available data, set criteria, and limitations”
It is refreshing reading a title like this, since many papers use the word ‘optimization’ when definitely there is not optimal solutions but a compromise solution, or locations, as in this case. This gives a reader the feeling that the authors of the paper know about what they are talking about.
2- “The method of weighted sum values was used. Weighting factors are determined partly in an exact way (where possible) and partly based on the application of Delphi group decision-making methods”
I am afraid that I do not concur in what you say. There are no doubts that weights are essential since not all criteria have the same importance, but there is not and exact way, even using entropy weighting. Why?
Because subjective weights are useless to evaluate alternatives since they are not connected with the content of criteria (a consequence of Shannon Theorem), they are only good to find criteria importance and trade-offs, and because they cannot be constant along the process, due to the fact that they depend on the alternatives, which are not selected at the sometime. This is not my opinion, but algebra and common sense.
As an example, suppose that you have two options to spend your money: By purchasing fruit for dinner, or gratify yourself by going to a coffee shop for coffee and pastry.
The option A (fruits) is a basket with bananas and cherries, and you can make a preference using criteria “cost” and “benefit”; assume that for you, “cost” is always more important than “benefit”
But you have in mind another alternative B, as visiting the coffee shop to enjoy a coffee and a pastry and use the same two criteria. In this case, it could be that you prefer the benefit or enjoyment in going to the coffeeshop over the cost. As you can see your preferences or weights changed, because you are a human being and able to take your decisions and change them if needed.
3- Unfortunately in some paragraphs you use the concept of optimal location, when you specified at the beginning that you are looking for a compromise solution, or if you want, the most convenient location. You also rightly use the word ‘limitations’, something that most methods and papers ignore and thus assuming that resources are unlimited.
It proves that the authors think, reason, research and common sense. For the same token, you are using expressions like harmonize, balance, stakeholders, interest group, that I have rarely seen, if ever, in more than 500 papers I have read and analyzed on MCDM along the years. This makes, in my opinion, a remarkable paper, based on real things, showing reasoning and professionalism, and ma only showing how a MCDM problem MUST be addressed
4- On page 4 “…..a multicriteria analysis of the evaluation of variants is carried out which with its methodology guarantees functionality, reliability and objectivity in determining the location of the LNG terminal”
In complete agreement
A personal remark
Dear authors: I do not criticize a paper that I read, I am neither a reviewer nor a judge, and nobody asked me to do this. I limit to point out some correctness or lack of it that I might encounter with the sole purpose of help the authors, no more than that, and thus, I do not opine if a paper is valuable or not.
However, I will make for first time an exception with your paper, because really surprised me for the professionalism, the reasoning, the experience, the process in studding all the potential sites, the technical conditions, it transpires responsibility, common sense, and the feeling for a reader of a work very well done.
Please, accept my congratulations
Nolberto Munier
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Dear Hamdi
Thank you for your response.
I agree about the utility of MCDM and believe that is the only tool able to analyze complex scenarios like site location, but certainly not using AHP. As a fact there are very few MCDM methods that can address this complex issue. Why?
Because most methods are not able to model reality, most are approximations.
You say: "Different MCA methods, including the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), have proven effective in identifying optimal sites by integrating expert opinions and objective data"
AHP algebraic structure might be good for simple problems like selecting a place to dinner, but not for complex problems. Simply because it was not designed for it. You cannot find a site solution where there're playing many interrelated factors that can be managed by a network, not by AHP, that only works with a lineal structure and does not recognize interdependencies as its creator Saaty said, and he was right
Other factors as you mention are essential like the use of GIS, which by the way, cannot be considered in AHP, because there could be relationships between the different levels revealed by GIS, that again, cannot be managed by AHP. This is possibly the reason by which Saaty designed ANP, which can do that
Finally, you say that these methods have been proved effective.
Well, that is what we expect, but we cannot say that they find the right solution because we do not have, in any MCDM method, the way to make comparisons with reality.
By the way, there are not optimal solutions in MCDM, only a compromise, a balance.
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According to epistemic virtue theory, a purpose-driven mindset, diligence, cognitive resilience, and related personality traits are considered intellectual values. These psycho-moral virtues, as existential weights, fill the emptiness of a nihilistic life, bringing an empowering sense of joy, inner strength, and unwavering determination. In your perspective, what are intellectual values?
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Those who are intrigued by this sidebar on Wernher von Braun might take a look at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun in order to get a sense of the complexity of the case as regards intellectual and moral virtues and values.
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What are methods to create meaningful models and conclusion by perusing of essay. What these techniques are known as in research methodology subject
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No sir I am not talking of meta analysis.I am asking drawing conclusions from essays reports and phenomenological observations.It is qualitative
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I have seen people upload theses (undergraduate, master’s, or doctoral) to ResearchGate that they supervised but are not "authors" of in the strict sense. Is that appropriate?
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Sharing or uploading someone else's thesis without permission can violate copyright laws and academic integrity policies. It’s important to respect the original author’s rights and obtain permission before sharing their work, especially if it's for purposes other than private study or research
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I am looking for free research that examines the link between group identities, group rituals, group traditions and group sense of purpose to achieve greater cause and outcomes or fusion identity.
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Hi Sim,
Pls view a couple of samples. On the reference page of each of these articles there any more references if you are interested.
Good luck!
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A discussion on the death of a student who is bullied and beat until he was nearly dead and died two days later, makes sense. The Clark county School district i
s rampant with bullying and it starts with the administrations funneling down through the teachers and to the students.
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Sir, I could not agree with you more. I am aware of no violent peoples, such as myself and others, who, although no violent, are still descendants of those who enslaved everyone they could yoke. It is shameful and the blatant lie of hard work and honor wefts a sour and empty odour, it is, indeed, ill gotten, ill kept, stolen, murdered, land, rarely a truth can be found...in it.
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Dear colleagues
I am interested in writing about the change of a learning mind in this digital age. There seems to be a sense in which teachers have to change in order to catch up with the generation of students we have. I want to have partners with whom we can write a good paper in educational transformation for catching up with the 21st century and make the classroom fun again. In that article we would be challenging the South Africa tradition of; (a) no cellphones in classrooms, (b) classroom must be within the four walls of a building, (c) students have to be in one place when doing a group assignment/ project, (d) a teacher must be standing up in the classroom and be the one writing on the chalk board, and all other old ways like that. So, colleagues I want colleagues who will be my partners in this project which I intend to complete in 4 months from now
Blessed regards
Mohammed X
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Please read my article related to your topic on ResearchGate, entitled: Effectiveness of Implementing Active Learning Strategies in Enhancing EFL Learners' Motivation, Attitudes, Aptitudes and Skills.
Hope you all the best.
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I've done this, but the results don't make sense. I want to run it for high Reynolds numbers, like 10000, and eventually calculate the energy spectrum, but the results are not reasonable. Could you help me with this?"
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Here’s a basic for your MATLAB code:(m-file)
% Parameters
L = 1; % Length of the domain
N = 200; % Number of spatial points (increase for better resolution)
dx = L / (N-1); % Spatial step size
x = linspace(0, L, N); % Spatial grid
nu = 1e-4; % Viscosity
dt = 0.0001; % Time step size (reduce for stability)
T = 1; % Total time
Re = 10000; % Reynolds number
% Initial condition
u = sin(pi*x);
% Time integration using RK4
for t = 0:dt:T
k1 = dt * burgers_rhs(u, nu, dx);
k2 = dt * burgers_rhs(u + 0.5*k1, nu, dx);
k3 = dt * burgers_rhs(u + 0.5*k2, nu, dx);
k4 = dt * burgers_rhs(u + k3, nu, dx);
u = u + (k1 + 2*k2 + 2*k3 + k4) / 6;
end
% Plot the result
figure;
plot(x, u);
xlabel('x');
ylabel('u');
title('Solution of Burgers'' Equation');
% Compute the Fourier transform
U_hat = fft(u);
% Compute the energy spectrum
E = abs(U_hat).^2 / N;
% Plot the energy spectrum
k = (0:N-1) * (2*pi/L);
figure;
loglog(k, E);
xlabel('Wavenumber k');
ylabel('Energy E(k)');
title('Energy Spectrum');
% Function to compute the RHS of Burgers' equation
function rhs = burgers_rhs(u, nu, dx)
N = length(u);
rhs = zeros(size(u));
for i = 2:N-1
rhs(i) = -u(i) * (u(i+1) - u(i-1)) / (2*dx) + nu * (u(i+1) - 2*u(i) + u(i-1)) / dx^2;
end
% Boundary conditions
rhs(1) = 0;
rhs(N) = 0;
end
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There are enormouse people in the world of who's English is not their first language. They have some problem in writing a paper with correct English. But if the sense is ok and merit is upto the mark then why paper acceptence gets a question?
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Because 'errors' in written English can be very distracting to the reader and impede appraisal of the paper. For papers written in English that is not fluid and error-free but otherwise acceptable, I usually recommend 'minor revisions' and suggest that the author have a fluent English writer or translation service help the writer revise the paper. I often take a paragraph from the paper & cast it into more professional English to demonstrate the types of changes that are needed.
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I'm a student of Psychology. I'm currently doing a research on perceived competence in young adult men. I need "sense of competence questionnaire" by Wagner and Morse(1975). I couldn't get access to it directly. If anyone have this questionnaire plz provide me here. I assure it is just for academic purpose. I'll be highly grateful.
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Are you still interested in the Moser and Wagne (1975) questionnaire of komp et ence? Please drop me an email: izirajder.ecsem@gmail.com
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Hi everyone! I'm designing a questionnaire that consists of several different scales. Due to the scales are developed by different scholars, some of them are 5-point and the others are 7-point. I'm wondering whether converting all questions to 7-point Likert questions is acceptable.
I haven't conducted this research yet. I want to know whether it makes sense and what I should pay attention to.
Thank you!!
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Minda Tan, yes, you can do it. I suggest reviewing the following literature related to your question:
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Are there any cases where Romans used the term "decimatio" in a nonmilitary sense? Or were all uses of "decimatio" implicitly referring to cases of "decimatio legionis" ?
Please give examples and sources for nonmilitary uses, if any.
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I tried an research in the latinitium dictionaries (Lewis and Short) : https://latinitium.com/latin-dictionaries/?t=lsn12490
"dĕcĭmātĭo, ōnis, f. [decimo], the taking of a tenth.
  1. I. A tithing: omnis, Vulg. Tobiae, 1, 7.
  2. II. A selecting by lot of every tenth man for punishment, decimation, Capitol. Macr. 12.
  3. III. A tenth: adhuc in ea decimatio, Vulg. Isa. 6, 13."
The military punishment is the most common sense. There is an article about it : by Michael J. Taylor, Antichthon , Volume 56 , 2022 , pp. 105 - 120
Abstract : "The military punishment of decimatio, the cudgelling by lot of one in ten men in a disgraced unit, often described as a cornerstone of Roman military discipline, was never practised during the third and second centuries BC. The punishment was possibly used as an extraordinary measure a couple of times in the fifth and fourth centuries BC. It soon fell into total desuetude but was cultivated as a rhetorical construct that proclaimed theoretical powers commanders no longer dared effect. It was only revived, or rather reinvented, during the Late Republic, a violent moment that saw the confluence of antiquarian enthusiasm with military dynasts whose unrestrained powers allowed them to manifest what had previously been an aristocratic talking point."
In the vulgate, there is another entries "tenth" or the tax "tithing, tithe".
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The failure of the female to reach orgasm may also be a source of considerable disappointment to the male… Such failures lead not only to disappointment, frustration, and a sense of defeat, but sometimes to contrary emotional responses which become anger and rage. (Alfred Kinsey)
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Some men, often the more educated, also look for emotional reassurance from sex. They expect a woman to respond with appreciation and even pleasure. Although intercourse stimulates the birth canal, which is devoid of sensation. Equally men cannot name any female erotic turn-ons but they still insist that women must be aroused with a lover. The ignorance over female sexual response is due to male confidence in their fantasies and women's reluctance to disappoint men because of the rewards men offer any woman who provides him with a regular sexual outlet.
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I'm extracting some data from an older paper and I've run into some units that are, to me, a little obscure. At first I thought I had it figured out. Its nutrient data reported in y/mL (with the y being a 'gamma' symbol). After looking into it I found some information suggesting that gamma is equivalent to a microgram. Data reported in micrograms per mililiter made sense for what I was looking at and I moved on.
I have gotten to a new table in the paper with measurements reproted in my/ml (again, it is a 'gamma' not a y but I'm not sure how to insert the correct symbol here). If my previous assumption is correct then that means that this measurement is somehow milli-micrograms/milliter? I'm a little perplexed because I don't see that making sense.
Is anyone here familiar with these units?
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How similar are natural law and common sense? How? Why?
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Natural law and common sense Alexander Ohnemus can be similar, but they are not always the same. Natural law refers to the use of reason to analyze human nature and deduce binding rules of moral behavior. It's based on the structure of reality itself and it's often associated with morality and ethical standards. Common sense, on the other hand, refers to the basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge things that is shared by ("common to") nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without need for debate. Basically, natural law is based on a complex reasoning process while common sense involves simpler, more innate judgment calls.
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The idea that time is an illusion is a philosophical and scientific concept that has been discussed by various thinkers and physicists. Here are some key points to understand this perspective:
### 1. **Perception vs. Reality**
- **Subjective Experience**: We experience time as a sequence of events, but this perception may not reflect the true nature of reality. Our sense of time is shaped by our consciousness and cognitive processes.
- **Relativity of Time**: According to Einstein's theory of relativity, time is not absolute but relative. It can stretch or contract depending on the speed at which an object is moving and the gravitational field it is in. This challenges the notion of a single, universal time.
### 2. **Block Universe Theory**
- **Past, Present, and Future Coexist**: In the block universe theory, also known as eternalism, all points in time (past, present, and future) exist simultaneously. From this perspective, time does not "flow"; rather, all events are equally real, and our experience of moving through time is an illusion.
### 3. **Quantum Mechanics**
- **Uncertainty and Time**: In quantum mechanics, certain interpretations suggest that time at the quantum level behaves differently than we perceive it. The concept of superposition, where particles can exist in multiple states at once, challenges the traditional, linear view of time.
### 4. **Psychological Time**
- **Mental Construct**: Some philosophers argue that time is a mental construct, a way for our brains to organize experiences and make sense of the world. In this view, time is not a fundamental aspect of reality but a useful tool for humans.
### 5. **Timeless Physical Theories**
- **Fundamental Laws Without Time**: Some physical theories suggest that the fundamental laws of the universe do not actually require time as a variable. These theories describe the universe in a "timeless" state, where time emerges only as an apparent phenomenon at larger scales or under certain conditions.
### 6. **Philosophical Perspectives**
- **Idealism**: Some philosophical traditions, like certain forms of idealism, argue that time, like space, is a feature of our minds rather than an objective reality. According to this view, time is part of the way we structure our experiences rather than something that exists independently of us.
### Summary
The concept that "time is an illusion" is rooted in the idea that our common understanding of time as a linear progression of events does not fully capture the underlying reality. Time, as we experience it, may be a construct of our perception, and at a deeper level, the nature of time could be very different from how it appears in everyday life.
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The idea that time is an illusion is complex, but here are more detailed explanations along with examples to illustrate each point:
### 1. **Perception vs. Reality**
- **Subjective Experience**: Our brains perceive time in a way that allows us to function and navigate the world, but this perception can be misleading. For example, when you're deeply engaged in an activity you enjoy, time seems to fly by ("time flies when you're having fun"), but when you're bored or anxious, it seems to drag. This subjective experience shows that our sense of time is not consistent or objective.
- **Relativity of Time**: Einstein's theory of relativity shows that time is not the same for everyone. For instance, if you were to travel near the speed of light, time would slow down for you relative to someone who is stationary. This is known as time dilation. An astronaut traveling at high speed might experience only a few years passing, while decades pass on Earth. This phenomenon is not just theoretical; it has been confirmed by experiments with atomic clocks on fast-moving planes and satellites.
### 2. **Block Universe Theory**
- **All Events Coexist**: Imagine a film reel, where each frame is a moment in time. In the block universe theory, the entire reel—past, present, and future—exists simultaneously. What we experience as the present is just our position on the reel. For example, suppose you watch a movie and can pause, rewind, or fast-forward. The movie's events are all there, but you experience them one by one. Similarly, in the block universe, time doesn't flow; instead, all moments exist at once, and our consciousness "moves" through them.
### 3. **Quantum Mechanics**
- **Superposition and Time**: In quantum mechanics, particles can exist in a superposition of states, where they are in multiple places or states simultaneously until observed. This challenges the idea of a single, definite timeline. For instance, the famous Schrödinger's cat thought experiment suggests that until we observe the cat, it is both alive and dead. In this context, time does not progress in a straightforward manner, and the outcome of events is not determined until observed.
### 4. **Psychological Time**
- **Mental Construct**: Consider how children and adults perceive time differently. For children, a year feels much longer because it represents a larger portion of their lives. As we age, years seem to pass more quickly. This suggests that time is a psychological construct, not an absolute measure. Another example is how trauma can distort time perception, with moments of intense fear or pain feeling like they last forever.
### 5. **Timeless Physical Theories**
- **Laws Without Time**: Some theories in physics, like Julian Barbour's "timeless physics," propose that the fundamental laws of the universe do not require time as a variable. Instead, these laws describe a timeless reality, where what we perceive as time emerges from changes in the universe's configuration. An analogy might be a chessboard: The board and pieces exist in a timeless state, but as moves (changes) occur, we perceive a progression, much like time.
### 6. **Philosophical Perspectives**
- **Idealism**: In some idealist philosophies, time is seen as a feature of the mind rather than an external reality. For example, Immanuel Kant argued that time (and space) are forms of human intuition, structuring our experience of the world. Just as our perception of color depends on our eyes and brain, our perception of time depends on our mind's way of organizing experience. If time is a mental construct, then in a sense, it doesn’t exist independently of our perception.
### **Example to Tie It All Together**
Imagine you're at a train station waiting for a train. From your perspective, time seems to be ticking away at a constant rate. However, if an astronaut were observing you from space while moving at a significant fraction of the speed of light, they might see time moving more slowly for you. Meanwhile, in the block universe theory, the train arriving, you waiting, and the train leaving all exist simultaneously—your experience of these events as happening one after another is just your consciousness moving through the block of time. If you were a quantum particle, your "decision" to get on the train might not be made until someone observes you, existing in a superposition of getting on and not getting on. And finally, the entire scenario might be a mental construct, with time as we perceive it being merely a useful illusion that helps us make sense of the world.
In essence, these ideas challenge our everyday understanding of time, suggesting that what we experience as time might not reflect the true nature of reality.
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The delta function seems produce logical contradictions when analyzed on a fundamental level. I would be curious if anyone else agrees.
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Haris Shekeris I agree. There are many logical mistakes within physics that lead to the correct result for the the wrong reason. The delta function on point particles is one of them. Here is a link if you want more details. Thanks for your comment.
Deleted research item The research item mentioned here has been deleted
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There are few business activities more prone to a credibility gap than the way in which executives approach organizational life. A sense of disbelief occurs when managers purport to make decisions in rationalistic terms while most observers and participants know that personalities and politics play a significant if not an overriding role. Where does the error lie? In the theory which insists that decisions should be rationalistic and nonpersonal? Or in the practice which treats business organizations as political structures?
Whatever else organizations may be (problem-solving instruments, sociotechnical systems, reward systems, and so on), they are political structures. This means that organizations operate by distributing authority and setting a stage for the exercise of power. It is no wonder, therefore, that individuals who are highly motivated to secure and use power find a familiar and hospitable environment in business.
At the same time, executives are reluctant to acknowledge the place of power both in individual motivation and in organizational relationships. Somehow, power and politics are dirty words. And in linking these words to the play of personalities in organizations, some managers withdraw into the safety of organizational logics.
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Internal institutional politics can play a huge role in growth of the academic institutions. However, strong political strategy can also improve resource allocation management and strategic decision-making - as well as diplomacy.
On the downside, this leads to misallocation of resources and conflict that will stymie innovative ideas. To address this, institutions need to: embrace transparent governance, model diversity among leadership and within the institution itself; have clear policies with transparent accountability mechanisms. Internal politics are part and parcel of the intricate tapestries that keep academic departments running, and to navigate them successfully is a hallmark of any high-functioning or innovative environment for scholarly pursuit.
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In a criticism of a novel I need to expound on heroic values as they are distinct form everyday life values. From another angle heroic terms and values stand at odds with this-worldy values of what can be called materialism. In this sense they are similar to a kind of spiritualism in which the metaphysics of meaning distances itself from the contingency of life as such. I would be more than happy if you mention any point in this respect!
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The concept of the superogatory (= above and beyond the call of duty) in theology might provide a useful connection between the heroic and the spiritual. "Saints and heroes" are frequently mentioned in the same breath; trying googling that phrase as well.
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This would be interesting as a pure question. This question will shed the lights to many related areas of technical worlds and non-technical ones. However I think that AI would aquire the legal personality in the near future. Then the arguments on this question and problems involved are inevitable. In a sense, of course, this question includes the eternal question: what is love?
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In the near future, I shall answer this question by myself and give a reply to the present answers of contributors. I could not respond the answers, because I was extremely busy. I am sorry. June 23, 2024
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I randomly interviewed 250 poor people and 250 non-poor people. Considering 1 for poor and 0 otherwise, does estimating a logit model aiming to capture the probability of becoming poor make sense? What are possible biases?
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A logistic regression may make sense but you have things to consider:
- is a conditional logistic regression required? (yes if case and control are matched)
- you fixed arbitrary the prevalence of the condition of interest (either poor of non poor). You can distort several parameters associated with this selection process especially if your prevalence is far away from the true prevalence. In this case the robustness of your findings should be tested.
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In our lab, we keep at the moment everything (protein, DNA, cell samples) as long as possible. However, some samples are very old (>10 years) and we were wondering whether this makes sense for the different sample types. Can those sample still be useful or are there limits for sample preservation. Most of our long term storage is done in liquid nitrogen or -80 freezers and the energy cost is too high for samples that cannot be used anymore.
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I understand storing very old samples can be confusing and expensive. But here is what I think. DNA samples, especially plasmids are the most stable of them all. When stored at -80, it will retain all its properties for >10 years. If there is really scarcity of space, then you can store at least one vial of each type and discard the rest. RNA samples when stored in trizol is the most stable, however storing them in molecular grade ethanol at -80 can preserve its properties upto a few years.
Cells are most stable at liquid nitrogen, however it needs regular refilling. Hence, my advice is to keep at least one box containing one vial of each cell line in liq. N2.
Proteins are the most unstable of them all. Cellular/tissue lysates or purified proteins can remain stable at -80 for at least a couple of years, but I am very doubtful of >10 years. It really depends on the quality of the sample and the running condition of the -80 freezer.
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Do our senses have limitations that can be overcome through scientific reasoning and experimentation?
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Perhaps, the person making the limit is the clause. Perhaps even the laws of the universe are overqualified to change over time. Limit is as limited believes they own this quality!
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Is it possible that a scientific theory is correct when it goes against our human senses?
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The answer is in what you are asking.
1- How can we study that scientific theory (in your own words) if it is against our human senses? are not these human senses the ones that have provided us the means and tools to think and make tools and what so ever we have up to now?
2) how can something is "scientific theory" when it is against our human senses? as science and theory with in it (science) inevitably is product of experience, and in turn experience is product of our human senses.
So out of our human senses or better to say out of "our common human senses", could be called: faith, belief, metaphysics, pseudoscience, and anti science...
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Yes, so they should follow DEI.
1)
Preprint Nuance
2)
Preprint Nuance 2
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Reconnecting by Reading: A Selection of Books About Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Accessibility Part 2
"Today we continue our recommendations for reading about diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility... As we continue to reconnect, it is our hope that you have books you may wish to recommend for continued growth and learning. Please post them in the comments and we thank you in advance for sharing them. In 2020, SSP “Reaffirmed our Commitment to Diversity, Equity and Inclusion” and will continue on that path via the work of the SSP DEIA Committee and our active and engaged membership..."
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Please ... I need help from someone who has knowledge or an idea. I am a researcher from Syria in the field of remote sensing and photogrammetry. I have an international research published since 2020 in a journal classified internationally as Q2 in WOS and Q1 in Scopus. The journal is related to the Elsevier publisher. Today, I was surprised to find that the same research has been stolen and published in one of the MDPI journals (in a Special Issue) with some concepts changed for camouflage purposes and a change in the type of data. However, the research as a whole, including the equations and figures in the proposed methodology section, is completely stolen from me. The question: Can I do anything to delete their research or complain against the researchers, editors, or reviewers? Because the research is stolen in the literal sense of the word and the situation has greatly upset me.
Thank you.
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Dear Ahmad Mahphood Can you reveal which journal (and paper) that plagiarized your work you talk about?
It depends very much on things like: plagiarism of text, same figures, lack of proper acknowledgment (in terms of citing your work).
If you can come up with a factual list of points then the first step is to inform the journal that published the paper in question. If the arguments are convincing then the journal will (eventually) retract the paper.
But... it needs to be convincing.
See also PubPeer where you can discuss papers with issues (and when you come up with your arguments you can see if other researchers agree).
Best regards.
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GR and SR are very good theories in the sense that all the assumptions behind them are states clearly, ipenly and elaboratively.
Is this a feature of honesty of the author or cleanless of the theory?
Simularly in Newtons. Whats more, he states some subtle assumptions he makes i.e gravitational propagation in Vacuum and admits limitations of his theory.
This is not seen at such a effective way in the rest of theories in physics. Does it imply a lack of honesty of the author or lack of conceptual cleanless of the theory?
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It's not quite true that relativity and Newtonian theories are the only ones with a full set of assumptions. Many well-established physics theories have underlying assumptions, but they might not be as explicitly laid out as in these foundational theories.
Here's a breakdown:
  • Relativity and Newtonian Theories: These are indeed very foundational, and their assumptions are crucial because they establish the framework for how we understand motion and gravity. Making these assumptions clear helps ensure consistency and avoids contradictions.
  • Other Physics Theories: Most physics theories build on these foundational ideas. They might add their own specific assumptions relevant to the particular phenomena they describe. For instance, the theory of electromagnetism assumes the existence and properties of electric charge.
Lack of Conceptual Cleanliness?
No, the existence of assumptions doesn't necessarily imply a lack of conceptual cleanliness. It's more about setting the ground rules. Strong theories have clear assumptions because they:
  • Improve Understanding: Explicit assumptions make the theory's limitations and domain of applicability transparent.
  • Facilitate Testing: By knowing the assumptions, we can design experiments to test the theory's predictions within those boundaries.
  • Encourage Refinement: As scientific understanding evolves, foundational assumptions can be refined or replaced by more comprehensive ideas (like relativity superseding Newtonian gravity).
In conclusion, having a well-defined set of assumptions is a sign of a strong and well-understood theory. It allows for clear predictions, testing, and potential future advancements.
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I can't really wrap my head around this and maybe somebody can help me.
I conducted an experimental study with a 2x2 between-subjects design (n = 50 per condition). I have the following variables:
  • Fixed factor 1 (dichotomous, experimental manipulation of stimulus)
  • Fixed factor 2 (dichotomous, experimental manipulation of stimulus)
  • DV (metric, a scale from the questionnaire)
  • Covariate (metric, a scale from the questionnaire)
  • Moderator (metric, a scale from the questionnaire)
I first ran the base ANOVA model with the following terms:
  • Factor 1
  • Factor 2
  • Factor 1 * Factor 2
  • Covariate
Nothing was significant. Out of curiosity, I included the moderator by adding the following terms in addition to the above:
  • Moderator
  • Moderator * Factor 1
  • Moderator * Factor 2
  • Moderator * Factor 1 * Factor 2
What happened is that Factor 1 * Factor 2 became significant (after being non-significant in the base model) as well as the three-way interaction Moderator * Factor 1 * Factor 2.
So the 2 issues I am struggling with are the following:
  1. Why did the interaction of Factor 1 * Factor 2 become significant (p = .036) even though it was not even close (p = .581) in the base model without the moderator?
  2. How do I make sense of the three-way interaction and how can I best report it?
For the two-way interaction, I guess that I would report the marginal means of the DV in the 4 conditions and plot them with lines. This option is provided by SPSS.
But for the three-way interaction, if I understand correctly, the above two-way interaction between experimental conditions is not uniform, but differs across various levels of the metric moderator (e.g., the two-way interaction might be reinforced/attenuated/reversed/non-significant at certain values of the moderator). But SPSS doesn't seem to offer an option to plot this in the ANOVA menu.
I know that the PROCESS macro by Hayes features conditional effects at -1 SD, mean, and +1 SD values of the moderator as well as Johnson-Neyman areas of significance. So I guess I would need something in this direction. Or am I mixing up things here?
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Not only in regression, but also in ANOVA, it is crucial to center your continuous covariates (as in ‘A by B with covariate’). That is, when you also request interactions between such a covariate and a main effect in the ‘/design’-subcommand. Otherwise, it may indeed occur that a lower term interaction may become false significant through adding a higher term interaction, as you described. In fact, without centering, your results are nearly uninterpretable. The main purpose of centering is to make the main-effect terms and the interaction-effect terms independent of each other, so they can be evaluated separately. This is also crucial in ANOVA with covariates, and this has received far too little attention. Not centering will give you counterintuitive results, as you experienced already.
To see what a three-way interaction might look like in practice, I made an exaggerated example in Figure ‘Three-way interaction example.png’. To illustrate, the DV increases from A=1 to A=2 in the B=2 subgroup when the Moderator=1, but decreases in the B=2 subgroup when the Moderator=3. (The Moderator here is ‘continuous’, be it only with values 1, 2, and 3 for illustrative purposes). In other words, the interaction between A and B depends on a third factor, in this case the ‘Moderator’.
In ‘Annotated SPSS-syntax with three-way interaction.docx’ you may see how you can make a Figure at the values of Moderator = M-1SD and M+1SD (there is no need to study and use Hayes’ PROCESS to do this). The result is (again) that the DV in subgroup B2 increases from A=1 to A=2 when the Moderator is ‘low’ but decreases when the Moderator is ‘high’. The A*B interaction depends on the value of the Moderator (see: ‘Three-way interaction example with Moderator at M-1SD and M+1SD.png’).
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Academic snobs are people who believe that they are superior to others because of their academic achievements or knowledge. They may look down on people who have less education, or who come from different academic backgrounds. Academic snobs may also be critical of other people's work, or they may try to belittle them in order to make themselves feel better.
Here are some of the characteristics of academic snobs:
  • They have an inflated sense of their own intelligence and accomplishments.
  • They are critical of other people's work, and they may try to belittle them in order to make themselves feel better.
  • They may look down on people who have less education, or who come from different academic backgrounds.
  • They may use their academic achievements to justify their sense of superiority.
  • They may be dismissive of other people's opinions and beliefs.
Academic snobs can be found in all areas of academia, from students and professors to administrators and researchers. They can be a nuisance to deal with, but it is important to remember that they are not worth your time or energy. Focus on your own work and your own goals, and don't let them get to you.
If you are dealing with an academic snob, it is important to stay calm and confident. Don't take their comments personally, and don't engage with them. If they try to engage you in a conversation, simply walk away or politely excuse yourself. You can also report the behavior to your department chair or other appropriate authority figure.
Remember, academic snobs are not worth your time or energy. Focus on your own work and your own goals, and don't let them get to you.
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There is a fine distinction to be made here, and it is not that easy to make. In truth, we have far too few people who write criticisms of published scientific research, as academia is more of a "complicity game." But criticism is at the heart of science, and challenging all findings is very important. At the same time there are some people who disregard the work of other people, and even claim the findings of other people as their own. This is very common in academia. It's kind of a practiced snob behavior along with intellectual theft. You could write a large volume on all of the misbehavior in academia. My main point here is, welcome honest criticism, but also be wary of the put-down artists, or the people who mostly don't give credit where it is due.
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Observe how even today linguistic empiricism via direct denotative reference and sense, via linguistic-analytic philosophies, reigns supreme in philosophy. It is superfluous here to cite how Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein, the Vienna Circle, etc. have used the merely directly denotative sense to define sense, reference, proposition, truth value, and so forth.
The natural but extreme consequence from the Frege-Wittgenstein tendency is linguistic idealism, whereby somehow language and – for them consequently – even logic and mathematics (!) are made not only to define but also to determine the world. Berkeley would have done it better!
Justifiably enough from the necessary nature of derivation of linguistic idealism from direct linguistic and logical denotation, Richard Gaskin, a philosopher of language, aesthetics, and literature, has come upon this conclusion – presumably determined also by the necessity to bring aesthetic and literary worlds under the aegis of linguistic use and produce a language philosophy of aesthetic and literary experience.
But this motive would not suffice to posit linguistic idealism as a philosophical solution.
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Hello
I am new to CRISPR-Cas9 and, for my project, I started to collaborate with another lab that claims expertise on this technique. The objective is to produce 3 cell lines, each with a knockout for a different gene. They did all the process of cloning the plasmid until viral transfection, where a point mutation was induced and an antibiotic resistence gene was added and then selected for.
From what I understand, all cells they gave me are resistant to antibiotic but not all cells necessarily have the mutation or the same mutation, and the solution for that, as far as I know, would be single cloning. However, they said single cloning would not be necessary and that all I had to do was run a western blot for the targets in this heterogeneous cell pool to be sure the knockouts worked. They said if the band was weaker or had a different size it would prove it worked. They also said I could already run phenotypic experiments and it would show it worked as well, but, according to them, the definitive proof is the western blot.
Because I am completely new to this, I just wanted to know if such decisions make sense. I just find it a bit weird because I would have to do single cloning anyway in the end. It wouldnt make sense to me to ever try to check the phenotype of a heterogenous cell pool, if I don't even know the mutation rate of the cells, and I assume such rates might even change every time I plate those cells. Moreover, I think that there might be the possibility the protein could maintain the same size even if it became dysfunctional with the knockout.
I found those decisions weird, but I don't have enough experience with the technique to have a solid opinion. Any thoughts?
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But maybe isolate genomic DNA and try PCR with Sanger sequencing or T7EI assessments rather than western since you will have a lot of wells (aka clones) to select from.
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Hi all,
This will be a stupid question but forgive me as I haven’t got much cloning experience. I want to clone a gene of interest into the pET28a expression systems but I’m confused. On the plasmid map I have for pET28a the T7 expression region is reversed. I have read this is due to the pBR322 convention but I am unsure how this affects cloning. Is the region actually reversed in terms of sequence and if so do I have to clone the reverse compliment of the gene into the vector or do I clone it in the normal orientation i.e. ATG – TAA on the sense (top) strand of the plasmid?
Thanks in advance
Ed
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Dear Inquirer,
I hope this message finds you well. Your question about cloning into a pET28a vector is a great opportunity to delve into the intricacies of molecular biology techniques, specifically those related to recombinant protein expression.
The pET28a vector is a widely used plasmid in the field of genetic engineering for the expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. This vector is part of the pET system, which is known for its strong bacteriophage T7 promoter. The T7 promoter is highly efficient at initiating transcription, but it requires a host strain of E. coli that has been genetically modified to express the T7 RNA polymerase. A common host strain used for this purpose is BL21(DE3).
Cloning into the pET28a vector involves several key steps, each critical for the successful expression of your protein of interest. Here is a detailed, logical breakdown of the process:
  1. Gene of Interest Preparation: Your gene of interest needs to be prepared, often through PCR amplification, ensuring the incorporation of restriction enzyme sites compatible with those present in the pET28a vector. This preparation is crucial for the next step, which involves cutting both the vector and the gene of interest with the same restriction enzymes to allow for the correct insertion of the gene into the vector.
  2. Digestion and Ligation: The pET28a vector and your gene of interest are both cut with restriction enzymes, creating compatible ends for ligation. The cut vector and gene of interest are then ligated together using DNA ligase. This step is delicate, requiring the correct ratio of vector to insert and optimal ligation conditions to promote the desired recombination.
  3. Transformation: The ligated vector is then introduced into competent E. coli cells through a process known as transformation. Heat shock or electroporation are common methods used to temporarily make the bacterial cell membrane more permeable to DNA.
  4. Selection and Screening: Following transformation, cells are plated on agar plates containing an antibiotic to which the pET28a vector confers resistance, usually kanamycin. Only those cells that have successfully taken up the vector will grow. Colonies are then screened, typically through colony PCR or restriction digest, to identify those that contain the vector with the correctly inserted gene of interest.
  5. Protein Expression: Once a clone with the correct insert has been identified, it can be grown in liquid culture for protein expression. The expression of the protein is induced by adding isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) to the culture medium, which activates the T7 promoter.
  6. Protein Purification: The pET28a vector contains a His-tag sequence, which allows for the straightforward purification of the expressed protein using nickel affinity chromatography.
This process highlights the utility of the pET28a vector in recombinant protein production, offering a robust system for the high-level expression of proteins that can be subsequently purified and studied. It's imperative to approach each step with precision to ensure the successful expression and purification of your protein of interest.
I trust this explanation provides a comprehensive overview of cloning into a pET28a vector. Should you have any further questions or require clarification on any points, please do not hesitate to ask.
Best regards.
This list of protocols might help us better address the issue.
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Each of our five senses are limited. Other animals can sense things that we cannot. We can construct devices that we employ to explore the world beyond our what our physical limitations can render. Nevertheless, there are still "things" out there that we will never be aware of.
So, that leaves us us, necessarily, with an incomplete idea of what reality really is.
In our everyday lives, we sense things around and within us. To us this is reality; and we operate within that concept as maintained within our minds. For the most part, that suffices to meet our normal needs. So, apart from the current computer-based notion of "virtual reality," we would seem to be constantly operating within our own human-based virtual reality.
Do we need a new vocabulary to describe these notions? A new vocabulary that is useful?
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To answer the question in its entirety is just impossible using our current level of understanding and the descriptive tools used to observe, experiment with, and make a reliable model of reality. 
Therefore, in the following, we are going to address only a segment of reality, which is a side result of my latest research on emergent information processing, that reveals surprisingly simple sets of rules operating above a matrix of constituting elements of the space where the whole thing is unfolding. 
The research on EIP revealed that we can start with a very primitive set of local rules using a simple, homogeneous medium or matrix, which leads in many cases of neighborhoods and local rules to even multilevel emergent systems. 
While observing those structures, which are created by open-source, Python software GoL-N24, a stunning world of emergence is entered. It is even possible to define error-resilient emergents that resist the injection of even 1% of evaluation errors. It was found that some emergent resist changes of the neighborhoods and maintain its shape. 
While observing animations generated by the above-mentioned software, it feels like looking at the kitchen of the universe and even life as such. It is really fascinating how life-like systems can be created using quite primitive models. 
Those observations led me to write three papers in one: a review, research, and probable future directions and development of this research; see Emergent Information Processing review for all details. 
To conclude. Reality can be an emergent property of the matrix and generic interaction rules among its constituting elements. It is necessary to stress out the words 'can be'.
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I have taken SEM pictures of the surface of polyester fabric before and after Plasma treatment at magnification × 20.000, there was no difference in the morphology of the fibers, does that make sense? Or there is something wrong?
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You can try to etch the thread untreated and processed in alkali. Then it will be clear if there is a chemical reaction.
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in the architectural sense.
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Daylighting is the deliberate provision of natural light during the day from the sky into occupied spaces through apertures on the external building envelope to enhance spatial qualities and improve the well-being and performance of its occupants.
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I have taken SEM pictures of the surface of polyester fabric before and after Plasma treatment at magnification × 20.000, there was no difference in the morphology of the fibers, does that make sense? Or there is something wrong?
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Effects of plasma treatment on biodegradation of natural and synthetic fibers
  • Marzhan Nyssanbek,
  • Natalya Kuzina,
  • Valery Kondrashchenko &
  • Abdugani Azimov
npj Materials Degradation volume 8, Article number: 23 (2024) Cite this article
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Abstract This study investigates the application of plasma treatment as a means to enhance biodegradation and modify the structural characteristics of fibrous composites. The methodological component of the study includes the selection of the research object; production of composites; low-temperature plasma treatment, and treatment of biodegradability and mechanical strength of samples. The strengthening of fibers with cellulose leads to a significant improvement in mechanical strength. Such an indicator as mechanical strength increases from 18 to 21 MPa. Treatment of natural fibers with low-temperature plasma led to an increase in mechanical strength from 18 to 25 MPa. Treating reinforced fibers with low-temperature plasma currently results in an even greater enhancement in mechanical strength, increasing from 18 to 29 MPa.The electron microscopy of samples reveals some differences in cell wall microfibrils between plasma-treated and non-treated samples. The non-treated fibres are found to have chips and voids. Meantime, the plasma-treated fibres show structural changes in certain regions which resemble wood charring. Through a comprehensive analysis, this research underscores the substantial impact of plasma treatment on the degradation kinetics and morphological features of cellulose-based composites. The results reveal distinct alterations in the composition and behavior of plasma-treated fibres, signifying a shift towards enhanced biodegradability. The natural fibres examined in this study contained 28–30% lignin, whereas the composites exhibited a lower lignin content of 21–23%. These findings corroborate the inference that plasma treatment induces significant changes in fibre structure, accelerating the biodegradation process by 7 days.
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Introduction The lightweight materials industry is a strategically important sector of the economy in many countries. Due to the growing population, the demand for clothing, footwear, and other textile products increases each year. At the same time, lightweight materials industry products must meet strict requirements related to hygiene, durability, and performance properties such as adhesion, water resistance, and so forth. Compliance and product quality largely depend on the methods and technologies used to manufacture and process natural and synthetic materials1,2.The textile industry makes use of both natural and synthetic materials. Man-made fibers are used to create non-woven and artificial materials or impart specific properties to those materials. Synthetic fibers are superior to some products and inferior to others; hence, the choice of synthetics may be justified. However, polymeric materials do not decompose easily, and represent a serious threat to the environment in countries with intense production. According to recent reports, nearly 30% of polymer waste is subjected to incineration, some 30% is recycled, and the remaining 30% is left undisposed3,4,5.Scholars are actively engaged in the advancement of synthetic polymers designed for degradation by bacteria and other microorganisms within the natural ecological milieu6,7,8. These polymers can be useful in many industries, including packaging, the textile industry, medical equipment, the automotive industry, and so forth9,10,11,12. Recent studies have also investigated the use of plasma for processing synthetic polymers to increase their biodegradation. Plasma treatment can change the surface structure of the polymer, thereby providing a more efficient decomposition of the synthetic material by biological processes13,14,15.The study of biodegradation of synthetic polymers exhibits certain gaps. Unexplored areas encompass the pathways of biodegradation for various polymer types, factors influencing biodegradation, resultant products, and biodegradation methods16. Some researchers posit that successful biodegradation of the synthetic component within a natural-synthetic blend occurs when the natural polymer is chemically attached (grafted) to the synthetic polymer. Bacterial activity initiates the degradation of the natural polymer chain, which subsequently extends into the synthetic segment17,18,19.The work20 uses epoxy as a matrix material, and polymer composites with reinforcement from untreated and alkali-treated Zanthoxylum acanthopodium bark fibers (5–25 wt.%). Hand lay-up was used in the development of the epoxy composites. The mechanical characteristics and water absorption rates of the produced epoxy composites were evaluated following ASTM standards. Epoxy composites containing 20 wt.% of alkali-treated Zanthoxylum acanthopodium bark fibers had excellent mechanical qualities, including an ultimate tensile strength of 47.3 MPa, according to the test findings. However, there was a positive correlation between fiber loading and water absorption. The fiber bonding and void characteristics of the analyzed composites were observed using a scanning electron microscope.In the work21, Vachellia farnesiana fibers were selected and extracted by the manual retting process. The obtained Vachellia farnesiana fibers were chemically treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions. The chemically treated and untreated Vachellia farnesiana fibers were characterized for physical, chemical, tensile, morphological, and thermal properties. Test results showed that the cellulose content was 47.8 ± 0.697 wt % for NaOH-treated Vachellia farnesiana fibers with reduced moisture and amorphous contents. HCl-treated Vachellia farnesiana fiber showed more cellulose content removal, which resulted in the degradation of its properties due to the acidic nature of HCl.Plasma treatment is recognized as a dry and clean process. The utilization of low-pressure cold plasma for the pre-treatment of natural fibers is becoming increasingly prevalent as a method for surface modification22. This approach offers advantages compared to traditional chemical treatment, as it does not require water or chemicals, rendering it environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Plasma modification substantially reduces the number of chemical pollutants. It etches the fiber surface, enhancing the action of the binding agent for improved adhesion23. It can also render the surface rough through material ablation, enhancing adhesion. Moreover, it introduces free radicals and can alter the chemical structure. Low-pressure cold plasma modifies the fiber surface without changing the material volume. Additionally, it eliminates the need for chemical solvents and reduces process time24.Existing studies lack a comprehensive examination of the biodegradability of plasma-modified fibers. This article investigates the influence of low-temperature plasma treatment on the biodegradation of cellulose and its composite. The results provide insights into assessing the biodegradability of other materials. The study underscores the potential of plasma treatment in enhancing the quality of natural and synthetic fibers. Low-temperature plasma treatment of cellulose-based materials is employed for this purpose.Most studies note that low-temperature plasma treatment is a progressive and rather effective method since it can change the chemical composition of the fiber surface and the physical structure of molecules while maintaining the bulk material properties. Utilizing low-temperature and low-pressure plasma treatment demands a lesser amount of gasoline when contrasted with alternative techniques, leading to a near-total mitigation of waste generation. However, there are limited data on the biodegradability of plasma-treated fibers. The empirical evidence that fiber materials can partially or completely decompose after plasma treatment and that it affects the rate of biodegradation can serve as justification for the use of plasma treatment with a wider range of natural and synthetic fibers.This study aims to measure the biodegradability of plasma-treated wood fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites to determine whether plasma modification alters the rate of biodegradation. The secondary objectives of the study are (1) to examine the low molecular weight components of wood fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites during biodegradation, and (2) to explore the composition and properties of substances isolated from the plasma-treated samples. Finally, the study attempts to experimentally substantiate the mechanism behind the plasma-induced decomposition of cellulose.
Results and discussion Mechanical strength of fibers The results of determining the mechanical strength of the obtained fibers are given in Table 1.Table 1 Results of mechanical testing.Full size tableAnalyzing the data presented, we can conclude that strengthening fibers with cellulose leads to a significant improvement in mechanical strength. In particular, such an indicator as mechanical strength increased from 18 to 21 MPa, or by 16.7%. Treatment of natural fibers with low-temperature plasma led to an increase in mechanical strength from 18 to 25 MPa, or by 33.3%. Treatment of reinforced fibers with low-temperature plasma led to an even greater increase in mechanical strength, from 18 to 29 MPa or by 50%.The electron microscopy of cellulose samples revealed some differences in cell wall microfibrils between plasma-treated and non-treated samples (Fig. 1). The non-treated fibers were found to have chips and voids. Meantime, the plasma-treated fibers show structural changes in certain regions that resemble wood charring.Fig. 1: Microscopic examinations of cellulose.📷a, c No plasma treatment. b, d Plasma treatment.Full size imageInterestingly, following plasma treatment, certain segments of the cellulose fiber exhibited a hollowed morphology. In contrast, the control sample displayed increased fragility due to the presence of voids and ruptures in the cell walls. This implies that plasma treatment influenced the microfibril structure of cellulose. Typically, reinforcing elements of microfibrils were diminished as a result of plasma treatment, enhancing flexibility and disrupting structural integrity.When investigating the composite of polypropylene fibers reinforced with cellulose (Fig. 2), a distinct behavior was observed following plasma treatment. The fibers of the treated composite exhibited fewer visible defects and were predominantly embedded within the polypropylene matrix. Importantly, no slip lines or voids were evident on the fracture surface. Instead, the images displayed polymer adhesion to the fibers at multiple points, indicating a noteworthy transformation of material composition and interactions.Fig. 2: The surface morphology of cellulose-reinforced polypropylene.📷A, C No plasma treatment. B, D Plasma treatment.Full size imageHigh interfacial shear strength and, consequently, a stronger interaction between fibers and matrices can significantly decelerate the biodegradation of composite materials. Plasma changes the structure of cellulose, with the latter completely dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide and simply in water. Low molecular weight components occur during depolymerization. Nearly 50 products were generated through the plasma-chemical decomposition of fibers; some (19%) are listed in Table 2. By comparing the quantitative composition of components in the table, significant differences between the degradation products of plasma-treated and untreated fibers can be identified. Specifically, several compounds exhibit changes in molecular mass and percentage yield as a result of plasma treatment. For instance, compounds such as C6H10O5, 3-deoxyglucofuranose, and C6H6O3 display altered molecular masses and percentage yields following plasma treatment, indicating the influence of plasma on the degradation process. These variations underscore that plasma treatment affects the molecular structure, which, in turn, may impact the biodegradation of composites.Table 2 Products resulting from the biodegradation of plasma-treated and non-treated fibers.Full size tableThe yield of levoglucosan (C6H10O5) was 7.92%, suggesting the achievement of stability after plasma treatment. A rather large amount (10.1%) of 3-dioxyglucosenone is released with a molecular weight of 144 g·mol−1 during cellulose dehydration. The concentration of methyl maltol is lower (6.12%) but its molar mass is almost the same as that of 3-dioxyglucosenone. Two substances with the same molar mass of 126 g·mol−1, pyrogallol and anhydrosucrose, account for 4.56 and 20.1% of the yield, respectively. A furan aldehyde called furforol (C5H6O2) is released in the amount of 5.11%; part of furfural can be released with the participation of xylane. All molecules with a mass below 90 Da are marked as decay products of O2 and CO2.Plasma does not affect sulfate lignin. The plasma-treated natural fibers were 21% lignin, whereas the composites had a lignin content of 18%. The study results show that the dehydration and decomposition velocities of non-composites are almost 2 times lower as compared to composites. In natural conditions, lignin is strongly influenced by filamentous fungi, which have the power to cause the degradation of complex polymers by enzymes; in these conditions, materials decompose faster.Judging by data concerning the degradation products of plasma-treated fibers, the chemical processes associated with the biodegradation of natural cellulose are similar to those occurring in untreated samples. The structural changes to microfibrils, however, caused the biodegradation time of plasma-treated cellulose to accelerate.In the case of plasma-treated specimens, biodegradation commenced on the 12th day of the experiment, while for untreated specimens, it occurred a week later, specifically after 19 days. The buried plasma-treated material changed and became brittle and thinner than the control. At the end of the 30-day biodegradation test, prominent changes were detected in the samples.The biodegradation of natural fiber-reinforced composites can occur through a variety of mechanisms; the choice depends on the type of natural filler used, its quality, and its chemical composition. The plasma-treated cellulose-reinforced polypropylene composites exhibit clear signs of decomposition. This finding coincides with previous research. It also suggests that plasma-treated fiber materials can decompose, partially or completely, and that plasma treatment can alter the rate of biodegradation.Plasma modification of the fiber surface is one of the most elaborated methods for improving the quality characteristics of materials. Plasma treatment can affect the surface properties of materials, such as the ability to bond dissimilar fibers. The adhesion of materials is often used to metalize, paint, or glue surfaces to obtain composites. This method also makes it possible to develop a range of properties less typical for unprocessed natural fabrics, such as hydrophilicity, dirt and dust repellency, antistatic properties, and so forth. In addition, plasma removes fat and other organics from fur and wool. It improves the absorption of dye pigments25,26.The essence of the plasma treatment method is to treat a material with a plasma medium (ionized gas) at low or atmospheric pressure. This causes surface reactions and modifications up to a change in the functional groups of molecules and a change in surface energy. Plasma is an ionized gas, in which free electrons and ions coexist. Plasma is produced by heating a gas to extremely high temperatures or by subjecting it to strong electromagnetic fields. Both of these processes may result in the release of electrons from atoms and molecules. The electrons have enough kinetic energy to remove additional electrons in case of a collision with other molecules27. These collisions induce cascade ionization. A release of ions and electrons occurs, balanced by the recombination of material molecules until plasma reaches equilibrium.The results obtained by Hamad28 show that plasma treatment of keratin-containing materials, such as wool and fur, at reduced pressure, opens the fiber cuticle, caused by the mutual repulsion of multiple charged jets. This allows the effective removal of organic compounds from the Merino wool fibers, without changing the fiber structure and physical properties29,30. Zille31 evaluated the effects of plasma surface treatment of flax, cotton, and animal-based fibers (wool, pile) on the tensile load resistance. Plasma treatment activates the surface of various synthetic materials, such as ultra-high modulus polyethylene, thereby improving their ability to absorb or completely repel moisture. This occurs due to the increase in surface tension of the fibers immersed in various gaseous media13,15,17.It is worth mentioning that some scientists31,32,33,34 agree that plasma treatment reduces the total energy consumption associated with the production of synthetic fibers by 25% as compared to other treatment methods. Research demonstrates that the modification of natural fibers requires 14–50% less energy than the production of synthetic fibers. The real value in this broad range depends on a myriad of plant growth factors and plasma processing parameters.This study aligns with previous research emphasizing the significance of incorporating environmentally degradable components into composite materials35. Earlier investigations examined fiber degradation alongside polylactic acid and clay silicates, revealing that the quantity and nature of natural constituents influence composite biodegradation35. Correspondingly, analogous burial-based studies36,37,38 echo our findings, showcasing the accelerated degradation of triple compositions compared to double ones due to increased biodegradable content. Moreover, experts in plasma treatment advocate its efficacy in preserving textile properties and enhancing mechanical attributes of biodegradable composites, considering it more sustainable than chemical methods39,40,41,42,43.The choice between plasma and chemical treatment hinges on material requisites41,42,43. Plasma treatment surpasses chemical counterparts in efficacy, transforming material surfaces, enhancing adhesion, and durability44,45,46. This approach is particularly useful for biodegrading recalcitrant materials by promoting microbial interaction47,48,49. Similarly, studies focusing on fiber-modified bioplastics suggest enhanced fiber-matrix adhesion41,42. Cold plasma emerges as an efficient, eco-friendly alternative40,41,42,43, fostering sustainable composite markets.This holistic exploration of plasma-treated materials showcases their potential in renewable and biodegradable materials research47,50,51. Industrial use of plasma-modified materials necessitates eco-conscious biodegradability. Consequently, leveraging natural fibers for polymer matrix composites aligns with environmental awareness and promotes renewable resources35,52,53. Such studies aid in curbing waste and toxic releases, ensuring safer decompositions and material cycles. This research contributes to reducing environmental impact while bolstering sustainable material applications.The study utilized scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to show that plasma treatment significantly affects both the biodegradation process and the material’s structure. SEM enabled a comprehensive examination of the process phases, particularly focusing on the interaction between electrons and the specimen. The study’s methodology involved selecting the research subject, creating composites, applying low-temperature plasma treatment, and assessing the biodegradability and mechanical strength of the samples. The addition of cellulose fibers leads to a significant improvement in mechanical strength. More precisely, the measure of mechanical strength increased from 18 to 21 MPa, indicating a growth of 16.7%. The utilization of low-temperature plasma on natural fibers led to a significant 33.3% improvement in mechanical strength, elevating it from 18 to 25 MPa. The mechanical strength of reinforced fibers was significantly enhanced with low-temperature plasma treatment, resulting in a rise from 18 to 29 MPa, or a 50% improvement. The electron microscopy study revealed notable differences in cell wall microfibrils between the samples that underwent plasma treatment and those that did not. Unprocessed fibers exhibited the presence of chips and cavities. Concurrently, the fibers that have been subjected to plasma treatment display distinct changes in their structure in certain regions, like the charring process observed in wood. The cellulose cell walls of both treated and untreated samples exhibited disparities in the microfibrils, including alterations in structure after plasma treatment. In addition, changes were noted in composites composed of polypropylene fiber and cellulose. The fibers that received plasma treatment exhibited enhanced integration, as shown by the absence of slip lines on the fracture surface. The quantitative measurement table of biodegradation products reveals significant differences in composition between the treated and untreated fibers. These alterations illustrate the influence of plasma on chemical processes and biodegradation. Plasma treatment can accelerate the biodegradation process and modify the characteristics of materials. This can generate composites that possess enhanced durability and resilience, a crucial factor in the manufacturing of ecologically friendly products and the effective utilization of waste.
Methods The flowchart of the experimental part is shown in Fig. 3.Fig. 3📷The flow-chart of the experimental part.Full size imageThe production of wood fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites This study addresses natural fibers of the finest coniferous wood species and cellulose-containing materials as experimental objects. Those were unbleached softwood sulfate pulp and softwood sulfate lignin. The sample of natural wood fibers was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The SEM analysis method included the following steps: sample preparation, sample loading, vacuum chamber, and electron beam directed at the sample. The latter interacted with the sample, causing electron emission from the sample surface. Electron detection: a detector located in the SEM chamber identified electrons emitted by the sample. These signals were then processed and used to create an image of the sample’s surface topography and morphology.The results demonstrated that the average length of wood fibers was 190 µm (range, 100–400 µm; standard deviation: 63 µm) and that the average width was 50 µm (range, 20–100 µm; standard deviation: 19 µm).Table 3 shows the approximate composition of fiber samples54.Table 3 The approximate composition of fiber samples.Full size tableThe production of polypropylene/cellulose composites requires using a solid-state shear pulverization. The sheared polymer method helped to reduce the particle size of cellulose materials. The cellulose fibers were mixed with a polypropylene matrix in a plastic mixer (Haake Rheocord 9000, Germany) with a rotor velocity of 60 rpm at 185 °C for 8 min. The resulting blend underwent compression molding at 185 °C at a pressure of 10 MPa for 15 min. Before being used, the samples rested at room temperature for 5 days.Figure 4 shows the scheme of the reactor.Fig. 4📷The reactor’s scheme.Full size imageThe plasma reactor consists of a solenoid or radio-frequency induction coil (A) wound around a borosilicate glass tube (B). There will be a supply of gas (C) in the vacuum, and a vacuum pump valve (D) will keep the gas inside. The induction coil is to store energy within a magnetic field, which is numerically equal to that produced by the source to induce a current in the winding, generating a magnetic field of the solenoid. Inside the external glass tube, there is a partially open glass tube (E). It contains fibers that a stepper motor rotates (F) throughout the entire plasma treatment process.Low-pressure and low-power plasma does not cause excessive surface heating, and the glass tube is warm to the touch. Therefore, there is no excessive thermal exposure, thermal degradation of the fibers, or their incineration to be expected.The parameters of low-temperature plasma are as follows: I = 4.8–5.2 mA; U = 25–28 kW; gas medium: sulfur hexafluoride (SF6); additional medium – water (Н2О); exposure time = 10−30 min; Р = 102 Pa.The plasma treatment procedure is described below 1) The glass tube and the sample holder are cleaned with an air gun and disinfected with isopropyl alcohol to eliminate any contamination of the vacuum and plasma. All individuals involved in the experiment are required to wear nitrile gloves to prevent contamination.2) A 5-g sample of investigated fibers is weighed and placed on the sample holder (internal glass tube (E) as shown in Fig. 2). The tube is inserted into the reactor and attached to the axis of the stepper motor for further rotation of the sample.3) Once the reactor is closed, the air is evacuated by a vacuum pump. The pump must be connected to the reactor through a chamber equipped with a diaphragm valve. The latter opens slowly at the evacuation starts to prevent fibers from being absorbed in.4) As soon as the pressure falls below 10 Pa (10−1 mbar), the stepper motor rotates, causing the sample holder to rotate and the fibers to mix. A short-term increase in pressure occurs due to the release of accumulated gas.5) The selected process gas (partially or fully ionized; without signs of being polymerized) is introduced into the chamber using a needle valve or mass flow controller. During pumping, the pressure increases to almost 102 Pa (1 mbar) for 2 min, and then the gas supply is over. The procedure is repeated after 2–5 min of further pumping. This ensures a faster decrease in pressure as moisture transport occurs and guarantees enough gas in the tube.6) Finally, the system is pumped down to an atmospheric pressure of about 10−1 Pa (10−3 mbar). Because fluorocarbon bonds are sensitive to X-ray, the following sequence was followed: initial phase: 250–350 eV; final phase: 0-1,150 eV; high-resolution oxygen spectrum, binding energy: 526–540 eV.The equipment used here includes a gas chromatograph СhroZen UHPLC, a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer GCMSQP2010 Plus, a thermal desorber TD-20, an ATR-8200HA attachment (Pike Tech), a scanning electron microscope (SEM) Sigma VP ZEISS, and a probe microscope MultiMode 8. The chemical analysis was compliant with GOST55. Results were analyzed by gas chromatography using gas chromatograph Agilent 7820.Mechanical testing Tensile testing (ISO 527) was carried out using a universal testing machine (UTM) with a gauge length of 6 cm and a speed of 5 mm/min. All the mechanical results were obtained with an average of 10 samples.Biodegradability testing The biodegradability test assessed the resulting cellulose composite’s ability to decompose under the influence of microorganisms within certain environmental conditions. The samples were buried in the soil for 30 days. This method is widely used for assessing the ability to decompose since it provides a simulated environment similar to natural decomposition.During testing, the samples were buried to a depth of 10–15 cm and covered with soil. The monitoring of soil humidity and temperature ensured that they remained within a certain range for microbial activity (25–75% and 15–25 °C, respectively). After 30 days, samples were excavated from the soil and analyzed for the presence and amount of material residues. The degradation degree was then identified by measuring mass loss.Statistics analysis Statistical analysis was performed using a One-way Analysis of Variance, with significance reported at p ≤ 0.05. All findings were presented as means ± standard deviations of at least five experiments.
Data availability All materials were developed by the authors. All data are presented in the article.
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Author information Authors and Affiliations Department of Textile Industry Technology and Materials Science, M.Kh. Dulaty Taraz Regional University, Taraz, KazakhstanMarzhan Nyssanbek Department of Physics, Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Russian FederationNatalya Kuzina Department of Building Materials and Technologies, Russian University of Transport, Moscow, Russian FederationValery Kondrashchenko Scientific Research Institute Natural and Technical Sciences, South Kazakhstan University named after M. Auezova, Shymkent, KazakhstanAbdugani AzimovContributions Marzhan Nyssanbek – Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation; Natalya Kuzina Investigation, Project Administration, Software, Supervision; Valery Kondrashchenko – Formal Analysis, Data Curation, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing; Abdugani Azimov –Funding Acquisition, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation.Corresponding author Correspondence to Abdugani Azimov.
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About this article 📷Cite this article Nyssanbek, M., Kuzina, N., Kondrashchenko, V. et al. Effects of plasma treatment on biodegradation of natural and synthetic fibers. npj Mater Degrad 8, 23 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00437-xDownload citation Received09 October 2023 Accepted18 January 2024 Published01 March 2024 DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00437-xShare this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
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Spirituality means something that actually you are, but without senses and body. But without senses and boy, what is left? and what is reach of present scientific approach.
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Before getting a serious scientific approach to spirituality you need a serious approach to what spirituality is. The definition of spirituality you wrote in your question is wrong: spirituality is not “something that actually you are, but without senses and body”. I have written the most serious article currently available about the definition of spirituality: . It is the most serious because it discusses critical perspectives, other researchers’ results, historical and cultural aspects of the question. If you know more serious and critical articles on the topic, let me know, please. The fact that there is so much confusion, rubbish, lack of critical research about spirituality, is sad, but is a fact and is discussed as well in my article.
After getting a good critical idea about what spirituality is, you will be able, automatically, to understand much better your own question about a scientific approach to spirituality.
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LINGUISTIC IMPLICATIONS OF EXISTENT PHYSICAL PROCESSES
IN PHYSICAL THEORY
Raphael Neelamkavil
Ph.D. (Quantum Causality), Dr. phil. (Gravitational Coalescence Cosmology)
Minimal Linguistic Implications of Words: I start this discussion with a generally acceptable kernel of what in the very least is meant when we say that something exists. My use of the word ‘electron’ need not mean that any of the models of electron as an existent must as such be the case out-there. This is because the word ‘electron’ is a denotative word constructed linguistically. It denotes a denotable, which exists as whatever it is, without our having to take it to be exactly this way or that way. But there can be at least some physical-ontological guidelines as to how an electron cannot be. For example, it is not a pure vacuum. Let alone the discourse that only quantum vacua exist. This is exactly what I mean, too: a pure vacuum does not contain any existent, not even one quantum of energy. A quantum of energy should be carried by something existent, and not by something vacuous. This quality that it is not a pure vacuum is what I call Extension. Every existent must be in Extension. If extended, it has parts, which are in some Change, too. In short, it is impossible to say that anything termed electron can exist without internal Change, which may be caused externally and/or internally.
Extension and Change are the ways without which nothing can exist. If anything is in Extension-Change-wise existence, this is causal existence: some finite amount of causation happens there. An antecedent changes within itself due to the impact that its parts make and are made to take. It is continuous in the sense that it is continuously the manner of existence of anything, but this is not infinite causation. If anything existent should be such, this shows that all existents are in Causality. This is the pre-scientific Universal Law of Causality. Now clearly, quantum wavicles too should be in causation, if we are speaking of existents, and not of pure vacua.
Historical Problem of Existence: Being-Becoming in Discourse and Its Linguistic Elements: Historically, the terms ‘existence’ and ‘being’ have been very confusing. The meanings assigned to them have been varied. I denote by existence the verbal To Be of all that exist in whatever manner they exist. All existents in the cosmos cannot be in intense holographic relation, if (1) the cosmos is of infinite content and (2) any highest limit velocity in any part of the cosmos is finite. Even in this case, there is no problem is speaking of To Be. More than two and a half millennia of Western discourse on existents has been primarily in terms of notions of particular existents and their ways of being, and references to becoming and non-being within the processes of existents. This has been conducted by safeguarding the notion of becoming of otherwise unchangeable substantial beings, from within the way in which language and discourse are the constituting factors although they too evolve. Not that such thought patterns shaped language in its basic evolution. Instead, primarily it was the already existing feeling-, perceiving-, and thinking-contours of language that shaped the thought that bases To Be on particular existents and their ways of being and reference to becoming and non-being. I believe that it is time to permit the contrary manner of basing To Be on Reality-in-total and its ways of being to happen at least in scientific and philosophical language. Later I shall show that the ways of being of Reality-in-total are Extension and Change.
Being / Existence and Permanent Becoming in Parmenides and Heraklitus: Historically, for the evolution of the proper understanding and linguistic formulation of To Be, becoming, activity, stability / permanence, etc. together, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Whitehead have contributed much in the Western tradition: Heraclitus has a way of thinking of becoming, being, firelike continuity of becoming, etc. [Burnet 1924: 61ff] and Parmenides has an unclear manner of combining being, becoming, their self-revealing, self-concealing, etc., [---------] as if being were possible only as an unchanging substance and becoming meant the annihilation of the total identity of the substance. This notion of continuity of identity of everything as substance was for him being / continuity in existence. These notions in Heraclitus and Parmenides have been discussed without end, but without scientifically and philosophically settling (1) the foundations of the questions and without first deciding whether anything exists, (2) what the implications of the notion of existence (the To Be of all that exist) are, (3) how to differentiate between the various tenses of ‘to be’ used in the case of existence, attribution to existents, equality of existents, and equality of attributes, etc.
The Many Genuine and Non-Genuine Senses of To Be in Linguistic Use: It is common to read metaphysicians, linguistic philosophers, and linguists speaking of the many contextual meanings of To Be in use in language. They tend then to accept all these senses as genuine, saying that these are given in language. But the foundational senses in which it had to be found in use are not much being discussed, nor is it often recognized that these alone can justify the contextual usages. The contextual is a sort of phenomenology of the use of meanings in language. The foundational is a fundamental philosophical consideration in linguistics, sciences, and philosophy alike.
I enumerate more than a score of the said contextual meanings of ‘to be’, without too much attention to arranging them in their derivative importance, since it is extremely difficult to reason into: (1) exist as a thing out-there and/or within ourselves, (2) exist as a process out-there and/or within ourselves, (3) come into existence as a thing, (4) come into existence as a process, (5) be such and such a thing, (6) become such and such a thing (without attention to its changes), (7) be of such and such a quality or property, (8) become of such and such a quality or property, (9) become such and such a processual thing (acquire the nature of a different form of existence), (10) be the same as, (11) be similar to, (12) become similar to, (13) be true, (14) become true, (15) be taken as true, (16) be possible as existent, (17) become a possible thing, (18) become a possible process, (19) become something possible, (20) be necessary as something existent, (21) be necessary as of such and such a nature (quality, property), (22) be necessary as such and such a thing, (23) be necessary as such and such a processual thing, (24) apply (as a quality or property) to, (25) happen (in a manner), (26) happen as this or that thing (from an already-existent), etc., and (27) a host of the same meanings in the past, present, and future tenses and various modal incarnations.
The Only Fundamental, Guiding, Physical-Ontological Senses of To Be’: The above are some of the linguistic usages of To Be. What about their most fundamental senses, without which language cannot facilitate its own use in philosophy and science? I show that, in its implications, To Be works out to be taken as, but is not the same as, ‘cause to be’ or ‘cause to become’, because Extension and Change, the implications of To Be, together imply Universal Causality. But these implications are the only concepts that language can find as the most fundamental significances of the To Be of Reality-in-total. As I said at the beginning, the only two highest exhaustive implications of To Be are Extension and Change; Extension-Change-wise existence is itself causation; and all existents are causal: hence the pre-scientific Universal Law of Causality.
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It would be interesting to clarify when we use in that physical contexts natural-language words to denote directly some alleged "real" objects (via Fregean sense, intentionality, Sprachspiele or whatever) and explain when we use that as an ordinary everyday sociological scientific practice to denote technical developments over mathematical formalizations which we identify with those objects. That could be non-trivial approach to the question. Existential predicates will permeate from logic to mathematical apparatus and then, to the formalism employed in physics.
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Give a detailed discussion.
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It's the rate of increase in prices measured by a basket of goods and services typically
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Reply in sense of current trends among researchers
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I do not wish to be rude, but this question makes no sense. Quantitative and qualitative are labels that cover a huge diversity of research approaches. Depending on what you mean by 'reliability' it simply isn't relevant in many cases. More broadly, the 'best' approach to use is entirely dependent on what you are trying to find out. There are a few areas where there could be a real debate - for example, some aspects of human experience - where one could delineate the pros and cons of a (quantitative) survey vs a qualitative interview as data sources (with relevant analysis for each data type). Here you have a potential trade-off between quantifiable precision vs richness of data.
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How much detection limit of earth quake in human is affected by motion
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A strong earthquake can be felt when driving a car and it is possible that you fall down if you are driving on a bicycle. The ground "moves" back and forth when an earthquake wave passes very fast underneath you, as if you were on a lake with passing waves. Same movement can be felt on a train. However, there is no effect on a plane.
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Hi!
I am evaluating the performance of different models for a binary outcome. These models can be either single parameter or multiparametric but they give a yes/no result. That is, I can easily depict them in a 2x2 matrix from which I can draw sensitivity, specificity or the c-statistic.
To test model performance I am evaluating %outcome vs %predicted outcome, c-statistic, correctly classified but I would like to add a goodness of fit measure. Does it make sense at all in this context? What would be the best way to test their goodness of fit?
All I get from Hosmer Lemeshow is (Table collapsed on quantiles of estimated probabilities) (There are only 2 distinct quantiles because of ties)
Thanks!
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Dear Ceclia,
Did you ever get an answer for this question i.e. does it make sense to use HL to assess goodness of fit for a model with a single variable (for me it is a continuous variable - a score built out of multiple categorical and continuous variables)?
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Who agrees, as common sense goes, the helpless should be assisted? How? Why?
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The helpless in my opinion should be assisted by any mode, because first and foremost ourselves and everyone can become a helpless.
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In other words, what type of mapping (bijection, surjection; homeomorphism, isomorphism, or... in a sense, automorphism) operates between “observable physical space-time” and “semantic space”?
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MATHEMATICS IS THE PHYSICS OF SEMANTIC SPACE
Further we can only detail it, but is it necessary to do this now?
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Hello all, I hope someone here can help me with some TD-DFT calculations. I am trying to calculate the excited state optimised structures and energies of some Germanium compounds. Firstly, I run a TD calculation of the first 10 excited states, singlets and triplets, using: TDA=(Nstates=10,50-50) WB97XD/genecp From this output I see the first excites states energies and they look ok to me, such as:  Excited State   1:      Triplet-A      2.4156 eV  513.26 nm  f=0.0000  <S**2>=2.000      113 ->120        -0.18260      119 ->120         0.65189  This state for optimization and/or second-order correction.  Total Energy, E(CIS/TDA) =  -1629.19629051     Copying the excited state density for this state as the 1-particle RhoCI density.  Excited State   2:      Singlet-A      3.3296 eV  372.37 nm  f=0.0537  <S**2>=0.000      113 ->120        -0.18586      119 ->120         0.66543 I then try to optimise the first singlet and triplet as I want to see how the spin density looks like in those species. For the first triplet I just indicate multiplicity 3 in the gaussian input (0 3 right before the coordinates), and I get something that I think it makes sense, the molecule geometry changes and I get alpha and beta orbitals, one electron seems to be occupying a virtual orbital by himself.... etc The problem comes with the first singlet excited state, in order to calculate it I use: TD=(Nstates=6,50-50,root=2) WB97XD/genecp Based in the previously calculates excited states, in which the second state is the first singlet. However, after the calculation was done (it took quite a long time) I see an output with completely normal orbitals (not alpha and beta), a nice homo with two electrons and a empty LUMO, as in the molecule looks like a normal diamagnetic ground state molecule. Does someone see something weird in my procedures? If you need any more details please let me know. My apologies if I am making some very basic mistakes I am very new in TD-DFT. Thank you all in advance!
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First of all, thank you very much for taking the time to answering my question. I will read right away your suggested work on SF-TDDFT and others and see what can I get from it.
I am however a bit confused. I am sure there are many things about my proceedings that can be improved and/or modified, after all I am very new in TDDFT. Nonetheless the instructions for the optimization of excited states geometries is quite well described in several sources, for instance:
or in the Gaussian software online manual itself (step 4):
Is this last one that I have used as a reference to try to optimise my S1, I thought it would be just fine as I do not want to see anything too exotic, "just" the spin density of the given exited state. Anyway thanks again for your tip and I will look into it.
Best.
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Bank digitalization can help reduce finance constraints of medium and small enterprises, while does Bank digitalization make sense for enterprise investment? How?
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Bank digitalization can greatly benefit enterprises, particularly SMEs, by providing easier access to finance, improving operational efficiency, and offering a range of digital tools for financial management. Investing in digital banking solutions can position enterprises for growth in an increasingly interconnected and technology-driven business environment.
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Although some might have discredited the idea of Pan-Africanism, there seems to be a sense in which it is still a need. Decolonisation as a process is not an end on itself but a step towards the end. To make sense of decolonisation for Africans there needs to be a way in which Africans show pride of their identity (self-love), and Pan-Africanism might be exactly that way. In fact, before Africans talk about globalisation there should a concern as to what do Africans enter the global world with... this discussion will continue in my paper to be presented in this attached conference for which the deadline for abstract submission has been extended to the 8th January 2024
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Thank you for your comment brother, it is so much encouraging for an upcoming researcher like me. Delving into these debates sometimes sets me up as the difficult scholar among my students and colleagues.
Stay blessed brother
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Who agrees that the sense of disgust is the root of esthetics? Why? How?
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While some philosophers and theorists have proposed that the sense of disgust is the root of aesthetics, this perspective is not universally agreed upon. It is important to note that aesthetics is a complex and multifaceted field, and various factors contribute to the evaluation and appreciation of art and beauty.
On one hand, proponents of the idea argue that the sense of disgust can influence aesthetic experiences. They suggest that disgust can serve as a motivating factor for artistic creation, as it allows artists to challenge societal norms, provoke emotions, and explore taboo subjects. In this view, art that evokes a sense of disgust can be seen as a transformative tool, pushing the boundaries of aesthetic appreciation and challenging established concepts of beauty.
Moreover, some theorists argue that disgust allows for the formation of aesthetic judgments by contrasting it with feelings of pleasure or attraction. By juxtaposing the repulsive and the beautiful, art is able to elicit a stronger emotional response and engage the viewer or audience more deeply. Disgust, in this sense, becomes a crucial element in the dynamic interplay between attraction and repulsion that contributes to aesthetic experiences.
However, it is important to consider alternative perspectives as well. Aesthetic experiences can result from various emotions, sensations, and cognitive processes, not just disgust. Beauty, harmony, balance, complexity, novelty, and cultural constructs are just some other factors that can shape our aesthetic judgments. Furthermore, individual differences in cultural background, personal experiences, and preferences play a significant role in shaping one's aesthetic sensibilities.
Ultimately, the relationship between disgust and aesthetics is a topic of ongoing debate and exploration within the field of philosophy and aesthetics. While disgust can indeed be incorporated into aesthetic experiences and interpretations, it is just one element among many that contribute to the complex and subjective nature of aesthetics.
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Which approach makes the most sense for creating a pest map of any insect pest?
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Dear Jaydeep,
Check the Species Distribution Models.
Best
Nasson
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Much of the Learning Sciences draw their Learning Models based on the model of memory proposed by Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin.
Like much of Cognition and Psychology studies, they can not escape the Cartesian binary of Mind and Body.
Here I propose how, what I call the Liquid (Holobiont) Learner Theory conceives memory as inseparable, that Being is a oneness where Mind and Body are inseparable. This conception of the Liquid Learner draws its understanding of BEING (a LIQUID LEARNER) from Eastern Metaphysics, especially via the work of Zhuangzi.
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To go beyond the Western Cartesian limitation, it's important to consider Neurological processes involve one's WHOLE SELF. This dissection of the human nerve system illustrates the entirety of the self when it comes to Neurological interchanges.
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What is the probability that people can learn applied mathematics by noticing the mathematical and other senses of vocabulary? Why? How? My answer: high probability because many terms that are used in their sense outside of stereotypical and or pure mathematics are still applicable to the applied mathematical sense. Such as differentiate, integrate, etc.
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The probability of people learning applied mathematics by noticing the mathematical senses of vocabulary is high. This is because many terms used in applied mathematics have broader applications beyond stereotypical or pure mathematics. For instance, words like "differentiate" and "integrate" are not only used in mathematical contexts but also find relevance in various real-world scenarios. The familiarity with these terms in everyday language can serve as a bridge for individuals to comprehend their mathematical significance, facilitating a smoother learning process. Additionally, recognizing the practical applications of mathematical concepts in different contexts can enhance understanding and retention, making it more likely for people to grasp applied mathematics through the connection with familiar vocabulary.
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Does it make sense to evaluate the "sensor delay" when we have simulated a PCF temperature sensor in 2-D (in Comsol software)?
Is there a certain formula to evaluate it?
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Crystal fiber photon!
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I modelling seepage analysis using SEEP/w and the result is XY gradient contour out of the phreatic line? And i think it's not make sense, so how i compute SF for boiling if the exit gradient computed by SEEP/w is wrong?
Every answer would be appreciated. Thanks before.
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In my thesis, I compared in 2d and 3D mode. I explained it in my article “2D and 3D Modeling of Transient Seepage from Earth Dams Thorough Finite Element Model (Case Study: Kordaliya Dam)”. The article is my profile. The seep 3D is drawn more accurate in semi saturated soils.
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Experience is the food of the mind.
Research and observation is the existence of the universe.
Nothing is out there without the observer.
Fine if the universe exists without the observer. For whom does it exist? You can't cut the universe off from the observer. After all, that's why we're here, for the universe to exist. This universe out there outside our brain doesn't have the form that our brain presents to us. There is no light and colors without the eye, hearing without the ear, taste without the tongue, touch without the body. Outside of our brain there is only frequency energy that without the conversion of frequencies from our brain into something else none of this would exist. Without a brain we can't even perceive energy. We live in a matrix of our senses. We are the very nature of energy, which lives through us.
Okay, let's get to the hard part. Do you at least understand that the world we live in doesn't exist without your senses? So without us how can there be anything imaginary that our brain creates? Fine the frequencies exist, but who do they exist for?
What is it, and where does energy come from; which designs, constructs and moves frequencies molecules atoms everything? Is it God?
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1) O OUTRO, OS OUTROS, A SOCIEDADE, FAMÍLIA, ESCOLA, TRABALHO, RELIÃO(?); 2) O PLANETA, NOSSO CHÃO, NOSSA CASA TERRA; 3) O COSMOS, OS TRÊS ETERNAMENTE EM ESTUDO CONSTANTE
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Sexologists appear to have lost sight of what science is about. They do not appreciate that before you can research a topic, you must first apply some common sense. There is nothing unscientific about basic facts and logic. Yet no one seems to see their relevance when it comes to understanding sexuality. In any science, the basic terms all need to be defined and understood. Preconceptions and assumptions need to be challenged. Yet sexologists have the same beliefs as the rest of the population.
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Je souligne que les sexologues ont ignoré les recherches effectuées sur la réponse sexuelle féminine. Ni la population ni les scientifiques n’ont voulu accepter la vérité : les femmes sont beaucoup moins sensibles sexuellement que les hommes. Tout le monde semble préférer la fiction érotique.
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Assessing the effect of GIS market mapping and marketing applications in enhancing market linkages for smallholder farmers.
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Yes it is interesting but your wording is incorrect it makes title to long so reword it
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It is very often that practitioners ask this question.
In reality there is not a 'best' method; probably it is better to ask about the 'most appropriate' method.
However, the most important aspect to consider is what the problem or scenario characteristics are, and from there choose the method, that best match them. It is just common sense.
It is easy to understand that a practitioner can apply a certain method
which is for instance the most used. However, if this method can't model a scenario as much close as possible, the result obtained is irrelevant and false, because it will be solving a problem that has no relation with the real scenario.
Based on the bold text, I developed a simple tool that can help the practitioner. It is not guarantee that the selected method replicates in full a certain scenario, but it will give the most close selection, and very important, gives as way to justify that selection
There are two parts labeled 300a and 300b. The first explains the procedure, while the second provides the tool in Excel for the practitioner to work, and without any calculation.
The additional advantage, is that the practitioner can make as many tests as wish, and that the characteristics for each scenario can be saved, and therefore it is easy to see in the future why a certain result was achieved
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Please find your request
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Kinetosis or motion sickness is mainly caused by a sensory conflict of different senses (e.g., the vestibular information about your movement does not match with the information from your eyes). But can it be caused by conflicting sensory information within one sense? For example, can different auditory information -- like a mismatch of frequencies (and their amplitude) and head related transfer functions -- cause sickness?
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Given that congenitally blind people get motion sickness, it would suggest a conflict that is both intra-sensory rather and maybe also inter-sensory.
LACKNER, J. R., & GRAYBIEL, A. (1979). Susceptibility to Motion Sickness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine.
Notes about the fact that sensory conflict not necessarily needing a visual cue.
I believe there could be a conflict within the inner ear, without need for vision based on signal rates and afferent signal discharge variabilities in the inner ear which are in conflict. Just a thought.
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What are some of the different social settings in which second language acquisition can take place? In a general sense, how might research be different in these different settings? What are some problems you might foresee?
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I totally agree with Mr Ahmad Farid. Yet, acquisition and learning are two different concepts. In contexts like the Middle East where L2 learners are deprived of sufficient exposure to the target language, you cannot expect acquisition to take place or be established. It is just learning! However, thanks to the development of ubiquitous technology, we could confess that L2 learners are bestowed with more exposure in recent years, which may in turn provide a suitable setting for acquisition to take place in upcoming years.
Regards
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This is the PowerPoint which I used on Saturday, 22nd April 2023 for my intervention at the 4th IACLSC Biennial International Conference-Exhibition, organised by the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Law, KIIT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, on 21-22 April 2023. The PowerPoint does not contain extended analyses. I am going to write a text on some aspects of the Bhagavad Gita in which I will expose my interpretation. The PowerPoint contains some quotations from and observations on the Katha Upanishad too. A text of mine which investigates the passages of the Katha Upanishad quoted in the PowerPont will be published in some weeks. I am launching this discussion to see whether the participants have observations on the Bhagavad Gita or on the Katha Upanishad. I am deeply interested in the observations since I am still at the beginning of the study of the Bhagavad Gita and of the Katha Upanishad. In the texts which I will publish, I will expose my positions both on the Bhagavad Gita and on the Katha Upanishad. In the present context, my observations are rather limited.
In my inquiry on the Bhagavad Gita, I shall analyse some aspects of the transformation of the individual through and thanks to his process of knowing the structure of reality. Becoming aware of his nature and of his position in the reality is for the individual the first step towards his moral development: for the individual needs and ought to walk the road of becoming aware of his nature in order to be able to know the aspects of his person which he ought to improve and to know the aspects of his persons which he ought to correct. The intervention in the reality of Lord Krishna shows that individuals are morally not always morally self-sufficient; men are limited entities; in them, evil can prevail. The road of knowledge, of meditation and of education is a process of fighting against the evil tendencies of the individual.
I shall begin my inquiry with the description of the three Gunas in chapter XIV: the notions of Sattva, of Tamas and of Rajas, their properties and their influences on the individual will be the first passage of my exposition. Through the investigation on the three Gunas we shall be able to observe that any individual turns out to be a composed entity which, depending on his education, engagement and meditation, can tend to the prevalence of Tamas, or of Rajas or of Sattva: the direction of the individual’s development is, as such, not given; it depends on the characters which the individual decides to cultivate in himself. The responsibility of the development, therefore, is due to the individual. As we shall be able to see thanks to the Discourses, the road to intellectual and moral development is not easy: it is, on the contrary, long, complex and difficult.
The individual cannot avoid being a composed entity which, since the factors of which it consists are not in a condition of reciprocal harmony, is exposed to a conflict in itself: therefore, the individual must reckon with mutually incompatible influences in himself; nonetheless, the individual is responsible for the prevalence of one or the other of the factors. Knowledge is indispensable in order that Sattva, the positive factor in the individual, can be improved in the individual: beholding the Supreme proves to be the way of liberation from the yearning of the objects of the senses. Lust will emerge as the enemy of the correct knowledge: knowledge is the remedy against the influence of lust.
For my analysis, I shall concentrate in particular on Discourses II, III, IV, V, VI, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII.
Bibliography
Srinivasa Chari, S.M., The Philosophy of Bhagavadgītā. A Study based on the Evaluation of the Commentaries of Śaṁkara, Rāmānuja and Madhva, with a foreword of MM.V. Srivatsankacharya. New Delhi, 2005, reprinted 2014.
Desai, M., The Gospel of selfless action or The Gita according to Gandhi (Translation of the original in Gujarati, with an additional introduction and commentary). By Mahadev Desai. Ahmedabad, 1946.
The Bhagavad Gita. With Text, Translation, and Commentary in the Words of Sri Aurobindo. Edited by Parmeshwari Prasad Khetan, Jhunjhunu; Rajasthan, 333001, 1992.
The Bhagavad Gītā (Sanskrit Text, Transliteration, English Translation & Philological Notes). Introduction by W. Douglas P. Hill. Translated by John Davies. Delhi, 2006.
The Bhagavad Gita in English. The Sacred Song. Translated by Philippe L. De Coster, B.Th., D.D. Translated into English from the original Sanskrit into English along ancient manuscripts, and various other sources and research material. Split up reading – Transliteration Word for Word translation. Gita Satsang Ghent Centre (Belgium). Copyright (Belgium) 2006 – 2007. Revised and Enlarged, November 2010.
The Bhagavad Gita. The Original Sanskrit and An English Translation. Lars Martin Fosse. Woodstock NY, 2007.
The Bhagavad-Gita, or Song Celestial translated by Sir Edwin Arnold. The Harvard Classics, New York, 1909–1914. Downloaded from: https://www.bartleby.com/45/4
The Mahabarata. A Prose English Translation of the Mahabarata (Translated literally from the Original Sanskrit Text.) Adi Parva. Edited and Published by Manmatha Nath Dutt, M.A., M.R.A.S. Calcutta, 1895.
The Mahabarata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Translated into English Prose from the Original Sanskrit Text by Kisari Mohan Ganguli [1883–1896]. Scanned at sacred-texts.com, 2003. Downloaded from: https://holybooks.com/the-mahabharata-of-vyasa-english-prose-translation/
Theodor, I., Exploring the Bhagavad Gītā. Philosophy, Structure and Meaning. Farnham, England / Burlington, USA, 2010.
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Dear Professor Sundus F Hantoosh ,
I thank you very much for your message, which I am reading with great interest!
Yours sincerely,
Gianluigi Segalerba
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What is the relationship between faculty interactions, sense of belonging and academic stress?
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Academic Stress is a multifatorial condition. It includes academic and, at most of times, personal factors. As academic factors, there is a great amount of new university class content periodically apearing and extracurricular activities happening everytime, including personal and social expectations of what kind of professional you're constructing to one day be. As pesonal factors, there is familiar interaction, finantial factors, there is students that also have a workjob to conciliate with university issues... And in the mid of all this, the student stil is a social being that needs to have personal conections and to build bonds. All this pressure associated with comunicative problems, friendship disorders or difficulty to maintain relationships increase singficantly academic stress.
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According to M. Fountopoulou, the 21st century teacher needs powerful tools and techniques for developing and cultivating personal skills, which are both exciting and significantly relevant:
- connecting theory with practice, - medium and long-term view of learning and teaching
- evaluation of the information
- the transformation of knowledge, the - - - the management of the school unit
- the combined application of scientific and pedagogical principles
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Hello Philippos,
When it comes to 21st-century education teacher's priority must rely on the transformative power of education, defined by UNESCO as the process that "involves teaching and learning geared to motivate and empower happy and healthy learners to take informed decisions and actions at the individual, community and global levels." (2023,
Combining scientific, pedagogical skills and values with a broader sense of the teacher's mission is essential to ensure learners develop skills better aligned with the challenges we face today.
Thus, teachers should be trained in the following areas to ensure they are prepared to foster learner's eagerness to learn and awareness about the world they live in:
- social-emotional skills
- critical thinking and problem-solving skills
- resilience and flexibility
- collaboration and empathy
- pedagogical use of technology
UNESCO. (2023). Five questions on transformative education. UNESCO. Retrieved 11-08-2023 from https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/five-questions-transformative-education#What%20Is%20%E2%80%9CTransformative%20Education%E2%80%9D?
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Many people may think that an irrational such as 2^1/2 is mathematical, not physical, and has no direct connection to quantum mechanics (QM).
On the other hand, we guess that's a great question even though no one really knows the exact answer.
We offer the following:
For the interpretation of probabilities in QM to make sense, the wave function Ψ must satisfy certain conditions.
An extremely important and yet rarely mentioned condition is,
Ψ squared = Ψ* squared=Ψ.Ψ* must always be positive and real.
This is the required answer.
Matrix transition chains B (solving the heat diffusion/conduction equation as a function of time) suggests finding an adequate alternative complex transition matrix to solve the Schrödinger equation as a function of time.
what is quite striking is that 2^1/2 should appear explicitly and be expressed numerically as 1.142... in order to construct the required complex transition matrix.
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Answer IV- continued
In this answer, we explain the numerical statistical solution to the time-dependent SE without needing the SE itself in the same way used for solve the transient heat equation without using the heat equation.
In other words, we completely ignore the SE and the Bohr/Copenhagen interpretation as if they never existed.
The numerical statistical solution to SE will be,
Ψ=W . b. . . ..(1)
where b is the vector of the real potential applied to the quantum particle and W is the complex quantum transfer matrix expressed by:
W=Q + Q^2+Q^3+ . . .Q^N . . . . (2)
It was shown before that,
Q=Sqrt (B).. . . (3)
where B is the well-known real transition matrix used to find time-dependent solutions for the Poisson, Laplace, and heat diffusion partial differential equations.
Equations 1,2 show that the solutions of Schrödinger's equation depend only on the shape of the potential and the boundary conditions as expected.
In order not to worry too much about the details of the theory, let's move on to the following illustrative specific application without loss of generality:
Consider the simplest Cartesian geometrical shape , a cube of length L and eight vertices that represent the nodes or quantum states.
The B 8x8 transition matrix is given by,
0 1/6   0 1/6 1/6   0   0   0
1/6   0 1/6   0   0 1/6   0   0
0 1/6   0 1/6   0   0 1/6   0
1/6   0 1/6   0   0   0   0 1/6
1/6   0   0   0   0 1/6   0 1/6
0 1/6   0   0 1/6   0 1/6   0
0   0 1/6   0   0 1/6   0 1/6
0   0   0 1/6 1/6   0 1/6   0
and the complex quantum transition matrix Q=Sqrt (B)  would be,
[Note the appearance of 2^1/2 which has a special importance in quantum mechanics.]((1+i)*2^0.5+(1+i)*6^0.5)/16 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3+ 3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3-3i)*2 ^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((1-i)*2^0.5-( 1-i)*6^0.5)/16 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((1+i)*2^0.5+(1+i)*6^0.5)/16 ((3- 3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3+3i)*2 ^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-( 1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((1-i)*2^0.5-(1-i)*6^0.5)/16((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((1+ i)*2^0.5+(1+i)*6^0.5)/16 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((1-i)*2 ^0.5-(1-i)*6^0.5)/16 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+( 1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3- 3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((1+i)*2^0.5+(1+i)*6^0.5)/16 ((3+3i)*2 ^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((1-i)*2^0.5-(1-i)*6^0.5)/16 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-( 1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((1- i)*2^0.5-(1-i)*6^0.5)/16 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((1+i)*2 ^0.5+(1+i)*6^0.5)/16 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-( 1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3+ 3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((1-i)*2^0.5-(1-i)*6^0.5)/16 ((3-3i)*2 ^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((1+i)*2^0.5+(1+i)*6^0.5)/16 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+( 1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48((1-i)*2^0.5-(1-i)*6^0.5)/16 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3- 3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3+3i)*2 ^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((1+i)*2^0.5+( 1+i)*6^0.5)/16 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((1-i)*2^0.5-(1-i)*6^0.5)/16 ((3+ 3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3-3i)*2 ^0.5+(1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3+3i)*2^0.5-(1+i)*6^0.5)/48 ((3-3i)*2^0.5+( 1-i)*6^0.5)/48 ((1+i)*2^0.5+(1+i)*6^0.5)/16
It can be shown that equation 2 for a sufficiently large number of time jumps or iterations N which gives the stationary time-independent solution reduces to,
W=  1/ (I-Q) . . . . .(4)
Therefore the transfer matrix W is given by,
((105+35*i)*2^0.5+(63+45*i)*6^0.5+928)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5-(63-45*i)*6^0.5+32)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840
((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5+(63+45*i)*6^0.5+928)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5-(63-45*i)*6^0.5+32)/840
((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5+(63+45*i)*6^0.5+928)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5-(63-45*i)*6^0.5+32)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840
((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5+(63+45*i)*6^0.5+928)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5-(63-45*i)*6^0.5+32)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840
((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5-(63-45*i)*6^0.5+32)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5+(63+45*i)*6^0.5+928)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840
((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5-(63-45*i)*6^0.5+32)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5+(63+45*i)*6^0.5+928)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840
((105-35*i)*2^0.5-(63-45*i)*6^0.5+32)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5+(63+45*i)*6^0.5+928)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840
((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5-(63-45*i)*6^0.5+32)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5-(21+15*i)*6^0.5+64)/840 ((105-35*i)*2^0.5+(21-15*i)*6^0.5+176)/840 ((105+35*i)*2^0.5+(63+45*i)*6^0.5+928)/840
And the steady-state numerical solution Eps=(W-I) . b for the vector of unit boundary conditions,
b= [1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1] T, becomes,
2^0.5+1
2^0.5+1
2^0.5+1
2^0.5+1
2^0.5+1
2^0.5+1
2^0.5+1
2^0.5+1
where all eigenvalues ​​of energy are real as expected.
[Note again the multiple appearance of 2^1/2 which has special significance in quantum mechanics.]
To be continued.
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Is there any bioassay for detecting/ evaluating dogs (or other animal) sense of humor?
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They have emotions
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I mean we are concerned more about how exactly does our brain function, which part is responsible for what kinds of actions and responses, but hardly do we consider the fact that life has sprouted from non-living things. And if you look at it, everything must be very either totally living and totally non-living. It's just that our senses make us feel alive. The fact that abstract matter has the ability to generate something as absurd as a memory is in itself a remarkable thing isn't it?
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"There is a philosophical question at the heart of this issue. If life is simply a product of complex chemical reactions, then what does it mean to be alive? And if perception is simply a product of the brain, then what does it mean to be aware? These are big questions, and there are no easy answers"
Dynamic Idealism: An Elementary Course in the Metaphysics of Mind by J.S. Mackenzie.
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I would like to lead a scientific discussion around the "sustainable development in the construction sector" And I hope to have your reactions.
1. Why is sustainable development in the construction sector important?
2. What are geopolymer materials, and how do they compare to Portland cementitious materials from an environmental perspective?
3. How can natural fibers, such as bamboo and hemp, be used in geopolymer materials to improve their properties?
4. What are some factors that can affect the performance of natural fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites?
5. In your opinion, what are some areas for future research in this field?
We published an article in this sense, and I hope to have your reactions to this article. Here are the links to read this article.
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Hi,
The Geopolymer Camp 2023 was on 3D printing with geopolymer. Alex made several conferences on those topics: https://geopolymer.org/fichiers/?dir=gpcamp-2023
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I have a data set with several variables under socio-demographic factors. For example, age (under 25, between 25 to 34, between 35 to 44, 45 and above), education(No education, primary, secondary, and higher or diploma) and so on.
Now, I'm interested in checking the relationship of each of these different sub-variables with bed-net usage using (adjusted) odd ratios using Python. I have the codes already. But I want to verify if it makes sense, or theoretically correct if the sub-variables (under each head-variable can be grouped as independent variable against the outcome variable separately.
I'm new to the method. Relevant materials would also be much appreciated.
Thanks
#multilevelRegression #statistics # logisticRegression
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To perform a logistic regression after ending the data preparation (i.e., solving completeness and correctness data issues, creating derived and new variables, and the data inclusion/exclusion), you need to convert categorical variables into binary variables. In place to have age, you will have four variables (one for each level under 25, between 25 to 34, between 35 to 44, and 45 and above) and these new variables will be two levels "0" if this characteristic is absent and "1" if the characteristic is present. After performing this stage, you can split your dataset, cross-validate and apply parameters, run your model, evaluate your model, and interpret odd ratios.
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I am investigating whether two independent factors with only two levels each affect my dependent variable memory performance. Thus, I performed a two way analysis where my IV1 was significant and the interaction between both IVs.
I am confused regarding post hoc tests as some state no post hoc tests are needed in case of only two levels. Others state that Tukey test should be performed. However, the Tukey does not seem to make sense in case of only two levels in each IV? I thought about doing an independent samples t test? But in this case only further investigate the main effects. Thus, my question is if my analysis requires a post hoc test and if so, which post hoc test would you suggest for the main effects and interaction effect?
Thanks!!
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  • Yes, the general advice is that if the interaction is significant, you don't need to conduct post-hoc tests on the main effects. Simply, it's because post-hoc tests on the main effects won't be of much interest since you know that there is an interaction effect. But there's no law about this.
  • E.M. means in R are easy to get. For example,
library(emmeans)
marginal = emmeans(model, ~ Instructor + Supplement)
pairs(marginal, adjust="tukey")
  • In R, it appears the the TukeyHSD function in the native stats package works fine when there are only two levels of a treatment.
  • The results from emmeans with the "tukey" adjustment will be the same as the classic Tukey HSD test for a standard two-way anova.
  • In general, I would avoid using pairwise tests (e.g. pairwise t-tests) for post-hoc testing. It's better to use post-hoc approaches that take into account all the data together. But also, when you have very flexible approaches like using emmeans, there's no need to worry about Tukey's HSD or Dunnetts, and so on.
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What I want to find out: Women with high levels of aggression, impulsivity and alexithymia have a lower sense of parental competence than men with high levels of aggression, impulsivity and alexithymia.
I have conducted an aggression, impulsivity , alexithymia and sense of parental competence questionnaire on my sample. Now I am strugglig on how to seperate the data so that I can only compare women with high impulsivity, alexithymia and agressivity scores with men with high impulsivity, alexithymia and agressivity scores and their respective parental sense of competence.
Thank you in advance for your help!
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@Lisa Morais
Hello my dear friend.
We know that we need sources for scientific topics. A researcher cannot give a research answer without scientific sources.
But what I know in teaching developmental psychology at the university is that women in the role of mothers should be more prominent than men in the matter of upbringing due to more time and quality communication with children, which has the importance of mental health in them.
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Hi,
I would like to know how I can order a siRNA (5 or 10 nm) for a protein(X) based on the following information that has been published:
" siRNA against X was synthesized from the following sequence: 5′- GTGATGTCCGGGTAACTCTA-3′".
I know companies have websites for custom siRNA design, shall I put the sequence as the sense Sequence that they ask? what are the best overhang Option?
Thank you,
Saeid
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I think you can let the company to synthesis the siRNA for you, and you also can synthesis dsRNA by T7 dsRNA kit
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ResearchGate has a problem in the sense that it doesn't recognise Journals that are not in existence anymore.
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HI,
I guess then... specify the Discontinued Status: Clearly mention that the journal is no longer in publication or has been discontinued in the relevant sections of your research publications or profiles. This will provide context to readers and researchers who come across your work.
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Rest-Mass, Charge of an electron is still an unsolved problem in physics! Why?
Einstein: "A theory setting mass and charge a priori is incomplete!" So Dirac's Electron Theory (restmass and charge are fundamental constants) is incomplete in the sense of Einsteins Opinion. The same to SM & GR up to now?
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The answer to Einstein's question is that an electron is the one-particle excitation of the electron field. It is defined by mass, spin and charge. Indeed, invariance under global Lorentz transformations, gauge transformations and the requirement that the equations of motion contain no more than two derivatives defines everything about the classical dynamics.
What it doesn't do is define as fully the quantum dynamics, which is known only in perturbation theory about free fields-and it's known that the series is divergent. However experimental precision only allows probing the effects of a finite number of terms and those probes are consistent between theory and experiment. The same holds for the Standard Model more generally.
Regarding GR, the description is incomplete, due to the inevitability of spacetime singularities. How it might be completed isn't known, in general.
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Can anyone describe when to use kV or keV when discussing electron microscopy? They seem to be used interchangeably, though it seems like it would make more sense to describe the actual energy of the primary electrons (keV) to me. Is the kV applied to the electron gun the same as the keV of the incident electrons?
Thanks!
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kV - voltage, like in "accelerating voltage of electron microscope"
keV - energy, used mostly in spectroscopy (EDS). Horizontal axis of a spectrum should be marked as keV; unfortunately many people mark it as kV. It's wrong, but so widely used...
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"Bipolar disorder (formerly called manic-depressive illness or manic depression) is a mental illness that causes unusual shifts in a person's mood, energy, activity levels, and concentration. These shifts can make it difficult to carry out day-to-day tasks.
Is it possible to live a normal life with bipolar disorder?
In short, bipolar disorder may sound like a serious diagnosis, but with the right tools, supports and a commitment to be healthy, it is manageable for many. Not only can you live a normal life with bipolar disorder, you can lead a full and rewarding life." Ref: internet...
So many geniuses are bipolars such as Isaac Newton, Ernest Hemingway,Vincent Van Gogh etc as you can see further famous bipolars down below as listed in relevant Wiki...
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Is it possible to live a normal life with bipolar disorder? Yes it is possible if you take your medication regilarily and are very careful to do that. Usually when a bupolar person starts to hypomanic he feels so well and skip his medication so after a few weeks he is psycotic again and then it takes time before he is normal. These ups and downs are a heavy burden for the family.
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I ask this question to explore the philosophical foundations and frameworks that underpin our understanding of history as a discipline. By delving into the philosophy of history, I aim to gain insight into the diverse perspectives and theories that scholars have developed to conceptualize and make sense of historical events, causality, and human agency. Understanding the various philosophical approaches to history will enable me to critically analyze and evaluate different historical narratives and interpretations, considering the underlying assumptions, biases, and epistemological frameworks that shape our understanding of the past. By engaging with the philosophy of history, I seek to deepen my understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of historical scholarship and enhance my ability to interpret and analyze historical phenomena within a broader intellectual context.
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Philosophical perspectives on history play a significant role in shaping our understanding of historical processes and interpretations. They provide frameworks and lenses through which we analyze and make sense of historical events, patterns, and narratives.They encourage critical reflection on the nature of historical knowledge and how it is acquired. They raise questions about the reliability of historical sources, the subjectivity of interpretations, and the biases that may influence historical narratives. This reflection helps us recognize the limitations and possibilities of historical knowledge, leading to more nuanced and self-aware interpretations; offer theoretical frameworks that shape our approach to historical research and analysis. For example, positivism emphasizes empirical evidence and causality, while poststructuralism highlights the role of power, language, and discourse in shaping historical narratives. These frameworks influence the questions we ask, the methods we employ, and the explanations we seek in historical inquiry; bring ethical considerations to the study of history. They prompt us to examine the ethical implications of historical events, the responsibilities of historians in portraying the past, and the consequences of historical narratives on present-day societies. This helps foster a more conscientious and accountable approach to historical interpretation and representation; provide interpretive tools and concepts that enrich our understanding of historical processes. For instance, hermeneutics emphasizes the interpretation of texts and the understanding of historical context, while Marxism focuses on social class dynamics and economic forces. These tools help us analyze historical events, structures, and actors within broader conceptual frameworks; prompt meta-historical reflection, encouraging us to question how historical narratives are constructed, challenged, and revised. They stimulate debates about the nature of historical truth, the role of memory and collective identity, and the impact of historiography on our understanding of the past. This reflexivity fosters a critical and dynamic engagement with history.
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Because it is difficult to define SUSTAINABILITY in scientific sense. I believe it is an art that when practised and fine tuned more will give better results. E.g. Art of singing when practised to perfection will lead to a sustainable singer.
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Sustainability is easy to define if we invoke the basics of ecology. An ecosystem is sustainable if it can function in a balanced manner with no other energy inputs than direct solar. The balance alludes to production-consumption-scavanging occurring in closed loops with solar energy the only external input.
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Hello,
I recently stumbled on a paper in the field of neurosurgery. The paper analyzes imaging parameters that predict injury related to the spinal cord (Posterior Ligamentous Complex Injuries). I have two concerns related to the paper and I need assistance from a statistician
1) Is that possible that they mention that one parameter is associated with positive association (OR > 1) with PLC injury in axial section but not associated with PLC injury in sagittal section (OR < 1)? This didn't make sense because it is the same parameter but once viewed in axial view and another time viewed in sagittal view.
2) My second concern is that whether it is possible to use the parameter that was associated with negative association (OR < 1) to create ROC curve and measure its predictive power (sensitivity, specifity, etc)? This this didn't make sense again because how come that one parameter is associated with negative odds ratio can be used to predict the dependent variable and be used to create a cut-off value that predict this dependent variable?
Can you supply your results with references?
Thanks in advance.
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Please supply link or pdf for the paper you are questioning.
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What is the role of Interoceptive sense in Toilet training of individuals with Sensory Processing Disorder?
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Husna, your question pertains to the role of interoceptive sense in toilet training individuals with Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD). Let's explore this topic:
Interoception refers to the sense of the internal state of one's body, including sensations related to bodily functions such as heart rate, respiration, temperature, hunger, and the need to urinate or defecate. It plays a crucial role in regulating and responding to bodily needs and maintaining overall well-being.
For individuals with Sensory Processing Disorder, which is characterized by atypical processing of sensory information, including difficulties in processing and responding to sensory input, interoception can be affected. This can result in challenges in recognizing and interpreting bodily signals, including the need to use the toilet.
In toilet training individuals with SPD, addressing interoceptive difficulties is important. Here are some considerations:
1. Sensory-based strategies: Sensory-based interventions can be helpful in enhancing interoceptive awareness. These may include activities that promote body awareness and sensory integration, such as deep pressure activities, proprioceptive exercises, and vestibular input. These strategies can help individuals with SPD become more attuned to bodily sensations, including the need to use the toilet.
2. Environmental modifications: Creating a sensory-friendly environment can support toilet training. This may involve ensuring that the bathroom environment is calm, comfortable, and free from overwhelming sensory stimuli. Providing appropriate seating and positioning options that accommodate the individual's sensory needs can also be beneficial.
3. Visual supports and social stories: Visual supports, such as schedules, diagrams, or pictures, can help individuals with SPD understand the steps involved in toilet training and provide a visual reminder of the process. Social stories, which present information in a narrative format, can be used to explain and normalize the experience of using the toilet.
4. Gradual desensitization: Gradually exposing individuals to the sensations and routines associated with toilet training can help desensitize any aversions or sensitivities they may have. This can be done by introducing the steps of toilet training in a progressive and structured manner, gradually increasing the individual's comfort level.
It's important to note that toilet training approaches should be individualized and tailored to the specific sensory needs and challenges of each person with SPD. Working with occupational therapists or healthcare professionals experienced in sensory integration can provide valuable guidance and support in developing a personalized toilet training plan.
Remember, successful toilet training for individuals with SPD may require patience, understanding, and a multi-faceted approach that considers sensory factors, individual differences, and the unique needs of each person.
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In segregating generations which type of heritability can be used?
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these are used to predict the response to selection. It is a descriptive measure used to assess the usefulness and precision of results from cultivar evaluation trials.
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And should one consider the poets who don’t rhyme their verses as being of an inferior mastery of the language compared to those who always rhymed their poetry without affecting the sense and the beauty of the poem such as Edgar Allan Poe?
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I am concerned that the term "poetry" is being used to refer to any individual's mode of expression, especially if brief enough to stand on one page. This would accord with the anarchism implied by free verse, which is the U.S. is often an expression of "individualism," a term often exploited by those on the left who believe in "self-expression" and on the right by "libertarians," who support and fund extremist capitalism. I have my own notions of what elements define poetry, but these notions are lost in the crowd of poetic beliefs. In essence, I agree that metaphor is basic to poetry, in that the secrets of language's relationship to the real facts of life lurk in metaphors. Poetry includes dense sinews of metaphor, or (well organized) clusters. But poetry also has had a long connection to the elements of music--rhythms, repetitions of sound, including rhymes. Feelings. Sounds. So poetry, for me, is defined by the concentration of metaphor, rhythm, and word sounds, which in themselves, rather than (or in) "stanzas," can create the structures we also require of poetry. Poetry therefore need not be traditional rhymed verse, and often the sentimentalism of "poetic verse" is merely melodramatic and unrealistic. Thus poetry may also be "free" in limited ways--by the structuring of the elements of traditional verse in non-traditional ways. Most troubling to me are the examples of anarchic language that some call "poetry," mainly because they disqualify poetry as a socially valuable mode of expression. Few institutions support poetry as a valuable mode of expression, and those that do are actively--politically--being weakened. As serious troubles spread in the world, poetry as a means of inspiring collective responses is therefore marginalized. Individualism, and its anarchic expressions, are what remain, rather solitary and temporary.
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The relationship between mental toughness and psychological fatigue in adolescent volleyball players: is the logical relationship between the three of stress perception correct, and does this study make sense?
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I recommend that you review this work.
"Association between Mental Toughness and Fatigue among Amateur
Athletes"
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Hi everyone,
I am new on this platform and I am doing a PhD on descendants of immigrants (2nd generation) in Switzerland. I am actually focusing on the concepts sense of belonging and identity formation.
I am adopting a qualitative approach and using a semi-structured interview guide. I am looking for some examples of open questions on those topics but usually the articles that I find relevants don't present their guides in the appendix.
Could anyone help me?
Thank you so much.
Valérie
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Thank you so much for your answer, which actually goes beyond my expectations.
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Does it make sense to build a regression model for time series data with breaks? Like the time series I posted below with one major break that mark the shift of time series feature?
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Yes, it is possible to develop regression models for time series data with breaks. Remember that this is also known as interrupted time series analysis, which uses regression techniques to model variations in the level or trend of a time series following an intervention or event. These models can be utilised to determine the impact of  changes on a time series variable.
It is essential, however, to ensure that the time series breaks are well-defined and supported by theory or empirical evidence. In addition, the validity of the regression models may be depending on the assumptions made regarding the nature and timing of the breaks as well as the potential confounding variables that may influence the outcome variable. Therefore, models require thorough consideration and validation to ensure accurate results.
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It seems that novelty seeking cannot explain a great part of the attraction of many to new things. A part of the attraction to new things comes also from some (strong) aversion felt toward oldness or repetitiousness.
Some people may dislike older things, even if those people are exposed to that "old" thing for the first time. For example, a movie that is made in the 1960s might look not-so-interesting to me, even if I am watching it for the very first time.
Just the aurora of oldness around some things suffices to create that sense of aversion.
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Thank you dear Vahid,
Fear of death decreases with age so no reason to worry. All of a sudden it is gone and when you have strengthen a belief system that tells you where you are likely to end up afterwards. In the end of life you may be satisfied like Abraham to leave this not so easy life.
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Good morning,
I am not an expert on Factor Analysis, so I hope the explanation of my problem makes sense.
My current task is to perform analyses on an older data set from experiments my lab conducted a couple of years ago. We have 212 individual items, consisting of a dozen or so demographic questions and items from a total of 24 different scales that measure separate constructs. Given the large number of items and constructs, I would like to reduce the number of dimensions to achieve a more clear starting point for theory development. Obviously, an exploratory factor analysis is a good choice for this.
My question is whether I have to input the 200 or so individual non-demographic items in the EFA, or whether I can instead just use the 24 composite variables/constructs and reduce the number of dimensions from there. My hesitation using all the individual items is that an EFA would simply return something very similar to the composite variables, as the constructs generally have a quite high internal consistency and are fairly distinct from each other based on theory. The obvious caveat with using the composite variables is that it is not something I have seen done much, and as I am not an expert on EFA, I am unsure as to whether there is a major methodological road block to using composite variables that I am unaware of.
Thank you for your help!
Best wishes,
Pascal
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Hey Pascal
200 items is a lot for an EFA. But why EFA - you have some ideas about the structure of the data as you have "24 different scales that measure separate constructs". You have a lot of scales with relatively few items. What not address this question in separate stages. First, you could test the dimensionality of each of the 24 scales separately using CFA to check that each scale is measuring only one latent variable. Second, when you have sorted out the structures at the level of the scales you can look at how they are correlated, or indeed factor analyze composite scores for all the scales together.
Mark
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When you make crosses between two lines of parent maize and you have F1 generation,how to make effective selection ? on the panicle how can you that this grain is a product of crossing and this other grain on the panicle is not a product of crossing?
Or in the other sense , when you make drosses between two parents ,do all the grains on the panicle parent are served or all the grains on the panicle of female plant are product of crossing? How to make selection of individuals on a panicle?
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errata
effective individual selection
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The relationship between scent, emotion, and memory is described in literature as "A Proustian Moment," after this passage from "In Search of Lost Time" , “… I carried to my lips a spoonful of the tea in which I had let soften a bit of madeleine. But at the very instant when the mouthful of tea mixed with cake crumbs touched my palate, I quivered, attentive to the extraordinary thing that was happening inside me.”
It's a sensory experience that triggers a rush of memories often long past, or even seemingly forgotten. For French author Marcel Proust, who penned the legendary lines in his 1913 novel, “À la recherche du temps perdu,” it was the soupçon of cake in tea that sent his mind reeling.
Ever since the 1991 publication in "Cell" of "A Novel Multigene Family May Encode Odorant Receptors: A Molecular Basis for Odor Recognition" by Linda Buck* and Richard Axel (Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics tHoward Hughes Medical Institute College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University New York, New York 10032), Neuroscientists and Molecular Biologists have been working to answer this and other questions about our olfactory sense. Some say that it is responsible for our most powerful memories, often from childhood.
My general interest is in the mechanisms by which sense perceptions in humans become memory and how memories are retrieved.
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Hi Peter Thomason Unlike all the other senses. smell directly enters the cortex without going through the thalamus first. The cortex it enters is old and more primitive. It is near (physically and signal-wise) the emotional tissue. A scent can give you an experience before reason and reticence kick in.
Memory stores the significant. Significance is given by the emotion carried. Thus it is a short path from scent to memory. None of that requires modern 6-layered granular neocortex, though associated things are stored and recalled from there as well.