Senses - Science topic

Hello, I have a large number of manuscripts to be published in the academic conference, how can we contact?

This is a deeply important question, and it lies at the heart of what my work — Quantum Wavefront Dynamics (QWD) — was created to address.

The short answer is:

No, wave-particle duality is not caused by wavefunction collapse.

Collapse is not what creates the duality — it’s what destroys the wave-like behavior and reveals the particle outcome.

But the mystery goes deeper:

How can one entity behave like both a wave and a particle, and when does it become one or the other?

According to QWD:

• The quantum entity (photon, electron, etc.) is always a real, extended wave — not a probabilistic ghost.

• This wave has a geometric structure — a wavefront — that propagates deterministically.

• When no external disturbance occurs, this wave evolves coherently and produces interference patterns.

• However, when the environment (observer, device, material) interacts with it asymmetrically, it begins to distort the wavefront curvature.

• This distortion leads to gradual localization — the wavefront bends, concentrates, and behaves as if it “collapses” into a particle detection.

QWD’s Key Contribution:

• It provides a single physical description — not duality, not collapse postulates.

• Wave and particle are two stages of one evolving wavefront under different physical conditions.

• Collapse is not instantaneous. It’s a continuous, deterministic, geometry-driven process.

This model aligns with modern experimental findings (like decoherence and interference decay) but removes the need for mystery, randomness, or parallel realities.

If this resonates with you, I invite you — and all reading — to explore my published manuscript:

Quantum Wavefront Dynamics (QWD): A Deterministic Framework for the Wave-to-Particle Transition

Available here on ResearchGate: [Insert Your RG DOI Link]

It presents a full theoretical explanation, simulations, and proposed experimental tests — and offers a unified view that dissolves the duality paradox.

Sincerely,

Adam Dakhil Nasser Alzerkany

Author of QWD

Mr Nicolis,

I never spoke of "vaque physics" as a science which is the opposite i. E most concrete, more presice etc but on some of its aspects, like Vaque Discipline objectives

Materialism, as a philosophical concept, is relatively well defined but remains subject to interpretation and debate depending on the context in which it is used. There are multiple versions of materialism, each with its own nuances:

While these versions of materialism are conceptually distinct and generally well-defined within their respective domains, debates persist. For instance:

So, while materialism as a broad category is well articulated, its sufficiency as an explanatory framework continues to be contested across disciplines.

My proof is here

This proof from 2021 was never checked and nobody has shown that there is any error in it. I spent 2000 dollars in trying the payable "checking" by the Journal of Number Theory. It was fake: they read five pages, did not find any errors but insisted that I have to pay mode thousands or they will not continue, so extortion. I have this my proof, it is enough for me, I know that the Riemann Hypothesis is true. I am not interested in checking proofs by other people as nobody ever cared to check my proof. Science is taken over, no chance. But good luck.

Thanks for the contribution Bello Ibraheem Qozeem Matej Babjak

Dear Jamil Kooli

If we seek a frame of reference for the universe beyond Einstein’s relativistic framework, we must consider an absolute or emergent structure that underlies spacetime itself. General relativity describes how mass and energy shape spacetime locally but does not provide a universal "rest frame" or a preferred perspective. However, quantum gravity, string theory, or causal set theory suggest that spacetime might emerge from more fundamental, discrete, or holographic structures. If a deeper frame exists, it might be rooted in the quantum vacuum, the entanglement network of the universe, or a cosmic-scale ordering principle yet to be discovered. This would challenge our notions of relativity and potentially redefine inertia, causality, and even time itself.

I hope this helps.

A successful teacher possesses a blend of personal qualities, professional skills, and effective strategies that enable them to inspire and educate their students. Here are the key characteristics:

1. Passion for Teaching Why it Matters: Passionate teachers are enthusiastic and motivated, which inspires students and fosters a positive learning environment. Examples: They demonstrate genuine excitement about their subject and care deeply about their students' success. 2. Strong Communication Skills Why it Matters: Clear communication ensures students understand concepts, expectations, and feedback. Examples: Effective teachers can explain complex ideas in simple terms and adapt their communication style based on students' needs. 3. Patience and Empathy Why it Matters: Patience and understanding help teachers address diverse learning paces and challenges. Examples: A successful teacher listens to students' concerns, remains calm under pressure, and shows compassion for struggles. 4. Expertise in Subject Matter Why it Matters: Deep knowledge ensures the teacher can provide accurate information and address students' questions confidently. Examples: They stay updated with the latest developments in their field and incorporate them into lessons. 5. Adaptability and Creativity Why it Matters: Every student is different, and classrooms are dynamic; being flexible allows teachers to adjust to changing needs. Examples: They use creative teaching strategies, like games, projects, or technology, to engage students. 6. Effective Classroom Management Why it Matters: A well-managed classroom creates a safe and productive learning environment. Examples: Successful teachers set clear rules, maintain discipline with fairness, and minimize disruptions. 7. High Expectations for Students Why it Matters: Believing in students’ potential encourages them to strive for excellence. Examples: They challenge students while offering support, helping them build confidence and achieve goals. 8. Commitment to Lifelong Learning Why it Matters: Continuous learning keeps teachers relevant and improves their skills. Examples: They attend workshops, pursue professional development, and seek feedback from peers and students. 9. Cultural Competence Why it Matters: In diverse classrooms, understanding and respecting different backgrounds fosters inclusivity. Examples: A successful teacher integrates diverse perspectives into lessons and avoids biases. 10. Strong Organizational Skills Why it Matters: Well-organized teachers can plan lessons effectively, manage time, and keep track of students’ progress. Examples: They maintain detailed lesson plans, set realistic timelines, and give timely feedback. 11. Approachability and Openness Why it Matters: When students feel comfortable, they’re more likely to ask questions and seek help. Examples: They encourage open dialogue and foster a non-judgmental environment. 12. Focus on Student-Centered Learning Why it Matters: Engaging students actively in their learning makes lessons more meaningful and memorable. Examples: They encourage discussions, group work, and critical thinking rather than relying solely on lectures. 13. Use of Technology Why it Matters: Technology enhances learning and prepares students for the modern world. Examples: They incorporate tools like smartboards, educational apps, and online resources into lessons. 14. Strong Relationship-Building Skills Why it Matters: Building positive relationships with students creates trust and boosts motivation. Examples: They take an interest in students' lives, celebrate their achievements, and provide emotional support. 15. Resilience and Positivity Why it Matters: Teaching can be challenging, and a positive attitude helps teachers stay motivated. Examples: They handle setbacks with grace, focus on solutions, and remain optimistic about their students' growth. 16. Commitment to Equity Why it Matters: Ensuring all students have access to quality education helps bridge gaps and promotes fairness. Examples: They tailor teaching strategies to individual needs and advocate for resources to support struggling students. 17. Strong Assessment and Feedback Skills Why it Matters: Regular assessment and constructive feedback help students improve and stay on track. Examples: They use a mix of formative (ongoing) and summative (final) assessments and provide actionable feedback. 18. Passion for Inspiring Lifelong Learning Why it Matters: Successful teachers instill a love for learning that extends beyond the classroom. Examples: They encourage curiosity, critical thinking, and the pursuit of knowledge for personal and professional growth. A successful teacher isn’t perfect but continually strives to grow and adapt, focusing on the success and well-being of their students.

Shashwata Sahu

Thank you for your request

In may opinion what you say is true, but you approach the resources issue in a different way of mine. In your case it is related somehow with advantages, especially when you mention "availability of time, data, expertise, and computational tools directly affects how effectively a method can be applied"

Of course they are advantages, but from my point of view resources are much more than that, because there is no material project that can be made if you do not have the resources for their execution, and it applies to selecting a restaurant, purchasing a car, building a tall rise or fitting diseases.

In the two first cases you need money. For building a tall rise you need hundreds of items live concrete, time, money, equipment, manpower, etc. For fighting diseases you need money, health experts, laboratories

If you are generating electric power you need to consider as a resource the maximum quantity of CO2 , NOx, etc. contamination you can produce, that is your resource of your 'bank' of contamination allowed by international regulations, and they are limited

At present, as per my knowledge, out of more 200 MCDM methods there are only three that consider resources: PROMETHEE, Lineal Programming an SIMUS. All others assume that resources, whatever their nature are infinite, which of course, is false

Dear Ioannis Lymperis ,

These thre videos also a response to your question:

Regards

Laszlo

Marie Cassandra Normally when people tell me stories from their biography I see it as an inner film. This film allows me then to make an empathical connection. I guess for a therapist it would be considered as projection.

Since you are in counceling would you say that this had an impact on how you process such informations?

Not really. But I know for sure that interpreting memories is more visual for me, except those memories are linked to very strong negative emotions. Than a strong emotional component is like put on top of the visuals which can even 'outperform' the visual character of the memory and lead to defense mechanism, where I so to say either pause or even stop the inner film.

Dear Hamdi

Thank you for your response.

I agree about the utility of MCDM and believe that is the only tool able to analyze complex scenarios like site location, but certainly not using AHP. As a fact there are very few MCDM methods that can address this complex issue. Why?

Because most methods are not able to model reality, most are approximations.

You say: "Different MCA methods, including the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), have proven effective in identifying optimal sites by integrating expert opinions and objective data"

AHP algebraic structure might be good for simple problems like selecting a place to dinner, but not for complex problems. Simply because it was not designed for it. You cannot find a site solution where there're playing many interrelated factors that can be managed by a network, not by AHP, that only works with a lineal structure and does not recognize interdependencies as its creator Saaty said, and he was right

Other factors as you mention are essential like the use of GIS, which by the way, cannot be considered in AHP, because there could be relationships between the different levels revealed by GIS, that again, cannot be managed by AHP. This is possibly the reason by which Saaty designed ANP, which can do that

Finally, you say that these methods have been proved effective.

Well, that is what we expect, but we cannot say that they find the right solution because we do not have, in any MCDM method, the way to make comparisons with reality.

By the way, there are not optimal solutions in MCDM, only a compromise, a balance.

Those who are intrigued by this sidebar on Wernher von Braun might take a look at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun in order to get a sense of the complexity of the case as regards intellectual and moral virtues and values.

Hi Sim,

Pls view a couple of samples. On the reference page of each of these articles there any more references if you are interested.

Good luck!

Sir, I could not agree with you more. I am aware of no violent peoples, such as myself and others, who, although no violent, are still descendants of those who enslaved everyone they could yoke. It is shameful and the blatant lie of hard work and honor wefts a sour and empty odour, it is, indeed, ill gotten, ill kept, stolen, murdered, land, rarely a truth can be found...in it.

Please read my article related to your topic on ResearchGate, entitled: Effectiveness of Implementing Active Learning Strategies in Enhancing EFL Learners' Motivation, Attitudes, Aptitudes and Skills.

Here’s a basic for your MATLAB code:(m-file)

% Parameters

L = 1; % Length of the domain

N = 200; % Number of spatial points (increase for better resolution)

dx = L / (N-1); % Spatial step size

x = linspace(0, L, N); % Spatial grid

nu = 1e-4; % Viscosity

dt = 0.0001; % Time step size (reduce for stability)

T = 1; % Total time

Re = 10000; % Reynolds number

% Initial condition

u = sin(pi*x);

% Time integration using RK4

for t = 0:dt:T

k1 = dt * burgers_rhs(u, nu, dx);

k2 = dt * burgers_rhs(u + 0.5*k1, nu, dx);

k3 = dt * burgers_rhs(u + 0.5*k2, nu, dx);

k4 = dt * burgers_rhs(u + k3, nu, dx);

u = u + (k1 + 2*k2 + 2*k3 + k4) / 6;

end

% Plot the result

figure;

plot(x, u);

xlabel('x');

ylabel('u');

title('Solution of Burgers'' Equation');

% Compute the Fourier transform

U_hat = fft(u);

% Compute the energy spectrum

E = abs(U_hat).^2 / N;

% Plot the energy spectrum

k = (0:N-1) * (2*pi/L);

figure;

loglog(k, E);

xlabel('Wavenumber k');

ylabel('Energy E(k)');

title('Energy Spectrum');

% Function to compute the RHS of Burgers' equation

function rhs = burgers_rhs(u, nu, dx)

N = length(u);

rhs = zeros(size(u));

for i = 2:N-1

rhs(i) = -u(i) * (u(i+1) - u(i-1)) / (2*dx) + nu * (u(i+1) - 2*u(i) + u(i-1)) / dx^2;

end

% Boundary conditions

rhs(1) = 0;

rhs(N) = 0;

end

Because 'errors' in written English can be very distracting to the reader and impede appraisal of the paper. For papers written in English that is not fluid and error-free but otherwise acceptable, I usually recommend 'minor revisions' and suggest that the author have a fluent English writer or translation service help the writer revise the paper. I often take a paragraph from the paper & cast it into more professional English to demonstrate the types of changes that are needed.

Are you still interested in the Moser and Wagne (1975) questionnaire of komp et ence? Please drop me an email: izirajder.ecsem@gmail.com

Minda Tan, yes, you can do it. I suggest reviewing the following literature related to your question:

I tried an research in the latinitium dictionaries (Lewis and Short) : https://latinitium.com/latin-dictionaries/?t=lsn12490

"dĕcĭmātĭo, ōnis, f. [decimo], the taking of a tenth.

The military punishment is the most common sense. There is an article about it : by Michael J. Taylor, Antichthon , Volume 56 , 2022 , pp. 105 - 120

Abstract : "The military punishment of decimatio, the cudgelling by lot of one in ten men in a disgraced unit, often described as a cornerstone of Roman military discipline, was never practised during the third and second centuries BC. The punishment was possibly used as an extraordinary measure a couple of times in the fifth and fourth centuries BC. It soon fell into total desuetude but was cultivated as a rhetorical construct that proclaimed theoretical powers commanders no longer dared effect. It was only revived, or rather reinvented, during the Late Republic, a violent moment that saw the confluence of antiquarian enthusiasm with military dynasts whose unrestrained powers allowed them to manifest what had previously been an aristocratic talking point."

In the vulgate, there is another entries "tenth" or the tax "tithing, tithe".

Some men, often the more educated, also look for emotional reassurance from sex. They expect a woman to respond with appreciation and even pleasure. Although intercourse stimulates the birth canal, which is devoid of sensation. Equally men cannot name any female erotic turn-ons but they still insist that women must be aroused with a lover. The ignorance over female sexual response is due to male confidence in their fantasies and women's reluctance to disappoint men because of the rewards men offer any woman who provides him with a regular sexual outlet.

I found this

Natural law and common sense Alexander Ohnemus can be similar, but they are not always the same. Natural law refers to the use of reason to analyze human nature and deduce binding rules of moral behavior. It's based on the structure of reality itself and it's often associated with morality and ethical standards. Common sense, on the other hand, refers to the basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge things that is shared by ("common to") nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without need for debate. Basically, natural law is based on a complex reasoning process while common sense involves simpler, more innate judgment calls.

The idea that time is an illusion is complex, but here are more detailed explanations along with examples to illustrate each point:

### 1. **Perception vs. Reality**

- **Subjective Experience**: Our brains perceive time in a way that allows us to function and navigate the world, but this perception can be misleading. For example, when you're deeply engaged in an activity you enjoy, time seems to fly by ("time flies when you're having fun"), but when you're bored or anxious, it seems to drag. This subjective experience shows that our sense of time is not consistent or objective.

- **Relativity of Time**: Einstein's theory of relativity shows that time is not the same for everyone. For instance, if you were to travel near the speed of light, time would slow down for you relative to someone who is stationary. This is known as time dilation. An astronaut traveling at high speed might experience only a few years passing, while decades pass on Earth. This phenomenon is not just theoretical; it has been confirmed by experiments with atomic clocks on fast-moving planes and satellites.

### 2. **Block Universe Theory**

- **All Events Coexist**: Imagine a film reel, where each frame is a moment in time. In the block universe theory, the entire reel—past, present, and future—exists simultaneously. What we experience as the present is just our position on the reel. For example, suppose you watch a movie and can pause, rewind, or fast-forward. The movie's events are all there, but you experience them one by one. Similarly, in the block universe, time doesn't flow; instead, all moments exist at once, and our consciousness "moves" through them.

### 3. **Quantum Mechanics**

- **Superposition and Time**: In quantum mechanics, particles can exist in a superposition of states, where they are in multiple places or states simultaneously until observed. This challenges the idea of a single, definite timeline. For instance, the famous Schrödinger's cat thought experiment suggests that until we observe the cat, it is both alive and dead. In this context, time does not progress in a straightforward manner, and the outcome of events is not determined until observed.

### 4. **Psychological Time**

- **Mental Construct**: Consider how children and adults perceive time differently. For children, a year feels much longer because it represents a larger portion of their lives. As we age, years seem to pass more quickly. This suggests that time is a psychological construct, not an absolute measure. Another example is how trauma can distort time perception, with moments of intense fear or pain feeling like they last forever.

### 5. **Timeless Physical Theories**

- **Laws Without Time**: Some theories in physics, like Julian Barbour's "timeless physics," propose that the fundamental laws of the universe do not require time as a variable. Instead, these laws describe a timeless reality, where what we perceive as time emerges from changes in the universe's configuration. An analogy might be a chessboard: The board and pieces exist in a timeless state, but as moves (changes) occur, we perceive a progression, much like time.

### 6. **Philosophical Perspectives**

- **Idealism**: In some idealist philosophies, time is seen as a feature of the mind rather than an external reality. For example, Immanuel Kant argued that time (and space) are forms of human intuition, structuring our experience of the world. Just as our perception of color depends on our eyes and brain, our perception of time depends on our mind's way of organizing experience. If time is a mental construct, then in a sense, it doesn’t exist independently of our perception.

### **Example to Tie It All Together**

Imagine you're at a train station waiting for a train. From your perspective, time seems to be ticking away at a constant rate. However, if an astronaut were observing you from space while moving at a significant fraction of the speed of light, they might see time moving more slowly for you. Meanwhile, in the block universe theory, the train arriving, you waiting, and the train leaving all exist simultaneously—your experience of these events as happening one after another is just your consciousness moving through the block of time. If you were a quantum particle, your "decision" to get on the train might not be made until someone observes you, existing in a superposition of getting on and not getting on. And finally, the entire scenario might be a mental construct, with time as we perceive it being merely a useful illusion that helps us make sense of the world.

In essence, these ideas challenge our everyday understanding of time, suggesting that what we experience as time might not reflect the true nature of reality.

Haris Shekeris I agree. There are many logical mistakes within physics that lead to the correct result for the the wrong reason. The delta function on point particles is one of them. Here is a link if you want more details. Thanks for your comment.

Internal institutional politics can play a huge role in growth of the academic institutions. However, strong political strategy can also improve resource allocation management and strategic decision-making - as well as diplomacy.

On the downside, this leads to misallocation of resources and conflict that will stymie innovative ideas. To address this, institutions need to: embrace transparent governance, model diversity among leadership and within the institution itself; have clear policies with transparent accountability mechanisms. Internal politics are part and parcel of the intricate tapestries that keep academic departments running, and to navigate them successfully is a hallmark of any high-functioning or innovative environment for scholarly pursuit.

The concept of the superogatory (= above and beyond the call of duty) in theology might provide a useful connection between the heroic and the spiritual. "Saints and heroes" are frequently mentioned in the same breath; trying googling that phrase as well.

In the near future, I shall answer this question by myself and give a reply to the present answers of contributors. I could not respond the answers, because I was extremely busy. I am sorry. June 23, 2024

A logistic regression may make sense but you have things to consider:

- is a conditional logistic regression required? (yes if case and control are matched)

- you fixed arbitrary the prevalence of the condition of interest (either poor of non poor). You can distort several parameters associated with this selection process especially if your prevalence is far away from the true prevalence. In this case the robustness of your findings should be tested.

Many people don't have peace of mind because of their belief in God. (Cf. Psalm 119:120)

I understand storing very old samples can be confusing and expensive. But here is what I think. DNA samples, especially plasmids are the most stable of them all. When stored at -80, it will retain all its properties for >10 years. If there is really scarcity of space, then you can store at least one vial of each type and discard the rest. RNA samples when stored in trizol is the most stable, however storing them in molecular grade ethanol at -80 can preserve its properties upto a few years.

Cells are most stable at liquid nitrogen, however it needs regular refilling. Hence, my advice is to keep at least one box containing one vial of each cell line in liq. N2.

Proteins are the most unstable of them all. Cellular/tissue lysates or purified proteins can remain stable at -80 for at least a couple of years, but I am very doubtful of >10 years. It really depends on the quality of the sample and the running condition of the -80 freezer.

Perhaps, the person making the limit is the clause. Perhaps even the laws of the universe are overqualified to change over time. Limit is as limited believes they own this quality!

Panagiotis Michael Mougoyannis

The answer is in what you are asking.

1- How can we study that scientific theory (in your own words) if it is against our human senses? are not these human senses the ones that have provided us the means and tools to think and make tools and what so ever we have up to now?

2) how can something is "scientific theory" when it is against our human senses? as science and theory with in it (science) inevitably is product of experience, and in turn experience is product of our human senses.

So out of our human senses or better to say out of "our common human senses", could be called: faith, belief, metaphysics, pseudoscience, and anti science...

"Today we continue our recommendations for reading about diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility... As we continue to reconnect, it is our hope that you have books you may wish to recommend for continued growth and learning. Please post them in the comments and we thank you in advance for sharing them. In 2020, SSP “Reaffirmed our Commitment to Diversity, Equity and Inclusion” and will continue on that path via the work of the SSP DEIA Committee and our active and engaged membership..."

Dear Ahmad Mahphood Can you reveal which journal (and paper) that plagiarized your work you talk about?

It depends very much on things like: plagiarism of text, same figures, lack of proper acknowledgment (in terms of citing your work).

If you can come up with a factual list of points then the first step is to inform the journal that published the paper in question. If the arguments are convincing then the journal will (eventually) retract the paper.

But... it needs to be convincing.

See also PubPeer where you can discuss papers with issues (and when you come up with your arguments you can see if other researchers agree).

Best regards.

It's not quite true that relativity and Newtonian theories are the only ones with a full set of assumptions. Many well-established physics theories have underlying assumptions, but they might not be as explicitly laid out as in these foundational theories.

Here's a breakdown:

No, the existence of assumptions doesn't necessarily imply a lack of conceptual cleanliness. It's more about setting the ground rules. Strong theories have clear assumptions because they:

In conclusion, having a well-defined set of assumptions is a sign of a strong and well-understood theory. It allows for clear predictions, testing, and potential future advancements.

Not only in regression, but also in ANOVA, it is crucial to center your continuous covariates (as in ‘A by B with covariate’). That is, when you also request interactions between such a covariate and a main effect in the ‘/design’-subcommand. Otherwise, it may indeed occur that a lower term interaction may become false significant through adding a higher term interaction, as you described. In fact, without centering, your results are nearly uninterpretable. The main purpose of centering is to make the main-effect terms and the interaction-effect terms independent of each other, so they can be evaluated separately. This is also crucial in ANOVA with covariates, and this has received far too little attention. Not centering will give you counterintuitive results, as you experienced already.

To see what a three-way interaction might look like in practice, I made an exaggerated example in Figure ‘Three-way interaction example.png’. To illustrate, the DV increases from A=1 to A=2 in the B=2 subgroup when the Moderator=1, but decreases in the B=2 subgroup when the Moderator=3. (The Moderator here is ‘continuous’, be it only with values 1, 2, and 3 for illustrative purposes). In other words, the interaction between A and B depends on a third factor, in this case the ‘Moderator’.

In ‘Annotated SPSS-syntax with three-way interaction.docx’ you may see how you can make a Figure at the values of Moderator = M-1SD and M+1SD (there is no need to study and use Hayes’ PROCESS to do this). The result is (again) that the DV in subgroup B2 increases from A=1 to A=2 when the Moderator is ‘low’ but decreases when the Moderator is ‘high’. The A*B interaction depends on the value of the Moderator (see: ‘Three-way interaction example with Moderator at M-1SD and M+1SD.png’).

There is a fine distinction to be made here, and it is not that easy to make. In truth, we have far too few people who write criticisms of published scientific research, as academia is more of a "complicity game." But criticism is at the heart of science, and challenging all findings is very important. At the same time there are some people who disregard the work of other people, and even claim the findings of other people as their own. This is very common in academia. It's kind of a practiced snob behavior along with intellectual theft. You could write a large volume on all of the misbehavior in academia. My main point here is, welcome honest criticism, but also be wary of the put-down artists, or the people who mostly don't give credit where it is due.

But maybe isolate genomic DNA and try PCR with Sanger sequencing or T7EI assessments rather than western since you will have a lot of wells (aka clones) to select from.

Dear Inquirer,

I hope this message finds you well. Your question about cloning into a pET28a vector is a great opportunity to delve into the intricacies of molecular biology techniques, specifically those related to recombinant protein expression.

The pET28a vector is a widely used plasmid in the field of genetic engineering for the expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. This vector is part of the pET system, which is known for its strong bacteriophage T7 promoter. The T7 promoter is highly efficient at initiating transcription, but it requires a host strain of E. coli that has been genetically modified to express the T7 RNA polymerase. A common host strain used for this purpose is BL21(DE3).

Cloning into the pET28a vector involves several key steps, each critical for the successful expression of your protein of interest. Here is a detailed, logical breakdown of the process:

This process highlights the utility of the pET28a vector in recombinant protein production, offering a robust system for the high-level expression of proteins that can be subsequently purified and studied. It's imperative to approach each step with precision to ensure the successful expression and purification of your protein of interest.

I trust this explanation provides a comprehensive overview of cloning into a pET28a vector. Should you have any further questions or require clarification on any points, please do not hesitate to ask.

Best regards.

This list of protocols might help us better address the issue.

To answer the question in its entirety is just impossible using our current level of understanding and the descriptive tools used to observe, experiment with, and make a reliable model of reality. 

Therefore, in the following, we are going to address only a segment of reality, which is a side result of my latest research on emergent information processing, that reveals surprisingly simple sets of rules operating above a matrix of constituting elements of the space where the whole thing is unfolding. 

The research on EIP revealed that we can start with a very primitive set of local rules using a simple, homogeneous medium or matrix, which leads in many cases of neighborhoods and local rules to even multilevel emergent systems. 

While observing those structures, which are created by open-source, Python software GoL-N24, a stunning world of emergence is entered. It is even possible to define error-resilient emergents that resist the injection of even 1% of evaluation errors. It was found that some emergent resist changes of the neighborhoods and maintain its shape. 

While observing animations generated by the above-mentioned software, it feels like looking at the kitchen of the universe and even life as such. It is really fascinating how life-like systems can be created using quite primitive models. 

Those observations led me to write three papers in one: a review, research, and probable future directions and development of this research; see Emergent Information Processing review for all details. 

To conclude. Reality can be an emergent property of the matrix and generic interaction rules among its constituting elements. It is necessary to stress out the words 'can be'.

You can try to etch the thread untreated and processed in alkali. Then it will be clear if there is a chemical reaction.

Daylighting is the deliberate provision of natural light during the day from the sky into occupied spaces through apertures on the external building envelope to enhance spatial qualities and improve the well-being and performance of its occupants.

Effects of plasma treatment on biodegradation of natural and synthetic fibers

npj Materials Degradation volume 8, Article number: 23 (2024) Cite this article

Abstract This study investigates the application of plasma treatment as a means to enhance biodegradation and modify the structural characteristics of fibrous composites. The methodological component of the study includes the selection of the research object; production of composites; low-temperature plasma treatment, and treatment of biodegradability and mechanical strength of samples. The strengthening of fibers with cellulose leads to a significant improvement in mechanical strength. Such an indicator as mechanical strength increases from 18 to 21 MPa. Treatment of natural fibers with low-temperature plasma led to an increase in mechanical strength from 18 to 25 MPa. Treating reinforced fibers with low-temperature plasma currently results in an even greater enhancement in mechanical strength, increasing from 18 to 29 MPa.The electron microscopy of samples reveals some differences in cell wall microfibrils between plasma-treated and non-treated samples. The non-treated fibres are found to have chips and voids. Meantime, the plasma-treated fibres show structural changes in certain regions which resemble wood charring. Through a comprehensive analysis, this research underscores the substantial impact of plasma treatment on the degradation kinetics and morphological features of cellulose-based composites. The results reveal distinct alterations in the composition and behavior of plasma-treated fibres, signifying a shift towards enhanced biodegradability. The natural fibres examined in this study contained 28–30% lignin, whereas the composites exhibited a lower lignin content of 21–23%. These findings corroborate the inference that plasma treatment induces significant changes in fibre structure, accelerating the biodegradation process by 7 days.

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Introduction The lightweight materials industry is a strategically important sector of the economy in many countries. Due to the growing population, the demand for clothing, footwear, and other textile products increases each year. At the same time, lightweight materials industry products must meet strict requirements related to hygiene, durability, and performance properties such as adhesion, water resistance, and so forth. Compliance and product quality largely depend on the methods and technologies used to manufacture and process natural and synthetic materials1,2.The textile industry makes use of both natural and synthetic materials. Man-made fibers are used to create non-woven and artificial materials or impart specific properties to those materials. Synthetic fibers are superior to some products and inferior to others; hence, the choice of synthetics may be justified. However, polymeric materials do not decompose easily, and represent a serious threat to the environment in countries with intense production. According to recent reports, nearly 30% of polymer waste is subjected to incineration, some 30% is recycled, and the remaining 30% is left undisposed3,4,5.Scholars are actively engaged in the advancement of synthetic polymers designed for degradation by bacteria and other microorganisms within the natural ecological milieu6,7,8. These polymers can be useful in many industries, including packaging, the textile industry, medical equipment, the automotive industry, and so forth9,10,11,12. Recent studies have also investigated the use of plasma for processing synthetic polymers to increase their biodegradation. Plasma treatment can change the surface structure of the polymer, thereby providing a more efficient decomposition of the synthetic material by biological processes13,14,15.The study of biodegradation of synthetic polymers exhibits certain gaps. Unexplored areas encompass the pathways of biodegradation for various polymer types, factors influencing biodegradation, resultant products, and biodegradation methods16. Some researchers posit that successful biodegradation of the synthetic component within a natural-synthetic blend occurs when the natural polymer is chemically attached (grafted) to the synthetic polymer. Bacterial activity initiates the degradation of the natural polymer chain, which subsequently extends into the synthetic segment17,18,19.The work20 uses epoxy as a matrix material, and polymer composites with reinforcement from untreated and alkali-treated Zanthoxylum acanthopodium bark fibers (5–25 wt.%). Hand lay-up was used in the development of the epoxy composites. The mechanical characteristics and water absorption rates of the produced epoxy composites were evaluated following ASTM standards. Epoxy composites containing 20 wt.% of alkali-treated Zanthoxylum acanthopodium bark fibers had excellent mechanical qualities, including an ultimate tensile strength of 47.3 MPa, according to the test findings. However, there was a positive correlation between fiber loading and water absorption. The fiber bonding and void characteristics of the analyzed composites were observed using a scanning electron microscope.In the work21, Vachellia farnesiana fibers were selected and extracted by the manual retting process. The obtained Vachellia farnesiana fibers were chemically treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions. The chemically treated and untreated Vachellia farnesiana fibers were characterized for physical, chemical, tensile, morphological, and thermal properties. Test results showed that the cellulose content was 47.8 ± 0.697 wt % for NaOH-treated Vachellia farnesiana fibers with reduced moisture and amorphous contents. HCl-treated Vachellia farnesiana fiber showed more cellulose content removal, which resulted in the degradation of its properties due to the acidic nature of HCl.Plasma treatment is recognized as a dry and clean process. The utilization of low-pressure cold plasma for the pre-treatment of natural fibers is becoming increasingly prevalent as a method for surface modification22. This approach offers advantages compared to traditional chemical treatment, as it does not require water or chemicals, rendering it environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Plasma modification substantially reduces the number of chemical pollutants. It etches the fiber surface, enhancing the action of the binding agent for improved adhesion23. It can also render the surface rough through material ablation, enhancing adhesion. Moreover, it introduces free radicals and can alter the chemical structure. Low-pressure cold plasma modifies the fiber surface without changing the material volume. Additionally, it eliminates the need for chemical solvents and reduces process time24.Existing studies lack a comprehensive examination of the biodegradability of plasma-modified fibers. This article investigates the influence of low-temperature plasma treatment on the biodegradation of cellulose and its composite. The results provide insights into assessing the biodegradability of other materials. The study underscores the potential of plasma treatment in enhancing the quality of natural and synthetic fibers. Low-temperature plasma treatment of cellulose-based materials is employed for this purpose.Most studies note that low-temperature plasma treatment is a progressive and rather effective method since it can change the chemical composition of the fiber surface and the physical structure of molecules while maintaining the bulk material properties. Utilizing low-temperature and low-pressure plasma treatment demands a lesser amount of gasoline when contrasted with alternative techniques, leading to a near-total mitigation of waste generation. However, there are limited data on the biodegradability of plasma-treated fibers. The empirical evidence that fiber materials can partially or completely decompose after plasma treatment and that it affects the rate of biodegradation can serve as justification for the use of plasma treatment with a wider range of natural and synthetic fibers.This study aims to measure the biodegradability of plasma-treated wood fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites to determine whether plasma modification alters the rate of biodegradation. The secondary objectives of the study are (1) to examine the low molecular weight components of wood fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites during biodegradation, and (2) to explore the composition and properties of substances isolated from the plasma-treated samples. Finally, the study attempts to experimentally substantiate the mechanism behind the plasma-induced decomposition of cellulose.

Results and discussion Mechanical strength of fibers The results of determining the mechanical strength of the obtained fibers are given in Table 1.Table 1 Results of mechanical testing.Full size tableAnalyzing the data presented, we can conclude that strengthening fibers with cellulose leads to a significant improvement in mechanical strength. In particular, such an indicator as mechanical strength increased from 18 to 21 MPa, or by 16.7%. Treatment of natural fibers with low-temperature plasma led to an increase in mechanical strength from 18 to 25 MPa, or by 33.3%. Treatment of reinforced fibers with low-temperature plasma led to an even greater increase in mechanical strength, from 18 to 29 MPa or by 50%.The electron microscopy of cellulose samples revealed some differences in cell wall microfibrils between plasma-treated and non-treated samples (Fig. 1). The non-treated fibers were found to have chips and voids. Meantime, the plasma-treated fibers show structural changes in certain regions that resemble wood charring.Fig. 1: Microscopic examinations of cellulose.📷a, c No plasma treatment. b, d Plasma treatment.Full size imageInterestingly, following plasma treatment, certain segments of the cellulose fiber exhibited a hollowed morphology. In contrast, the control sample displayed increased fragility due to the presence of voids and ruptures in the cell walls. This implies that plasma treatment influenced the microfibril structure of cellulose. Typically, reinforcing elements of microfibrils were diminished as a result of plasma treatment, enhancing flexibility and disrupting structural integrity.When investigating the composite of polypropylene fibers reinforced with cellulose (Fig. 2), a distinct behavior was observed following plasma treatment. The fibers of the treated composite exhibited fewer visible defects and were predominantly embedded within the polypropylene matrix. Importantly, no slip lines or voids were evident on the fracture surface. Instead, the images displayed polymer adhesion to the fibers at multiple points, indicating a noteworthy transformation of material composition and interactions.Fig. 2: The surface morphology of cellulose-reinforced polypropylene.📷A, C No plasma treatment. B, D Plasma treatment.Full size imageHigh interfacial shear strength and, consequently, a stronger interaction between fibers and matrices can significantly decelerate the biodegradation of composite materials. Plasma changes the structure of cellulose, with the latter completely dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide and simply in water. Low molecular weight components occur during depolymerization. Nearly 50 products were generated through the plasma-chemical decomposition of fibers; some (19%) are listed in Table 2. By comparing the quantitative composition of components in the table, significant differences between the degradation products of plasma-treated and untreated fibers can be identified. Specifically, several compounds exhibit changes in molecular mass and percentage yield as a result of plasma treatment. For instance, compounds such as C6H10O5, 3-deoxyglucofuranose, and C6H6O3 display altered molecular masses and percentage yields following plasma treatment, indicating the influence of plasma on the degradation process. These variations underscore that plasma treatment affects the molecular structure, which, in turn, may impact the biodegradation of composites.Table 2 Products resulting from the biodegradation of plasma-treated and non-treated fibers.Full size tableThe yield of levoglucosan (C6H10O5) was 7.92%, suggesting the achievement of stability after plasma treatment. A rather large amount (10.1%) of 3-dioxyglucosenone is released with a molecular weight of 144 g·mol−1 during cellulose dehydration. The concentration of methyl maltol is lower (6.12%) but its molar mass is almost the same as that of 3-dioxyglucosenone. Two substances with the same molar mass of 126 g·mol−1, pyrogallol and anhydrosucrose, account for 4.56 and 20.1% of the yield, respectively. A furan aldehyde called furforol (C5H6O2) is released in the amount of 5.11%; part of furfural can be released with the participation of xylane. All molecules with a mass below 90 Da are marked as decay products of O2 and CO2.Plasma does not affect sulfate lignin. The plasma-treated natural fibers were 21% lignin, whereas the composites had a lignin content of 18%. The study results show that the dehydration and decomposition velocities of non-composites are almost 2 times lower as compared to composites. In natural conditions, lignin is strongly influenced by filamentous fungi, which have the power to cause the degradation of complex polymers by enzymes; in these conditions, materials decompose faster.Judging by data concerning the degradation products of plasma-treated fibers, the chemical processes associated with the biodegradation of natural cellulose are similar to those occurring in untreated samples. The structural changes to microfibrils, however, caused the biodegradation time of plasma-treated cellulose to accelerate.In the case of plasma-treated specimens, biodegradation commenced on the 12th day of the experiment, while for untreated specimens, it occurred a week later, specifically after 19 days. The buried plasma-treated material changed and became brittle and thinner than the control. At the end of the 30-day biodegradation test, prominent changes were detected in the samples.The biodegradation of natural fiber-reinforced composites can occur through a variety of mechanisms; the choice depends on the type of natural filler used, its quality, and its chemical composition. The plasma-treated cellulose-reinforced polypropylene composites exhibit clear signs of decomposition. This finding coincides with previous research. It also suggests that plasma-treated fiber materials can decompose, partially or completely, and that plasma treatment can alter the rate of biodegradation.Plasma modification of the fiber surface is one of the most elaborated methods for improving the quality characteristics of materials. Plasma treatment can affect the surface properties of materials, such as the ability to bond dissimilar fibers. The adhesion of materials is often used to metalize, paint, or glue surfaces to obtain composites. This method also makes it possible to develop a range of properties less typical for unprocessed natural fabrics, such as hydrophilicity, dirt and dust repellency, antistatic properties, and so forth. In addition, plasma removes fat and other organics from fur and wool. It improves the absorption of dye pigments25,26.The essence of the plasma treatment method is to treat a material with a plasma medium (ionized gas) at low or atmospheric pressure. This causes surface reactions and modifications up to a change in the functional groups of molecules and a change in surface energy. Plasma is an ionized gas, in which free electrons and ions coexist. Plasma is produced by heating a gas to extremely high temperatures or by subjecting it to strong electromagnetic fields. Both of these processes may result in the release of electrons from atoms and molecules. The electrons have enough kinetic energy to remove additional electrons in case of a collision with other molecules27. These collisions induce cascade ionization. A release of ions and electrons occurs, balanced by the recombination of material molecules until plasma reaches equilibrium.The results obtained by Hamad28 show that plasma treatment of keratin-containing materials, such as wool and fur, at reduced pressure, opens the fiber cuticle, caused by the mutual repulsion of multiple charged jets. This allows the effective removal of organic compounds from the Merino wool fibers, without changing the fiber structure and physical properties29,30. Zille31 evaluated the effects of plasma surface treatment of flax, cotton, and animal-based fibers (wool, pile) on the tensile load resistance. Plasma treatment activates the surface of various synthetic materials, such as ultra-high modulus polyethylene, thereby improving their ability to absorb or completely repel moisture. This occurs due to the increase in surface tension of the fibers immersed in various gaseous media13,15,17.It is worth mentioning that some scientists31,32,33,34 agree that plasma treatment reduces the total energy consumption associated with the production of synthetic fibers by 25% as compared to other treatment methods. Research demonstrates that the modification of natural fibers requires 14–50% less energy than the production of synthetic fibers. The real value in this broad range depends on a myriad of plant growth factors and plasma processing parameters.This study aligns with previous research emphasizing the significance of incorporating environmentally degradable components into composite materials35. Earlier investigations examined fiber degradation alongside polylactic acid and clay silicates, revealing that the quantity and nature of natural constituents influence composite biodegradation35. Correspondingly, analogous burial-based studies36,37,38 echo our findings, showcasing the accelerated degradation of triple compositions compared to double ones due to increased biodegradable content. Moreover, experts in plasma treatment advocate its efficacy in preserving textile properties and enhancing mechanical attributes of biodegradable composites, considering it more sustainable than chemical methods39,40,41,42,43.The choice between plasma and chemical treatment hinges on material requisites41,42,43. Plasma treatment surpasses chemical counterparts in efficacy, transforming material surfaces, enhancing adhesion, and durability44,45,46. This approach is particularly useful for biodegrading recalcitrant materials by promoting microbial interaction47,48,49. Similarly, studies focusing on fiber-modified bioplastics suggest enhanced fiber-matrix adhesion41,42. Cold plasma emerges as an efficient, eco-friendly alternative40,41,42,43, fostering sustainable composite markets.This holistic exploration of plasma-treated materials showcases their potential in renewable and biodegradable materials research47,50,51. Industrial use of plasma-modified materials necessitates eco-conscious biodegradability. Consequently, leveraging natural fibers for polymer matrix composites aligns with environmental awareness and promotes renewable resources35,52,53. Such studies aid in curbing waste and toxic releases, ensuring safer decompositions and material cycles. This research contributes to reducing environmental impact while bolstering sustainable material applications.The study utilized scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to show that plasma treatment significantly affects both the biodegradation process and the material’s structure. SEM enabled a comprehensive examination of the process phases, particularly focusing on the interaction between electrons and the specimen. The study’s methodology involved selecting the research subject, creating composites, applying low-temperature plasma treatment, and assessing the biodegradability and mechanical strength of the samples. The addition of cellulose fibers leads to a significant improvement in mechanical strength. More precisely, the measure of mechanical strength increased from 18 to 21 MPa, indicating a growth of 16.7%. The utilization of low-temperature plasma on natural fibers led to a significant 33.3% improvement in mechanical strength, elevating it from 18 to 25 MPa. The mechanical strength of reinforced fibers was significantly enhanced with low-temperature plasma treatment, resulting in a rise from 18 to 29 MPa, or a 50% improvement. The electron microscopy study revealed notable differences in cell wall microfibrils between the samples that underwent plasma treatment and those that did not. Unprocessed fibers exhibited the presence of chips and cavities. Concurrently, the fibers that have been subjected to plasma treatment display distinct changes in their structure in certain regions, like the charring process observed in wood. The cellulose cell walls of both treated and untreated samples exhibited disparities in the microfibrils, including alterations in structure after plasma treatment. In addition, changes were noted in composites composed of polypropylene fiber and cellulose. The fibers that received plasma treatment exhibited enhanced integration, as shown by the absence of slip lines on the fracture surface. The quantitative measurement table of biodegradation products reveals significant differences in composition between the treated and untreated fibers. These alterations illustrate the influence of plasma on chemical processes and biodegradation. Plasma treatment can accelerate the biodegradation process and modify the characteristics of materials. This can generate composites that possess enhanced durability and resilience, a crucial factor in the manufacturing of ecologically friendly products and the effective utilization of waste.

Methods The flowchart of the experimental part is shown in Fig. 3.Fig. 3📷The flow-chart of the experimental part.Full size imageThe production of wood fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites This study addresses natural fibers of the finest coniferous wood species and cellulose-containing materials as experimental objects. Those were unbleached softwood sulfate pulp and softwood sulfate lignin. The sample of natural wood fibers was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The SEM analysis method included the following steps: sample preparation, sample loading, vacuum chamber, and electron beam directed at the sample. The latter interacted with the sample, causing electron emission from the sample surface. Electron detection: a detector located in the SEM chamber identified electrons emitted by the sample. These signals were then processed and used to create an image of the sample’s surface topography and morphology.The results demonstrated that the average length of wood fibers was 190 µm (range, 100–400 µm; standard deviation: 63 µm) and that the average width was 50 µm (range, 20–100 µm; standard deviation: 19 µm).Table 3 shows the approximate composition of fiber samples54.Table 3 The approximate composition of fiber samples.Full size tableThe production of polypropylene/cellulose composites requires using a solid-state shear pulverization. The sheared polymer method helped to reduce the particle size of cellulose materials. The cellulose fibers were mixed with a polypropylene matrix in a plastic mixer (Haake Rheocord 9000, Germany) with a rotor velocity of 60 rpm at 185 °C for 8 min. The resulting blend underwent compression molding at 185 °C at a pressure of 10 MPa for 15 min. Before being used, the samples rested at room temperature for 5 days.Figure 4 shows the scheme of the reactor.Fig. 4📷The reactor’s scheme.Full size imageThe plasma reactor consists of a solenoid or radio-frequency induction coil (A) wound around a borosilicate glass tube (B). There will be a supply of gas (C) in the vacuum, and a vacuum pump valve (D) will keep the gas inside. The induction coil is to store energy within a magnetic field, which is numerically equal to that produced by the source to induce a current in the winding, generating a magnetic field of the solenoid. Inside the external glass tube, there is a partially open glass tube (E). It contains fibers that a stepper motor rotates (F) throughout the entire plasma treatment process.Low-pressure and low-power plasma does not cause excessive surface heating, and the glass tube is warm to the touch. Therefore, there is no excessive thermal exposure, thermal degradation of the fibers, or their incineration to be expected.The parameters of low-temperature plasma are as follows: I = 4.8–5.2 mA; U = 25–28 kW; gas medium: sulfur hexafluoride (SF6); additional medium – water (Н2О); exposure time = 10−30 min; Р = 102 Pa.The plasma treatment procedure is described below 1) The glass tube and the sample holder are cleaned with an air gun and disinfected with isopropyl alcohol to eliminate any contamination of the vacuum and plasma. All individuals involved in the experiment are required to wear nitrile gloves to prevent contamination.2) A 5-g sample of investigated fibers is weighed and placed on the sample holder (internal glass tube (E) as shown in Fig. 2). The tube is inserted into the reactor and attached to the axis of the stepper motor for further rotation of the sample.3) Once the reactor is closed, the air is evacuated by a vacuum pump. The pump must be connected to the reactor through a chamber equipped with a diaphragm valve. The latter opens slowly at the evacuation starts to prevent fibers from being absorbed in.4) As soon as the pressure falls below 10 Pa (10−1 mbar), the stepper motor rotates, causing the sample holder to rotate and the fibers to mix. A short-term increase in pressure occurs due to the release of accumulated gas.5) The selected process gas (partially or fully ionized; without signs of being polymerized) is introduced into the chamber using a needle valve or mass flow controller. During pumping, the pressure increases to almost 102 Pa (1 mbar) for 2 min, and then the gas supply is over. The procedure is repeated after 2–5 min of further pumping. This ensures a faster decrease in pressure as moisture transport occurs and guarantees enough gas in the tube.6) Finally, the system is pumped down to an atmospheric pressure of about 10−1 Pa (10−3 mbar). Because fluorocarbon bonds are sensitive to X-ray, the following sequence was followed: initial phase: 250–350 eV; final phase: 0-1,150 eV; high-resolution oxygen spectrum, binding energy: 526–540 eV.The equipment used here includes a gas chromatograph СhroZen UHPLC, a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer GCMSQP2010 Plus, a thermal desorber TD-20, an ATR-8200HA attachment (Pike Tech), a scanning electron microscope (SEM) Sigma VP ZEISS, and a probe microscope MultiMode 8. The chemical analysis was compliant with GOST55. Results were analyzed by gas chromatography using gas chromatograph Agilent 7820.Mechanical testing Tensile testing (ISO 527) was carried out using a universal testing machine (UTM) with a gauge length of 6 cm and a speed of 5 mm/min. All the mechanical results were obtained with an average of 10 samples.Biodegradability testing The biodegradability test assessed the resulting cellulose composite’s ability to decompose under the influence of microorganisms within certain environmental conditions. The samples were buried in the soil for 30 days. This method is widely used for assessing the ability to decompose since it provides a simulated environment similar to natural decomposition.During testing, the samples were buried to a depth of 10–15 cm and covered with soil. The monitoring of soil humidity and temperature ensured that they remained within a certain range for microbial activity (25–75% and 15–25 °C, respectively). After 30 days, samples were excavated from the soil and analyzed for the presence and amount of material residues. The degradation degree was then identified by measuring mass loss.Statistics analysis Statistical analysis was performed using a One-way Analysis of Variance, with significance reported at p ≤ 0.05. All findings were presented as means ± standard deviations of at least five experiments.

Data availability All materials were developed by the authors. All data are presented in the article.

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Author information Authors and Affiliations Department of Textile Industry Technology and Materials Science, M.Kh. Dulaty Taraz Regional University, Taraz, KazakhstanMarzhan Nyssanbek Department of Physics, Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Russian FederationNatalya Kuzina Department of Building Materials and Technologies, Russian University of Transport, Moscow, Russian FederationValery Kondrashchenko Scientific Research Institute Natural and Technical Sciences, South Kazakhstan University named after M. Auezova, Shymkent, KazakhstanAbdugani AzimovContributions Marzhan Nyssanbek – Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation; Natalya Kuzina –Investigation, Project Administration, Software, Supervision; Valery Kondrashchenko – Formal Analysis, Data Curation, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing; Abdugani Azimov –Funding Acquisition, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation.Corresponding author Correspondence to Abdugani Azimov.

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About this article 📷Cite this article Nyssanbek, M., Kuzina, N., Kondrashchenko, V. et al. Effects of plasma treatment on biodegradation of natural and synthetic fibers. npj Mater Degrad 8, 23 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00437-xDownload citation Received09 October 2023 Accepted18 January 2024 Published01 March 2024 DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00437-xShare this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

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Before getting a serious scientific approach to spirituality you need a serious approach to what spirituality is. The definition of spirituality you wrote in your question is wrong: spirituality is not “something that actually you are, but without senses and body”. I have written the most serious article currently available about the definition of spirituality: . It is the most serious because it discusses critical perspectives, other researchers’ results, historical and cultural aspects of the question. If you know more serious and critical articles on the topic, let me know, please. The fact that there is so much confusion, rubbish, lack of critical research about spirituality, is sad, but is a fact and is discussed as well in my article.

After getting a good critical idea about what spirituality is, you will be able, automatically, to understand much better your own question about a scientific approach to spirituality.

It would be interesting to clarify when we use in that physical contexts natural-language words to denote directly some alleged "real" objects (via Fregean sense, intentionality, Sprachspiele or whatever) and explain when we use that as an ordinary everyday sociological scientific practice to denote technical developments over mathematical formalizations which we identify with those objects. That could be non-trivial approach to the question. Existential predicates will permeate from logic to mathematical apparatus and then, to the formalism employed in physics.

It's the rate of increase in prices measured by a basket of goods and services typically

I do not wish to be rude, but this question makes no sense. Quantitative and qualitative are labels that cover a huge diversity of research approaches. Depending on what you mean by 'reliability' it simply isn't relevant in many cases. More broadly, the 'best' approach to use is entirely dependent on what you are trying to find out. There are a few areas where there could be a real debate - for example, some aspects of human experience - where one could delineate the pros and cons of a (quantitative) survey vs a qualitative interview as data sources (with relevant analysis for each data type). Here you have a potential trade-off between quantifiable precision vs richness of data.

A strong earthquake can be felt when driving a car and it is possible that you fall down if you are driving on a bicycle. The ground "moves" back and forth when an earthquake wave passes very fast underneath you, as if you were on a lake with passing waves. Same movement can be felt on a train. However, there is no effect on a plane.

Dear Ceclia,

Did you ever get an answer for this question i.e. does it make sense to use HL to assess goodness of fit for a model with a single variable (for me it is a continuous variable - a score built out of multiple categorical and continuous variables)?

The helpless in my opinion should be assisted by any mode, because first and foremost ourselves and everyone can become a helpless.

MATHEMATICS IS THE PHYSICS OF SEMANTIC SPACE

Further we can only detail it, but is it necessary to do this now?

Hello Lucas Gian Fachini

First of all, thank you very much for taking the time to answering my question. I will read right away your suggested work on SF-TDDFT and others and see what can I get from it.

I am however a bit confused. I am sure there are many things about my proceedings that can be improved and/or modified, after all I am very new in TDDFT. Nonetheless the instructions for the optimization of excited states geometries is quite well described in several sources, for instance:

or in the Gaussian software online manual itself (step 4):

Is this last one that I have used as a reference to try to optimise my S1, I thought it would be just fine as I do not want to see anything too exotic, "just" the spin density of the given exited state. Anyway thanks again for your tip and I will look into it.

Best.

Bank digitalization can greatly benefit enterprises, particularly SMEs, by providing easier access to finance, improving operational efficiency, and offering a range of digital tools for financial management. Investing in digital banking solutions can position enterprises for growth in an increasingly interconnected and technology-driven business environment.

Thank you for your comment brother, it is so much encouraging for an upcoming researcher like me. Delving into these debates sometimes sets me up as the difficult scholar among my students and colleagues.

Stay blessed brother

While some philosophers and theorists have proposed that the sense of disgust is the root of aesthetics, this perspective is not universally agreed upon. It is important to note that aesthetics is a complex and multifaceted field, and various factors contribute to the evaluation and appreciation of art and beauty.

On one hand, proponents of the idea argue that the sense of disgust can influence aesthetic experiences. They suggest that disgust can serve as a motivating factor for artistic creation, as it allows artists to challenge societal norms, provoke emotions, and explore taboo subjects. In this view, art that evokes a sense of disgust can be seen as a transformative tool, pushing the boundaries of aesthetic appreciation and challenging established concepts of beauty.

Moreover, some theorists argue that disgust allows for the formation of aesthetic judgments by contrasting it with feelings of pleasure or attraction. By juxtaposing the repulsive and the beautiful, art is able to elicit a stronger emotional response and engage the viewer or audience more deeply. Disgust, in this sense, becomes a crucial element in the dynamic interplay between attraction and repulsion that contributes to aesthetic experiences.

However, it is important to consider alternative perspectives as well. Aesthetic experiences can result from various emotions, sensations, and cognitive processes, not just disgust. Beauty, harmony, balance, complexity, novelty, and cultural constructs are just some other factors that can shape our aesthetic judgments. Furthermore, individual differences in cultural background, personal experiences, and preferences play a significant role in shaping one's aesthetic sensibilities.

Ultimately, the relationship between disgust and aesthetics is a topic of ongoing debate and exploration within the field of philosophy and aesthetics. While disgust can indeed be incorporated into aesthetic experiences and interpretations, it is just one element among many that contribute to the complex and subjective nature of aesthetics.

Dear Jaydeep,

Check the Species Distribution Models.

Best

Nasson

To go beyond the Western Cartesian limitation, it's important to consider Neurological processes involve one's WHOLE SELF. This dissection of the human nerve system illustrates the entirety of the self when it comes to Neurological interchanges.

The probability of people learning applied mathematics by noticing the mathematical senses of vocabulary is high. This is because many terms used in applied mathematics have broader applications beyond stereotypical or pure mathematics. For instance, words like "differentiate" and "integrate" are not only used in mathematical contexts but also find relevance in various real-world scenarios. The familiarity with these terms in everyday language can serve as a bridge for individuals to comprehend their mathematical significance, facilitating a smoother learning process. Additionally, recognizing the practical applications of mathematical concepts in different contexts can enhance understanding and retention, making it more likely for people to grasp applied mathematics through the connection with familiar vocabulary.

Crystal fiber photon!

1) O OUTRO, OS OUTROS, A SOCIEDADE, FAMÍLIA, ESCOLA, TRABALHO, RELIÃO(?); 2) O PLANETA, NOSSO CHÃO, NOSSA CASA TERRA; 3) O COSMOS, OS TRÊS ETERNAMENTE EM ESTUDO CONSTANTE

Je souligne que les sexologues ont ignoré les recherches effectuées sur la réponse sexuelle féminine. Ni la population ni les scientifiques n’ont voulu accepter la vérité : les femmes sont beaucoup moins sensibles sexuellement que les hommes. Tout le monde semble préférer la fiction érotique.

Yes it is interesting but your wording is incorrect it makes title to long so reword it

Please find your request

Given that congenitally blind people get motion sickness, it would suggest a conflict that is both intra-sensory rather and maybe also inter-sensory.

LACKNER, J. R., & GRAYBIEL, A. (1979). Susceptibility to Motion Sickness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine.

Notes about the fact that sensory conflict not necessarily needing a visual cue.

I believe there could be a conflict within the inner ear, without need for vision based on signal rates and afferent signal discharge variabilities in the inner ear which are in conflict. Just a thought.

I totally agree with Mr Ahmad Farid. Yet, acquisition and learning are two different concepts. In contexts like the Middle East where L2 learners are deprived of sufficient exposure to the target language, you cannot expect acquisition to take place or be established. It is just learning! However, thanks to the development of ubiquitous technology, we could confess that L2 learners are bestowed with more exposure in recent years, which may in turn provide a suitable setting for acquisition to take place in upcoming years.

Regards