Seismology - Science topic

Fluids in the crust may build pressure through a variety of mechanisms. This buildup can activate nearby faults, which then serve as conduits for fluid flow and as valves for pressure release. The rapid pressure drop promotes mineral precipitation and fault sealing, allowing the cycle to restart. While evidence of this cyclical interplay between fa...

This study examines the spatiotemporal distribution of microearthquakes in the Lena Delta based on local seismological monitoring data from 2016 to 2018. Results show that microearthquake sources are concentrated along the Olenek segment of the Lena–Taimyr boundary uplifts, which mark the Siberian Platform–Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt boundary....

Mostramos la instalación de los sismómetros Raspberry Shake en la Cuenca del Río Tena. Usamos los datos de estos sismómetros para relocalizar la sismicidad de la provincia de Napo. Estos datos también se usan para generar imágenes de tomografía sísmica a escala local.

Museum artefacts experience significant rocking and may overturn and collapse under moderate‐to‐large magnitude earthquakes. Use of base isolation (BI) is a viable strategy to enhance the resilience of such artefacts. However, experimental studies aimed at further investigating the effects of ground motion parameters on the response of statues/bust...

The Epidemic‐Type Aftershock Sequences (ETAS) model and its variants effectively capture the space‐time clustering of seismicity, setting the standard for earthquake forecasting. Accurate unbiased ETAS calibration is thus crucial. But we identify three sources of bias, (a) boundary effects, (b) finite‐size effects, and (c) censorship, which are oft...

Understanding the full wave field is imperative for seismic data analysis, as the different components induce errors in the sensors. Recent development of rotational seismometers allows for detailed measurements of the wave field gradients. Providing additional information that was previously unattained. However, it is well-known from navigation so...

The International Geophysical Year (1957–58), a collaboration of sixty-seven countries across fourteen disciplines to study the Earth, provides a compelling case study for examining the complex interplay between the Cold War’s geopolitical alliances and scientific practice. This article focuses on Mexico, with its rich seismological tradition and g...

Dynamic triggering of earthquakes is when seismic waves from earthquakes induce seismic activity at a distance. The observability of the seismic wave stresses and their results presents a unique opportunity to understand earthquake interactions and associated hazard implications. The extent and timing of dynamic triggering at given specific stress...

In early 2025, the Santorini-Amorgos area (Aegean Volcanic Arc, Greece) experienced a seismic swarm, with dozens of M ≥ 4.0 earthquakes and a maximum magnitude of M = 5.2. Beyond its seismological interest, the sequence was notable for triggering rare increased preparedness actions by Greek Civil Protection operational structures in anticipation of...

Different ground-motion intensity measures capture unique aspects of seismic motion, all of which play vital roles in probability seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), depending on the objectives under consideration and the design or analysis methods employed. Within the current PSHA framework, performing probability assessments for multiple intensity me...

Meteotsunamis are complex phenomena that generate long-period marine waves with period range similar to seismic tsunamis, but with a meteorological origin. These events significantly impact coastlines worldwide. Despite their growing recognition as natural hazards, monitoring capabilities remain limited due to detection challenges and the lack of e...

Mantle circulation in the Earth acts to remove heat from its interior and is thus a critical driver of our planet’s internal and surface evolution. Numerical mantle circulation models (MCMs) driven by plate motion history allow us to model relevant physical and chemical processes and help answer questions related to mantle properties and circulatio...

The effect of fault geometry on earthquake faulting is one of the most fundamental concerns in seismology. The present work formulates the influence of geometry and heterogeneity on the instability behaviour of non-planar faults separating dissimilar elastic materials. Here, a new static boundary integral equation (BIE) for linear, elastic, dissimi...

An accurate assessment of seismic hazard requires a combination of earthquake physics and statistical analysis. Because of the limitations in the investigation of the seismogenic sources and of the short temporal intervals covered by earthquake catalogs, laboratory experiments have played a crucial role in improving our understanding of earthquake...

The accurate identification of mining tremors and earthquakes is important for establishing a comprehensive mining tremor catalog that can aid in providing regulatory oversight for mining activities. Moreover, using a catalog purely consisting of earthquakes allows for more advanced seismological studies, such as active fault delineation, strong ea...

The Indo‐Burman subduction zone represents a global endmember for extreme sediment accretion and is a region characterized by ambiguous tectonic structure. The recent collection of broadband seismic data across the Indo‐Burman accretionary margin as part of the Bangladesh‐India‐Myanmar Array (BIMA) experiment provides an opportunity to investigate...

The tectonic evolution of the Western Carpathians remains a widely debated and polarizing topic. Serving as a crucial link between the Eastern Alps and the Eastern Carpathians, this segment of the orogenic belt formed through the closure of the Alpine Tethys Ocean and subsequent regional shortening. Despite over 150 years of geological investigatio...

The “Graviquake” model, proposed in 2015 as an alternative to the elastic dislocation model, posits that normal faults are passive features dominated by coseismic gravitational collapse into a dilated crustal wedge, and that normal faulting is fundamentally distinct from strike-slip and reverse faulting. Developed using finite-element modeling befo...

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of induced seismicity (2017–2022) and InSAR‐derived surface deformation in the southern Delaware basin. The relocated catalog features improved 3‐D locations for 5,453 events from the Texas Seismological Network through nested inversions, rigorous data calibration, and additional S‐P phase‐time differenc...

The Kefalonia Transform Fault Zone (KTFZ) is the most seismically active area in the Mediterranean and consists of two major branches, the Lefkada fault segment to the north and the Kefalonia fault segment to the south. KTFZ acts as an active boundary between the subduction zone of the remnants of the oceanic lithosphere of the Eastern Mediterranea...

Plain Language Summary Foreshocks are seismic events that sometimes occur before large earthquakes. However, they are not always present and do not have clear distinguishing features, limiting their usefulness for earthquake forecasting. We examine how the earthquake monitoring capability affects the observed proportion of large earthquakes that ha...

Accurate shallow media Q value parameters are essential for engineering applications such as ground motion simulation. This study focuses on the Binchuan Basin in Yunnan Province, China, and employs the Sato single-scattering model based on dense array data from both airgun source and natural earthquake sources to investigate the accurate coda wave...

Catastrophic failure is the end result of progressive localisation of damage creating brittle failure on a variety of system scales in the Earth. However, the factors controlling this evolution, and the relationship between deformation and the resulting earthquake hazard, are not well constrained. Here we address the question of how to adapt operat...

The transition from the Archean to Proterozoic marks a critical period in Earth's tectonic history, where primary crustal formation mechanisms may have shifted from vertical-accretion mantle plume tectonics to horizontal-accretion modern plate tectonics. Seismological evidence suggests that this regime shift might have left imprints in the crust of...

Earthquake magnitude prediction is critical for natural calamity prevention and mitigation, significantly reducing casualties and economic losses through timely warnings. This study introduces a novel approach by using spatio-temporal data from seismic records obtained from the Indian government seismology department and weather data sourced via Vi...

The earthquake catalog maintained by the Iranian Seismological Center (IRSC), which includes information on more than 187,000 seismic events occurring between 2006 and 2024, serves as the primary reference for seismological research in Iran. However, this catalog does not distinguish between tectonic and non-tectonic events. In this study, we emplo...

Inverse analysis plays a crucial role in various engineering disciplines, enabling the calibration of simulation models based on observational data and thereby enhancing their predictions. In the context of risk-informed decision making for engineering systems, it is essential to explicitly account for uncertainties in both the calibrated model and...

Earthquakes pose a significant threat to human life and infrastructure, especially in seismically active regions. Over the past few decades, numerous attempts have been made to enhance the accuracy and timeliness of earthquake forecasting and early warning systems (EEWS). Traditional approaches rely heavily on geological, seismological, and statist...

Paraguay experimenta una actividad sísmica de moderada a baja magnitud. Además, el país se ve afectado por terremotos regionales, cuyo impacto es particularmente notable en los edificios de Asunción. Cuando la energía sísmica proveniente de terremotos en Argentina o Chile alcanza el territorio paraguayo y algunos edificios experimentan flexiones de...

Solid Earth models describing the spatiotemporal variations of the subsurface material properties, including but not limited to the distribution of elastic parameters, density, porosity, temperature, viscosity, resistivity, and magnetic susceptibility, from the surface to the core represent the most fundamental product for studying the structure, c...

During past decades our capabilities and knowledge in monitoring volcanoes and forecasting their eruptions have greatly improved thanks to various new tools and techniques. However, successful cases of forecast come along with the tragical examples of missed eruptions, even at well monitored volcanoes. Thus, development of more reliable monitoring...

Seismic station coverage in the oceans is limited due to high costs and logistical challenges, leading to insufficient earthquake data from oceanic regions. Ocean drones, with quiet operation, buoyancy-driven mechanics, and autonomous underwater profiling, provide a promising alternative for near-real-time data acquisition. We evaluated an oceanic...

Bharmour, a small town and old capital of Chamba kingdom in NW Himalaya, is one of the oldest civilizations in the Himalayan region. Here civilization has existed at least seventh century. Shifting of capital by the King of Chamba from Bharmour to Chamba around the 10th Century, remains an unsolved puzzle. This poses a question that “what were the...

The study area, located in Martil, northern Morocco, lies in a region with high seismic risk, near a subduction zone. As a result, loose soils, such as sands, lose their shear strength under seismic loads due to an increase in pore water pressure, leading to deformations. The objective of this study is to assess the risk of soil liquefaction at the...

Seismological studies have traditionally relied on classical statistical models and manual interpretation to detect, analyze, and predict earthquake events. However, the growing complexity and volume of seismic data have necessitated more efficient and adaptive approaches. This study explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and m...

Mysterious seismoacoustic events were reported at the beginning of 2022 near Helwan Cairo, Egypt. The majority of these events were recorded by the Egyptian National Seismic Network. The source characteristics of the events were unknown. In May 2022, a temporary infrasound array station was established with a small aperture of 450 m in Helwan. Thro...

With the deployment of numerous dense seismic arrays, there is a wealth of surface-wave dispersion data available that offers valuable support to investigate near-surface structures. Efficient and accurate imaging using these massive dispersion data is a critical topic in seismology. Aside the conventional two-step procedures, the recent one-step a...

Rapidly and reliably distinguishing between natural and nonnatural small-scale earthquakes is crucial for earthquake monitoring and seismic activity analyses. In this study, we propose a vision transformer for seismology (SeisViT) to discriminate between natural and non-natural earthquakes. Our SeisViT is based on a vision transformer (ViT) network...

Investigating crustal stress beneath volcanoes is critical to understanding the dynamics of eruptions. To this end, seismology represents a powerful monitoring tool. The opening of fluid-filled fractures due to the interplay of different stress sources produces elastic anisotropy within the crust, affecting the propagation of seismic waves. Here we...

The purpose of seismic microzonation has always been to estimate earthquake ground motion characteristics on the ground surface based on available geological, seismological and geotechnical data. During the early years, mostly geological data and observations from past earthquakes were used to prepare microzonation maps. In more recent years, regio...

Plain Language Summary In the deepest part of the Earth's mantle, seismic wave speeds depend on propagation and/or polarization direction of the wave. This phenomenon, known as seismic anisotropy, has been found to increase toward Large Low‐Shear‐Velocity Province (LLSVP) edges in multiple regional studies. The anisotropy observed in these regions...

Krafla, one of five central volcanoes of the Northern Volcanic Zone in Iceland, is utilized for geothermal energy production. Due to scientific and industrial interests, the volcano and its geothermal system have been imaged and monitored with various geophysical methods over the last decades leading to a better knowledge of its complex geological...

P-wave velocity (Vp) structures in marine areas have been estimated using marine airgun-source seismic surveys and refraction methods. The lateral resolution of Vp structures depends on the number of receivers and shots. In marine environments, Vp resolution is often limited due to the sparse distribution of ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs). Recent...

Efficient elastic wave numerical simulation is crucial for ground motion and waveform inversion studies. However, using uniform grids in simulations for models with strong velocity contrast interfaces, thin layers, or ring shapes often leads to spatial oversampling, wasting computational resources and reducing efficiency. To address this challenge,...

Coronae are essential to understanding the tectonic evolution of Venus. This study explores their subsurface architecture by analyzing coronae’s fracture populations. We perform fractal analyses of mapped fractures revealing distinct mechanical behaviors between fractures located within the corona annuli and those extending on, and beyond, them. Fr...

The exploration and development of shale gas in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations (WF-LMX FM) of the Southern Sichuan Basin exhibit pronounced spatial heterogeneity with 3–5 fold gas content variations in strata meeting identical static thresholds (TOC > 2.5wt.%, porosity >5%). This exposes a fundamental disconnect in conventional models that dissocia...

Since 2019, a synchronous and abnormal upward trend in water levels has been observed in the Tangshan and Majiagou observation wells, located within the Tangshan fault zone, coinciding with three earthquakes of magnitude 4.0 or higher in the Tangshan area. This study conducted a quantitative analysis of the influence of environmental factors on wat...

Campi Flegrei is an active caldera in a populated area, currently experiencing significant ground uplift and seismicity. Leveraging seismicity relocations, here we obtain high resolution, 3D P- and S-wave seismic images which we combine with a tailored rock physics experiment to define key features of the caldera’s structure: gas-rich reservoir bel...

The Gansu Beishan area is a preselected candidate site for a high-level radioactive waste repository in China. The development of surface rock mass discontinuities in this region is crucial for ensuring the long-term stability and safety of the project. The survey line method was employed to investigate these discontinuities. Fault geometry informa...

Globally, with over 61,000 large dams in operation, the challenge of aging infrastructure is becoming increasingly pressing, as many dams are approaching or have exceeded their designed operational lifespans. Countries like the United States, China, Canada, and India have initiated large-scale efforts to rehabilitate and modernize dam infrastructur...

Physical parameters such as longitude, latitude, depth, and origin time are fundamental to understanding earthquakes. Absolute traveltime has traditionally been used to determine earthquake locations, significantly advancing earthquake research and seismology. Meanwhile, differential traveltime offers enhanced sensitivity to specific physical param...

Ambient noise interferometry is widely used to detect subsurface changes. These measurements primarily rely on Rayleigh waves or coda waves, with the latter typically interpreted as Rayleigh waves through the application of the diffusion approximation based on the selected lapse window. Converting or inverting the detected changes in Rayleigh-or co...

On August 21, 2021, a large earthquake occurred in the South Sandwich subduction zone, and the associated tsunami was widely observed. To robustly analyse the detailed seismic source process of this long-source duration (over 200 s) event occurring in a convexly shaped subduction zone, we applied the Potency Density Tensor Inversion with a non-rect...

This paper proposes a novel procedure to examine the influences of friction, dilatancy, and normal stresses at fault zones on the estimation of seismic moment. For illustrative purposes, the study focuses on a circular frictional dilatant patch located within a frictionless pre-compressed fault zone undergoing relative shear. When dilatancy occurs,...

Since the beginning of this century, the significant advancements in artificial intelligence and neural networks have offered the potential to bring new transformations to short-term earthquake prediction research. However, currently, there is no widely used benchmark for this task. To address this, we have built a new benchmark (EPBench), which is...

Land subsidence occurs at various scales, ranging from meter-sized sinkholes to large depressions hundreds of meters long, to much wider-scale subsidence zones. The processes involved are solutional and mechanical removal of subsurface material, at varying rates depending on the rock solubility and hydro-mechanical conditions. Whether subsidence ca...

Recent studies and seismological data have reported numerous earthquakes in the lower continental crust 1–7 . However, the mechanisms triggering earthquakes in the lower crust remain unclear. Here, we present results from the experimental deformation of granulite in simple shear at the pressures of 0.7 to 1.5 GPa and temperatures of 600–830 ℃ using...

We bring together three key amplification mechanisms in linear dynamical systems: spectral criticality, resonance, and non-normality. We disentangle and quantitatively couple these effects through two fundamental parameters: (i) the spectral distance to a conventional bifurcation or to a resonance and (ii) a non-normal index K (or condition number...

The Chuan–Dian (Sichuan–Yunnan) region is located in the southeastern part of the geologically complex and seismically active Tibetan Plateau. Since 2008, the Chuan–Dian region has experienced several major earthquakes, including the Wenchuan MS 8.0, Lushan MS 7.0, and Jiuzhaigou MS 7.0 earthquakes, making it one of the areas with the most severe e...

The relationship between stress and deformation of the solid Earth at various temporal and spatial scales can be described using a variety of constitutive relations. Although our knowledge of the elastic component of these consti-tutive relations is relatively well-constrained by seismological observations, there are limited opportunities to probe...

This paper addresses the growing concern of cascading extreme events, such as an extreme earthquake followed by a tsunami, by presenting a novel method for risk assessment focused on these domino effects. The proposed approach develops an extreme value theory framework within a Kolmogorov-Arnold network (KAN) to estimate the probability of one extr...

Bridges are the most vulnerable components in a transportation system. Therefore, extraordinary events such as seismic activities should also be considered in bridge design. In Brazil, since the last few decades, representative earthquakes with magnitudes above 5 have been registered by the seismological center of the University of São Paulo (USP)....

To deal with the low efficiency problem of accurate teleseismic hypocenter location, this paper proposes a fully automatic approach by integrating the advantages of Seismic-Scanning based on Navigated Automatic Phase-picking, which can automatically detect and locate seismic events from continuous waveforms, and the Depth-Scanning Algorithm, which...

The r-process production in the early universe has been well constrained by the extensive studies of metal-poor stars. However, the r-process enrichment in the metal-rich regime is still not well understood. In this study, we examine the abundance ratios of Th and Eu, which represent the actinides and lanthanides, respectively, for a sample of meta...

Passive seismic networks play critical roles in both seismicity monitoring and subsurface imaging. The seismic network in the Netherlands has continuously been expanded, both to monitor induced seismicity related to gas exploitation in the north and to monitor natural (tectonic related) earthquakes in the south of the country. Aside monitoring seis...

Environmental Seismology is a growing field of Seismology that utilizes surface seismic vibrations from either natural or anthropological sources for their study and to infer the geological properties of the underlying soil, the Earth crust and even the Earth’s interior. It is based mostly on the estimation of characteristic functions that replicat...

Central Kamchatka is a typical Andean-type subduction complex including a linear volcanic arc, back-arc volcanic complexes and zones of tectonic shortening and extension. With the use of teleseismic tomography, we investigate the role of mantle processes in the observed volcanic and tectonic activity in this region. We use the seismic data of perma...

This study investigates potential structure distribution in the southeastern Aegean Region, a seismically active and complex region of the Eastern Mediterranean. Using gravity data from theTOPEX v29.1 database, the Fast Sigmoid (FSED) and Tilt Angle of the Horizontal Gradient (TAHG) methods were applied to detect potential structural boundaries. Ea...

A team of scientists and engineers from Swiss institutions participated in a post-seismic reconnaissance mission in Morocco following the magnitude 6.8 earthquake of September 8, 2023. We visited different heavily affected towns and villages, located from 10 to 70 km epicentral distance, in the High Atlas Mountain and Marrakech. In this work, we re...

Urgent Computing (UC) refers to the use of High-Performance Computing (HPC) and High- Performance Data Analytics (HPDA) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) modules during or immediately following emergencies. It typically integrates complex end-to-end workflows with scalable computing resources, where multiple model realizations are necessary to accou...

Alerts sent out by an early earthquake warning (EEW) system activate life or death decisions. If the geoscience terminology of the earthquake event is misunderstood, or miscommunicated, there are real life consequences. To illustrate, confusing earthquake intensity with earthquake magnitude may result in actions that lead to an earthquake event bec...

Rapid and accurate estimate of the energy release of violent volcanic eruptions is crucial for unraveling possible cascading effects and mitigating associated destructive events. However, present methodologies often rely on empirical relations between eruption yield and waveforms, failing to incorporate full‐waveform data due to the absence of appr...

A massive landslide struck the Çöpler Gold Mine in Erzincan, Türkiye, on 13 February 2024 (∼11:30:10 UTC), and killed nine buried miners under a heap leach pad. The landslide was recorded at seismic stations up to 400 km away, with two distinct pulses 48 s apart. These pulses were analyzed using a single‐force model with Bayesian bootstrap‐based pr...

The AlpArray programme is a multinational, European consortium to advance our understanding of orogenesis and its relationship to mantle dynamics, plate reorganizations , surface processes and seismic hazard in the Alps-Apennines-Carpathians-Dinarides orogenic system. The AlpArray Seismic Network has been deployed with contributions from 36 institu...

Pendulum oscillators study harmonic motion, energy conservation, and nonlinear dynamics, providing insights into mechanical vibrations, wave phenomena, weather patterns, and quantum mechanics, with real-world applications in engineering, seismology, and clock mechanisms. The present study addresses three distinct issues related to SPs; a charged ma...

Advancements in technologies and acquisition techniques in reflection seismology have increased the quantity of data that can be recorded in a single survey. The spreading of three‐component (3C) recorders has resulted in multicomponent data acquisitions to be more cost‐effective than single‐component (1C) acquisitions, making 3C datasets more comm...

The seismologist Ishibashi Katsuhiko (presently Emeritus Professor at Kobe University) predicted that a nuclear power plant accident like the present one was possible, and issued warnings from the late ‘90s. People had been warning of the danger of earthquake-caused nuclear accidents since the 1970s, but Ishibashi, from the specialized standpoint o...

Deep carbon fundamentally modifies the physical properties of solids and melts, thereby affecting partial melting and compositional differentiation within the mantle. Experimental petrological studies suggest that the carbonated oceanic crust in the subducted slab may undergo carbon‐induced partial melting and decarbonation in the deep upper mantle...

В монографии на основе документов из фондов Архива РАН и имеющихся по теме исследования публикаций рассмотрены история создания и структура Единой системы сейсмических наблюдений (ЕССН) в СССР. Деятельность ЕССН оказала существенное влияние на развитие отечественной сейсмологии. Станции сети работали по единым программам производства наблюдений с и...

In September 2022, a portable, three-component rotational rate sensor, namely a blueSeis-3A gyroscope, has been deployed at the underground vault of the Pinon Flat Observatory (PFO) in southern California. A three-component, broadband seismometer is co-located, jointly forming a six degree-of-freedom (DoF) station for long-term observations of loca...

During years 2021-2022, an unusual seismic swarm was recorded at crustal level beneath the Monts Dore volcanic province (France). Complementary field and remote measurements were performed. Together with the time series recorded on the seismological and GNSS national networks, these measurements were fundamental for monitoring the evolution of the...