Science topic

Security - Science topic

Security is the degree of protection against danger, damage, loss, and crime. Security as a form of protection are structures and processes that provide or improve security as a condition.
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Since I started my PhD in 2019, this question has been a recurring challenge for me. Now, as a PhD graduate (2023) with a Master’s degree, I am highly motivated, hardworking, and committed to advancing my academic career. I have good language skills, have published several papers in multidisciplinary fields, and am still engaged in various research activities. I have been actively pursuing postdoctoral and research fellowship opportunities, applying to over 100 calls.
A significant hurdle I face is the requirement of securing a host supervisor or institution to apply for these fellowships. To fulfill this, I have sent hundreds of polite emails to professors worldwide, carefully tailoring each one to align with their research interests and including all necessary documents such as my CV, motivation letter, and a proposal synopsis. However, despite my efforts, I have received very few responses.
Before reaching out, I thoroughly review potential supervisors’ publications and research profiles to ensure alignment with their work. I remain persistent, applying and networking without frustration or hesitation. I also recognize that this challenge may not be unique to me but rather a common struggle for many early-career researchers.
I would greatly appreciate any advice or insights from this community regarding strategies to overcome this barrier.
How can I improve my approach or increase my chances of securing a host? Thank you in advance for sharing your thoughts and experiences.
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Different institutions have varying requirements and expectations for postdoctoral fellowship, in that case i will suggest you send a cold emails to the institution and find out their requirements.
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Is there any study that provides information about the question:
Is ist possile, that children - after separation or divorce of their parents - will bondvery strongly with their one parent to whom their attachment befpre was not really secure, and that they may even reject the one parent thei have a secure and stable attachment to?
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It is possible :
  • Seeking Stability: Children may seek out the parent who provides more stability and consistency in their lives.
  • Emotional Support: The parent who is more emotionally available and supportive may become the primary attachment figure.
  • Time Spent Together: The amount of time spent with each parent can influence attachment. The parent with whom the child spends more time may become the stronger attachment figure.
  • Therefore coparenting is the best option.
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Or, to put the question differently, to what extent do states relinquish their sovereignty when they become part of multilateral international systems like the United Nations?
I am currently researching the topic of state sovereignty, and in one aspect of this topic, I have delved into international organizations and external commitments of states. Therefore, I am asking this question to confirm whether international organizations or external commitments can affect a state's sovereignty. Can any external entity influence a state's sovereignty? I have chosen the United Nations as a model and am looking into whether decisions made by the Security Council intervene in the sovereignty of states or not.
I would be very grateful if you could answer my question.
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I do believe that yes, Int'l Organizations such as the UN, chip away at a state sovereignty. This is due to the fact that, the UN, is an umbrella with a number of different branches and many countries are signatories to laws and treaties enacted by these branch organizations - take IMO for example - there are treaties and conventions such as the SOLAS convention, to which as a legal instrument many countries are signatories. So one must adhere to that convention whether the country likes it or not, even though it can be said that, it can diminish state sovereignty to an extent. Having said that, the adherence to the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations gives credence both to the Convention and to the state signatory.
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Even if ECFM has demonstrated effective methods of resolution in some contexts, its completeness and improvement of performance context are still lacking relative to the scope of literature, particularly when it comes to comparison with newer or hybrid factorization algorithms. In addition, the effect of elliptic curves factorization on the security of certain cryptographic protocols remains to be established, especially as technology continues to undergo rapid changes.
The research is to be conducted in order to provide an in depth analysis of the working of ECFM, its mathematical parameters, its working efficiency and its implications for the cryptographic security, more specifically the following questions shall be raised in this context:
What are the general implications of ECFM usage in performance of other for the state of the art factorization algorithms with respect to diverse computational environments?
What are the merits and the possible demerits of using ECFM in any given scenario where cryptography is exercised?
What are the suggested methods of performance improvement and how can ECFM be modified in relation to other standard factorization performance tasks?
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dear Sureshkumar Somayajula 1. General Implications of ECFM Usage
Performance Relative to State-of-the-Art Algorithms:
  • Computational Efficiency: ECFM has been recognized for its efficiency in factoring large integers compared to classical methods like the quadratic sieve and general number field sieve, particularly for certain types of numbers. The implications of this efficiency can benefit fields that require rapid factorization, such as cryptanalysis or integer-based cryptographic algorithms.
  • Parallelism and Scalability: Considering diverse computational environments, ECFM can be parallelized effectively, which allows adaptation to multi-core and distributed computing setups, enhancing its performance significantly.
  • Hybrid Approaches: ECFM can be integrated with other factorization techniques to form hybrid approaches, possibly leveraging strengths from both ECFM and newer algorithms, thus improving overall performance.
2. Merits and Possible Demerits of Using ECFM
Merits:
  • Efficient for Certain Classes of Numbers: ECFM excels when factoring numbers with small prime factors or those that are not excessively large, making it a useful tool in specific scenarios.
  • Lower Memory Consumption: ECFM often requires less memory than some other methods, which can be advantageous in resource-constrained environments.
  • Quantum Resistance: Compared to classical algorithms, ECFM may present certain advantages in contexts where quantum algorithms could impact security, especially since traditional factoring advantages may not apply similarly to elliptic curves.
Demerits:
  • Complexity and Implementation Barriers: While ECFM is efficient, its mathematical complexity may present challenges in implementation and understanding compared to simpler methods.
  • Limited Scalability Beyond Certain Thresholds: ECFM's advantages may diminish when dealing with extremely large integers, particularly if hybrid methods are not utilized.
  • Potential Vulnerabilities: The security implications regarding advancements in quantum computing and the advent of new mathematical breakthroughs could pose risks to cryptographic protocols reliant on ECFM.
3. Suggested Methods of Performance Improvement
Modification and Efficiency Enhancement:
  • Algorithm Optimization: Analyzing the current algorithm for bottlenecks and implementing optimized arithmetic operations can help improve the performance of ECFM.
  • Hybridization with Other Algorithms: Combining ECFM with other factorization methods (such as the general number field sieve for large integers) can lead to improved efficiency and versatility.
  • Adaptive Parameter Selection: Developing adaptive techniques for the selection of elliptic curves based on the specifics of the integer being factored could enhance performance.
  • Leveraging Parallel Processing: Enhancing the implementation of ECFM for multi-threaded or distributed computing environments, thus allowing simultaneous execution of multiple instances of the algorithm.
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In connection with security of databases or social networks in order to anonymize them the background knowledge of intruders is of enough importance. These knowledges need to be framed properly in order to make them a part of the anonymization process.
What are the different approaches followed in this connection? Any reference to source materials will be useful.
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Modeling background knowledge of attackers in database or social network contexts is a crucial area of research in cybersecurity. Here are several approaches used to represent and analyze an attacker’s knowledge:
  1. Graph-based Models:Attack Graphs: Use directed graphs to represent attack paths, where nodes represent system vulnerabilities and edges represent potential exploits. This helps in understanding how an attacker might traverse a network. Social Network Analysis: Model the relationships and interactions within a social network to identify key individuals (attackers) and their potential influences or weaknesses.
  2. Knowledge Representation Frameworks:Rule-based Systems: Encode knowledge about common attack patterns and vulnerabilities in a set of rules, allowing for reasoning about possible attacker behaviors. Ontologies: Develop ontologies specific to cybersecurity that define concepts related to attackers, their goals, and the environment they operate in, aiding automated reasoning.
  3. Markov Models:Use Markov Chains to represent the probabilistic state transitions of an attacker, such as their likelihood to exploit various vulnerabilities based on their knowledge and the environment.
  4. Bayesian Networks:Model uncertainty and inference about an attacker's knowledge and intentions. Bayesian networks can represent dependencies among various factors (e.g., attacker skills, system vulnerabilities) and update beliefs based on observed evidence.
  5. Behavioral Modeling:Attack Surface Modeling: Define the potential points of vulnerability in a system or network that attackers are likely to exploit based on known behaviors. User Behavior Analytics (UBA): Analyze user actions to distinguish between normal and anomalous behaviors, helping to infer attackers' actions based on deviations from established patterns.
  6. Machine Learning Models:Employ supervised or unsupervised learning techniques to model attacker behavior based on historical data. This can include clustering known attacks or classifying potential threats based on patterns extracted from data.
  7. Simulation and Game Theory:Use simulations or game-theoretic models to predict attacker strategies and optimize defense mechanisms by analyzing the interactions between attackers and defenders in a controlled environment.
  8. Scenario-based Approaches:Develop attack scenarios that allow researchers to simulate potential attacks based on various assumptions about the attackers’ knowledge, motives, and objectives.
  9. Cognitive Models:Implement cognitive architectures that model the thought processes of attackers, considering their intents, search patterns for vulnerabilities, and decision-making processes.
  10. Dynamic Models:Take into account changes over time in the network or database and how attackers adapt their strategies based on evolving knowledge and circumstances.
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Muñoz, Lucio, 2003.  Building the Basic Foundations of Global Sustainability, Sustainability Outlook, Warren Flint(PhD)(Ed), Issue 29/July, Washington DC, USA
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Thank you for writing Dariusz. The period between 1987 WCED report and the future will become known as the period of sustainability paradigm shift avoidance in the annals of economic thoughts that were ignored and the cause of future human misery.....
Have a nice day!
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We are excited to announce that the 13th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS 2025) will take place both online and in person at Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, on April 24-25, 2025. Since 2016, the IEEE has been a proud supporter of this symposium. Accepted papers will be submitted for inclusion into IEEE Xplore subject to meeting IEEE Xplore’s scope and quality requirements.
ISDFS offers a platform for researchers and professionals from academia, industry, and government to exchange ideas and recent advancements in Digital Forensics, Cybersecurity, and Computer Science more broadly. Building on the success of the 12th event, the 13th ISDFS conference will continue to promote and share knowledge on various topics and technologies related to Digital Forensics and Cybersecurity. The symposium will feature a diverse program including special sessions, workshops, tutorials, keynote speeches, panel discussions, posters, and oral presentations.
Submissions will be reviewed by a minimum of two members of the Scientific Program Committee. Accepted papers will be submitted for inclusion in IEEE Xplore, provided they meet IEEE Xplore’s scope and quality standards. Papers must be written in English and formatted according to the IEEE guidelines. Submissions that do not adhere to the required format will be rejected, regardless of content quality.
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Please let your conference rank at the CORE conference portal as per https://docs.google.com/document/d/11lyr_N7rnyhpvTnGJRVvrFIp73REt3lwTCmy0k8geJo!
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The integration of IoT and blockchain technology offers powerful solutions for enhancing the security and transparency of global trade and investment. IoT devices can track shipments, monitor environmental conditions, and ensure that goods are transported safely, while blockchain provides an immutable ledger for recording transactions and verifying the authenticity of data.
This combination can address challenges such as fraud, delays, and lack of trust between trading partners. Blockchain ensures that data is tamper-proof, while IoT devices offer real-time monitoring, making the supply chain more efficient and secure. By using smart contracts, payments and other processes can be automated, reducing human intervention and ensuring smooth cross-border transactions.
This innovative approach not only streamlines logistics but also boosts confidence in global investments. Investors can trace the origin of goods, track performance metrics in real-time, and validate the credibility of their partners, resulting in more secure trade practices.
We, the Team Tech Wing, are actively working on IoT-driven blockchain solutions and are open to collaborations with like-minded innovators.
Target: Publishing in AIB's prestigious conference
Regards
Kazi Redwan
Lead,
Team Tech Wing
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Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technology is revolutionizing global trade and investment by enhancing security, transparency, and efficiency.
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As cloud service security becomes an increasingly critical concern, blockchain technology is emerging as a promising solution to enhance the protection of data and infrastructure. The intrinsic properties of blockchain, such as immutability and transparency, offer unique opportunities to ensure the traceability and integrity of transactions within cloud environments. We propose to explore various ways in which blockchain can be integrated into cloud architectures to improve security, while also considering the associated technological and organizational challenges. This topic is open for collaboration to deepen these research avenues and identify innovative solutions for implementation.
If you are interested in this topic, feel free to contact me for further discussion.
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Could the central bank's historical record net loss for 2022, in the context of its monetary policy and speculative transactions in international financial markets, mean a decrease in security in the banking system?
The main purpose of a central bank's activities is to take care of the value of money, its stability against other currencies and the security of the banking system. However, since the 1970s, since the period of the rise of monetarism developed in accordance with Milton Fredman's concept of monetarism, the increase in the scale of economic globalisation, the transition of international monetary systems from the USD-based system, the system established after the Second World War in Bretton Woods to a system of free market exchange rates, the abandonment in the USA of gold parity with the USD currency, the growth of multinational corporations, the increased importance of speculative financial transactions carried out on foreign capital markets, including securities markets, etc. Central banks are also involved in the processes of stabilising the economy as part of anti-crisis programmes and protecting national labour markets, with the aim of limiting the scale of the increase in unemployment. In some countries, these new, additional central bank functions are added to the legal regulations shaping the functioning of the central bank. In some countries, the issue of linking the central bank's monetary policy is implemented informally.
For years, the central bank in Poland has also been conducting speculative transactions on international financial markets using various currencies and securities. For many previous years, the bank generated a net profit of PLN 9-10 billion of which 95 per cent of this profit was transferred to the state budget by the politically connected central bank to the government, instead of feeding the central bank's reserves and increasing the security of the financial system. For 2021, the central bank in Poland, i.e. the National Bank of Poland, generated as much as PLN 11 billion in net profit thanks to speculative transactions on the international financial markets, almost all of which went to the state budget rather than to central bank reserves, as usual. The annual profit generated by the central bank in Poland until 2021 was a consequence of, among other things, the monetary policy pursued by the bank, which consisted in successive depreciation of the domestic currency PLN against other currencies. However, for 2022, the National Bank of Poland unexpectedly raked in a historically record loss of PLN 17 billion. Could it be that the speculative transactions carried out in 2022 on the international financial markets turned out to be wrong this time? In addition, another key question arises: to what extent will this kind of situation result in a decrease in the level of security of the entire banking system?
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Could the historically record net loss of the central bank for 2022, in the context of the monetary policy pursued and the speculative transactions carried out on the international financial markets, mean a decrease in security in the banking system?
And what is your opinion on this?
What is your opinion on this subject?
Please respond,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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A loss is, in principle, a possible outcome of central banking operations and can arise even in connection with the most basic of all central banking functions: currency issue. A loss will occur when the interest rate charged by the central bank on its loans is not sufficiently high to cover the printing, minting, and administrative costs of currency issue
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Is the Zionist entity complying with Security Council resolutions on ending the occupation of the Palestinian territories?
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No. Israeli state doctrine defines Israel as a "state of the Jews." Even non-Jewish Israelis are considered goyim and treated as such. By definition, every Jew is a citizen of Israel, meaning all of the approximately 16 million Jews, of whom only about 6 million live in Israel. Every Jew has a right to citizenship and a right to settle. The occupied territories are not internationally recognized as territories of the State of Israel, but are included in the territory that Yahweh gave to the Jews. Goyim cannot own the territory that Yahweh gave. This amounts to a settler being able to ask "does this land belong to a Jew?" and if the answer is "no (it belongs to a Palestinian)" he can say "then it belongs to me." Fences and the IDF then make this a reality. That is why Israel is delaying anything that could lead to the implementation of a Palestinian state, because then it can say to other countries: "Look! Jews live there and cultivate the land. And now they should be expelled?" Depending on how the war develops, it can be assumed that Jewish settlers will also create facts in Lebanese and Syrian areas in this way.
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Financial markets are platforms where individuals trade various financial instruments. it is divided into the following categories: the capital market and the money market. under the capital market are the bond market which is the government securities traded for a long term. and also the stock market which involves the trading of shares either from a primary or secondary market. Under the money market are the Repo markets which are also known as the overnight markets and also the Forex markets.
over the years, people remain ignorant about this information. how would a country, especially a developing country use financial markets to increase economic growth?
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Countries can raise bonds and debt instruments from the financial market. The proceeds from the bonds and debt instruments can be used to build roads and infrastructure that stimulate economic growth.
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As the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) continues to expand, the exchange of sensitive data raises serious concerns about privacy and security. Blockchain can provide decentralized protection, while AI has the potential to improve threat detection and response. How can we combine Blockchain and AI in a practical way to better safeguard both privacy and security in IoV systems? Are there real-world examples or strategies that have been effective? And how can we refine these technologies to meet the evolving needs of connected vehicles in the future?
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It seems like a very interesting topic Tim Murkomen . What comes to the mind in this regard is an attack on MEMS and IoT devices inside the car. In this regard, we could potentially see applications of blockchain and AI to strengthen security.
AI-based monitoring tools can analyze data on the blockchain to identify patterns and anomalies, improving security. You may specifically look at the application of isolation forests, SVMs, and autoencoders to detect such anomalies.
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in H1 list w refer to word and h refer to hash of w and c refer to random coin but what about "a"?
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Currently working on e-voting using cryptographic Techniques. I Would like to implement RSA and also to know how SHA works technically with RSA.
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The degree of attack sophistication is going to significantly increase as bad actors leverage generative AI to create novel campaigns. It's not reasonable that each company can become an AI security specialty shop, so we're putting our trust in Abnormal to lead the way in that kind of advanced detection.”
— Karl Mattson, CISO, Noname Security
An Abnormal Approach to Stopping AI-Generated Attacks
  1. Ingests unique signals about employee behavior and vendor communication patterns that attackers can’t access with publicly available information.
  2. Trains AI models personalized for each organization to detect anomalous activity across internal users and external partners.
  3. Automatically remediates AI-generated attacks before employees can view or engage with them.
SOLUTION
How Abnormal Stops AI-Generated Attacks
  1. Employs NLP/NLU to detect fraudulent topics, tone, and sentiment, including urgency and formality.
  2. Detects unusual senders by understanding normal business relationships and communication patterns.
  3. Leverages the API architecture to ingest valuable behavior signals from M365, Okta, CrowdStrike, and multi-channel communication platforms.
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Future research directions in AI-driven cybersecurity for embedded systems are diverse and continually evolving, reflecting the growing complexity of threats and the increasing integration of AI technologies. Here are key research areas and potential future directions:
Future Research Directions:
  1. Adaptive Threat Detection:Develop AI models that can learn and adapt to evolving threats in real-time. This includes reinforcement learning techniques to improve detection rates as new vulnerabilities and attack vectors are identified.
  2. Secure Hardware Architectures:Investigate hardware-level security solutions that integrate AI for anomaly detection and behavioral monitoring. Techniques like hardware-based Root of Trust (RoT) can be combined with AI for enhanced security.
  3. Data Privacy and Ethics:Explore methods to ensure data privacy in AI models used for cybersecurity. Research in federated learning and differential privacy can help develop models that do not compromise sensitive information.
  4. Autonomous Response Mechanisms:Design systems that employ AI for automated threat response, including containment and remediation strategies that can be executed without human intervention.
  5. AI Explainability and Interpretability:Investigate methods to make AI decisions in cybersecurity more interpretable to enable better understanding and trust from security engineers. This is vital for compliance and auditing purposes.
  6. Multi-layered Defense Systems:Research the integration of AI across multiple layers of cybersecurity frameworks (e.g., network, application, data). This can range from intrusion detection systems to endpoint security, sharing intelligence in real time.
  7. Resilience Against Adversarial Attacks:Develop robust AI models that can withstand adversarial attacks targeting the model itself. Research includes ensuring integrity and robustness in model behavior under potential exploitation.
  8. Real-Time Incident Response:Enhance AI algorithms capable of processing vast amounts of data in real-time for incident detection and response, minimizing response times and mitigating damage from attacks.
  9. IoT and Edge Computing Security:Investigate cybersecurity strategies specifically tailored for IoT devices and edge computing environments, focusing on resource-constrained systems and diverse architectures.
  10. Cross-Disciplinary Approaches:Combine insights from fields like behavioral science and social engineering with cybersecurity AI to address threats that originate from user behavior and insider threats.
System Performance Metrics:
To evaluate the performance of AI-driven cybersecurity systems in embedded environments, several key metrics are typically analyzed:
  1. Detection Rate (True Positives):Measure the percentage of actual threats detected by the system.
  2. False Positive Rate:Quantify the percentage of benign activities incorrectly classified as threats.
  3. False Negative Rate:Measure the percentage of actual threats that go undetected.
  4. Response Time:The time taken by the system to detect and respond to a threat.
  5. Resource Utilization:Evaluate the system’s resource consumption, including CPU and memory usage, which is particularly important for embedded systems.
  6. Scalability:Assess how well the system can scale with increasing numbers of devices or connections without degradation in performance.
  7. Robustness:Measure the system's ability to maintain performance under varying conditions, such as changes in the input data or operational environment.
  8. Usability:Evaluate how user-friendly and intuitive the system is for security personnel, which can affect the effectiveness of human interactions.
Simulations:
Simulations are crucial in evaluating and developing AI-driven cybersecurity for embedded systems. These may include:
  1. Attack Simulations:Use simulated attack scenarios to evaluate response effectiveness and system behavior under different threat conditions.
  2. Model Training Simulations:Simulate diverse data environments to train machine learning models on large datasets that incorporate both normal and malicious behaviors.
  3. Performance Benchmarking:Develop simulation environments to benchmark system performance metrics against various standards or competing systems.
  4. Scenario-Based Testing:Create specific test scenarios that mimic real-world conditions, such as sudden traffic spikes or multi-stage attacks.
  5. Stochastic Modeling:Implement stochastic models to analyze uncertainty and variability in system performance and threat occurrences.
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I'm writing this post because there is limited help on how to use Mplus as a mac user (Catalina). This was a HUGE headache to figure out so I thought I would share...
Checking system preferences
Find the Mplus folder in your Applications folder. Double click on each of the following, and try to open all of them (diagrammer, mplus, mplus editor) one-by-one. If they don’t open, click on each of them one-by-one and add them under the system preference/security & privacy/GENERAL tab. Make sure this is done for the diagrammer, mplus, and mplus editor.
Then, click on the PRIVACY tab; and allow diagrammer, mplus, mplus editor to have full disk access, and access to files and folders.
Then click on startMplus, followed by: diagrammer, mplus, mplus editor (in any order)
Syntax and Data Files:
-You can use either .txt or .dat files EVEN on a mac!
-Save syntax and data files in same place (e.g., desktop)
.dat
-save .dat data file directly from your source
.txt
-copy and paste your numerical data into textedit, and save as plain text.
-format, ‘make plain text’, convert this text into plain text? Yes. If when you clicked format, it said ‘make rich text’, the file is already in the format you want it to be, so leave it alone.
-enter FILENAME.txt, include the .txt even if you have the box checked “if no file extension is provided, use “.txt”
Running files
Open Mplus Editor, click the folder and open the syntax file (FILE.inp).
Depending on whether you are using .dat or .txt enter this!
E.g.,
DATA:
FILE IS 'FILE.dat' ;
OR
DATA:
FILE IS 'FILE.txt' ;
Press run.
Save the output.
Good luck!
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Also: if .dat doesn't work, it may be that there is a hidden file extension of .txt. Renaming the .dat file to .txt worked for me. Like Ryan E. Flinn I was also pulling my hair out, but as you can tell from my profile pic, I was unfortunately successful.
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What are the recent advances in DICOM image security?
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DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) images are widely used in the medical field for storing and transmitting medical imaging data. However, the security of DICOM images is a significant concern due to the sensitive nature of the data they contain. Here are some key aspects related to the security of DICOM images:
1. Inherent Security Risks
  • Lack of Encryption: Traditional DICOM files do not include encryption by default, meaning that the images and associated metadata are stored in a readable format. This can be a risk if the files are intercepted or accessed by unauthorized individuals.
  • Metadata Exposure: DICOM images contain not just the image data but also metadata, which can include patient information, physician details, and other sensitive data. If not properly protected, this information can be exposed.
2. Transmission Security
  • Network Vulnerabilities: When DICOM images are transmitted over a network, especially an unsecured one, they are vulnerable to interception, eavesdropping, and man-in-the-middle attacks.
  • TLS/SSL: To secure the transmission of DICOM images, many systems now use Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to encrypt the data as it is transmitted over the network.
3. Storage Security
  • Access Control: Ensuring that only authorized personnel can access DICOM images is critical. This involves implementing strong authentication and authorization mechanisms, such as role-based access control (RBAC).
  • Audit Trails: Maintaining audit logs of who accessed, modified, or transmitted DICOM images can help in detecting and responding to unauthorized access.
  • Data Integrity: It’s important to ensure the integrity of DICOM files to prevent unauthorized alterations. Cryptographic hash functions can be used to verify the integrity of the files.
4. Regulatory Compliance
  • HIPAA and GDPR: In regions like the United States and Europe, healthcare organizations are required to comply with regulations such as HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) and GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation), which mandate strict security measures for the handling of medical data, including DICOM images.
5. Advanced Security Measures
  • End-to-End Encryption: Some systems now offer end-to-end encryption for DICOM images, ensuring that the data remains encrypted from the point of capture until it reaches the intended recipient.
  • DICOM File Encryption: Newer versions of the DICOM standard include the ability to encrypt DICOM files, although this is not yet universally implemented.
  • Anonymization: Removing or obfuscating patient-identifiable information from DICOM files (anonymization) can help in reducing the risk of privacy breaches.
6. Emerging Threats
  • Malware and Ransomware: DICOM files can be susceptible to malware and ransomware attacks, where malicious actors encrypt or corrupt the files, rendering them inaccessible.
  • Exploiting DICOM File Structure: Researchers have identified ways to embed malware within DICOM files by exploiting the DICOM file structure, potentially allowing the malware to evade detection.
Conclusion
DICOM images are not inherently secure, but with proper implementation of encryption, access control, and compliance with regulatory standards, the security of DICOM files can be significantly enhanced. The ongoing evolution of threats and security practices means that continuous vigilance and adaptation of security measures are necessary to protect these critical medical data assets.
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What interventions are most effective in helping adults with insecure attachment styles form secure relationships?
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Helping adults with insecure attachment styles form secure relationships often requires a combination of therapeutic interventions, self-awareness exercises, and relational practice. The following interventions are considered effective:
### 1. **Attachment-Based Therapy**:
- **Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT)**: This is one of the most effective therapies for addressing insecure attachment. EFT helps individuals and couples understand and restructure emotional responses, leading to stronger, more secure bonds .
- **Attachment-Focused Therapy**: Therapists work with clients to explore early attachment wounds and their impact on current relationships. This can help clients develop new ways of relating to others that are healthier and more secure.
### 2. **Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)**:
- CBT can help individuals identify and change negative thought patterns related to attachment and relationships. By challenging maladaptive beliefs, individuals can start to form more positive and secure attachment behaviors.
### 3. **Mindfulness and Self-Compassion Practices**:
- Mindfulness practices help individuals become more aware of their emotions and reactions without judgment. Self-compassion exercises, like those promoted by Dr. Kristin Neff, encourage individuals to treat themselves with kindness, which can improve self-worth and promote secure attachment .
### 4. **Communication Skills Training**:
- Learning effective communication skills, such as active listening and assertiveness, can reduce the misunderstandings and conflicts that often arise in relationships with insecure attachment. Techniques like nonviolent communication (NVC) can be especially helpful.
### 5. **Building Trust Gradually**:
- For those with insecure attachment, learning to trust others takes time. Structured exercises that encourage trust-building in small steps can be beneficial. This might include practicing vulnerability in low-risk situations and gradually increasing openness with others.
### 6. **Group Therapy**:
- Group therapy provides a supportive environment where individuals can practice new ways of relating in real-time. Interactions with others in a therapeutic group setting can foster secure attachments as members give and receive feedback in a safe environment.
### 7. **Self-Reflection and Journaling**:
- Keeping a journal about emotions and relationship patterns can help individuals gain insight into their attachment style. Reflective practices encourage the identification of triggers and the development of healthier responses.
### 8. **Attachment Rewiring Exercises**:
- Techniques like "inner child work" or guided imagery can help individuals reconnect with the parts of themselves that felt unloved or unsafe, promoting healing and the formation of secure attachments.
### 9. **Supportive Relationships**:
- Building and maintaining supportive, healthy relationships can serve as a corrective experience for those with insecure attachment. These relationships offer the opportunity to experience consistent care, trust, and reliability.
### 10. **Psychoeducation**:
- Learning about attachment theory and how it influences behavior can empower individuals to recognize and address their insecure attachment patterns. Books, workshops, and online courses on attachment styles can provide valuable insights.
Effective intervention usually involves a combination of these approaches, tailored to the individual's specific needs and circumstances. Over time, these methods can help those with insecure attachment styles form more secure and fulfilling relationships.
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All of the usual types of Flutter tests apply to plugin packages as well, but because plugins contain native code they often also require other kinds of tests to test all of their functionality.
Regards,
Shafagat
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Knowledge of properties of illicit drugs in the microwave/low frequency parts of the millimetre wave band (10 GHz to 50 GHz) may at least enable a first line of defence in security screening of people. There's quite a few papers on signatures of these substances at higher frequencies (>300 GHz to 10 THz), where spectral features might be used for chemical identification. However, in the lower frequency part of the millimetre wave band, and microwave band there does not appear to very much information at all. So would anyone have any references to measurements in this lower frequency range?
It would also be useful to know about accurate and validated surrogates for illegal narcotics in the 10 GHz to 50 GHz band. So could anyone suggest surrogates for these materials, or at least papers on surrogates, as this would greatly ease measurements on these materials to investigate capabilities for security screening of people who might be carrying these substances?
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This work would have the potential to produce an extremely useful research paper. New data of this type would be highly referenced by others. Food for thought...
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Could anyone provide detailed methods or best practices for identifying security patches and backported commits in these libraries?
Any examples, particularly with TensorFlow, Pytorch and Hugging Face Transformers patches or backported datasets, would be highly appreciated. Additionally, if there are any hints or strategies to efficiently find backported commits across these libraries, that would be very helpful.
Thank you in advance for your insights and contributions!
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Identifying security patches and backported commits in numerical libraries such as TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Hugging Face Transformers involves a combination of strategies. Here are some steps you can follow:
1. **Official Repositories and Release Notes**:
- **GitHub or GitLab Repositories**: Check the official repository for the library (e.g., [TensorFlow GitHub](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow), [PyTorch GitHub](https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch), [Transformers GitHub](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers)).
- **Release Notes/Changelog**: Review the release notes or changelogs that accompany each new version. These documents typically list the changes made, including security patches and fixes.
2. **Issue Trackers**:
- Browse the issues section of the repositories. Often, security vulnerabilities are reported here, and the responses from maintainers may indicate how they are being addressed.
- Search for labels such as "security," "vulnerability," or "patch" to identify relevant discussions.
3. **Pull Requests**:
- Examine pull requests (PRs) merged into the main branch that may contain security fixes. Look for titles or descriptions that mention security issues or vulnerabilities.
- Some repositories may have specific PR templates that categorize changes, making it easier to identify security-related modifications.
4. **Backporting Practices**:
- Some libraries backport security fixes to older versions. Check the documentation or README for guidelines on backporting practices, or look for specific branches created for maintenance of older versions (e.g., maintenance branches on GitHub).
- Use tools like `git log` or analyze the commit history for commits that explicitly mention backports or security fixes.
5. **Security Advisory Databases**:
- Use security vulnerability databases such as CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) or NVD (National Vulnerability Database) to look for reported vulnerabilities related to specific libraries.
- Some libraries may issue CVEs when security issues are identified; search for the library name alongside "CVE" to find related reports.
6. **Blogs and Security Bulletins**:
- Follow official blogs or security bulletins related to these libraries. The maintainers might announce security fixes, patch releases, and important updates in these channels.
- Check for any security-focused discussions or advisories that may be published by the developers.
7. **Community Forums and Mailing Lists**:
- Participate in or monitor community forums, mailing lists, or discussion platforms where security issues may be discussed. Installations like TensorFlow discuss security on their Google groups, while PyTorch might have discussions via their GitHub Discussions or community boards.
8. **Code Review**:
- For deeper analysis, if you have the expertise, perform a manual review of the code changes in relevant commits to understand the nature of the security patches and ensure they address any vulnerabilities correctly.
9. **Automated Tools**:
- Use static analysis tools or dependency checkers that can identify known vulnerabilities in third-party dependencies, including TensorFlow, PyTorch, or Transformers.
10. **Notifications and Alerts**:
- Set up notifications (e.g., through GitHub) for repository activities. This way, you can be alerted to any new releases, security fixes, and relevant commit messages.
By using these methods, you'll be better equipped to identify security patches and backported commits in numerical libraries like TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Hugging Face Transformers, thereby enhancing the security posture of applications that rely on these libraries.
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What should a Mechanical Engineering PhD scholar focus on during their PhD to enhance their chances of securing a postdoctoral position?
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Securing a postdoctoral position after completing a PhD in Mechanical Engineering can be competitive. Here are several strategies that can enhance a scholar's chances of success:
1. **Research Productivity**:
- **Publications**: Aim to publish high-quality research papers in reputable and impactful journals. Try to publish during your PhD rather than waiting until the end.
- **Conference Presentations**: Present your work at relevant conferences to increase your visibility in the field, network with other researchers, and receive feedback.
2. **Research Fit**:
- **Identify Research Trends**: Stay updated on the latest research trends in Mechanical Engineering and adjacent fields. Align your research interests with these trends to remain relevant and competitive.
- **Cross-disciplinary Work**: Engage in projects that intersect with other disciplines (e.g., materials science, robotics, renewable energy). This cross-disciplinary experience can broaden your skill set and appeal to a wider range of potential postdoctoral opportunities.
3. **Networking**:
- **Build Relationships**: Establish connections with faculty and researchers in your area of specialization. Attend workshops, seminars, and conferences to meet individuals who may influence hiring decisions for postdoctoral roles.
- **Collaboration**: Seek opportunities for collaboration within your department and with other institutions. Co-authoring papers can also expand your network.
4. **Skill Development**:
- **Technical Skills**: Acquire relevant technical skills and tools that are in demand, such as advanced computational techniques, machine learning, finite element analysis, or experimental methods.
- **Soft Skills**: Develop communication, teamwork, and leadership skills. These are important for collaborating effectively in research settings and mentoring junior researchers.
5. **Research Funding**:
- **Grant Writing Experience**: If possible, get involved in grant writing or applications as a co-investigator. Understanding the funding process can be an advantage when applying for postdoc positions.
- **Scholarships and Fellowships**: Apply for fellowships or scholarships during your PhD that can demonstrate your ability to secure funding.
6. **Identify Potential Mentors**:
- **Research Potential Advisors**: Identify faculty members whose research aligns with yours and who have a history of supervising postdoctoral researchers. Reach out to them for potential opportunities.
- **Tailored Applications**: When applying for postdoc positions, tailor your application materials (CV, cover letter) to reflect how your background and research interests fit with the mentor's research program.
7. **Development of a Strong CV**:
- **Comprehensive CV**: Maintain a well-organized CV that highlights your publications, presentations, research experience, technical skills, and any relevant teaching experience.
- **Research Proposal**: Prepare a compelling research proposal that outlines your future research interests and how they align with potential institutions or mentors.
8. **Communication of Research Impact**:
- **Impact Statements**: Develop clear narratives about the impact of your research, including potential applications and societal contributions. This can figure prominently in interviews and applications.
9. **Engagement with the Academic Community**:
- **Professional Societies**: Join relevant professional organizations (e.g., ASME) and actively participate in their activities, which may provide additional networking opportunities and resources.
10. **Prepare for Interviews**:
- **Interview Practice**: Prepare thoroughly for interviews by articulating your research experience, future plans, and how you can contribute to the potential postdoc research group.
By focusing on these areas, a Mechanical Engineering PhD scholar can significantly enhance their profile and attractiveness to potential postdoctoral supervisors, ultimately improving their chances of securing a desirable postdoc position.
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Could the use of generative artificial intelligence technology to detect cybercrime attacks carried out using ransomware viruses significantly increase the level of cyber security in many companies, enterprises, financial and public institutions?
How can systems for managing the risk of cybercrime and/or loss of sensitive data archived in internal databases be improved through the use of generative artificial intelligence technology?
In a situation where companies, enterprises, financial and public institutions have a built in cybercrime risk management system, including email anti-spam applications, anti-virus systems, complex login tools, backap systems for data contained on hard drives, firewalls, cyber threat early warning systems, etc., then most cybercrime attacks targeting these business entities prove to be ineffective, and those that are effective cause very limited problems, financial losses, etc. However, there are still many business entities, especially companies and SMEs, that do not have complex, high-tech, integrated systems built to manage the risk of cybercrime and/or loss of sensitive data stored in databases. In recent years, one of the most serious cybercrime problems causing serious financial losses in some companies, enterprises, public institutions include cyberattacks used by cybercriminals with ransomware-type viruses. A successful attack carried out using ransomware viruses results in infecting a computer, blocking users, company employees from accessing the company's internal systems, stealing or blocking access to data collected in the company's databases, information stored on hard drives, etc., with a simultaneous demand to pay a ransom to remove the imposed blockades. In Poland, of the companies attacked with ransomware viruses, as many as 77 percent agree to pay the ransom. So security systems are still too poorly organized in many companies and institutions. In many business entities, systems for managing the risk of cybercrime and/or loss of sensitive data archived in internal databases are still not professionally built. Cybercrime risk management in many companies and enterprises apparently works poorly or not at all. Since generative artificial intelligence technology is being applied in many areas of cyber-security, so the question arises, could the application of this technology to detect cyber-crime attacks carried out with ransomware-type viruses significantly increase the level of cyber-security in many companies, enterprises, financial and public institutions?
I am conducting research in the problems of analyzing cybercriminal attacks conducted using ransomware viruses and in improving cyber security systems. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following articles:
Analysis of the security of information systems protection in the con-text of the global cyberatomy ransomware conducted on June 2, 2017
Development of malware ransomware as a new dimension of cybercrime taking control of IT enterprise and banking systems
Determinants of the development of cyber-attacks on IT systems of companies and individual clients in financial institutions
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Growing Importance of Cybersecurity of Data Transfer on the Internet
Cybersecurity of Business Intelligence Analytics Based on the Processing of Large Sets of Information with the Use of Sentiment Analysis and Big Data
THE QUESTION OF THE SECURITY OF FACILITATING, COLLECTING AND PROCESSING INFORMATION IN DATA BASES OF SOCIAL NETWORKING
I invite you to get acquainted with the issues described in the above-mentioned publications and to scientific cooperation in these issues.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
How can cybercrime risk management systems and/or loss of sensitive data archived in internal databases be improved through the application of generative artificial intelligence technology?
Could the application of generative artificial intelligence technology to detect cyberattacks carried out using ransomware viruses significantly increase the level of cyber security in many companies, enterprises, financial and public institutions?
Can generative artificial intelligence technology help detect cybercrime attacks carried out using ransomware viruses?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Generative Artificial Intelligence is a new field for me, but I have already formed an opinion that is based on reading the discussion thread question and the six responses. In my view, the "bug" in GAI is rooted, first, in the way GAI works like a "motion detector," by which I mean that its premise is that normal behavior is systematic or can be systematized. The assumption seems to be that everything should be operating like robots and anybody who steps out of line is held to be suspected of malfeasance. Second, the attackers have sophisticated means by which to mimic the normalized and systematized behavior perfectly and thereby conduct a peaceful invasion, undetected. This impression is admittedly skimming the surface of the discussion thread question; however, it just simplifies the gist of the previous answers to the discussion question.
Prior to this GAI issue in the context of detecting cybercrime attacks, I have typically encountered Generative Artificial Intelligence as a big problem in the college classroom. Students have begun to plagiarize by using prefabricated compositions and term papers available on the Internet. College instructors are strategizing to turn the tide by brain-storming and determining ways to train themselves and their students to use GAI skillfully and honestly.
The concept of compatibility may hold one of the keys to de-demonizing Generative Artificial Intelligence. Perhaps GAI will be more adaptable and useful in some contexts than in others. Fortunately, my direct experiences as a recipient of the benefits of GAI are very positive. For one thing, GAI saves a great deal of time by weeding out the spam in my email accounts. However, as the above answers indicate, there is no 100% guarantee that cybercriminals are not going to devise new ways to trick email recipients into falling into a skillfully camouflaged trap that will worsen exponentially.
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I read several information security books. How do I start writing anti-virus softwares ?
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IYH Dear Hao Wang
IMHO this is the practical handson (w codes) book that you need for that endeavor
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My Honors research question is "How can cryptographic techniques ensure the security and integrity of electronic voting systems?" Is it too broad?
Please I need your help to refine or come up with a good question.
Thank you
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Daniyel Yaacov Bilar Thank you very much Sir!! insightful
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In today's global landscape, national security management requires effective communication strategies to navigate diverse challenges. Interdisciplinary approaches, focusing on communication and security, are vital for addressing complex threats. Communication plays a crucial role in disseminating information, coordinating responses, and building alliances. By integrating insights from various disciplines such as political science, sociology, and technology, national security agencies can enhance their capabilities. This involves leveraging communication tools and methodologies to foster collaboration, understand societal dynamics, and anticipate emerging risks. Ultimately, interdisciplinary communication strategies strengthen national security by fostering resilience, adaptability, and informed decision-making in an interconnected world.
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the emphasis on knowledge ('ilm) and the pursuit of wisdom ('hikmah') align with interdisciplinary approaches. The Quran encourages cooperation and understanding among diverse groups, promoting unity and collective action. Incorporating ethical considerations and moral principles further ensures that security measures are just and equitable, fostering a harmonious and secure society for all.
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The research question, focuses on addressing key challenges in Ghana's security governance. Recent security incidents in Ghana have highlighted the critical importance of effectively communicating security-related information to the public. Despite the necessity for citizen involvement in security governance, there is a notable gap in public understanding and engagement with security issues. This gap is largely attributed to a lack of knowledge about security matters among Ghanaians, which undermines their participation in national security processes. The question seeks to explore strategies that can improve the dissemination of security-related communication to enhance citizen awareness and encourage active participation in shaping and supporting national security efforts.
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I would underline 3 bullets:
  • Simplify Communication: Using clear, non-technical language and visual aids to make security information accessible to all citizens, fostering understanding and engagement.
  • Engage Community Leaders: Partnering with trusted local influencers and community leaders to disseminate information, bridging the gap between security agencies and the public.
  • Transparency and Accountability: Regularly updating the public on security initiatives, progress, and challenges, demonstrating transparency and building trust through open communication.
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Is it safe to apply generative artificial intelligence technology in conjunction with Big Data and other Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies to support the development of nuclear technology?
On the one hand, the development of modern and safe nuclear power technology is needed especially in the situation of creating an important source of electricity as an intermediate step in the green transformation of the energy sector, which consists of shifting power generation based mainly on emission-intensive fossil fuel combustion to clean power generation based on emission-free, fully renewable energy sources. The application of new Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies, including but not limited to machine learning, deep learning, generative artificial intelligence, Big Data Analytics, multi-criteria simulation models, Internet of Things, Blockchain, digital twins, cloud computing, autonomous robots, etc., enables the generation of new innovative solutions, improvement of applications and safety systems of energy technologies, including nuclear energy technologies. Besides, thanks to the application of the above-mentioned technologies, there are new opportunities for optimization both in the design and implementation of investment projects for the construction of new power plants and optimization in the processes of managing energy production from various energy sources within the applied mix of energy sources, taking into account the changing conditions of energy consumption, forecasting changes in energy demand in the future, changes in the economic environment, climatic conditions and other factors modeling changes in energy production from various energy sources, including those that depend on specific atmospheric and climatic conditions such as wind and solar power.
However, on the other hand, the application of Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies, including primarily generative artificial intelligence in improving technology development processes, supporting research processes, supporting management processes, etc. concerning nuclear technology, including nuclear technology applied in fields other than energy, i.e., e.g., medicine, geology, construction analytics, etc., and in the military field, may generate various kinds of very serious risks.
A cinematic vision of the kind of risks that can result from the application of artificial intelligence technology in the military sphere, including in terms of supporting the management processes of military systems taking into account ballistic missiles equipped with nuclear payloads, i.e. carried by transcontinental missiles and/or launched from submarines and strategic bombers was presented many years ago in films of the drama, thriller and at the same time science fiction genre, such as the 1983 film titled “War Games”, directed by John Badham, and the continuation of this theme in a similar film titled “War Games: The Code of Death”. “War Games: Code of Death” from 2008, directed by Stuart Gillard.
In view of the above, for at least 4 decades now, there have been considerations about the serious risks arising from the application of artificial intelligence technology in the field of computerized weapons management systems, in the field of military defense of the country, including with regard to nuclear weapons.
In view of the above, in view of the fact that the application of Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies, including, first of all, generative artificial intelligence in the military field can generate various kinds of very serious risks so it is still topical to consider the validity and scope of optimal, safe application of AI technologies in this field.
I described the key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology in my article below:
OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT
I described the applications of Big Data technologies in sentiment analysis, business analytics and risk management in my co-authored article:
APPLICATION OF DATA BASE SYSTEMS BIG DATA AND BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SOFTWARE IN INTEGRATED RISK MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATION
I described the key issues concerning the problem of green transformation of the economy in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
I invite you to discuss this important topic for the future of the planet's biosphere and climate.
The key issues of the problematic sources of Poland's exceptionally deep energy cross in 2022 are described in my co-authored article below:
POLAND'S 2022 ENERGY CRISIS AS A RESULT OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE AND YEARS OF NEGLECT TO CARRY OUT A GREEN TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENERGY SECTOR
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Is it safe to apply generative artificial intelligence technology in conjunction with Big Data and other Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies to support the development of nuclear technology?
Is it safe to apply generative artificial intelligence technology in the development of nuclear technology?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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In the past few years, generative artificial intelligence technology has been developing at an increasingly rapid pace. New fields of application of this technology are emerging. The scale of artificial intelligence applications in the energy sector and in the military sphere is also growing. In the energy sector, generative AI technology can help manage a complex energy system based on many different energy sources, each of which operates in a slightly or significantly different way. In addition, AI technology can be used to improve systems for identifying increases in the risk of adverse events, to improve the operation of early warning systems for threats to the effective operation of power plants, including, for example, nuclear power plants. On the other hand, generative artificial intelligence engaged for military applications, e.g. to create automated systems for detecting enemy military targets, guiding missiles, building autonomous swarms of military drones can increase the risk of a military conflict in which particularly dangerous to humans and the biosphere lethal weapons, including nuclear weapons, i.e. missiles armed with nuclear warheads, will be used. The key issue is what type of artificial intelligence technology will be used and what level of autonomous operation of the built AI-based systems humans will opt for.
The key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology are described in my article below:
OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT
Do you see rather threats or opportunities associated with the development of artificial intelligence technology?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please write what you think in this issue?
What is your opinion on this issue?
I invite you to scientific cooperation in this problematic.
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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In the realm of cybersecurity, Transport Layer Security (TLS) is widely used to secure communications over a computer network. Despite its robust encryption mechanisms, TLS is still susceptible to Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks under certain conditions. A MitM attack involves an attacker secretly intercepting and possibly altering the communication between two parties who believe they are directly communicating with each other.
  • What are the indicators of a potential MitM attack in a TLS-secured environment?
  • Discuss any tools or methodologies used to detect MitM attacks.
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The man-in-the-middle attack depends primarily on exploiting the ARP protocol at the Network layer, by implementing an ARP spoofing attack, which is a starting point for carrying out more complex attacks on application layer protocols such as DNS Spoofing attack, SSL Stripping attack, and others.
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what are novel cryptographic protocols that enhance email security?
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Email security has limitations with traditional protocols. While advancements are ongoing, here are some novel cryptographic approaches to improve email security:
  • Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE): This allows fine-grained access control on emails. Instead of a single key for all recipients, ABE assigns keys based on pre-defined attributes (e.g., department, project). Only users with the matching attributes can decrypt the email.
  • Homomorphic Encryption: This enables searching on encrypted emails. With homomorphic encryption, you can search keywords on the encrypted message itself without decrypting it. This is particularly useful for secure email servers where content needs to be scanned for malicious content without compromising privacy.
  • Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC): This is a new area of cryptography that addresses the vulnerability of traditional algorithms to future quantum computers. PQC algorithms are resistant to attacks by quantum computers, making them a good choice for securing future email communication.
  • Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs): ZKPs allow proving a statement to be true without revealing the underlying information. In emails, this can be used to prove a sender's identity without revealing their private key. This enhances security while maintaining user privacy.
It's important to note that these are evolving areas of research, and some protocols might not be ready for widespread adoption yet. However, they represent promising directions for improving email security in the future.
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To what extent has the scale of disinformation generated with the use of applications available on the Internet based on generative artificial intelligence technology increased?
To what extent has the scale of disinformation generated in online social media increased using applications based on generative artificial intelligence technology available on the Internet?
Many research institutions have included among the main types of threats and risks developing globally in 2023 the question of the increase in the scale of organized disinformation operating in online social media. The diagnosed increase in the scale of disinformation generated in online social media is related to the use of applications available on the Internet based on generative artificial intelligence technology. With the help of applications available on the Internet, it is possible without being a computer graphic designer and even without artistic skills to simply and easily create graphics, drawings, photos, images, videos, animations, etc., which can represent graphically professionally created “works” that can depict fictional events. Then, with the help of other applications equipped with generative artificial intelligence technology and advanced language models, i.e. with the help of intelligent chatbots, text can be created to describe specific “fictional events” depicted in the generated images. Accordingly, since the end of 2022, i.e. since the first such intelligent chatbot, i.e. the first versions of ChatGPT, were made available on the Internet, the number of memes, photos, comments, videos, posts, banners, etc. generated with the help of applications equipped with tools based on artificial intelligence technology has been growing rapidly, including the rapid increase in the scale of disinformation generated in this way. In order to limit the scale of the aforementioned disinformation developing in online media, on the one hand, technology companies running social media portals and other online information services are perfecting tools for identifying posts, entries, comments, banners, photos, videos, animations, etc. that contain specific, usually thematic types of disinformation. However, these solutions are not perfect, and the scales of disinformation operating in internecine social media are still high. On the other hand, specific institutions for combating disinformation are being established, NGOs and schools are conducting educational campaigns to make citizens aware of the high scale of disinformation developing on the Internet. In addition, proposed regulations such as the AIAct, which as a set of regulations on the proper use of tools equipped with artificial intelligence technology is expected to come into force in the next 2 years in the European Union may play an important role in reducing the scale of disinformation developing on the Internet.
I have described the key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology in my article below:
OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
To what extent has the scale of disinformation generated in online social media using applications based on generative artificial intelligence technology available on the Internet increased?
To what extent has the scale of disinformation generated using applications based on generative artificial intelligence technology available on the Internet increased?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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The scale of disinformation generated using generative artificial intelligence (AI) technology has significantly increased due to the widespread availability and advanced capabilities of these applications. AI-driven tools, such as deepfake generators and text generation models, can produce highly realistic and persuasive content, making it easier to create and spread false information. This proliferation of disinformation is amplified by social media platforms, where such content can be disseminated rapidly and widely. The accessibility of these AI tools to the general public further exacerbates the issue, as individuals with limited technical expertise can now generate convincing fake news, videos, and images, leading to a greater volume of disinformation circulating online.
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Kindly reply any detail if any....
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Roise Uddin Thanks for the reply
Yashar Salami Thanks for the reply
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How to fill the growing gap in energy production in a situation where combustion energy dominates, RES are little developed and nuclear energy is still not developed?
With what to fill the growing gap of lack of energy production in a situation where expensive energy sources based on combustion of fossil fuels still prevail, the price of energy produced from RES is steadily falling and the chaotic and short-sighted energy policy does not take into account the construction of nuclear power plants or plans to build the first nuclear power plants only in 2 decades time?
Due to economic development, including the development of energy-intensive industries and services, the demand for electricity is gradually increasing.
In addition, the development of electromobility is becoming an important factor in the growth of electricity demand. With the developing economy becoming a knowledge-based economy, an information economy, an economy in which the scale of implementation of new ICT, Industry 4.0/5.0, including the development of data centers using Big Data Analytics, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, Blockchain, etc. is growing rapidly, then in addition, the demand for energy is also growing rapidly. Another factor that is already increasing and will continue to increase the demand for electricity in the future is the process of ongoing global warming resulting in increased use of cooling equipment. On the other hand, the pace of energy development, including, first and foremost, energy that meets the guidelines of climate policy based on renewable and emission-free energy sources is not sufficient.
As a result, the energy deficit gap is growing every year, and will unfortunately continue to grow in the coming years unless appropriate reforms are undertaken and the green transformation processes of the energy sector are accelerated. In addition, the importance of this issue is particularly high in countries where types of energy sources such as nuclear power are underdeveloped or not developed at all is particularly important. Nuclear power is the type of energy sources that can act as an intermediate stage in the process of green transformation of the economy involving the replacement of conventional energy sources based on the combustion of fossil fuels with fully emission-free, climate and environmentally clean energy sources. In addition, countries where, for geographical, natural and geological reasons, it may be difficult to develop certain types of renewable energy such as limited opportunities for the construction of hydroelectric power plants due to the small scale of diversity in terms of terrain, few rivers and certain geological reasons, have a difficult situation in the implementation of the process of green transformation of the economy. A significant further factor not conducive to reducing the scale of the growing energy deficit gap may be the unreliable, short-sighted, haphazard, non-strategic energy, climate and environmental policies, in which there are even situations of limiting and/or blocking the development of certain types of renewable and carbon-free energy sources. An example is the blocking of the development of onshore wind energy in Poland in 2016 through the introduction of Law 10h, resulting in a strong increase in coal imports and a significant slowdown in the green energy transition. The result is that Poland's energy production is still significantly dominated by conventional power generation based on the combustion of fossil fuels, mainly coal and lignite, which accounts for more than 70 percent of Poland's total energy production. Paradoxically, even this relatively small share of RES power generation can, under favorable natural and climatic conditions, provide more than the usual amount of energy, much of which is wasted because it is not accepted by the dominant power industry, including government-controlled energy companies functioning as state-owned companies. The argument that is given by these large power companies to this anachronistic, irrational situation is the years-long lack of investment in the development of electricity transmission networks. Paradoxically, over the past 3 decades of time, most of the funds coming from the state's public finance system have been allocated to subsidizing unprofitable coal and lignite mines and maintaining the power plants where the aforementioned coal is burned.
The reason that in the past the development of renewable and emission-free sources of energy has been limited and even blocked is that nowadays there are more and more absurd situations of sorts, where during sunny and windy weather from prosumers, photovoltaic panels and household wind turbines installed by citizens on the roof of their homes, there is an above-average increase in electricity production, but all the energy generated is not used by energy companies due to the lack of adequately developed infrastructure of transmission networks and the lack of established energy storage facilities, batteries, a significant part of the energy generated from RES goes to waste, and in other months it happens to buy energy from other countries, when there is a periodic shortage of energy due to the growing demand for energy. The paradox and economic irrationality of this situation also lies in the fact that energy prices are steadily rising, and the cheapest sources of energy generated from wind and solar power are too slowly being developed.
As a result, energy policy, and also climate and environmental policy, in the country where I operate is being conducted chaotically, strategically and short-sightedly. The guidelines of the European Union's Green Deal are largely ignored, and this is despite the available financial subsidies from the European Union, which should be allocated to the green transformation of the energy sector. In addition, subsidies for combustion power generation based mainly on coal and lignite continue to dominate, which translates into high energy prices, poor air quality and the postponement of the implementation of the plan to build a sustainable, green, zero-emission closed-loop economy, an essential element of which is to build a zero-emission power industry based on RES.
In addition, there is almost no research, analysis and implementation work on new innovative energy technologies such as those based on hydrogen power technology, cold fusion technology, etc.
I am conducting research in this area. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
The key issues of the problematic sources of Poland's exceptionally deep energy cross in 2022 are described in my co-authored article below:
POLAND'S 2022 ENERGY CRISIS AS A RESULT OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE AND YEARS OF NEGLECT TO CARRY OUT A GREEN TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENERGY SECTOR
I invite you to study the problems described in the above-mentioned publications and scientific cooperation in this issue.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
What to fill the growing gap of lack of electricity production in a situation where expensive energy sources based on burning fossil fuels still prevail, the price of energy generated from RES is steadily falling and the chaotic and short-sighted energy policy does not include the construction of nuclear power plants or plans to build the first nuclear power plants only in 2 decades of time?
With what to fill the growing gap in energy production in a situation where combustion power dominates, RES are little developed and nuclear power is still not developed?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Respected sir;
Integrated water management systems combining hydraulic and porous media technologies can significantly enhance the efficiency of greywater recycling in residential buildings. Hydraulic systems efficiently transport and distribute greywater through networks of pipes, ensuring its smooth flow and proper allocation for recycling purposes. Porous media technologies, such as biofilters and sand filters, play a crucial role in purifying greywater by removing contaminants through physical, chemical, and biological processes. These media provide extensive surface areas for microbial growth, which degrades organic matter and pollutants. By integrating these technologies, residential buildings can effectively treat and reuse greywater for non-potable purposes like irrigation, toilet flushing, and landscaping, reducing fresh water demand, lowering utility costs, and promoting sustainable water use practices.
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This question challenges the traditional foundation of international relations theory - the concept of national interest. It proposes a novel framework that moves beyond state-centric thinking and prioritizes collective goals for a healthy planet and human flourishing. Analyzing international cooperation through this lens would involve:
  • Redefining Security: Security wouldn't just be about protecting national borders, but about ensuring global environmental and social security.
  • Measuring Success: Indicators of progress wouldn't just be economic growth or military strength, but metrics reflecting ecological health, poverty reduction, and global cooperation.
  • Emerging Governance: Exploring alternative models of international governance that prioritize global well-being, potentially involving greater power for supranational organizations or innovative forms of participatory democracy on a global scale.
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Mohammed Saaida
António José Rodrigues Rebelo
António José Rodrigues Rebelo
Rethinking "National Interest" for Global Well-being and Environmental Protection
In the face of global challenges like climate change, it is crucial to rethink the concept of "national interest" to prioritize global well-being and environmental protection. Traditionally, national interest has focused on economic growth, military strength, and geopolitical power. However, climate change transcends national borders, affecting ecosystems, economies, and societies worldwide. Here’s why and how national interest should be redefined:
Interconnectedness of Environmental and Economic Stability: Environmental degradation and climate change pose significant risks to economic stability, public health, and security. Prioritizing global well-being and environmental protection can lead to sustainable economic growth and reduce the costs associated with climate-related disasters.
Shared Responsibility and Collective Action: Climate change is a global problem that requires collective action. Nations must recognize their shared responsibility in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting biodiversity, and promoting sustainable practices. International cooperation, rather than unilateral action, becomes essential for effective climate mitigation and adaptation.
Long-term National Security: Environmental issues such as resource scarcity, extreme weather events, and climate-induced migration can threaten national security. By investing in global environmental protection, nations can mitigate these risks and ensure long-term security and stability.
Technological and Economic Opportunities: Embracing green technologies and sustainable practices opens new economic opportunities. Nations that lead in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and green innovation can gain a competitive advantage in the emerging global green economy.
Moral and Ethical Imperatives: There is a moral imperative to protect the planet for future generations. Prioritizing global well-being aligns with ethical considerations of justice and equity, ensuring that vulnerable populations are not disproportionately affected by environmental degradation.
Implementing a New Vision of National Interest
1. Policy Integration: Governments should integrate environmental considerations into all aspects of national policy, including economic planning, defense, and foreign policy. Environmental sustainability should be a key criterion in decision-making processes.
2. International Agreements: Strengthening international agreements like the Paris Agreement and ensuring their robust implementation can facilitate coordinated global action. Nations should commit to ambitious climate targets and collaborate on technology transfer and financial support for developing countries.
3. Education and Public Awareness: Increasing public awareness and understanding of the global nature of environmental issues can build support for policies that prioritize global well-being. Education systems should emphasize sustainability and the interconnectedness of environmental and human health.
4. Corporate Responsibility and Innovation: Encouraging businesses to adopt sustainable practices and invest in green technologies can drive economic growth while protecting the environment. Public-private partnerships can foster innovation and spread sustainable practices.
5. Resilient and Adaptive Systems: Developing resilient infrastructure and adaptive systems can help nations cope with the impacts of climate change. Investing in disaster preparedness, sustainable agriculture, and water management can enhance national and global resilience.
Conclusion
Rethinking national interest to prioritize global well-being and environmental protection is essential in addressing the existential threat of climate change. By recognizing the interconnectedness of environmental health, economic stability, and security, nations can work together towards a sustainable future that benefits all. This shift requires a comprehensive approach that includes policy integration, international cooperation, public engagement, corporate responsibility, and resilience building.
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The question aims to explain the basic interconnection of international security in relation to the concept of balance of power
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International security and the contemporary ideologies of balance of power are closely intertwined concepts in international relations. The balance of power theory suggests that stability is achieved in the international system when no single state or alliance of states becomes dominant enough to dictate the rules of the system to others. Here’s how international security relates to this ideology:
  1. Preventing Hegemony: One of the key objectives of the balance of power is to prevent the emergence of a hegemonic power that could threaten the security of other states. By ensuring that power is distributed among multiple actors, the risk of one actor dominating and imposing its will on others is reduced, contributing to overall security.
  2. Conflict Management: Balance of power can act as a mechanism for managing conflicts between states. When power is evenly distributed, states are incentivized to cooperate and engage in diplomacy rather than resorting to conflict as a means of achieving their objectives. This can help mitigate security threats and promote stability.
  3. Alliance Formation: States often form alliances based on the balance of power considerations. Smaller or weaker states may align with stronger states or form coalitions to balance against a common threat. These alliances can enhance the collective security of member states and contribute to a more stable international environment.
  4. Arms Race Dynamics: The balance of power can also influence dynamics related to arms races and military capabilities. States may seek to maintain a certain level of military strength to deter aggression from others and maintain their position within the balance of power framework. This can impact security perceptions and strategies.
  5. Regional Stability: Balance of power considerations are particularly relevant at the regional level, where interactions among neighboring states play a significant role in shaping security dynamics. Regional power balances can affect conflict resolution, cooperation, and the overall stability of a region.
In summary, international security is closely linked to the contemporary ideologies of balance of power through mechanisms aimed at preventing hegemony, managing conflicts, forming alliances, influencing arms race dynamics, and promoting regional stability. These dynamics highlight the complex interplay between power relations and security considerations in the international system
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With respect to Data Integrity and Confidentiality (Data Breaches).
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Rightly mentioned the consequences of Data breaches. Thanks for the response .
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Hello all,
I am currently doing my master degree programme in applied informatics and I would like to do master thesis related to DevOps or could be also Cloud native apps (ideally both focused on security ).
Im searching for some new and really reserach-worth topic but i find it hard to come up with some topic in this domain. I came up with some topics but unfortunately most of them are already published.
Can anyone help me please with topics along this path ?
Thanks
Šimon Zajac
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Thank you so much for idea, i'll look through it more.
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Hello Everyone!
I'm currently pursuing a Master of Science in Finance and am in search of research topic suggestions that align with my degree. However, my primary interest lies in the field of cybersecurity, specifically focusing on compliance, risk management, and governance (GRC), as well as offensive security. I aim to undertake a project that deeply integrates these interests within the finance domain.
I would greatly appreciate any recommendations or guidance on potential topics.
Thank you
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Dear Wyatt King,
In terms of my thesis topic on cyber security in finance, I propose to analyze the applicability of generative artificial intelligence technology in combination with Big Data Analytics and other Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies to improve online and mobile banking cyber security systems, instruments and applications.
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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In the security proof of CVQKD, it requires that the protocol is invariant under unitary transformations in phase-space. How to make a protocol satisfy unitary operation invariance?
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IYH Dear Jian Zhou
W/o using too much jargon: In quantum key distribution, we want to make sure that the method we use to share secure keys remains secure even when certain transformations happen. This property is called "invariant under unitary transformations in phase-space."
Think of phase-space as a special way of representing quantum systems using both position and momentum information. Unitary transformations involve changing the states and operations we use in a particular way. To satisfy unitary operation invariance, we need to design the quantum key distribution protocol in such a way that it remains secure even if we apply these transformations to the states and operations. It's like making sure that, even if we change how we encode and measure quantum information, our method of keeping the shared key secret still works reliably.
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Please suggest
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Let’s delve into both topics:
1. AI in Identity and Access Management (IAM)
Identity and Access Management (IAM) systems play a crucial role in securing digital resources by managing user identities, authentication, and authorization. Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) into IAM can yield significant benefits:
  1. Improved Security: AI algorithms can detect anomalies in user behavior, identifying potential threats before they cause harm. For instance, an AI-based IAM system can analyze login patterns (such as time, location, and user actions) to flag suspicious activity. Behavioral analysis allows AI to establish a comprehensive profile of normal activity, promptly detecting deviations.
  2. Secure Authentication: AI can replace traditional password-based authentication. Behavioral patterns become the new standard for identity verification. AI-driven authentication adapts to user behavior, enhancing security.
  3. Threat Prevention: AI and ML algorithms can predict and prevent security breaches. By analyzing historical data, they identify patterns associated with attacks. Proactive measures can be taken to thwart threats before they materialize.
  4. Efficient User Management: AI automates identity provisioning, user lifecycle management, and access governance. Streamlining these processes reduces administrative burden and enhances operational efficiency 12.
2. Libraries and AI, MI, and Blockchain
Libraries can leverage emerging technologies to enhance access to information while safeguarding privacy, security, and ethics:
  1. AI and MI: Data Analytics: Libraries can use AI and MI to analyze user behavior, preferences, and reading patterns. This helps tailor recommendations and improve content discovery. Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI-powered chatbots can assist users, answer queries, and provide personalized recommendations. Content Curation: AI algorithms can curate relevant content, ensuring users find valuable resources efficiently.
  2. Blockchain: Digital Preservation: Blockchain can secure digital assets, ensuring long-term preservation of cultural heritage, manuscripts, and rare documents. Decentralized Catalogs: Libraries can create decentralized catalogs using blockchain, allowing community-based collections and sharing. Privacy-Preserving Transactions: Blockchain-based currencies facilitate international financial transactions for library services. Credential Verification: Blockchain can verify credentials (e.g., information literacy certificates) securely and transparently.
  3. Privacy and Security Considerations: Libraries must balance openness with privacy. Implementing AI and blockchain should prioritize user consent, data protection, and transparency. Access control mechanisms, encryption, and secure protocols are essential. Libraries should actively engage in discussions about ethical AI and blockchain practices 345.
In summary, embracing AI, MI, and blockchain can revolutionize libraries, making information more accessible while upholding privacy and security standards.
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Thankyou.
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IYH Dear Igor Lima
I second the suggestion of Anatol Badach FWIW.
More tightly infosec focused at level of MSc student:
  1. Intrusion Detection with AI: Develop an AI-powered intrusion detection system that uses ML algorithms to analyze network traffic and identify potential threats. You can train the AI model on a dataset of network traffic patterns (you can use Wireshark, free) and use it to continuously monitor the network for any abnormal behavior or suspicious activities.
  2. AI-driven Malware Analysis: Create an intelligent system that uses AI techniques, such as natural language processing and machine learning, to analyze and classify malware samples. The system can automatically extract features from the malware files (eg PE files), detect patterns, and categorize them into different types of threats.
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Social media, linguistic security
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Dear Dr. Omar Hazaymeh ,
Social media can have both positive and negative impacts on linguistic security. On one hand, social media platforms can offer a permissive environment for the use and maintenance of minority languages, contributing to digital language vitality and revitalization. They can help create social networks between minority language speakers and provide a space for everyday communication in these languages.
On the other hand, social media can also contribute to linguistic insecurity. This is a discomfort or anxiety when speaking, often due to a speaker’s own evaluation of their way of speaking as inferior to a perceived “correct” or more prestigious language variety. The standard language ideology and stereotyping of accents on social media can perpetuate this insecurity, leading to prejudice and discrimination.
Moreover, there are concerns about foreign interference through social media, which can be an active threat to linguistic security by promoting certain languages or dialects over others for political purposes.
In summary, social media can both enhance and weaken linguistic security, depending on how it is used and the context in which language varieties are presented and valued.
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I am a research student and wanted to do a research in Blockchain-based security in Cloud Computing but my topic was thrown out because it was not specific. However, I have been thinking of how to coin my research topic to suit what my supervisors expect. I therefore need help in this regard.
I want to work in the novel area of integrating Blockchain technology in cloud computing to take care of security challenges (like cybercrime) based on research gaps from previous researchers.
Best regards,
Enuma Charles
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Thanks so very much for your suggestion, however, I couldn't figure out the text editor aspect. I will go through them but at the moment I am tilting towards the "Zero-Knowledge Proof" as an alternate technology for Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts. I will come back to you on the topic so we can take it a notch further.
Thank you again.
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كيف يمكن الموازنة بين رقمنة الادارة و أمن المعلومات؟
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Balancing digitalization of management with information security is crucial to ensure the efficient operation of digital systems while safeguarding sensitive data and protecting against cyber threats. Here are some strategies to achieve this balance:
  1. Risk Assessment: Conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify potential security vulnerabilities and prioritize areas that require enhanced protection. Understanding the risks associated with digitalization can help in implementing appropriate security measures.
  2. Implement Robust Security Measures: Deploy strong encryption, access controls, multi-factor authentication, and regular security updates to protect data and systems from unauthorized access. Utilize firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software to enhance security.
  3. Employee Training: Provide comprehensive training to employees on cybersecurity best practices, data handling protocols, and the importance of information security. Employees should be aware of potential threats and how to mitigate risks.
  4. Data Governance: Establish clear data governance policies and procedures to govern the collection, storage, and sharing of data. Define roles and responsibilities for data handling and ensure compliance with data protection regulations.
  5. Incident Response Plan: Develop an incident response plan to effectively respond to security incidents or data breaches. This plan should outline the steps to be taken in the event of a security incident, including containment, investigation, and recovery.
  6. Regular Audits and Monitoring: Conduct regular security audits and monitoring to identify and address security gaps or suspicious activities. Implement logging and monitoring tools to track system activities and detect anomalies.
  7. Vendor Management: If using third-party vendors or cloud services, ensure that they adhere to stringent security standards and protocols. Conduct due diligence on vendors' security practices and establish clear security requirements in contracts.
  8. Compliance with Regulations: Stay informed about data protection regulations and compliance requirements relevant to your industry. Ensure that digitalization efforts align with regulatory standards to avoid potential legal implications.
  9. Continuous Improvement: Information security is an ongoing process that requires continuous monitoring, assessment, and improvement. Regularly review and update security measures to adapt to evolving threats and technologies.
  10. Balancing Security and Usability: Strive to find a balance between security and usability in digital management systems. Implement security measures that do not overly hinder workflow efficiency or user experience.
By integrating these strategies into your digitalization efforts, you can effectively balance management digitalization with information security to safeguard data, systems, and operations from cyber threats.
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"In what ways might the integration of IoT confront apprehensions surrounding data confidentiality and security, specifically concerning the acquisition, retention, and conveyance of confidential data?"
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I will try my best to answer it in terms of Governance, Product organization, or the person tasked with integration, their or his/her commitment in terms of policies and procedures might help showcase their seriousness towards protecting the confidential data of their customers. Compliance with Industry standards and regulations is another step towards trust and faith.
Independent attestations are a piece of excellent evidence.
In terms of technical controls and security, various alternatives can be looked at, starting with access management, data anonymization, encryption, and control/data plane segregation, to name a few.
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Hello colleagues! What sections of information security relate to classified data from the position of publication? And is there liability in your countries for their disclosures in publications?
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Various sections of information can be classified or declassified at any time, depends on countries' particular security requirements.
In many countries, there is legal liability for unauthorized disclosures of classified information. Such disclosures can have serious consequences, including criminal charges, fines, and imprisonment. The specifics of liability depend on the country’s legal framework, the nature of the disclosure, and the intent behind it. Individuals who publish classified information without proper authorization may face legal repercussions, especially if the disclosure harms national security or violates laws and regulations.
Remember that handling classified data requires strict adherence to guidelines, and any unauthorized disclosure can have significant legal and security implications.
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How to reduce the risk of leakage of sensitive data of companies, enterprises and institutions that previously employees of these entities enter into ChatGPT?
How to reduce the risk of leakage of sensitive data of companies, enterprises and institutions, which previously employees of these entities enter into ChatGPT or other intelligent chatbots equipped with generative artificial intelligence technology in an attempt to facilitate their work?
Despite the training and updating of internal rules and regulations in many companies and enterprises regarding the proper use of intelligent chatbots, i.e., for example, the ChatGPT made available online by OpenAI and other similar intelligent applications that more technology companies are making available on the Internet, there are still situations where reckless employees enter sensitive data of the companies and enterprises where they are employed into these online tools. In such a situation, there is a high risk that the data and information entered into ChatGPT, Copilot or any other such chatbot may subsequently appear in a reply, an edited report, essay, article, etc. by this application on the smartphone, laptop, computer, etc. of another user of the said chatbot. In this way, another Internet user may accidentally or through a deliberate action of searching for specific data come into possession of particularly important, key, sensitive data for a business entity, public institution or financial institution, which may concern, for example, confidential strategic plans, i.e., information of great value to competitors or intelligence organizations of other countries. This kind of situation has already happened and occurred in some companies characterized by highly recognizable brands in specific markets for the sale of products or services. Such situations clearly indicate that it is necessary to improve internal procedures for data and information protection, improve issues of efficiency of data protection systems, early warning systems informing about the growing risk of loss of key company data, and improve systems for managing the risk of potential leakage of sensitive data and possible cybercriminal attack on internal company information systems. In addition, in parallel to improving the aforementioned systems that ensure a certain level of data and information security, internal regulations should be updated on an ongoing basis according to the scale of the risk, the development of new technologies and their implementation in the business entity, with regard to the issue of correct use by employees of chatbots available on the Internet. In parallel, training should be conducted, during which employees learn about both new opportunities and risks arising from the use of new applications and tools based on generative artificial intelligence technology made available on the Internet. Another solution to this problem may be to order the company to completely ban employees from using smart chatbots made available on the Internet. In such a situation, the company will be forced to create its own, operating as internal such applications and intelligent chatbots, which are not connected to the Internet and operate solely as integral modules of the company's internal information systems. This type of solution will probably involve the company incurring significant financial expenses as a result of creating its own such IT solutions. The costs can be significant and many small companies' financial barrier can be high. However, on the other hand, if the construction of internal IT systems equipped with their own intelligent chatbot solutions becomes an important element of competitive advantage over key direct competitors, the mentioned financial expenses will probably be considered in the category of financial resources allocated to investment and development projects that are important for the future of the company.
The key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology are described in my article below:
OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
How to reduce the risk of leakage of sensitive data of companies, enterprises and institutions, which employees of these entities previously input into ChatGPT or other intelligent chatbots equipped with generative artificial intelligence technology in an attempt to facilitate their work?
How do you mitigate the risk of leakage of sensitive data of companies, enterprises and institutions that previously employees of these entities enter into ChatGPT?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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What serious things can an LLM like ChatGPT be used for in work? From what I see, it is most often used by people who lack natural intelligence and use this tool to create shallow content. Especially in marketing and advertising. I'm probably not seeing everything, but the responses generated by ChatGPT themselves are so buggy and unreliable that I can't imagine anyone responsible using them for any serious purpose. Yes - the best solution seems to me to avoid using such tools in serious applications where the tool could have access to sensitive data, and to use it only as a successor to the "answering machine", or as a replacement for copywriters.
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My research is on Physical, Logical and Cyber-Persona Layers of cyberspace. I have to include what security threats can impact multiple layers.
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The three layers of cyberspace - Physical, Logical, and Cyber-Persona - are interconnected and interdependent, each playing a crucial role in the overall cybersecurity landscape. Here's how these layers relate to each other and how security threats can impact multiple layers:
  1. Physical Layer: The physical layer of cyberspace includes the tangible components of the infrastructure, such as servers, networking equipment, data centers, and physical connections. This layer forms the foundation on which the logical and cyber-persona layers operate. Security threats at the physical layer can have cascading effects on the higher layers. For example:Physical attacks on data centers or network infrastructure can disrupt services and compromise data integrity. Theft or sabotage of physical devices can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive information stored on those devices.
  2. Logical Layer: The logical layer encompasses the software, protocols, and configurations that govern the operation of the digital infrastructure. This layer includes operating systems, applications, firewalls, and encryption mechanisms. Security threats at the logical layer can impact both the physical and cyber-persona layers. For example:Malware infections can compromise the security of systems and data stored on physical devices. Vulnerabilities in software or misconfigurations can lead to unauthorized access and data breaches affecting cyber-personas.
  3. Cyber-Persona Layer: The cyber-persona layer represents the human element in cyberspace, including user identities, roles, behaviors, and interactions with digital systems. This layer is influenced by both the physical and logical layers and can be targeted by security threats that exploit vulnerabilities across all layers. For example:Phishing attacks targeting user credentials can compromise the security of the cyber-persona layer and lead to unauthorized access to systems and data. Social engineering tactics that manipulate human behavior can bypass technical controls implemented at the logical layer.
Security threats that impact multiple layers of cyberspace include:
  • Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) that combine physical, logical, and social engineering tactics to infiltrate networks and maintain long-term access.
  • Insider threats where malicious insiders exploit their access to physical resources, logical systems, and cyber-personas to carry out attacks.
  • Supply chain attacks that target vulnerabilities in hardware, software, or human interactions across all layers of cyberspace to compromise security.
In conclusion, while each layer of cyberspace has its unique characteristics and security considerations, they are interconnected, and threats targeting one layer can have repercussions across the entire cyberspace domain. It is essential for organizations to adopt a holistic approach to cybersecurity that addresses vulnerabilities and threats spanning the physical, logical, and cyber-persona layers.
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Brief summary of risks and security breaches while hosting information and applications on the cloud.
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Cloud systems and solutions offer numerous benefits, such as scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, they also introduce security risks that organizations need to address. Some common security risks associated with cloud systems and solutions include:
  1. Data breaches: Cloud systems store large amounts of sensitive data, making them attractive targets for cybercriminals. Data breaches can result in unauthorized access to confidential information, leading to financial losses and reputational damage.
  2. Insecure interfaces and APIs: Weaknesses in cloud interfaces and APIs can be exploited by attackers to gain unauthorized access to cloud resources. Organizations must ensure secure configuration and authentication mechanisms for interfaces and APIs.
  3. Data loss: Accidental deletion, hardware failure, or service provider outages can result in data loss in the cloud. Implementing data backup and recovery strategies is essential to mitigate the risk of permanent data loss.
  4. Lack of visibility and control: Organizations may have limited visibility and control over their data and systems in the cloud, especially in multi-tenant environments. This lack of control can make it challenging to monitor and secure cloud resources effectively.
  5. Compliance and regulatory issues: Cloud systems must comply with industry-specific regulations and data protection laws. Failure to meet compliance requirements can result in legal consequences and financial penalties.
  6. Insider threats: Insiders with privileged access to cloud systems can misuse their credentials to steal data, disrupt services, or compromise security. Implementing access controls and monitoring user activity can help detect and prevent insider threats.
  7. Shared infrastructure vulnerabilities: Cloud service providers host multiple tenants on shared infrastructure, increasing the risk of security vulnerabilities affecting multiple customers. Organizations should assess the security measures implemented by their cloud providers and ensure proper isolation of resources.
  8. DDoS attacks: Cloud systems are susceptible to distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, which can overwhelm cloud resources and disrupt services. Implementing DDoS mitigation strategies and working with cloud providers to enhance network security can help mitigate this risk.
To address these security risks, organizations should implement robust security measures, such as encryption, access controls, monitoring, and incident response plans. Conducting regular security assessments, staying informed about emerging threats, and collaborating with trusted cloud security providers can help organizations enhance the security of their cloud systems and solutions.
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Is there a connection between Fake News and Campus Security as it relates to academic programs and safety of academic staffs, students, non academic staff and campus visitors.
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But who defines what is fake and what is good news? The Government? Wouldn't it be better to strengthen media literacy so that everyone can recognize fraud more confidently?
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In 2024, the 5th International Conference on Computer Communication and Network Security (CCNS 2024) will be held in Guangzhou, China from May 3 to 5, 2024.
CCNS was successfully held in Guilin, Xining, Hohhot and Qingdao from 2020 to 2023. The conference covers diverse topics including AI and Machine Learning, Security Challenges in Edge Computing, Quantum Communication Networks, Optical Fiber Sensor Networks for Security, Nano-Photonic Devices in Cybersecurity and so on. We hope that this conference can make a significant contribution to updating knowledge about these latest scientific fields.
---Call For Papers---
The topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to:
Track 1: Computer Communication Technologies
AI and Machine Learning
Blockchain Applications in Network Defense
Security Challenges in Edge Computing
Cybersecurity in 5G Networks
IoT Security Protocols and Frameworks
Machine Learning in Intrusion Detection
Big Data Analytics for Cybersecurity
Cloud Computing Security Strategies
Mobile Network Security Solutions
Adaptive Security Architectures for Networks
Track 2: Advanced Technologies in Network Security
Quantum Communication Networks
Photonics in Secure Data Transmission
Optical Fiber Sensor Networks for Security
Li-Fi Technologies for Secure Communication
Nano-Photonic Devices in Cybersecurity
Laser-Based Data Encryption Techniques
Photonic Computing for Network Security
Advanced Optical Materials for Secure Communication
Nonlinear Optics in Data Encryption
Optical Network Architectures for Enhanced Security
All papers, both invited and contributed, will be reviewed by two or three expert reviewers from the conference committees. After a careful reviewing process, all accepted papers of CCNS 2024 will be published in SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering (ISSN: 0277-786X), and indexed by EI Compendex and Scopus.
Important Dates:
Full Paper Submission Date: March 17, 2024
Registration Deadline: April 12, 2024
Final Paper Submission Date: April 21, 2024
Conference Dates: May 3-5, 2024
For More Details please visit:
Invitation code: AISCONF
*Using the invitation code on submission system/registration can get priority review and feedback
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I'm looking for a team.
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With reference to banking security framework and operational security standards
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There are several ways to evaluate a security framework and operational security standards. Some key methods include:
  1. Conducting a security audit: This involves reviewing the security controls and processes in place, identifying any potential vulnerabilities or gaps, and making recommendations for improvement.
  2. Comparing against industry standards: Measure the security framework and operational security standards against established industry best practices and standards, such as ISO 27001, NIST Cybersecurity Framework, or CIS Controls.
  3. Performing penetration testing: This involves simulating cyber attacks to identify weaknesses in the security framework and operational security standards.
  4. Reviewing incident response procedures: Evaluate how the organization responds to security incidents and assess the effectiveness of the incident response plan.
  5. Monitoring security metrics: Track key security metrics, such as the number of security incidents, time to detect and respond to incidents, and the effectiveness of security controls.
  6. Seeking feedback from stakeholders: Gather input from employees, customers, and other stakeholders to understand their perceptions of the security framework and operational security standards.
By using a combination of these methods, organizations can effectively evaluate their security framework and operational security standards to identify areas for improvement and enhance overall security posture.
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The recognition process of all types of biometrics relies on the probabilistic judgment of variable physical and / or behavioral features of human beings. However, an authentication system requires the recognition result from authenticating the right person deterministically. But, biometrics recognition is inherently probabilistic and hence unreliable. Biometrics recognition can not yield a deterministic "yes/no" result as text passwords/PINs. Thus, biometrics can lower security.
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I appreciate the valuable time you spent writing your thoughtful answers.
Rachid Ait Maalem Lahcen, You mentioned it correctly: "and convenient."
Yashar Salami, You mentioned correctly: "false positives or false negatives."
Indeed, biometrics is not a fallacy; biometrics bear recognizable features of human beings.
Biometrics has so many security-lowering features!
A probabilistic recognition process can NOT be used to yield a deterministic "yes/no" result like a text password/PIN.
Moreover, biometrics spoofs are so easy to make.
How can biometrics improve security?
With more than a decade of hands-on research with different biometrics modalities, I realized biometrics is convenient, but biometrics can lower security. Biometrics has inherent security-lowering problems!
Please read my brief review article, "Biometrics is Not a Fallacy, But Can Lower Security." https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/biometrics-fallacy-can-lower-security-debesh-choudhury-phd/
Thank you so much.
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I'm writing a dissertation on the topic Security and Law: Legal and Ethical aspects of cybersecurity, public security and critical infrastructure security. Please answer keeping cybersecurity in focus vis-a-vis public security and critical infrastructure security.
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Cybersecurity faces numerous legal challenges, particularly concerning public and critical infrastructure security. Some of the key legal challenges include:
  1. Regulatory Compliance: Cybersecurity efforts must comply with a myriad of regulations and standards imposed by various governmental bodies.
  2. Data Protection Laws: With the rise in data breaches and privacy concerns, data protection laws are growing globally. Ensuring compliance with these laws while maintaining cybersecurity is a significant challenge.
  3. Intellectual Property Protection: Protecting intellectual property from cyber threats poses a legal challenge. Cyberattacks that steal proprietary information or trade secrets can result in significant financial losses and legal disputes.
  4. Jurisdictional Issues: Cyberspace operates across national borders, raising jurisdictional challenges when prosecuting cybercriminals or enforcing cybersecurity regulations.
  5. Liability and Responsibility: Determining liability and responsibility in a cyber incident can be legally complex.
  6. Cybersecurity Information Sharing: Sharing cybersecurity threat information among organizations and with government agencies is critical for improving overall cybersecurity posture. However, legal barriers such as privacy laws and concerns about antitrust violations can hinder effective information sharing.
Addressing these legal challenges requires collaboration among policymakers, legal experts, cybersecurity professionals, and other stakeholders to develop comprehensive and effective legal frameworks that protect public and critical infrastructure security while respecting individual rights and privacy. Priyanshi Prakriti
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give me conceptual literature, foreign studies, local studies, and theoretical framework about Adoption of Online Security Practices among Residents of Iloilo City?
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The adoption of online security practices among residents of Iloilo City, like in many other cities, is crucial to protect personal information, financial assets, and overall cybersecurity. Some common online security practices that residents of Iloilo City (and elsewhere) should consider adopting include:
  1. Using strong, unique passwords for online accounts and regularly changing them.
  2. Enabling two-factor authentication for an added layer of security.
  3. Keeping software, operating systems, and antivirus programs up to date to patch any security vulnerabilities.
  4. Avoiding clicking on suspicious links or downloading attachments from unknown sources.
  5. Being cautious about sharing personal information online, especially on social media platforms.
  6. Using secure Wi-Fi networks and avoiding public Wi-Fi for sensitive transactions.
  7. Regularly monitoring financial accounts for any unauthorized transactions.
  8. Backing up important data regularly to prevent data loss in case of a cyber attack.
  9. Educating oneself about common online scams and phishing tactics to avoid falling victim to them.
To promote the adoption of these online security practices among residents of Iloilo City, local government agencies, cybersecurity organizations, and community groups can conduct awareness campaigns, workshops, and training sessions. They can also provide resources and guidelines on how to stay safe online and offer support for individuals who may have been victims of cyber crimes. Additionally, collaboration with internet service providers and businesses to enhance cybersecurity measures can help create a safer online environment for residents of Iloilo City.
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While integrating manufacturing design, Industrial Revolution 4.0, and Lean Manufacturing can bring significant benefits but there are also challenges and problems that can arise in the process in term of Data Privacy and Security. How we can solve this problems?
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ResearchGate Link:
(PDF) Improving Lean engagement through utilising improved communication, recognition and digitalisation during the COVID-19 pandemic in JLR's powertrain machining facility (researchgate.net)
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I am a PhD student and I want to create a secure document verification solution using blockchain technologyn? I identified various security parameters for my research like authencation,key management,access permission,atomicity,smart contract security .Coul you please tell me these parameters are correct or not?
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Your identified security parameters for creating a secure document verification solution using blockchain technology are relevant and important considerations. Here is a brief overview of each parameter:
  1. Authentication: Authentication is crucial for verifying the identity of users and ensuring that only authorized individuals have access to the system. Implementing strong authentication mechanisms, such as multi-factor authentication, can enhance the security of your document verification solution.
  2. Key Management: Key management involves securely generating, storing, and handling cryptographic keys that are used for transactions and data encryption on the blockchain. Proper key management practices are essential to prevent unauthorized access and protect sensitive information.
  3. Access Permission: Controlling access permissions is essential for managing user roles and privileges within the blockchain network. By defining and enforcing access control policies, you can restrict access to sensitive documents and ensure that only authorized users can interact with the system.
  4. Atomicity: Atomicity refers to the property of transactions being executed as a single, indivisible unit. Ensuring atomicity in blockchain transactions is important to maintain data consistency and integrity. If a transaction fails midway, atomicity ensures that it is rolled back to its original state.
  5. Smart Contract Security: Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with predefined rules encoded on the blockchain. Ensuring the security of smart contracts is critical to prevent vulnerabilities and exploits that could be exploited by malicious actors. Auditing smart contracts and following best practices for secure coding are essential steps in enhancing smart contract security.
In addition to the security parameters you have identified, when considering blockchain interoperability, it is important to also address the following aspects:
  1. Interoperability Protocols: Implementing interoperability protocols that allow different blockchain networks to communicate and share data securely.
  2. Data Privacy: Ensuring the privacy of sensitive documents and personal information stored on the blockchain through encryption and data protection measures.
  3. Consensus Mechanisms: Selecting appropriate consensus mechanisms that align with the security requirements of your document verification solution.
  4. Regulatory Compliance: Adhering to relevant data protection regulations and compliance standards to ensure legal and regulatory requirements are met.
By incorporating these security parameters and considerations into your research and development process, you can create a robust and secure document verification solution using blockchain technology.
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Here are some additional questions that may help answer the main question on the subject:
• What are the existing problems with the accessibility, efficiency, security, and user-friendliness of blockchain and smart contracts?
• How do we need to design and develop smart contracts to ensure further adoption and continuous improvement of this technology?
• What technologies can we leverage to enable smart contracts with the potential to transform more traditional processes across industries, offering benefits to individuals, businesses, and communities?
• What kind of users need to gain access to smart contracts? In what situations?
• What other characteristics of smart contracts can we consider?
#research #question #researchquestion #smartcontract #smartcontracts #smartlegalcontracts #blockchain #laws #regulations #tech #technology #governance #emergingtech #ai #accessibility #efficiency #security #userfriendliness
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Several technologies can enhance the accessibility, efficiency, security, user-friendliness, and other features of smart contracts. Some of these technologies include:
  1. Blockchain Technology: Utilizing blockchain technology can enhance the security and transparency of smart contracts by providing a decentralized and immutable ledger for transactions.
  2. Cryptography: Implementing advanced cryptographic techniques can strengthen the security and privacy of smart contracts by ensuring secure data transmission and storage.
  3. Multi-signature Wallets: Using multi-signature wallets can enhance the security of smart contracts by requiring multiple parties to authorize transactions, reducing the risk of unauthorized access.
  4. Oracles: Integrating oracles can improve the efficiency and functionality of smart contracts by enabling them to interact with external data sources, making them more versatile and capable of executing complex tasks.
  5. Zero-Knowledge Proofs: Employing zero-knowledge proofs can enhance the privacy and confidentiality of smart contracts by allowing parties to prove the validity of a statement without revealing the underlying data.
  6. Interoperability Protocols: Implementing interoperability protocols can improve the compatibility and connectivity of smart contracts with other blockchain networks, enhancing their usability and accessibility.
  7. Scalability Solutions: Utilizing scalability solutions such as sharding or layer 2 protocols can enhance the efficiency and performance of smart contracts by increasing transaction throughput and reducing congestion on the blockchain network.
By leveraging these technologies, smart contracts can become more secure, efficient, user-friendly, and accessible, unlocking their full potential in various industries and applications.
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I have a paper that is coming up and I need to figure out a ”how” or “why” research question that is related to international security and U.S.-China relations but it has to be something that has never been researched on before. There needs to be a research gap, why it is puzzling and interesting, and what my thesis would be to it. Can you help me by listing some questions that have never been done before?
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Yes my book Pilitics of War and Peace has many timeless questions not raised recently but relevant
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Why don't the companies running social networking sites that make money from ads posted on their social media bear full responsibility for the content of the ads posted and for the financial, social, moral and other damages caused by ads that are not properly verified?
In today's most popular online social media, there have recently been many untrustworthy advertisements for various products and services, including misleading ads presenting false, unreliable, fraudulent offers of pseudo financial services. Often beginners or experienced influencers and youtubers play the role of presenting certain offers. Sometimes the people presenting certain untrustworthy offers of products or services are seemingly random people who, seemingly as mere citizens of the Internet who want to share their experiences of using various offers, presenting mainly or exclusively positive aspects of using certain presented products and services in reality are paid by the companies whose offers they present. Sometimes influencers and youtubers are given ownership of a specific advertised product for free as a form of gratification. In addition, artificial intelligence technology is increasingly being used to create advertising spots broadcast on social media. Individuals and companies using generative artificial intelligence technology, including applications based on AI technology available for free on the Internet to create advertising spots are taking advantage of legal loopholes, i.e. the lack of legal regulations that would normalize this sphere of the use of AI technology and limit the scale of misinformation, generation of fejknews, untrustworthy advertisements presenting various product and service offers using misleading content to the public that is inconsistent with facts, unverified using reliable, objective expert knowledge, scientific research conducted, etc. In addition, in AI-generated spots, animations and advertising videos, more and more often, instead of human influencers and youtubers, there are replacing them with a kind of avatars, digitally generated people who do not exist in reality. It happens that digitally generated images of real existing public figures of politicians, athletes, showbiz people, actors, singers, etc. are used in unreliably generated spots, animations and advertising videos, into whose mouths are put statements, texts, words that in reality they have never spoken. Recently, more and more often in the online social media, in which there are certain segments, generations of Internet users, citizens, there are many unreliable, taking advantage of the low level of knowledge in the field, offers of pseudo financial services, offers of supposedly super easy and highly profitable investments in cryptocurrencies, in miraculous investment strategies in Bitcoin requiring virtually no knowledge of finance, extra unique investment offers in precious metals, in contracts on selected securities, shares of dynamically growing startups basing their development on artificial intelligence technology, conducting innovative research projects with the aim of creating a miracle cure for cancer or other difficult-to-treat or incurable diseases. Public organizations and institutions representing the interests of consu