Sea Level Rise - Science topic

This study conducts a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of tsunami vulnerability modelling using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess research trends, methodologies, and challenges in disaster risk assessment. Sixty-six articles published between 2014 and 2024 were analyzed from the Scopus database, revealing...

Climate change has continued to cause severe coastal flooding, erosion, and storm surge in the northeastern U.S. region. Compounding the coastal storm challenge, this region also experienced multiple 1-in-100-, 1-in-200-, and 1-in-500-year rainfall events in 2024. In recent years, community-based flood risk management has become an important compon...

The rapid warming in polar regions highlights the need to monitor climate change impacts such as glacier retreat and related global sea level rise. Glacier area is an essential climate variable but its tracking is complicated by the labour-intensive manual digitisation of satellite imagery. Here we introduce ICEmapper, a deep learning model that ma...

Background Large quantities of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and other persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances (PBTs) like heavy metals have accumulated mainly over the last century in reservoirs, such as landfills, dump sites, contaminated sites, and mine tailings, as well as in environmental sinks like soils and sediments. Large f...

Maldives has been impacted by a mass dieback of mangroves in its northern islands during March 2020 and March 2021. This dieback particularly affected the Bruguiera cylindrica, which holds historical and cultural significance to the local community. There are significant concerns regarding the consequences of such an incident, considering the vital...

Soil salinity is a grave environmental threat to agricultural development and food security in large parts of the world, especially in the situation of global warming and sea level rise. Reliable information on the adaptive capacity of farms plays a key role in reducing the socioeconomic effects of soil salinization and helps policymakers and farme...

Subglacial hydrology plays an important role in controlling glacier behaviour, influencing glacier retreat and the resulting contributions to sea level rise. Here we present a detailed seasonal data set from four soft-bedded temperate glaciers and demonstrate a continuum of subglacial hydrology from channelized to a multichannel distributed behavio...

Climate change is increasingly recognized as a driver of human migration, as extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and environmental degradation force populations to relocate. This phenomenon, known as climate-induced migration, presents profound challenges to public health, including increased exposure to infectious diseases, mental health disor...

Climate change is a critical global challenge with profound implications for public health. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, deteriorating air and water quality, and ecosystem disruptions exacerbate existing health risks, particularly for vulnerable communities. This paper examines the role of engineering in mitigating and adapting to c...

Climate change is a critical global challenge with profound implications for public health. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, deteriorating air and water quality, and ecosystem disruptions exacerbate existing health risks, particularly for vulnerable communities. This paper examines the role of engineering in mitigating and adapting to c...

The studies done on Dalichai Formation in Central Alborz, South Polour Formation of an 80 m thick that are systematically sampled at intervals of 2 meters and selected the 40 rock samples for the preparation of thin sections considered and in addition to lithology; characteristics of the stone, and index examples of Ammonites were also studied. Dal...

Climate change is causing rapid shrinkage of high-latitude glaciers, fundamentally altering the nature of Arctic landscapes. Now, research quantifies the substantial, yet under-reported, development of new coastlines and islands that are revealed as marine-terminating glaciers fall back from the sea. The rate of climate warming in the Arctic is at...

Because of the service, coastal areas are frequently densely populated worldwide. provided by the sea in sustaining the livelihoods of millions of people. Since the last several decades, when human climate change and the resulting sea level rise were recognized as real threats to coastal ecosystems and communities. As Balasore District is a coastal...

It is estimated that around 10% of the world’s population lives in low-lying coastal areas, with an altitude of up to 10 m: considered vulnerable to unequivocal sea level rise, as result of climate change. This study sought to assess the coastal environmental vulnerabilities of the municipality of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in these lowlands,...

Qaitbay Fort (884 AH/ 1479 CE) is a symbolic landmark in Alexandria. Qaitbay, the Mamluk Sultan, erected this fort on the geostrategic location at Pharos Island to fortify Alexandria on the same location of the splendid Ptolemaic Lighthouse in 284 BCE. Chronology illustrates the exposures and vulnerabilities on Pharos Island. The Lighthouse was ent...

Ice sheets are the primary contributors to global sea level rise, yet projecting their future contributions remains challenging due to the complex, nonlinear processes governing their dynamics and uncertainties in future climate scenarios. This study introduces ISEFlow (v1.0), a neural network-based emulator of the ISMIP6 ice sheet model ensemble d...

With global climate warming, Antarctic ice sheet melting has garnered increasing attention, as changes in liquid water content (LWC) significantly affect sea level rise and regional climate. This study integrates SMOS L-band passive microwave data with the LS-MEMLS microwave emission model and employs the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm to re...

Manuscript in review. Also available as an EarthArXive preprint here ... https://eartharxiv.org/repository/view/8796/ ... ABSTRACT: English archaeological literature, its sea-level significance hitherto underappreciated, is reviewed here from a geological (sedimentological) perspective. Five Roman-built (~300AD) waterside forts and a seaside palace...

Basal conditions that facilitate fast ice flow are still poorly understood and their parameterization in ice‐flow models results in high uncertainties in ice‐flow and consequent sea‐level rise projections. Direct observations of basal conditions beneath modern ice streams are limited due to the inaccessibility of the bed. One approach to understand...

Long-term time series of bathymetric data of coastal zones are indispensable for analysing coastal morphological resilience to climate change. Here, we demonstrate that inconsistency in the spatial resolution of small-scale topographic features characterized by sharp bathymetric gradients, such as tidal creeks and streams, could produce an artifici...

To accurately evaluate the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) mass change rate and its spatiotemporal characteristics, we derive the AIS mass change series from April 2002 to December 2023 using an improved point-mass model approach with data-driven regularization matrices and iteratively determined multiple regularization parameters. Then, we analyze the s...

Rates of relative sea-level rise during the final stage of the last deglaciation, the early Holocene, are key to understanding future ice melt and sea-level change under a warming climate¹. Data about these rates are scarce², and this limits insight into the relative contributions of the North American and Antarctic ice sheets to global sea-level r...

The world is facing substantial threats from climate change such as extreme weather events, floods, biodiversity loss, sea-level rise, and ecosystem degradation. The objective of this study is to assess the livelihood vulnerability index of communities in flood-prone areas, specifically investigating the reasons behind their vulnerability, their in...

The detection of grounding line (GL) positions in Antarctica is crucial for investigating the stability and health of ice sheets and glaciers. In reality the GL position is not fixed and will migrate upstream or downstream in response to varying tidal states on an hourly to daily timescale, or in response to longer-term ice dynamic change. However,...

Global mean sea levels have risen at an accelerating rate over the past century in response, primarily to greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. We use MAGICC7, a reduced complexity climate-carbon cycle model, to quantify how emissions traced to the Carbon Majors, the world’s 122 largest fossil fuel and cement producers, from...

The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) plays a crucial role in sea level rise (SLR). We investigate its response to warming thresholds over two centuries using a coupled regional-atmospheric ice sheet model (MAR-PISM, respectively run at 25 km and 4.5 km resolutions). We explore responses under global atmospheric warmings from +0.6 °C to +5.8 °C since pre-...

The preliminary results of the implementation of an integrated GIS database for monitoring and management of the evolution of Sardinian beaches (Mediterranean Sea) are presented. evolution trends of the coastline, the shoreline retreat in relation to the rate of sea-level rise (SLR), presence of geological, biological and anthropic constraints that...

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) ~56 million years ago, provides one of the best geological analogues for investigating how marine oxygen levels respond to rapid global warming and massive perturbations to the global carbon cycle. Various studies on PETM shelf sections have documented the deposition of an extensive organic-rich sapropel...

The results of a geophysical study of the seabed of the continental shelf of the western Sardinia margin (Mediterranean Sea, Italy) are presented. The focus of the study was to provide evidence of the various submerged coastal systems associated with the last eustatic cycle. In particular, the study focused on beach barriers, submerged depositional...

The Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) is the main agricultural production region in Vietnam producing rice, fruits, shrimps, livestock among a variety of crops. The current VMD agricultural production system (APS) is under threat from sea level rise aggravated by climate change causing further inland salinity intrusion. Transition pathways towards incr...

This study evaluates the impact of aquatic salinity on the Above Ground Biomass (AGB) of five dominant mangrove species namely Sonneratia apetala, Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Avicennia officinalis, and Excoecaria agallocha. The research was conducted across 24 stations in Indian Sundarbans with varying salinity profiles during 2024 to better...

In recent decades, climate change has emerged as a significant issue, causing ongoing increases in ocean and atmospheric temperatures. This trend indicates that sea levels are expected to rise at faster rates in the future compared to the present sea level. Ongoing increases in sea levels could potentially trigger catastrophic natural disasters wor...

Coastal regions face increasing pressure from climate change, sea-level rise, and growing coastal populations. This “coastal squeeze” threatens both the systems’ sustainability and their ecosystem services. Coastal changes depend on the distribution of sediment throughout the system, which evolves continuously through complex transport processes. W...

Mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet is a major contributor to global sea-level rise and is expected to intensify with ongoing Arctic warming. Given the threat of sea-level rise to coastal communities, accurately projecting future contributions from the Greenland ice sheet is crucial. This study evaluates the expected sea-level contribution from...

Primarily solar control of global warming and cooling for the last 9,000 years is proven by the striking likeness between published graphs of (1) average near-surface air temperature (from proxies and, since 1880, NASA-GISS thermometer data) and (2) solar-magnetic output. Graph-to-graph visual cross-matching of spikes and multi-century trends revea...

Mangrove forests protect coastlines from erosion, enhance biodiversity, store carbon, and support coastal communities. These ecosystems rely on hydrological conditions. This paper reviews past, present, and future hydrological characteristics of Bangladesh’s Sundarbans to guide restoration and sustainable development. It examines historical and pro...

We analyze how salinity affects rice profitability and land use in the Vietnam Mekong Delta with a 3‐year data set from 758 rice‐producing households. Our findings reveal a substantial impact of salinity exposure on rice profits at the field level, with high salinity reducing average profits by over 75%. Additionally, declines in expected profitabi...

Examining tropical futurisms through cinema, this paper analyzes two recent documentary films directed by Spanish-American filmmaker Gemma Cubero del Barrio: the short film Our Atoll Speaks: Ko Talatal Mai to Matou Wenua (2019) and the feature documentary The Island in Me (2021). Each is filmed on the remote Pacific Island atoll of Pukapuka in the...

Antarctic ice shelves buttress the grounded ice sheet, mitigating global sea level rise. However, fundamental mechanical properties, such as the ice flow law and viscosity structure, remain under debate. In this work, by leveraging remote-sensing data and physics-informed deep learning, we provide evidence over several ice shelves that the flow law...

Nature‐based solutions (NbS), integrating ecosystems and natural processes, offer a promising approach to deliver benefits to both ecosystems and human society. In estuarine and coastal regions, highly vulnerable to storm surges and large wave exposures, NbS schemes are often primarily evaluated for flood risk. Comprehensive assessments of their br...

In this paper, we describe the design process of a public engagement activity about sea level rise aimed at young adults (aged 16 to 25) living in the Netherlands that was intended to reduce participants' psychological distance to sea level rise. We conducted the activity on multiple occasions, including at a science festival and in vocational educ...

Background Dengue, the fastest-spreading vector-borne disease (VBD), significantly burdens global health systems. This study analyzed the trends in the global burden of dengue from 1990 to 2021, utilizing data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 (GBD 2021). Methodology/Principal findings We retrieved data from...

An often-mentioned source of uncertainty when projecting future sea level rise with ice sheet models is the choice of basal friction law. Previous studies do not agree on whether this choice causes significantly different projections. We use the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM) to show that the sensitivity of the projected sea level rise to the cho...

Mangrove degradation is common in many (sub)tropical coastal areas, driven by anthropogenic activities such as overharvesting of natural resources. Additional pressures, such as increasing population, and sea level rise associated with climate change, are affecting the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem in Bangladesh. The protection and restoration of t...

With elevations mostly less than 2 m, the Florida Keys, an island chain stretching nearly two hundred kilometers from Biscayne Bay to Key West, Florida, is among the most vulnerable coastal regions globally. As the threats from tropical cyclones, storm surges, and sea level rise intensify, urbanized areas increasingly rely on shoreline armoring, di...

Mass redistribution on Earth due to dynamic processes such as ice melting and sea level rise leads to a changing gravitational field, observable by geodetic techniques. Monitoring this change over time allows us to learn more about our planet and its dynamic evolution. In this paper, we highlight the impact of General Relativity (GR) on geodesy: it...

The Maldives is one of the few atoll countries in the world, with an average elevation of just 1.5 m above sea level. The country faces the possibility of submersion, without adequate adaptation measures, if the current trends persist. The present study aimed to examine the societal context of observed differences in perceptions regarding climate c...

Ice sheet models should be able to accurately simulate palaeo ice sheets to have confidence in their projections of future polar ice sheet mass loss and resulting global sea level rise. This requires accurate reconstructions of the extent and flow patterns of palaeo ice sheets using real-world data. Such reconstructions can be achieved by tracing t...

Climate change has long been considered a big problem by many politicians and ordinary people. This change in the world ecosystem has serious effects on world geopolitics in a global sense, as well as its effects on living things on Earth. As the effects of climate change increase in the coming years, it seems inevitable that this will cause major...

Climate change poses a significant threat to humanity by intensifying multiple hazards. South Pacific Island countries (SPICs) are affected and face a dire challenge to survival. Sea level rise is reducing the already limited land for human and animal habitation. Tropical cyclones and droughts are having devastating effects on the lives of humans a...

Stratigraphy of non-marine sections and dynamics of marine transgressions in the deep geological past are important, yet challenging issues. Here we discuss results obtained from the Triassic-Jurassic (T-J) boundary interval of the Niekłań PIG drillcore section (Holy Cross Mountains or HCM, SE Poland). The core represents an expanded record of cont...

Introduction. The PROTECCT-GLAM project aims to assess and address climate risks for U.S. galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAMs). The project team began with creating a national dataset of GLAMs. Method. The project team used existing datasets that required different auditing and manipulation techniques to align its data. Following the...

Tsunami hazards in Southern California are expected to be exacerbated by the climate change driven sea level rise (SLR). Two key questions are how relevant is this exacerbation and whether tsunami design parameters are significantly affected. We perform a non‐stationary probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (nPTHA) in the Southern California bays...

The study assesses the impact of sea level rise (SLR) and the Can Gio Superport on sedimentation and erosion in the Soai Rap, Long Tau, and Go Gia rivers in southern Vietnam. By analyzing future scenarios for 2030, 2040, 2050, and 2100, the research examines changes in riverbed morphology under projected SLR and the superport’s development. The res...

Manuscript in review. Also available as an EarthArXive preprint here ... https://eartharxiv.org/repository/view/8741/ . This contribution, proving that soot rather than CO2 is the cause of global warming, JUSTIFIES A MAJOR EXPANSION OF GLOBAL EXPLORATION FOR NATURAL GAS (emits almost no soot when properly combusted), to replace soot-emitting coal i...

Bangladesh coast located in the lower part of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta (GBMD) regularly faces different flooding events from tidal flooding, pluvial flooding, and storm surge flooding. Cyclone-induced storm surge flooding is the most devastating flood event among all the flooding events in the GBMD in terms of human death toll and econom...

Alongside global climate change, many freshwater ecosystems are experiencing substantial shifts in the concentrations and compositions of salt ions coming from both land and sea. We synthesize a risk framework for anticipating how climate change and increasing salt pollution coming from both land and saltwater intrusion will trigger chain reactions...

This study focuses on localized groundwater flooding (GWF) in Zliten, Libya. The GWF caused significant damage to approximately 200 houses, leading to the relocation of 80 families. The lack of scientifically identified reasons for this groundwater upsurge poses challenges for effective remedial actions. To investigate the flooding causes, remote s...

The complex stratigraphic setting of alternating volcanic and fluvial–lacustrine sedimentary deposits in the surroundings of Castel Cellesi village (Latium region, central Italy) offers an unprecedented opportunity to examine the influence of glacio-eustatic forcing on the depositional processes during Pleistocene times in the upper catchment of th...

Coastal areas are highly dynamic environments, vulnerable to natural processes and human interventions. This study presents the first application of the Integrated Coastal Vulnerability Index (ICVI) in Cyprus, focusing on two major tourism-dependent beaches, Fig Tree Bay and Vrysi Beach, located along the Protaras coastline. Despite their economic...

Coastal areas play a vital role in the face of climate change, especially concerning sea level rise, coastal protection, and ecosystem preservation. This study investigates the impacts of hard coastal protection on mesotidal inlets, focusing also on seasonal sediment shift and comparing natural versus modified systems. A surface facies map was comp...

Sea level rise (SLR) has become a growing concern for low lying and small island countries. Dispute regarding determining maritime zones arises nowadays due to the disappearance of lands and an increase in waterways as the boundary for baseline becomes uncertain as a result of sea level rise. Due to SLR countries have to shift their baseline in ord...

Traditionally, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is believed to exit the brain via arachnoid villi, being absorbed into the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), with a net flow towards these exit sites driven by constant CSF turnover. However, measuring these velocities non-invasively in humans is challenging due to their slow nature and the presence of relative...

Sea level forecasting is essential for effective coastal management and strategic planning, particularly in addressing the challenges posed by rising sea levels. Accurate predictions can guide informed decisions, such as resettlement strategies for vulnerable communities. However, the accuracy of time series models is often limited by the quality o...

Active conservation of an ice sheet seeks to reduce ice sheet mass loss and sea level rise. Here we explore the response of Sermeq Kujalleq in Greenland to limiting warm water inflow to the fjord it terminates by raising the sill by an artificial barrier at its mouth. We asynchronously couple an ice sheet model with a fjord model, and simulate glac...

Saltwater intrusion (SWI) into coastal freshwater systems is a growing concern in the face of climate change‐driven sea level rise and hydrologic variability. Saltwater contamination of surface freshwater in the coastal California Pajaro Valley exemplifies this concern, where surface water cannot be diverted for agriculture if it is too saline. Clo...

Mangroves of the Java Transitional is a regional ecosystem subgroup (level 4 unit of the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology). It includes the marine ecoregions of Southern Java and Cocos-Keeling/Christmas Island. The Java Transitional mangrove province mapped extent in 2020 was 159.9 km2, representing 0.1% of the global mangrove area. The biota is char...

Mangroves show a biogenic response to adjust sea-level rise by accumulating sediment and carbon (vertical soil accretion), reshaping their structure and composition to minimize the effects. Additionally, the often-overlooked factors of soil nutrient availability, functional traits, and stand structure can alter the mangrove diversity-salinity-produ...

Mangroves of the North Brazil Shelf (NBS) are a regional ecosystem subgroup (level 4 unit of the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology). It includes the marine ecoregions of Amazonia, Guianan, Northeastern Brazil, and the Southern Caribbean. The NBS mangrove province had a mapped extent in 2020 of 13204.0 km2, representing 9.0% of the global mangrove area...

Jakarta, a bustling Asian city, grapples with flooding issues due to urbanization, land subsidence, and climate changes. To tackle these challenges, an innovative solution is needed. This study assesses paddy field dam (PFD) to address these complex flood issues. PFD is the latest innovation of flood countermeasure from Japan, by applying the water...

Along much of the Arctic coast, shoreline retreat and sea level rise combine to inundate permafrost. Once inundated by seawater, permafrost usually begins to degrade. Tuktoyaktuk Island (Beaufort Sea, Northwest Territories, Canada) is an important natural barrier protecting the harbor of Tuktoyaktuk but will likely be breached within the next 2 dec...

The Nile Delta is an important productive region full of natural and socio-economic potential for development, promising cities, and gateways. However, the coastal zone of the Nile Delta is one of the regions impacted by sea level rise (SLR). This rise may have an impact on regional land use and development strategies. The research focuses on the i...

This chapter evaluates the economic impacts of sea level rise on Japan’s 47 prefectures using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, focusing on the direct and indirect effects of land loss. By analyzing two future scenarios—SSP1-2.6, which assumes a sustainable socioeconomic pathway, and SSP5-8.5, which represents high greenhouse gas concen...

Sea level rise poses significant inundation risks to coastal areas worldwide. Chap. 11 evaluates the impacts of inundation, the effectiveness of adaptation measures, and the associated costs in Japanese coastal areas. First, we estimate the potentially inundated areas, affected populations, and economic damages under two greenhouse gas emission sce...

This chapter describes the impact of climate change on natural beaches and the inundation of mega-delta cities in Japan. First, the nationwide retreat of beaches is discussed based on the national beach geometry database under several SSP scenarios. Under the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, it is projected that 30-60% of Japan’s major natural beac...

We develop a framework combining statistical and hydrodynamic overland inundation modeling to assess the combined effect of compound flooding and relative sea level rise (RSLR) on urban functional areas in terms of flood hazard and exposure. This framework uses maximum flood depth (MFD), maximum flood area, and maximum flood volume (MFV) as metrics...

Coastal wetlands can store carbon by sequestering more carbon through primary production than they release though biogenic greenhouse gas production. The joint effects of saltwater intrusion and sea level rise (SWISLR) and changing precipitation patterns alter sulfate and oxygen availability, challenging estimates of biogenic greenhouse gas emissio...

People experience heritage at historic sites as landscapes that include both environmental and cultural meaning. Heritage as social action overcomes the dichotomies of nature versus culture and past versus present, which are obstacles to resiliency and sustainability in this era of rising sea levels. That insight is exemplified by a program address...

The coastal region of Bangladesh along the Bay of Bengal is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts, including land erosion, sea level rise, and extreme weather events, while also offering economic opportunities in fisheries, tourism, and port facilities. This comprehensive study examines the correlation between temperature, sea level rise, and...

Climate change is causing glaciers in Pakistan’s Karakoram, Himalayan, and Hindu Kush mountain ranges to melt at unprecedented rates. This melting significantly affects agriculture, vulnerable populations, and regional water resources, resulting in psychological distress and environmental insecurity. This study explores the effect of glacier meltin...

The stability of the Antarctic ice sheet under different fixed CO2 ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ levels and orbital configurations is explored using a coupled climate‐ice sheet model, starting from either a pre‐industrial ice sheet or an ice‐free, isostatically rebounded geometry. Simulations reveal a strong hysteresis effect: equilibrium ice volumes differ si...

Bangladesh, across the globe recognized as the ‘poster child’ of the man-made vulnerability of climate change and climatic extremes such as floods, droughts, cyclones, salinity, and sea-level rise (SLR). And, the habitants in the most prone areas suffer a lot in terms of household’s food expenditure as well as consumption. Considering this view as...

The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, also known as the "Great East Japan Earthquake", (Japanese: Higashi Nihon Daishinsai) was a magnitude 9.0 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday, 11 March 2011. Simulations of the inundated and devastated areas of the tsunami were conducted using data f...