Scapula - Science topic

The genesis of horse gait analysis using motion tracks and slow-motion video began in 1986 in the USA and Canada. That same year, A.P. Toledo et all started developing the invasive EGM-TOBE method in Brazil, followed by the non-invasive Analoc-E system in 1990. Since then, many studies came along using real-time gait analysis with Analoc-E on indoo...

The genesis of the horse gait analysis using motion tracks and slow video image become from the 1986 in USA and Canada and A. P.Toledo in Brazil-1986 using the invasive method called EGM-TOBE and in the sequence with the noninvasive system Analoc-E 1990. Since then, many researches came along using the horse gait analysis at real time of the Analoc...

Context : We aimed to evaluate the sequential changes in the scapular range of motion (ROM) after an intervention using the KOJI AWARENESS Original Wall Angel Slider exercise in which reverse motion is applied. Design : This study used a single-group, pretest–posttest design to evaluate changes in scapular ROM following an intervention. Methods : P...

Purpose Mastectomy and breast reconstruction surgery are often associated with postoperative pain and functional limitation at the ipsilateral shoulder, potentially leading to scapular dyskinesis. However, few studies have determined how the type of surgery and rehabilitation might affect the development of such clinical condition. Methods A retro...

A small, elongate actinopterygian, Apholidotus ossuous, new genus and species, is described from the marine Bear Gulch Member of the Heath Formation, Serpukhovian of Fergus County, Montana, USA. Apholidotus ossuous is found ubiquitously across the bay. The dermatocranium is reduced and cranial lateral line canals are independent of dermatocranial b...

Background Adhesive capsulitis (AC) is a progressive inflammatory condition of the shoulder that causes functional limitations and leads to long-term disability. The study aimed to elicit the effectiveness of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) compared to standard physiotherapy approaches on AC. Methods An assessor-blinded single-cent...

Exostosis, or osteochondroma, is an irregular bone growth commonly occurring near the femur, scapula, humerus and ribs. It can be a single isolated lesion or multiple lesions as in hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) which is a genetic autosomal dominant disorder. Although often asymptomatic, complications such as haemothorax are rare and have seri...

Exostosis, or osteochondroma, is an irregular bone growth commonly occurring near the femur, scapula, humerus and ribs. It can be a single isolated lesion or multiple lesions as in hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) which is a genetic autosomal dominant disorder. Although often asymptomatic, complications such as haemothorax are rare and have seri...

Identification studies progress more accurately and easily after sex estimation is realized. Therefore, sex determination is the first step in identification studies. The aim of our study is to perform sex estimation from the scapula using machine learning (ML) algorithms with parameters obtained from multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images...

Pectoralis minor (PM) are muscle groups that play a role in stabilizing the scapula. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of PM muscle length on scapular and core muscle endurance in the dominant and non-dominant limb. A total of 93 women were included in the study. Demographic data were recorded. PM length was measured with a caliper....

Background. Tension headache (TH) is recognized as the second most prevalent medical condition globally. Osteopathic manipulative treatment is a non-pharmacological, non-invasive manual medicine, considered by some to be alternative medicine, that includes a wide range of therapeutic manual techniques to improve physiological function and promote t...

The study was conducted prospectively on 107 children (74 boys). Eighty-three children were born at term (39 ± 1), 24 were born prematurely (33 ± 4). The study included the qualitative assessment at three months of age, eye contact and traction response assessment, and the quantitative assessment at 3, 9, and 16 months of age. The timely achievemen...

BACKGROUND Scapular dyskinesis (SD) is a condition associated with impaired scapular movement caused by cervical, shoulder, and postural abnormalities. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of SD in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Ondokuz Mayıs Univers...

Introduction Shoulder pathology is common, with many people referred for general radiography examinations. In performing these examinations, radiographers have a choice of more than 15 views to demonstrate the anatomy and pathology. The lack of guidelines for the best combination of orthogonal views in specific scenarios raises concerns for effecti...

Decreased postoperative pain and functional impact have been associated with prepectoral breast implant placement versus submuscular placement; yet no mechanical analyses have quantified this difference. Using 1 postmortem human subject, a 3-dimensional biomechanical tracking system was used to determine the impact of pocket placement on shoulder g...

The inclusion of fat supplements in sheep diets, particularly ω-3, ω-6, and ω-9 fatty acids, affects their productivity and product quality. In this regard, a study was conducted to examine the effect of feeding ewes a water-soluble complex of fatty acids (linoleic, oleic, palmitic, arachidonic, stearic, and linolenic) as part of their compound fee...

Background The acromial opening angle is the angle whose apex corresponds to the angulus acromialis, formed by the junction between the spine of the scapula and the lateral edge of the acromial process. There are 3 different morphologies: C-shaped, L-shaped and with a “double angle”. We hypothesis that the distribution of the acromial opening angle...

Coracoclavicular joint is an anatomical variation which is seen rarely. It is an articulation between conoid tubercle of the clavicle and the superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula. It is mostly asymptomatic, rarely as in our case it may be symptomatic. Symtoms of the coracoclavicular joint are shoulder pain, brachialgia, limitatio...

In this study, we present seg2med, an advanced medical image synthesis framework that uses Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPM) to generate high-quality synthetic medical images conditioned on anatomical masks from TotalSegmentator. The framework synthesizes CT and MR images from segmentation masks derived from real patient data and XCAT...

Teres major injuries are uncommon, presenting as sports related with the reported majority occurring in baseball players. Here we are presenting a case of compete teres major tendon tear in a hobbyist body builder during his routine workout session while practicing an overhead set. On examination, the patient had muscle retraction and swelling belo...

Background. In modern military conflicts, the incidence of gunshot wounds to the chest is 8–12 %. During World War II, penetrating gunshot wounds to the chest were the cause of death on the battlefield in one third of the wounded. Objective: to reveal the features of the diagnosis and treatment of a gunshot shrapnel blind wound to the right chest w...

Background Most of the muscles work in collectively two or more groups of muscles together a muscle called rhomboid is formed by the rhomboid major and rhomboid minor muscles. This rhomboid muscle plays a very major role in the movements of the upper limb and it also provides the stability of the scapula and girdle of the shoulder. Objective To det...

Stress fractures are a significant clinical issue in athletes, arising due to intense training and repetitive loading, with upper extremity fractures leading to functional impairments and potential breaks in athletic participation. Although stress fractures are more common in the lower extremities, they are increasingly observed in upper extremitie...

This paper presents information on artifacts made on guanaco scapulae recovered in the center-west of the province of Santa Cruz (Argentine Patagonia), in open-air sites of low lake basins, with late chronologies. The recognition of informal bone artifacts is increasingly common (Aschero et al. 1992-93; Hajduk and Lezcano 2005; Miotti 1998; Santiag...

Background: Cartilaginous exostoses of the scapula are rare and can cause symptoms such as pain and mechanical crepitus due to scapulothoracic bursitis. While open surgical resection remains the standard approach, it is associated with significant tissue disruption and longer rehabilitation. This technical note presents a minimally invasive arthros...

Commonly, the suprascapular notch (SN), which is bridged by the superior transverse scapular ligament (STSL), carries the suprascapular nerve (SSN). Variations in the form of that notch, as well as partial or complete ossification of the STSL or other proper ligaments in the SN area, could potentially lead to SSN entrapment syndrome. The current st...

Background and aim: Identification of sex from human remains has been an imperative aspect in forensic anthropology. This can be achieved from bony structures such as the scapular and clavicle which has shown to be sexually dimorphic. This study evaluated the anatomy of the scapular and clavicular parameters of adults in Bayelsa State using normal...

Background Scapular kinematics and stabilization are crucial for optimal upper extremity function. Disruptions in normal scapular motion, also rereferred to as dyskinesis, are associated with injuries like subacromial impingement and glenohumeral instability. Clinically feasible methods to assess dynamic scapular motion are essential for accurate d...

Introduction Specific scapula shapes are associated with full-thickness tears of the supraspinatus tendon. A primary role of the supraspinatus is to actively stabilize the glenohumeral joint against muscles that generate destabilizing shear forces. Mechanisms that increase the supraspinatus load required to perform this stabilizing function may inc...

Pectoralis minor is a slender, triangular muscle deep within the pectoralis major. It originates from the exterior surfaces of the third through fifth ribs, in the vicinity of their cartilages and fascia covering the adjacent external intercostal muscles. Under the pectoralis major's cover, its fibres climb laterally and converge into a flat tendon...

Ankylosaurs represent a widespread but usually rare constituent of the latest Cretaceous dinosaur faunas of Europe. From the famous Upper Cretaceous continental deposits of the Haţeg Basin (Romania), ankylosaurs have been first reported over 100 years ago and since then have been found occasionally in various localities of the wider Transylvani...

Background Proper muscle tension is an essential element for correct body posture and motion. It should be high enough to counteract gravity and low enough to provide smooth, selective movement and isolated activity. Improper muscle tension will disturb the correct development of the body schema. The quality of muscle tension will be dependent upon...

BACKGROUND Perineuriomas are benign, typically solitary tumors with intraneural and extraneural subtypes presenting distinct clinical manifestations and symptomatology. Here, the authors report a unique case of multifocal, infiltrative extraneural soft tissue perineuriomas localized to the shoulder. OBSERVATIONS A 33-year-old female presented with...

Purpose This study aims to evaluate the significance of scapula anthropometric variables using three-dimensional computed tomography images for improved identification in radio-forensic medical research. Method The study includes anthropometric measurements of the right and left scapula taken from CT thorax images of 200 subjects aged 20–70 years...

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of articular cartilage. Numerous studies have expanded our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, yet there remain controversial questions regarding the relationship between mechanical loads on the joint, inflammation, and biochemical changes in cartilage tissue that lead to its degradation. Th...

Metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma Facial nerve palsy Temporal bone metastasis Magnetic resonance imaging a b s t r a c t The most prevalent thyroid cancer, known as papillary thyroid carcinoma, mainly affects those under 45 years of age, which is capable of metastasizing. It is more common for bone metastases to develop in the long bones, iliu...

Introduction. Compared to pain, weakness, and stiffness, snapping phenomena are less frequently reported. The anatomical implication of subacromial bursa on snapping syndrome has not yet been studied despite of the fact that subacromial volume is implicated in this syndrome. The aim of this study is to analyze the anatomical and dynamic implication...

Introduction There is a preponderance of evidence that scapular training improves scapular muscle performance and decreases the clinical symptoms related to subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS). To investigate if pain severity, functional disability, scapular upward rotation angle, and upper trapezius/serratus anterior (UT/SA) isometric strength...

Hemangiomas are common tumors, accounting for 4 to 5% of all benign tumors in infancy and childhood. While they typically occur superficially, their presence in bone is extremely rare. This case report involves an 8-year-old female patient with a left scapular hemangioma, thrombocytopenia, and consumptive coagulopathy (Kasabach–Merritt syndrome). T...

The use of inertial motor units (IMUs) to monitor external training loads during training and competition has grown, particularly in racket sports like badminton. Previous studies highlighted the influence of sensor location on external load measurements, with the lumbosacral region identified as optimal. However, IMUs are often placed dorsally bet...

Background and PurposeCorrect posture during the school years is important in children's health, performance (academic) in schools, and well-being. Postural habits (incorrect) in children may lead to significant musculoskeletal disorders; in particular, low back pain and chronic ailments (other); therefore, aims of study was by experiment to valida...

Reconstruction of critical‐size bone defects (CSDs) with complex defect morphologies remains clinically challenging. The desire to avoid autograft harvesting has prompted an increasing quest for adequate synthetic bone grafting materials. The clinical success rates, which have been achieved with bioactive β‐tricalcium phosphate granules (TCP‐G) dem...

Isolated rib fractures are a non-trivial trauma burden associated with functional impairment and chronic pain. Distraction fractures of the VII-IX thoracic spine are one of the injuries that occur in the middle of the thoracic spine. Some common symptoms that occur are sharp or dull pain in the middle back between the shoulder blades and waist, lim...

Introduction Frailty, a physiological decline in functional capacity, may influence nonunion risk. This study aimed to investigate the association between frailty, as measured by the modified Frailty Index-5 (mFI-5), and the likelihood of nonunion fractures of the upper extremity. Methods This retrospective cohort study utilized the national inpat...

Background: Forward head posture (FHP) results in an accentuated posterior curve in the higher thoracic vertebrae and an accentuated anterior curve in the lower cervical vertebrae. Dysfunction leads to muscle imbalance, where one side of the neck and scapula muscles become weak and the opposite group of muscles become tight. Strategies to correct t...

Resumo Objetivo Identificar parâmetros de segurança neurológica para a realização do procedimento de Latarjet através da via deltopeitoral por meio de um estudo transversal e prospectivo em cadáveres frescos. Métodos Foram dissecados 12 ombros de cadáveres, sem história de cirurgia ou disfunção musculoesquelética prévia e em bom estado de conservaç...

Scapulothoracic dissociation is a rare and serious type of trauma caused by musculoskeletal, vascular, and brachial plexus injuries owing to lateral displacement of the scapula with a strong blunt external force. Here, we describe the treatment of an open scapulothoracic dissociation patient and summarize the findings.

Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) is an active-immunization model that was first discovered by coincidence when rabbits injected with purified acetylcholine receptor for neuromuscular junction physiology studies, suddenly developed muscle weakness. In mice, this model typically involves bilateral subcutaneous injections of purified t...

Background/Objectives: Many patients evaluated by shoulder specialists suffer from intractable pain, neuropathy, and weakness. The pectoralis minor (PM) remains the only scapula muscle to receive lower trunk (C8-T1) input. We propose a novel syndrome: the Human Disharmony Loop. This model portrays how this unique PM innervation causes scapular dysk...

Case series Patients: Male, 58-year-old • Male, 50-year-old Final Diagnosis: Sarcoma Symptoms: Pain Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Orthopedics and Traumatology Objective Challenging differential diagnosis Background Aggressive surgical resection is essential for managing malignant tumors involving the proximal humerus and scapula. Reconstructio...

The exponential increase in the rate of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has been accompanied by a rise in complication rates of this procedure. Of these, peri-prosthetic stress fractures can be particularly problematic due to their potential to cause significant impairment of shoulder function. Despite the association between these stres...

In tumor radiotherapy, monitoring patient body position is crucial for improving efficacy and reducing complications. We developed a contact-based body position monitoring system using pressure sensors and artificial intelligence, enabling non-invasive, radiation-free, real-time monitoring. The system consists of two pressure-sensitive mattresses w...

The Eocene tetraodontiform fish †Zignoichthys oblongus (Zigno, 1874) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerstätte, northeastern Italy, is redescribed in detail based upon new material. This taxon exhibits a combination of features (parasphenoid shaft-like and bearing a ventral flange; non-protractile upper jaw; teeth incorporated into beak-like jaws; prema...

Trischizolagus dumitrescuae represents the most widely distributed species of the genus in Europe during the Early Pliocene (Ruscinian). The complete absence of cranial and postcranial elements has limited our understanding of the anatomy of Trischizolagus and how it is compared to other fossilized and recent leporid species. We here present th...

The present study was conducted from March, 2023–July, 2024, at the College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India. The scapula bones were collected using the maceration technique to record the gross and morphometrical features. The gross morphological study on the scapula of the Indian fox revealed that it was a triangular bone wi...

Background and aim Isolated midshaft clavicle fractures (MCF) and acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) injuries are common, but simultaneous cases are rare and often receive insufficient clinical attention, resulting in missed diagnoses. Moreover, there is no consensus on the injury mechanism, classification, and treatment, and the prognosis remains poorl...

the clinical case demonstrates the erroneous interpretation of the results of a radionuclide study of the locomotor system without taking into account the anamnesis and clinical and laboratory data. To search for bone metastases, osteoscintigraphy is used all over the world, which allows to diagnose them at a preclinical stage of the process, ahead...

Rounded shoulder syndrome is a common postural disorder of the shoulder joint, characterised by elevated and protracted outward scapula. Females are more prone to develop rounded shoulders. It can be caused by either physical, psychological, biological, or social factors. This cross-sectional survey study was thus planned to determine the prevalenc...

A photograph of the tip of an unidentified obsidian projectile point embedded in the right scapula of an unidentified Bison from the Wasden Cave Site, Idaho was shown in The Ecphora. This Site consists of 3 proximal caves created by collapsed lava tubes. Only Owl Cave has been extensively excavated. The artifacts were bagged, and no analyses were c...

Comparative analysis of nonflight morphologies can give important insight into the early ancestral origin of bats by revealing locomotor adaptations that may have predated wings. Because the scapula of bats is not directly involved in flight mechanics but does retain a primary role in walking and climbing, morphological analysis may help resolve if...

Purpose In acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries, the kinematical interplay between the AC ligament, coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments and deltotrapezial fascia (DTF) during motions of the shoulder complex is disturbed. This study assessed kinematic alterations of sternoclavicular (SC), scapulothoracic (ST) and AC joint motion during humerothoracic a...

Recently, the Republic of Armenia has been witnessing the process of adaptation of ticks to living near humans. The climatic and geographical features of the republic are favorable for the development and reproduction of ixodes ticks. In Armenia, the most common disease of dogs is babesiosis, which is associated with the uncontrolled reproduction o...

Chickenpox is an extremely contagious disease; caused by the varicella-zoster virus primary infection. The most common symptom of chickenpox is a vesicular rash that appears on the scalp, back, and front of the neck, face, and scapulae and then disseminates distally to the limbs. A 27-year-old adult Black African male health care worker presented w...

Proximal humerus fracture (PHF) is the third most common type of fracture, commonly occurring in older people, with a higher incidence in those over 50 years of age. Diagnostic imaging includes X-rays of the shoulder and a CT scan to aid surgical treatment and preoperative surgical planning. The CT scan is performed in combination with the new appl...

The most common etiologic cause of winged scapula (WS) is paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle (SAM), typically due to an injury of the long thoracic nerve (LTN), often associated with overhead activities, including heavy weightlifting. Herein, we reported a 30-year-old male patient with WS secondary to an LTN lesion caused by carrying weight...

Case Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by the development of neoplasms, which infrequently arise in the subscapular fossa. Surgical removal of large subscapular tumors carries the risk of shoulder dysfunction due to muscle or nerve injury. We describe the case of a patient with NF2 who presented with a...

Este estudo busca investigar se essa condição pode ser considerada um fator preditivo para o desenvolvimento de tais síndromes, contribuindo para estratégias mais eficazes de prevenção e reabilitação. Esta pesquisa analisou a relação entre a discinesia escapular e condições dolorosas do ombro, como a síndrome do impacto. A discinese, caracterizada...

Background Split pectoralis major tendon (PMT) transfer is effective at treating persistent medial scapular winging refractory to conservative management. Indications The primary indication for a PMT transfer is scapular winging secondary to serratus anterior palsy caused by long thoracic nerve injury. In this case, the patient is a 22-year-old ma...

Tennis is known for its repetitive upper limb movements, which can potentially lead to injuries. While past research investigated shoulder biomechanics in young athletes and female players, there is a lack of study regarding male master tennis athletes. This study aimed to compare some of the biomechanical features in the dominant shoulder between...

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an original mechanical testing setup including the humerus, myotendinous junction and scapula designed to assess the structural properties of rotator cuff attachments in large animals and determine optimal conditions. Methods Eight domestic pigs (age, 4–6 months; weight, 30–52 kg) without g...

Title: A Novel Theoretical Modification to Enhance Glenohumeral Joint Stability Authors: Luis R. Camba, MSMS, OMS-III, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA Introduction: The glenohumeral (GH) joint is the most mobile joint in the human body but inherently lacks stability, predisposing it to recurrent dislocations and injur...

Purpose We explored the integration of 3D ultrasound (US) imaging with motion capture technology for non-invasively tracking bones of the shoulder district during normal activity. Our study aimed to demonstrate ex-vivo the proposed 3D US method’s feasibility and accuracy of tracking shoulder bones in a controlled cadaveric shoulder positioned in va...

Purpose In rotator cuff tears, scapular dyskinesis is often observed. The aim of our study is to better understand the cause and the role of scapular dyskinesis in rotator cuff tears and evaluate changes in scapulothoracic kinematics after Lidocaine subacromial injection and surgery in patients with medium‐sized (1–3 cm) rotator cuff tear. Methods...

Background/Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the type of scapular notch (SN), the morphometry of the SN, and the area of the suprascapular nerve (SSN). In addition to determining whether scapular notches other than Type VI, according to the classification of Rengachary, can generate a predisposition t...

Observational evaluation of arm elevation is a routine part of the examination of patients with shoulder pain and dysfunction. However, the interdependency of the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints during arm elevation presents a challenge for clinicians when attempting to characterize movement impairments and underlying causes. Given that ide...

The skeletal structure of large whales is not fully understood, as there are variations among different specimens. However, a recent study described the creation of a sperm whale specimen using plastination techniques, which preserve soft tissues and allow for the reconstruction of an accurately articulated skeleton. In this study, we utilized the...

Objective Transradial cardiac catheterization has gained popularity because of its reduced risk of access-site complications, yet procedural failures remain frequent, often caused by subclavian artery tortuosity. We propose an alternative maneuver to improve procedural success rates, addressing the challenge of subclavian artery tortuosity more eff...

Background Paralysis of the serratus anterior (SA) is most frequently caused by dysfunction of the long thoracic nerve (LTN). Although this condition presents with classic physical examination findings, it is occasionally missed. The purpose of this study is to review the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for SA palsy. Methods This study...

Introduction: Chest traumas are a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. They commonly occur in the younger population and are the most common cause of death in people between 25 and 40 years of age. This article summarizes the place of MDCT in the diagnosis, examination technique and findings in injuries of the chest trauma patients. Method...

Background Due to the difference in size between the humeral head and the glenoid, the shoulder joint is prone to instability. Therefore, the reconstruction of the physiological joint morphology is of great importance in shoulder joint preservation and replacement surgery. The aim of this study was to describe physiological reference parameters for...

The scapula, also known as the shoulder blade, is a flat triangular bone located at the superior posterior region of the trunk and upper part of the posterolateral aspect of the thorax, articulating posteriorly with the surfaces of ribs 2 to 7. This presentation covers the structure, body, borders, angle, ossification, muscle insertions, bloody su...

The humerus is a typical long bone of the upper limb; its head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the shoulder joint. The rounded head of the humerus is too weakly supported in the scapular glenoid cavity lined by the glenoid labrum; hence, it forms one of the most mobile and most unstable joints. Our study aims to determine...

This article describes an apparatus developed by the authors as a substitution for physical therapists regarding mechanical movements in the rehabilitation of frozen shoulder. In particular, the performance of this apparatus is improved in comparison with existing methods in terms of the following two major points: (1) realization of individual reh...

Introduction: Health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) outcomes following maxillary reconstruction with the scapular osseous free flap (SOFF) are lacking. Material and Methods: To determine these outcomes, a study of patients who completed maxillary reconstruction with flap survival of the SOFF between 2016 and 2023 was conducted, using Face-Q Head...

und eine Tibiafraktur zugezogen. Letztere wurde mittels einer Platte versorgt. Die konservative Therapie der Scapulafraktur wurde abgelehnt, weil die Fragmente stark verschoben waren, die Katze eine deutliche Gangeinschränkung zeigte und eine zweite Gliedmasse verletzt war. Der Zugang zur rechten Scapula erfolgte parallel zur Spina scapulae. Der M....

Aim. To analyse the pathological features of skeletal disease from the Lori Berd cemetery excavations and to deduce the cause of death. Methodology. The differential diagnosis of the disease is given with reference to macroscopic and X-ray findings. Traumatic injuries have pronounced features of a lifetime intervention. Results. The nine signs conc...