STEM - Science topic

Here is another post on a teaching topic. For my first blog post of the new year, I present an argument about how professors should think about students’ use of artificial intelligence - not as plagiarism or cheating, but as an assistive technology that helps to structure thoughts. I argue that AI is simply a tool, and there is an appropriate way to use it! https://sites.google.com/view/two-minds/blog

need to understand that by removing bias will be a factor for selecting teacher , they should teach what is appropriate not what they know most do not know much

Look, this is a tricky one. But here is my take. But first, a reflection on what the sage Albert Einstein said might prove helpful: 'the moment you change, your mind, the problem gets solved'.

Alwielland Q. Bello: Para integrar la educación sobre invención en los planes de estudio STEM, es crucial comenzar definiendo qué es la educación STEM (Ciencia, Tecnología, Ingeniería y Matemáticas) y su relevancia para la formación integral de las personas. STEM fomenta habilidades como el pensamiento crítico, la resolución de problemas, la creatividad y la colaboración, todas esenciales para enfrentar los desafíos del siglo XXI.

Women have made significant contributions to environmental engineering, driving innovation and sustainability. Ellen Swallow Richards, the first female environmental engineer, pioneered water quality testing and sanitary engineering. Wangari Maathai, a Nobel laureate, championed reforestation and environmental conservation in Africa. Contemporary leaders like Anu Ramaswami focus on urban sustainability, integrating engineering with social sciences for impactful solutions.

I found a few sources on this that I also agree with.

Several critical STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) skills play a pivotal role in entrepreneurship, fostering innovation and problem-solving capacities. Here are some key skills that are often highlighted:

Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking: STEM education emphasizes tackling real-world problems through logical analysis and creative solutions. These skills are crucial for entrepreneurs who constantly face new challenges and need to find innovative solutions​/India STEM Foundation /New Horizon Thinking

.

These skills form a solid foundation for entrepreneurship by combining technical expertise with creativity, resilience, and an interdisciplinary perspective.

www.EntrepreneurProfileTest.com might add some info on it as well

You've got to identify a research problem which cannot be solved exclusively in one discipline. Then, craft research objectives and build your theoretical framework using theories (at least two) from different disciplines.

It is a good question about the teaching method. But prospective as you call it ‘empirical-analytical’ is at the heart of teaching reasoning. Teaching of critical thinking. To improve teaching in STEM subjects we need to adopt the interactive, engaging methodologies for students.

I recommend a STEM curriculum design inclusive of scientific-model building activities in a project-based constructivist learning/teaching classroom/lab STEM environments.

In the online space, emerging trends and opportunities for STEM education and careers are rapidly expanding due to the swift evolution of technology and the digitalization of learning. Online learning platforms, massive open online courses (MOOCs), and interactive tools allow students to access high-quality content from anywhere, democratizing education in areas such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Moreover, the rise of artificial intelligence, programming, and cybersecurity opens new job opportunities and the chance to acquire specialized skills that are highly in demand in the market. This digital transformation also promotes more flexible and personalized learning, adapting to the needs and pace of each student, which is crucial for preparing future generations for a workforce increasingly driven by technology and innovation.

The integration of innovative technology in STEM programs in smart classrooms can significantly improve learning experiences. Key technologies include Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Simulation and Digital Gaming, Online Interactive Learning Environments, Biotechnology and Robotics, Next-Generation Learning Management Systems (LMS), and the STE(A)M Approach. These technologies enhance learning experiences, personalize learning, make learning interactive, facilitate remote learning, foster critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and prepare students for future careers by developing essential skills.

its better to use laboratory paraffin wax as they contain ceresin. Ceresin provides stability for the specimen in the block and also it shows minimal distortion during microtomy. ceresin also helps in the removal of previous treating materials like xylene out of the specimen@

This paper is worth reading. However, it misses the opportunity to review some “classical” errors, such as comparing pre- and post-intervention results within groups (instead of comparing changes between groups) or using any group as a reference for comparison with the intervention group, without random assignment. Is it just my impression, or are journals really flooded with pseudo-experiments like these?

That's a great question and definitely a valid concern of protecting IP!

Here's how data is handled:

- The manuscript is sent to our backend and deleted from our database within 72 hours of generating your report.

- In creating the review the only external service used is the OpenAI API, and they've explicitly stated "data sent to the OpenAI API will not be used to train or improve OpenAI models" [reference here](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models/how-we-use-your-data#:~:text=As%20of%20March%201%2C%202023%2C%20data%20sent%20to%20the%20OpenAI%20API%20will%20not%20be%20used%20to%20train%20or%20improve%20OpenAI%20models)

It won't save the data longer than it needs to and will never be used to train a model.

These are ChatGPT's selections: 7732-18-5 Water (H2O): Essential for life as we know it, water is a universal solvent, crucial for biological processes and various industrial applications. 124-38-9 Carbon dioxide (CO2): Important for photosynthesis and maintaining Earth's climate balance, but also notorious as a greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. 9007-49-2 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): The molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms. 50-78-2 Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid): Widely used as a pain reliever, anti-inflammatory, and fever reducer, with additional benefits such as preventing blood clot formation. 479-61-8 Chlorophyll a: A specific form of chlorophyll, crucial for photosynthesis in plants and other photosynthetic organisms. It's responsible for the green pigment in plants and plays a central role in converting light energy into chemical energy, which is then used to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water... see above ;-)

Thank you all!

Hello Faride,

for a short period of time, it may be sufficient to store the botanical material in a cool place and protected from dehydration. For subsequent simple morphological or anatomical examinations, storage in 70% ethanol would still be suitable. However, for more demanding histological examinations, storage in a preservative fluid such as AFA would be recommended.(AFA = Alcohol-Formaldehyde-Acetic Acid, be aware of the safety requirements).

With kind regards

Klaus Berkefeld

Interesting discussion topic. In my view, most instructors and professors are more comfortable in utilizing the traditional lecture method [TLM] in which most students are already familiar with due to their past teaching/learning experiences in traditional classroom setting/s in their formal education journey/s. Even today, most educational higher learning institutions still prefer/expect their faculties to use the TLM approach in teaching their assigned classes/courses to teach for the schoolyear.

The following page can give you some suggestions: Science.gov Results

Other suggestions:

Dear friend Jarlath Canney

Hey there! I am here to tackle those burning questions with unbridled opinions.

Firstly, does current STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) pedagogy prepare learners for the future? Well, let me tell you Jarlath Canney, it's a mixed bag. Some aspects of STEM education are on point, but there's room for improvement. It needs a shake-up to better align with the rapidly evolving technological landscape.

Now, ensuring that current STEM pedagogy prepares children for their future? It's about adaptability, my friend Jarlath Canney. We need a curriculum that fosters critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. Let's ditch the memorization-heavy approach and focus on hands-on, experiential learning. Kids need to be tech-savvy, but they also need to understand the human side of technology.

And what about 'teacher training'? Are we arming our educators with the skills needed for successful STEM pedagogy? Well, my opinion is that we're getting there, but it's a journey. Teachers need ongoing professional development, exposure to real-world STEM applications, and support networks. It's not just about knowing the subject matter; it's about instilling curiosity and a love for learning.

In a nutshell, we're on the right path, but there's always room to kick it up a notch. Let's create an educational landscape that nurtures the next generation of innovators, critical thinkers, and problem solvers. Now, let's dive into this discussion—what's your take on the matter?

Nice discussion topic! Lets keep developing this discussion for more wonderful insights.

In recent years, the importance of STEM education has been recognized globally. As a result, UNESCO has taken the initiative to establish international STEM education institutes in several countries. These institutes serve as platforms for educators to exchange ideas and collaborate on innovative teaching methodologies. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, it is crucial to explore how artificial intelligence (AI) can be effectively combined with STEM and project-based learning (PBL) frameworks to enhance teachers' abilities without compromising their individuality.

Firstly, let us consider the countries where UNESCO has established international STEM education institutes. One such country is China, which has made significant progress in promoting STEM education through its collaboration with UNESCO. The establishment of these institutes allows Chinese educators to learn from global best practices and adapt them to suit their local context. Similarly, other countries like South Korea, Singapore, and Finland have also partnered with UNESCO to establish these institutes and foster innovation in STEM education.

Now let us delve into how AI can be integrated into STEM and PBL frameworks to assist teachers in designing topics and projects across disciplines while preserving their unique abilities. AI-powered tools can analyze vast amounts of educational data and provide personalized recommendations based on each student's learning style and needs. This enables teachers to tailor their lessons accordingly without losing sight of their original teaching methods.

Furthermore, AI can automate administrative tasks such as grading assignments or providing feedback on student work. By reducing the time spent on these routine tasks, teachers can focus more on creating engaging projects that promote critical thinking skills among students.

However, it is essential to strike a balance between utilizing AI technology and maintaining teachers' individual abilities and characteristics. While AI can provide valuable insights and suggestions for lesson planning or project design, it should not replace human creativity entirely. Teachers possess unique qualities such as empathy, adaptability, and intuition that cannot be replicated by machines.

To ensure effective integration of AI into educational methodologies, professional development programs should be implemented for teachers. These programs can provide training on how to effectively use AI tools and leverage their benefits while maintaining their own teaching styles.

In conclusion, UNESCO's establishment of international STEM education institutes in various countries highlights the global recognition of the importance of STEM education. By combining AI with STEM and PBL frameworks, teachers can enhance their ability to design topics and projects across disciplines without losing their individual abilities. However, it is crucial to strike a balance between utilizing AI technology and preserving the unique qualities that make teachers irreplaceable. Through proper training and support, educators can leverage AI as a powerful tool to improve student learning outcomes while maintaining their own teaching styles.

See attached article

For high quality images the thickness of the damaged layer should be minimized by low energy Ga ion polishing (2 keV or less) or by low energy polishing using noble gas ions.

Plasma cleaning will reduce carbon contamination. This - and a cold finger - will reduce the build-up of a contamination layer during long time beam exposure in STEM mode, EDS and EELS analysis.

The build-up of an oxide layer can't be avoided without a transfer systems, but most TEM analysis is done without it. If you need it, will depend on your material system.

STEM project helps prepare and qualify outstanding students to become scientists in their field of specialization ز

A hybrid STEM learning environment design combines both in-person and online elements to create a flexible and effective learning experience for students in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). The Key aspects of the STEM learning environment are

Blended learning.

Technology integration,

Flexibility

Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning

Hands-on experiences

Assessment strategies

Collaboration

Accessible resources

Instructor training

Continuous Evaluation

STEAM learning is based in Science, Technology, Engeneering, Arts and Math subject- projects done by students, teachers and students' parents. These projects can be settled by classroom, school, or comunnity. The teacher decides how much lasts each one . The main goal of these projects should be help students to develop their own skills and habilities in those areas. G. Rosalinda Heredia G.

Anecdotal: I have seen children in STEM activities gain insight to mathematical thinking when engaged in problem solving. The activities involved measurements: length, volume, and area. Constructing models - free form and then using written instructions. Instructions can be numerical or visual model with dimensions on the part or on a map/template.

Great question.

-Quantitaive : define the terms "stem attitudes " as dependent variable, and "computational thinking" and "21st century skills" as independent variables and look for correlations (n> 30 cases)

-semi-quantitaive; consider the same variables but include a more in depth study of variables using fuzzy set analysis (2 <n <30 cases)

Defining tha variable is very interesting as we are finding in the case of pupils between 11 and 18.

good luck, ian

Dear Alwielland Q. Bello ,

As we navigate the twenty-first century, artificial intelligence (AI) is permeating various sectors of society, including education. As an AI expert and veteran teacher, I've witnessed the substantial shift in the skills necessary for student success in this AI-driven era. Of these, AI literacy stands out as a critical requirement for students in the 21st-century classroom. This article explores the importance of AI literacy, strategies for cultivating it, and the role educators play in this crucial educational mission.

Regards,

Shafagat

model STEM categorizes learning preferences into four dimensions, namely, active/reflective, sensing/intuitive, visual/verbal, and sequential/global.

There are 4 predominant learning styles: Visual, Auditory, Read/Write, and Kinaesthetic.

STEM education teaches students to solve and prevent modern societal problems with innovative thinking. Through experimentation, students learn new ways of observing, analyzing and solving complex issues.

The problem of fostering creativity is to determine the types and styles of practical tasks for students depending on the specialty they study

There are several methods that can be used to measure students' inventive thinking skills in STEM subjects. Here are a few possibilities:

The STEM-Integrated 7E Learning Cycle - According to one study, the STEM-Integrated 7E Learning Cycle was found to have a positive effect on students' creative thinking skills in the topic of temperature and heat . This method involves guiding students through the stages of engagement, exploration, explanation, elaboration, evaluation, and extension in a STEM context.

Ethno-STEM Integrated Project Based Learning - Another study analyzed students' critical and creative thinking skills through the application of Ethno-STEM Integrated Project Based Learning . This approach involves integrating STEM concepts with cultural and historical knowledge to create project-based learning experiences that encourage students to think creatively.

3D CAD Modelling - Another study used 3D CAD modelling to enhance creative thinking in STEM. The participants were engineering students who used the software to design and create 3D models, which required problem-solving and creativity.

Creative Thinking Framework - PISA 2021 developed a creative thinking framework that includes six dimensions of creative thinking: curiosity, imagination, transfer, purpose, critique, and metacognition. This framework provides a holistic approach to measuring creative thinking skills in any subject, including STEM.

These are just a few examples of methods that can be used to measure students' inventive thinking skills in STEM subjects. The appropriate method may depend on the specific context and the research question being asked.

The preference of students for non-STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) majors over STEM majors can have various implications for a nation's future in terms of science and technology advancement. However, it's important to note that the situation is more nuanced, and the impact of such preferences can vary depending on several factors.

Here are some considerations:

Ultimately, the ideal scenario is a balanced approach that encourages students to pursue their passions and interests while being informed about the opportunities and challenges in various fields. The promotion of STEM education is crucial for technological advancement, but it should be complemented with efforts to recognize the value of non-STEM fields and encourage a diverse range of career choices. An educated and well-rounded society, with a mix of STEM and non-STEM professionals, is essential for holistic progress and development.

Dear Mr. Abdi!

I think the following studies give a decent starting point to discuss the imperative question you presented:

1) Mäkelä, T., Fenyvesi, K., Kankaanranta, M. et al. Co-designing a pedagogical framework and principles for a hybrid STEM learning environment design. Education Tech Research Dev 70, 1329–1357 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-022-10114-y, Open access:

2) Hurley, M., Butler, D. & McLoughlin, E. STEM Teacher Professional Learning Through Immersive STEM Learning Placements in Industry: a Systematic Literature Review. Journal for STEM Educ Res (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41979-023-00089-7, Open access:

3) English, L.D. Ways of thinking in STEM-based problem solving. ZDM Mathematics Education (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-023-01474-7 Open access:

4) A case-study: Abdurrahman Abdurrahman, Hervin Maulina, Novinta Nurulsari, Ismu Sukamto, Ahmad Naufal Umam, Karlina Maya Mulyana,

Impacts of integrating engineering design process into STEM makerspace on renewable energy unit to foster students’ system thinking skills,

Heliyon, Volume 9, Issue 4, 2023, Open access:

Yours sincerely, Bulcsu Szekely

Lakshminarayana Rao Malyala In the field of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), computer vision (CV) is a rapidly evolving area with numerous open research problems. Here are some examples of open research problems in STEM that can be addressed using computer vision solutions:

1. Object Recognition and Classification: Developing more accurate and robust algorithms for object recognition and classification in complex and dynamic environments, including occlusions, varying lighting conditions, and cluttered scenes.

2. 3D Reconstruction and Scene Understanding: Advancing techniques for 3D reconstruction and scene understanding from 2D images or video, enabling applications such as autonomous navigation, virtual reality, and robotics.

3. Visual-Semantic Understanding: Bridging the gap between visual information and semantic understanding, such as image captioning, visual question answering, and image-to-text synthesis.

4. Medical Image Analysis: Developing computer vision algorithms for medical image analysis, including automated diagnosis, tumor detection, and segmentation in various modalities like MRI, CT scans, and histopathology images.

5. Human Pose Estimation and Tracking: Enhancing human pose estimation and tracking algorithms to accurately capture human body movements, gestures, and actions, with applications in fields like sports analysis, human-computer interaction, and surveillance.

6. Video Analysis and Activity Recognition: Advancing video analysis techniques for complex activity recognition, anomaly detection, action prediction, and event understanding in surveillance videos, sports videos, and social media content.

7. Deep Learning and Interpretability: Exploring interpretable deep learning models for computer vision tasks to provide insights into the decision-making process of complex deep neural networks, addressing issues of transparency, bias, and fairness.

8. Large-Scale Visual Search: Designing efficient algorithms for large-scale visual search and indexing, allowing for quick retrieval and recognition of images or videos from extensive databases.

9. Augmented Reality and Mixed Reality: Developing computer vision techniques for accurate pose estimation, object tracking, and scene understanding in augmented reality and mixed reality applications, enabling realistic virtual object placement and interaction with the real world.

10. Data Privacy and Security: Investigating methods to protect privacy and ensure the security of visual data, including privacy-preserving algorithms, secure image and video transmission, and protection against adversarial attacks.

These are just a few examples of open research problems in STEM where computer vision solutions can be applied. It's important to note that the field of computer vision is vast, and new research problems continuously emerge with advancements in technology and applications. Exploring recent literature, attending conferences, and engaging with the computer vision research community will provide further insights into current and emerging research problems.

Remember to conduct a comprehensive literature review and consult with domain experts to identify specific research gaps and formulate research questions that align with your interests and expertise.

Prof. Sarraf Rajesh Kumar

Thank you so much for your post relating PhET sims & Active Learning Strategies. I apologize for the late reply.

Kind Regards.

Dear Hao Xiong,

This question was partly answered, in particular in the context of 4D-STEM, by our paper in 2021:

For you, the key information is that, in the aberration-free case, HAADF imaging is optimized when the probe is focused slightly below the entrance surface of the specimen.

Best wishes,

Hoel Robert

Dear friend Jack Kealy

The impact of common-level subjects on the uptake of STEM subjects in senior cycle is a complex issue, and there is no clear consensus on whether it has a negative effect.

On one hand, some argue that the availability of common-level subjects may encourage students to choose easier options instead of taking more challenging subjects like STEM subjects. This may result in fewer students taking STEM subjects at higher levels, which could have a negative impact on the country's future workforce in these fields.

On the other hand, others argue that common-level subjects can provide a safety net for students who may struggle with more difficult subjects and can help ensure that students do not drop out of school altogether. Additionally, some argue that common-level subjects may actually help promote STEM subjects by providing a more supportive learning environment for students who may be struggling.

It's important to note that the impact of common-level subjects on the uptake of STEM subjects is likely to be influenced by many factors, including individual student preferences, school policies, and wider societal attitudes towards these subjects.

submit ur questionnaire through survey circle or u may add ur questionnaire dissertation survey filling group.In such groups u may target right audience from various countries and swap ur surveys as well.

Here are some sample questions that you could consider including in your interviews with Hong Kong teachers about the STEM curriculum:

These questions can be used as a starting point, and you may want to modify them based on the specific needs of your research project. You may also find the following references helpful:

Thanks, Jan-Martin, it seems that the paper covers what I am looking for, though I have to read it carefully. Best

Try Stufflebeam's Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) Model

https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/CIPP

The teacher ideal is the teacher that has the ability to translate the content of the curriculum in a practical and easy way. It will facilitate students to obtain the object of the learning and teaching process.

There are many ways through which the girl child’s interest in STEM education can be enhanced. Some of these are:

Hello sir,

Just saw your response. It means a lot to me. Thank you so much for your time.

If possible, could you please forward the survey to other amazing scientists, It would help me a lot.

its actually the stem academic strand sir, which stands for Science,Technology,Engineering, and Mathemathics

hi,

Cryopreservatives are necessary additives to stem cell concentrates, since they inhibit the formation of intra and extracellular crystals and hence cell death. The standard cryoprotectant is DMSO, which prevents freezing damage to living cells.

Cryopreservation (cell freezing) is the use of very low temperatures to preserve structurally intact living cells. To achieve this, a special protective Cryopreservation Medium is necessary, as unprotected freezing is lethal for your cells.

kindly refer this link:

best wishes..

dear Temurmalik Ochilov

please write English

I usually agree with James and David on statistical issues but here I do not. If you want the most accurate prediction equation I have to suggest adaptive lasso because of it's oracle properties. I'm going to suggest that you use R as your stat package if you're not familiar with R I recommend an excellent book. You will find how to download it from the z-library. This includes how to download everything for free. That is is the first attachment. The second attachment includes a full description of why you should use adaptive lasso and included in the references are the complete details. Third attachment contains R code to run all of this. Cut and paste it into a text file and you are ready to go. If you have questions please feel free to ask. Best wishes David Booth

Hello

Try these references:

Brown, P. L., Concannon, J. P., Marx, D., Donaldson, C., & Black, A. (2016). An Examination of Middle School Students' STEM Self-Efficacy, Interests and Perceptions. Journal of STEM Education: Innovations and Research, 17(3).

Milner, D. I., Horan, J. J., & Tracey, T. J. (2014). Development and evaluation of STEM interest and self-efficacy tests. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(4), 642-653.

In research, in general, and in thesis writing in particular, the use of first person pronoun should be avoided not on sytactic grounds but rather on "modesty" ones. A researcher should humble her/him self and be less subjective! This is what I was taught in my higher degree study in UK and this is what I customarily convey to my students.

I think, one variable for a more "complicated" project could be the correspondence to more advanced/demanding learning objectives

1) Moda

2) Igualdad supuestamente.

It is extremly important to provide soft skills training for female students.

Dear Vicky Schofield , this is fine experience by Amanda Henry, a STEM professional, who gives 5 steps on navigating ‘intersectionality’ for career success...

Research suggests that the concept of intersectionality can help us reframe the way we think about women and ethnic minorities in STEM fields...

Hello Reyna, I am an undergraduate student studying Nursing and would love to connect with you and collaborate on your work.

Informal STEM Learning in Game Jams, Hackathons and ...

https://www.researchgate.net ›

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Download Citation | Informal STEM Learning in Game Jams, Hackathons and Game ... Games jams can be used to improve di↵erent types and strategies to

Producing female researchers who have the gut to face the challenges of researching the fields of hard science is important.

Olá Bárbara,

Eu estou finalizando minha pesquisa sobre aplicação da metodologia STEAM no ensino médio, aqui no Brasil e ao longo de +/- dois anos montei uma biblioteca sobre a metodologia STEM/STEAM, sendo que o meu foco é o STEAM entre artigos, documentos internacionais, teses e E_books.

Posso te ajudar, mas preciso que me indique com maior foco qual é o objeto da sua pesquisa, para eu poder selecionar material mais específico para vc. Pois a quantidade de material é muito grande, que não dá para disponibilizar totalmente na nuvem sem ter que eu contratar um espaço maior que consigo gratuitamente.

Mas tenho muito prazer em te ajudar disponibilizando esse material>

Aguardo seu contato para ver como posso ajudá-la.

Prof. Osias de Barros Anunciação

Moneef R. Zou'bi , of course! Do you have any specific recommendations for books, research or other sources of information for students or professors?

Thank you, I will definitely check out your suggestion.

Maybe you are already familiar with Megan Bang's work on Indigenous knowledges, and STEM.

E.g.:

Bang, M., & Medin, D. (2010). Cultural processes in science education: Supporting the navigation of multiple epistemologies. Science Education, 94(6), 1008-1026.

Here is a link to current project:

Agreed with both dear Khurram Hameed and dear Mohammad Hamed Mozaffari

Hazman Haslubis the best thing you can do is that first you select a time frame and keywords, then proceed with systematic literature review; that will guide you to your desired articles of your focused research area

Awu Isaac Oben You can search on Linkedin/RG by using different keywords; I hope you will find your desired researchers, thank you

Thanks, Malay! I've read some research about how faculty respond after trying new instructional techniques and meeting student resistance. It takes some time to get students to shift their expectations too, if they're used to being handed the information rather than having to actively participate in their own learning.

The researchers' "production" will not contribute to a significant increase in the country's development. First, there must be industry and capital that will need science to develop further. Otherwise, the researchers will have to move to countries where their knowledge will be needed.

Therefore, in my opinion, we need to develop entrepreneurship first.

It definitely has something to do with our approach towards teaching Math. Math, by and large, is taught as an abstract subject, with a primary focus on solving as many questions as possible, with every possible variation, with the assumption that practice will make them perfect. On the other hand, the more popular subjects like sciences, PE, and social science follow a more practical approach with ample demonstration of practical application.

Math is not an abstract subject and should be taught with more real-life examples (Not the traditional 'A has 10 apples and B has 20 so......). Once students see its application, they would show more interest and would not be bored to death by adding two numbers 100 times, many times over!

To all who teach math subjects, I will recommend to use GeoGebra: leading provider of dynamic mathematics software, supporting STEM education and innovations in teaching and learning worldwide. It is an open source multiplatform software, available in many languages for Windows, Linux, Mac OS, Android, iPad and it has an easy-to-use interface.

Dear Desta Berhe Sbhatu,

Thanks for your post.

Yes. Brain drain exists and it is continuing in India. The reason is simple, the number of passouts/Ph.Ds are quite more than jobs available in the market. Moreover though salary in the govt. Sector increased substantially since 2006, the union govt. stopped pension facilities wef 1.1.2005 as a result promising professionals are looking for overseas jobs. Additionally, during last 7-8 years, the present govt. has opted lukewarm attitude in recruiting candidates. A significant number of appointments are being made on contact basis offering lower salaries and without any social security measures.

Siddhartha Shankar Ray