Science topic

Rumen - Science topic

The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)
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I need to determine free fat in a rumen bypass fat (calcium soap) made from neutral fat. Solvent extraction of heat-treated matrices normally requires a pre-treatment. The American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) recommends "If the feed contains calcium salts of fatty acids (dairy bypass fats), then analyze by an acid hydrolysis method". However, acid hydrolysis will split the soap liberating the fatty acids and leading to a total-fat determination. ¿Any suggestions in how to determine just the unsaponified free fat?
The product is solid, insoluble in water or common solvents but it is partially soluble in a mixture of polar and non-polar solvents. The free fat level is low, below 1%
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No, I did not. I was planning yo make trials of dissolving the calcium soap with a mixture of polar and non polar solvents (there is a paper on solubility of calcium soaps, but I cannot find it now). I moved to other project and could not carry out any tests. If you do with success, please report it here.
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What is the difference between the goat and cow microbiota? To my understanding and readings; goats tend to have a strong microbiota, therefore they can synthesize more ADF & and NDF. Please share your thoughts with reference if possible.
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hi
maybe the book of " Rumen microbiology from evolution to revolution" from "Anil Kumar Puniya" on "springer site" be useful for you.
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As I understand it, in some regions around the world, clay is fed to cows in their indoor feed, or added to silage, for the purpose of reducing enteric methane loss. It looks to me like allophane (at say 2% of the feed) buffers the pH of the rumen, preventing excess acidity and therefore the presence of excess free hydrogen, which the rumen gets rid of by forming methane instead of ammonia. Ammonia or urea forms dominate excess H removal at stable rumen pH levels and optimum N levels, possibly leading to increased N loss in the urine, unless excess protein in the feed is avoided.
Any info on this, and the best clays to use, would be greatly appreciated.
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Hello,
Here someone interested on conducting that type of research. Find below a couple of links to the 2 articles I've been able to find so far looking at clays and CH4.
10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.11.003
Best,
Ainhoa
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i need to know more about rumen digestion.
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@Mohammed Munis Dakheel
It's great.
Thanks for your help.
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hi
can anyone introduce a new technology or an article about ruminant feed, please?
thank you.
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@Juan Carlos Blandon
You're right.
Thank you.
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Hi
I need that for my dissertation, but I can't find a file about it. Can anyone guide me, please??
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@Bachir Bar
This's helpful.
Thank you.
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Dear All,
Few years ago, I proposed that ruminal acidosis was produced by the accumulation of dissolved carbon dioxide in the rumen a phenomenon known as CO2 holdup.
pH is not a cause of disease. The ionisation of water molecules measured by the pH sensor is a consequence of the increase in dissociated molecules or acids. The main acid in rumen is disolved carbon dioxide, a liquid, it does not increase the partial pressure of CO2 in the rumen (CO2 is a gas). The accumulation of dCO2 creates a large gradient of concentration that will lead to the increase in CO2 absorption and the development of metabolic acidosis.
Lactic acidosis is caused by the increase in blood bicarbonate, product of the dCO2 absorption (blood is dominated by bases, higher pH). Bicarbonate is highly toxic and the peripheral tissue will exchange HCO3- by lactate to improve oxygenation.
In this way, lactate increases in blood and bicarbonate is stored (temporarily) in the cells. The importance of this mechanism is that lactate will provide protons H3O+ for CO2 exchange in the lungs, as Bicarbonate is already high. This is my opinion, of course.
Ruminal acidosis is product of CO2 poisoning. dCO2 concentrations over 80 mmol/l will increase the risk of ruminal acidosis.
What is your opinion?
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Read my latest contribution to the topic.
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I made an in vitro experiment with quebracho tannins extract using An in vitro method with rumen fluid. Unexpectadaly, the total number of rumen protozoa increased. Do you have a possibile explanation?
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Dear Stefania
The presence of protozoa in the rumen increases the turnover and consumption of nitrogen, so you should consider the NH3-N and microbial protein concentrations.
in another hand, tannins reduce breakdown of protein in the rumen and should reduce the NH3-N concentration
I think you should determine the microbial protein concentration, because the negative relationship between microbial protein concentration and protozoa count, in your case I think the reduction in microbial protein flow to the intestine are normal with case of adding tannins and be logic to increase the protozoa counts
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Thank you for taking your time, and its better if you can provide the reference paper.
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ما هو الفرق بين وزن الجسم النهائي والزيادة الوزنية الكلية في الحيوان
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I am working on coating nitrate to make it slow-release. I have made a primary product. First, XRD and IR tests were conducted to assess that. Then, I performed a pre-test to investigate its release in the rumen fluid using a "Nitrate/Nitrite Colorimetric Assay kit. However, the kits available in Iran are made for measuring nitrate and nitrite in water.
So, I would like to know your opinion and suggestion about how to measure nitrate and nitrite.
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Dear colleague
please check:
Regards,
Redimio
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Every research article mention the use of same rumen fluid collection tube after thoroughly washing it with warm water before consecutive sampling as the collection tubes are costly. However, some reviewers say that this practice causes contamination and is not appropriate. Then why all journals accept papers with this method? and what should be the correct method.
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you can autoclave it if it autoclavable
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I'm looking for the ideal column size and model. If anyone can help me, that would be much appreciated
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Hello in my case I used 30 m length x 0.53 mm diameter, 0.5 µm in thickness BP-21 column
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References or manuals list to analyze 16S rRNA rumen bacteria data
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Mohamed Tarek Badr
Timur Yergaliyev , Thank you so much!!!
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I need the contacts of a company able to furnish or support the set up of a RUSITEC, a continuous cell rumen model. Could do you be able in supporting me? Or, at least, do you have a project of RUSITEC suitable for getting info on what it is necessary and which characteristics each component should have for its correct function (i.e. digesting chambers features, pipes diameters, pump technical characteristics, bags, etc) ? We already have a static rumen model (Ankom Daisy II) and an Ankom Gas Production System, but we want to evolve to a dinamic rumen model.
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Thanks for your question on Rusitec. Before you start any practical application on using Rumen simulation technology, you will need to clearly understand how it works and the dynamics involved. These include; the nutrients required in the media, maintenance of anaerobic and the operation of continuous batch culture. Some scientists have tried using large scale batch fermentation simulating the rumen environment in the production of single cell protein (SCP) (similar to microbial protein synthesis) as a substitute of conventional protein sources such as beef and lamb but have encountered a lot of challenges due to the fact that SCP has a high proportion of nucleic acid material which has to be digested and metabolized through the Xanthine, Hypoxanthine, uric acid and allantoin pathway. With high levels of uric acid as intermediate metabolite you the risk of precipitating gout which crystallizes in the human body to sharp crystals that cause unbearable pain in the body. In the meantime, here are some good references from extensive work/review that was done by Czerkawski .
Czerkawski, J.W. 1976. Chemical composition of microbial matter in the rumen. Journal of the Science of Food Agriculture, 27:621-632.
Czerkawski, J.W. 1986a. An Introduction to Rumen Studies, Pergamon Press, Sydney.
Czerkawski, J.W. 1986b. Degradation of solid feeds in the rumen: Spatial distribution of microbial activity and its consequences. In: Control of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants. L.P. Milligan, W.L. Grovum and A. Dobson (eds), Prentice-Hall, New York, USA. pp 158-172.
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Can you give me some advise?
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You can check this study: Mao, S. Y., Huo, W. J., Zhu, W. Y. (2016). Microbiome–metabolome analysis reveals
unhealthy alterations in the composition and metabolism of ruminal microbiota with
increasing dietary grain in a goat model. Environmental Microbiology, 18(2), 525-541.
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My advisor sent me the following code and told me to rewrite it in R.
proc nlin;
parms a=19 c=9 k=.08 lag=2;
*a=soluble, c=undegradable, k=rate/h, lag=lag time;
time=time-lag;
if time<0 then time=0;
b=100-a-c;
model DM=b*exp(-k*time)+c;
output out=temp p=Predicted r=Residual;
The non linear model was easy enough but I was having issues with fitting lag time. However I have written a function that works great, and I have posted it here so that it will hopefully help someone else in the future.
output1<-NULL
finaloutput<-NULL
degradfun<-function(x){
data1<-subset(DegradADJ, Subset_Term==x)
parms=list(b=100,k=0.04,c=0, lag=15)
#m<-nls(N_Disapp~b*exp(-k*(Hour-lag))+c,data=data1,start=parms)
m <- nls(formula = N_Disapp ~ ifelse(test = lag >= Hour, yes = b*exp(-k*(0))+c,
no = b*exp(-k*(Hour-lag))+c),
data = data1, start = parms)
out<-summary(m)
print(summary(m))
data1$predicted<-predict(m)
plot(data1$Hour, data1$N_Disapp, main=x)
print(lines(data1$Hour, data1$predicted, col="blue"))
output1<-data.frame(b=out$parameters[1,1], k=out$parameters[2,1], c=out$parameters[3,1], name=x)
finaloutput<<-rbind(output1, finaloutput)
}
To run a loop for all the products:
AllIDs<-unique(DegradADJ$Subset_Term)
lapply(AllIDs,degradfun)
Note: finaloutput will contain a table with all the results
To just run one:
degradfun("Product1")
If this helps you I just ask that you "recommend" this post. Thank you.
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I think, parms a=19 c=9 k=.08 lag=2;
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I am looking for some descrptions about the silica or SiO2 effects on ruminants through physiological mechanisms or its effect on Digestibilty DM . I think a lot about this .... is possible that SiO2 content in grasses with elevated level of FDN or ligninna will produce more rumia? and mastication ? I estimate SiO2 in forages by the content of unsoluble ash in ClH and I sow a lot of cattle with more rumia when feeds with rice straw or rice husks.
I read something about the effect of silica on the colonization of rice straw but I coudnt find more information aboutn this topic.
Thanks in advance if somebody helps me . I really apreciated it.
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Ok thanks Its a good idea I did´nt think about it. Do you know some paper about the rol of silica /SiO2 in ruminants?
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What is the minimum number of replications needed to do an experiment on rumen microbiota in calves? Do we need to do a power test? If yes, please suggest me a method? How about for in-vitro experiment? Thanks!
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at least six samples
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To all my network.
in our lab. we are looking for one QIAamp PowerFecal DNA Kit, Ref. No. 12830-50. The kit has been discontinued and we need to run few more samples for an important experiment.
Any of you could help us on finding one of this kit?
Thanks in advance for your help
Best,
Giuseppe
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Bassam MS Al-Musawi
we have contacted qiagen and they have proposed us the PRO version of the kit. Of course the results with the normal kit and the PRO are not comparable, that's why we would like to run all the samples with the same type of kit for DNA extraction. Anyway thanks for checking in your lab. if you had some of them
Best regards
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How would you suggest increasing the microbial production in in vitro rumen.? We are currently working with a 5,000 liter reactor using sugar beets as a feed stock processing about one ton per day. The value of the process is driven by the amount of microbial protein produced as this material has the same nutritional profile as fish pulled from the sea. The project objective is to produce a replacement for fish meal derived from waste paper, food waste, and/or low value crop residue.
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thank you for the reference...it is very helpful
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A cow which presented a clear LDA, with a ruminal overload !
Following a general treatment to prepare her for abomasum correction, the next day, the cow presented diarrhea and during fixation by the roll and toggle method, fluid comes out of the abomasum and no gauzes !
It is true that the zone of tympanism has significantly diminished, the next day.
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Oh, Ok. Just use two glasses of carbonated water. Add dishwasher soap to one of them and stir gently. You will be able to simulate what happens when you feed cattle and see that by adding the soap you will create the same effect: slowdown the bubbles formation and the size of the bubbles. You will be also able to produce stable foam by the addition of salts. it is the same mechanism.
CO2 holdup also is the cause of ruminal acidosis. The accumulation of dissolved carbon dioxide in the rumen liquid leads to CO2 poisoning.
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I Wish to know the mechanism of action of activated charcoal in the rumen of ruminants. How do they affect degradation and digestion.
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I think it may have some effects on rumen pH.It might be effective in case of ramen acidosis.
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What other best strategies are there in circumstances where you do not have regular access to collect fresh rumen liquor for your in vitro fermentation work? I have read that Rumen samples preserved at 4°C (for 72hrs) performs better than the one chilled /frozen ( -20 or -80 oC) as rumen samples preserved at these temperatures have low fermentative capacity?
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Soda bicarb is considered an ideal buffering agent to maintain rumen pH. Rumen has a large volume. Different literatures give different answers. How can we arrive at an ideal oral dose rate, interval and period for this buffering action in a practically possible manner?
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What a great question.
I am still looking at it. However, I would like to described a little experiment.
Take two glasses one with carbonated water and another one with beer. Similar volume.
The differences between solutions explain CO2 holdup in the rumen. On the carbonated water you will see that bubbles are big and the quickly leave the glass. On the beer glass the bubbles are smaller and leave the solution very slowly.
The beer is like the rumen fluid. CO2 holdup: the dCO2 cannot easily leave the solution due to the physicochemical properties of the more viscous fluid. This effect limits bubbles formation and release (effervescence).
Now add to both solution sodium bicarbonate. you will see that the gas escape very quickly from both of them. In the carbonated water fizzles. But in the Beer it will form foam. This is the mechanism on Bloat and Abomasal dysplasia in cattle. You have destabilized the solution and CO2 will quickly be released leading to tympanism.
Do the same this time with NaCl and you will see the same effect as with sodium bicarbonate. This phenomenon call salting out the CO2 from the solution. And it is not an effect of bicarbonate, both solutions are saturated with HCO3-, but the Na which added to the liquid provides a substrate for nucleation (formation) of bubbles.
So, the answer is to add Na, the bicarbonate is the vehicle and a good one. Cl- might not be that desirable. how much? if your risk of acidosis is high add more to the diet. Here a good reference for a dosis/effect. (10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76163-0)
I will also add that any compound that serves as a substrate for nucleation will have a good effect on preventing ruminal acidosis. Zeolites for instance are a good additive. But also, might be common sand.
Something that you might want to investigate.
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Hi all. One of my media recipes calls for "clarified rumen fluid." From what I found, that means through cheesecloth. The problem is that cheesecloth is very porous and I am trying to filter out more than that. I have gotten it as far as 3um but cannot get it past that. My project manager would like it to get to at least 1.0um or smaller pore size. I cannot get it to this point. Has anyone worked with this or something similar and been successful? I have tried a syringe and also tried a vacuum. Nothing is working. Any tips would be greatly appreciated.
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Did you think about centrifuging your rumen fluid at 4 C at about 5000 rpm for about 30 minutes? .Then the supernatant can be taken and you can filter it again later if you want using a syringe filter
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Hi every one.
I'm looking for any one who has successfully isolated and grown F.prausnitzii
This year is our first step in our move towards targeted treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children.
If you would like to discuss bacterial isolation from stool, share successful methods or ask more questions for your own work I would love to hear from you.
Our first hurdle is finding a replacement for Rumen fluid in our culture methods for isolation.
Any Ideas?
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Hi, I was just wondering if you ever came up with anything regarding the rumen fluid. I am trying to use it in media for bacterial culture and I am having a hard time filtering mine. Any suggestions?
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Apart from HPLC, which other method can i use to assay rumen bacteria protein. Links or books on the method and protocol will be appreciated
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Following
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Kindly, support your answer with references
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Actually, the N- Acetyl L-Cysteine is little bit better than simple non protected L-Cysteine but still it is being degraded in rumen. if you have specific background to this question please share, maybe I can support.
the simple answer is yes.
kind regards,
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I want to analyze rumen fluid samples in aqueous state for volatile fatty acids on a GC-FID. We only have a Bpx70 column. Can this column be use?
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The aqueous solution analysis in GC-FID is very difficult and not recommended at all. However, in the GC you can analyze the aqueous sample if you have the headspace system. If you have simple GC- FID transfer your analyte to organic solvent by liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction. You can use hexane for liquid-liquid extraction and then you can use sodium methylate to receive fatty acids methyl esters at room temperature. The Bpx70 is recommended by producer for fatty acid methyl ester analysis.
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I want to prepare Volatile fatty acids standard mixture from individual acids bought from Sigma Aldrich. I have seen different volume mixture contradicting. I need a standard procedure/ volume mixture that will help to create a good calibration curve for quantifying the unknown VFA in rumen fluid using GC
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The curve you need will depend on your sample dilution, initial concentration (of course) and your LOQ of your machine/column/protocol, so keep that in mind. Recently did some work with rumen fluid, will private message you more detailed answer but our standard curve was as below (in case someone else needs to see this in the future). Will link the paper once it's out (currently pre-print).
Master solution = 25.33 mM acetic, 24.99 mM propionic, and 10.0 mM each of butyric, iso-butyric, valeric and iso-valeric acids. Calculate the amount needed to make those mM concentrations from the molecular weight of each acid (can easily find this on Sigma's site).
Curve = 0.001, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0-fold of the master solution (so minimum acetic acid = 0.025 mM, maximum = 25.33 mM, and so on). Also of course ran many blanks to check for any baseline issues.
We found that adding formic acid to our internal standard mixture (added to all samples and standards) helped further reduce ghost peaks in subsequent injections. This may not be as much an issue with a different column or protocol but we found it helpful and easy to do with our sample prep.
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What parameter we can use to assess the feeding welfare of goats besides Body condition scoring, Rumen fill scoring in migratory or pastoral production
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Roger Mason Thank you sir for your blessings
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Gut microbes ferment carbohydrates and produce SCFA among other products. They can also feed on bile acids.
Are they also able to use fatty acids and triglycerides as sources of energy?
Thank you to the expert scientists that can help this uneducated PhD who is too busy to dive into literature at the moment.
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I am working on rumen microbiome and looking for a reactor that could monitor low oxygen concentration to mimic the animal's rumen condition
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Dear Tenzin,
in our lab we use DASGIP parallel bioreactor systems from Eppendorf. The gas mixing module can handle 4 gas streams (generally air, oxygen, CO2 and nitrogen) to supply your reactor with the desired gas mixture. The module is conncted to optical Hamilton dissolved oxygen probes to control and maintain the O2 level at your set-point [in %] of choice. You can add an offgas analysis module to measure O2 uptake and CO2 evolution (i.e. OTR, OUR, CTR, CER, RQ etc.).
Be aware that 1% of DO is not equal to 1 mg/L! Oxygen solubility (and with that the 100% saturation level) depends on several parameters like temperature and salt content. By knowing the kLa (volumetric mass-transfer coefficient) of your system you can convert the oxygen concentration in mg/L.
Good luck
Michael
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As some anaerobic bacteria are fastidious and sometimes need help to grow after the passage from solid agar to liquid culture, i was thinking about boosting them with FCS.
I've tried rumen fluid and Propionate/Acetate/Pyruvat solution so far. It sometimes works, sometimes not, always depending on the strain.
Has anyone tried out boosting the growth of bacteria with FCS?
If yes, in what concentration would you recommend to add FCS to the media?
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Have you tried this for F.praisnitzii ?
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Effect on rumen metabolism
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The bottom line is maintainance requirements in terms of DE/Dcp, then increase the feed at the feed with the desired milk yield. A maintenance Dcp of 5percent is practical but increase d to 17_ 20percent of the daily ration.
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Anaerobic fungi do contribute to the rumen function, only if animals are fed on high fibrous diets?
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It is true but in the sense that fibrous feed need more enzymes and time to degrade. It is a relative expression.
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I am interested in working with you on evaluating the impact of live yeast (actisaf strain 47 and strain 48) on rumen fiber digestion, rumen lactic acid content, pH and redox potential. Do you have an in vitro system that can do this type of work? Do you have an in situ system for this type of work? Hope we can work together again.
Stephen M. Emanuele
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yes, we have the in vitro fermentation system, which can be used to check the effect of the live yeast on rumen fermentaiton, and we also can finish the in vivo experiment. However, all this needs the funding support.
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What is the best method for laboratory determination of non-protein nitrogen in rumen fluid, serum and vitreous humor in case of urea poisonin?
Do you suggest another method?
What is the gold standard method for laboratory determination of urea poisoning?
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Try the blood plasma ammonia level as an inevitable consequence of dietary urea overdose.
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Any new article explain about the mechanism on carotenoid compounds in the rumen?
Thanks!
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Thanks a lot, Abhijeet!
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I am a masters student and I have to submit a method that I would like to use in my project. Eek! is anyone working on something similiar with perhaps a different supplement?I would really appreciate it
Susie
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Dear Susi,
I just read your question.I didn't really understand what is your aim. However, commercially there are different solutions for gas production with rumen inoculum, systems that allow you to collect the gas produced during an in vitro fermentation and therefore analyze it for methane concentration. They might be too expensive, so in alternative I can suggest the Hohenheim gas test. It is a very simple method and not expensive. If you need more information let me know.
Federico
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This is not a question.
This is the Map for "Rumen microbial " topic.
file topic_report.docx = 25 topics from 1449 articles which have words
ti=(Rumen* microb* )
in their titles. Each topic is represented through 20 words and 20 thrases with which it is discussed in these articles. Really this terms are the names of methods, objects, properties, laws and so on for topic in question. In addition each topic has quotes from two articles in which it is most manifested.
file a1_basic.xlsm - articles with basic knowledge on the topic
file a3_novelty.xlsm - articles of last years potentially with novelty
We will be grateful for the feedback.
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Good topic.
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What is the effect of altitude on nutritive value, in vitro digestibility and rumen biodegradability of forage?
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try to ask more specific questions, dear colleague, the simple answer to this one is: go to unibersity and study animal nutrition! :-)
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Due to the scarcity of water and lack of pastures in our country, so we used to feed the sheep an imported pelleted feed components (fine milled grains with some ground forage and non-forage fiber sources ). After a certain period of such feeding regime, we found out that the rumen of these animals has been morphologically modified in a strange manner (the rumen wall became very thin, the rumen papillae became very long and the coating layer of epithelial tissue became black in color. Although, the performance and health of the animals are not impaired.
What are the reason of these modifications and how could we ameliorate such changes? Although, rumen pH is not that bad (over 5.5 most of the time).
But we notice that rumination is disappeared.
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The rumen needs "bulk fill" for muscular stimulation. Chemical stimulation (VFA production and absorption through the rumen wall) stimulate papillae growth. In United States high fibrous feedstuffs (lower quality hay/wheat straw) can be used in rations as they are only needed for scratch (mechanical stimulation). Citations for these statements are readily available.
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Which of them is rich in protozoa population? Dairy cattel rumen or fatteninng cattle rumen?
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The abundance of rumen ciliates population depends mostly on the content of starch in a feed. That means the more starch (usually ground grain), the more dense rumen ciliate population (especially of Entodinium genus) at balanced pH6.8. At the prolonged higher intake of grain by the animal can result in the drop of rumen pH followed by decreasing of ciliates population.
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Vitamin B12 is synthesised by certain bacteria in the rumen and hind gut. In ruminants the vitamin is readily absorbed with the aid of intrinsic factor in the ileum. In hind gut fermenters, however, the site of viatmin B12 synthesis is distal to the absorption site.
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Dear Dr. Colin
As you may aware of, that vitamin B12 and other vitamins (B complex and C) are soluble in water. Therefore, in the Cecum and Colon, these vitamins could be absorbed with water.
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Hello . I am from Sudan, i PhD student in the college of Grassland science and technology - Lanzhou University. my major is animal nutrition, now a days i preparing my research proposal. i want to use native herbage plants (or herbs)(contains EO) that grown in Lanzhou or around it that can use in ruminants diets to change mechanism of rumen fermentation and methane production. but i don't know which herbage that grown in Lanzhou i can add it in diet..please can you give me some names of these plants i can evaluate it in-vitro experiment ?
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Thanks
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We intend to conduct a project related to the effects of different oil sources and nitrate on ruminal some rumen parameters including methane production. With this aim, we will prepare a dairy cattle ration (2nd lactation). We will take a sample (0.2 g) and then insert in gas tight syringes which are used in in vitro gas production technique. And, we will determine the methane concentration in these gas tight syringes after 24 hours. But, there is a big problem. How we can obtain rumen content of a 2nd lactation cow??? We do not have a cannulated cow. Can I use rumen contents obtained from a different tytpe ruminant? Can you share your knowledge and experiences realted to this subject?
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I think thats is better to canulate the cows. To use a fettening cow problabily will change the dry matter intake, and consequentilly, the methane production.
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I intend to prepare a Project related to methane mitigation in rumen. I think to use hazelnut oil and nitrate with this aim. Can you share your ideas with me about my Project? If you accept I will send somedetails of my Project.
I will insert 200 mg ration sample in the syringes and then will determine the methane production in the syringes. I will use nitrate and hazelnut oil in teh rations with the aim of decresaing methane production. Can I see the effect of these materials (nitrate and hazelnut oil) within one day?
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I believe that Hector Manterola from Universidad de Chile and also linked with Researchgate may help you. Find him at: http://www.agronomia.uchile.cl/departamentos/produccion-animal/55379/academicos
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how many identified bacteria and fungi from the rumen?
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There are at least 65 ruminal species of bacteria (viz. "rumen.txt") belonging to 40 genera: Acetitomaculum, Actinobacillus, Actinomyces, Agathobacter, Anaeroplasma, Bacterioides, Basfia, Bifidobacterium, Brevibacterium, Butyrivibrio, Cellulosilyticum, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Cowdria, Denitrobacterium, Desulfotomaculum, Ehrlichia, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Howardella, Lachnobacterium, Lachnospira, Lactobacillus, Mannheimia, Mitsuokella, Mycoplasma, Olsenella, Oscillibacter, Prevotella, Proteiniclasticum, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Ruminococcus, Schwartzia, Selenomonas, Streptococcus, Succiniclasticum, Succinimonas, Succinivibrio, Synergistes, and Treponema.
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Dear all,
Requesting your expertise to clarify how rumen-inert fat sources like Ca-soaps/salts (84%), prilled palm fats (99%), fractionated fats and hydrogenated fats differ in their action, evaluated in terms of palatability, diet digestibility and ensuring overall benefits to dairy cows? And, which form has higher rumen stability?
Thanks!
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Hi
Intensive genetic selection for increased milk production, coupled with technological improvements in nutrition, has led to significant increases in milk yield in cows in recent decades. However, this increase in milk output per cow has been accompanied by a worldwide decline in cow fertility . The decline in pregnancy rate to a single artificial insemination has been reported to be approximately 0.45%–1% per annum ]. High-yielding dairy cows are typically in a state of negative energy balance postpartum because the amount of energy required for maintenance both of metabolic function and milk production exceeds the amount of energy cows consume. Insufficient energy supply results in poor reproductive performance, which includes a delay in the onset of estrous cycles postpartum [] and a reduction in oocyte quality , resulting in low conception rates and a high rate of early embryonic death
Embryo mortality during the preimplantation period is a key contributor to the reduced fertility in cattle, with up to 40% of total embryo loss occurring between Days 8–17 of pregnancy []. This stage of embryonic loss coincides with the inhibitory effects of interferon tau (IFNτ), produced by trophectoderm cells of embryos, on prostaglandin release from the uterus . This suggests that a proportion of embryos are unable to inhibit prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) release leading to regression of the CL, reduction in progesterone production ], and termination of pregnancy []. Hence the quality of the preimplantation embryo, and its ability to communicate with the cells of the uterus, are critical for the establishment and continuation of pregnancy.
Short-term changes in plane of nutrition have been shown to have a direct effect on ovarian follicular dynamics in cattle, without any changes in circulating concentrations of gonadotropins []. It has been hypothesized that endocrine and metabolic signals that regulate follicular growth also influence oocyte development either through changes in hormone/growth factor concentrations in follicular fluid or via granulosa-oocyte interactions []. For example, as well as regulating follicular growth [], short-term changes in dietary energy intake influence both oocyte morphology and developmental potential]. The majority of these studies have been carried out in sheep, beef cows, or heifers; thus far, the effects of dietary fatty acids on oocyte quality in lactating dairy cows, which are under greater metabolic pressure, have not been investigated fully.
Fatty acids are rich sources of energy and have important roles in the structure and function of biological membranes ]. Dietary fats influence reproductive function, either by increasing energy balance [or by actions on reproductive processes that are not related to energy Supplementation of the diet with fat has been shown to increase the total number of follicles and to stimulate growth and size of the preovulatory follicle []. In addition, increased availability of fatty acid precursors is coupled with increased steroid and eicosanoid secretion, which can alter ovarian and uterine function and affect embryo implantation []. Maternal dietary fat also influences amniotic fluid and fetal intestinal membrane structural lipid in the rat []..
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I am currently work on the relationship between rumen morphology and meat quality. Are there any related articles can be shared
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Kay RN. Rumen function and physiology. Vet Rec. 1983;113(1):6–9.
Graham C, Simmons NL. Functional organization of the bovine rumen epithelium. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;288(1):R173–81.
Albrecht E, Teuscher F, Ender K, Wegner J (2006) Growth-and breed-related changes of marbling characteristics in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1067–1075.
Chaves AV, Stanford K, Gibson LL, McAllister TA, Benchaar C (2008) Effects of carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde on intake, rumen fermentation, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of growing lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 145, 396–408.
Krueger W, Gutierrez-Banuelos H, Carstens G, Min B, Pinchak W, Gomez R, et al. Effects of dietary tannin source on performance, feed efficiency, ruminal fermentation, and carcass and non-carcass traits in steers fed a high-grain diet. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2010;159(1):1–9.
S.K. Duckett, J.P.S. Neel, R.M. Lewis, J.P. Fontenot, W.M.Clapham. Effects of forage species or concentrate finishing on animal performance, carcass and meat quality. Journal of Animal Science, 91 (3) (2013), pp. 1454-1467
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 most commonly used inert solvents for standardization of GC, FID?
provide stepwise procedure for estimation of VFA using GC, FID?
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Our work simply sampled the rumen fluid with a pipet. Then added hydrochloric acid. then ran the GC.... later we figured out that you need to centrifuge the sample after the acid step otherwise the proteins in the sample will clog the GC syringe.
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I want to learn the effecs of the silage and hay on ruminal methane production. Furthermore, I want to learn the effects of these two forage sources on rumen parameters. 
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I bit disagree with the opinion of Dr. Palangi, methane production in the rumen usually depends on digestibility of a particular feeds. Hay normally prepared from leguminous grasses and silage prepared from non-legumes grasses. according basic rule of ruminants nutrition , if the cattle fed good quality feed staff usually emit less methane  compared high fibre based feed whether may be hay and/or silage.  So, author can go through many review works published by many researchers all over world for consultation, e.g. American Journal of Dairy Science, Journal of Animal Science, AJAS and many others like Canadian Journal of Animal sciences.  
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I intend to prepare a Project related to methane mitigation in rumen. I think to use hazelnut oil and nitrate with this aim. Can you share your ideas with me about my Project? If you accept I will send somedetails of my Project.
Sincerely yours...
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Dietary Possibilities to Mitigate Rumen Methane and Ammonia Production
Efficiency of ruminal metabolism is a significant factor affecting production and release of pollutants, i.e. methane and ammonia. Efficient and balanced ruminal fermentation reduces the emission of gases, particularly methane, to the atmosphere. Losses of energy from the feed ration, connected with the production of methane, are particularly significant in ruminants, since approx. 2/3 production costs are generated by feeds (including forages), fed to animals. Actions aiming at a limitation of methanogenesis in ruminants, at the simultaneous monitoring of quantitative and qualitative changes in methanogens, are justified from the scientific and economic point of view. Proposals of legislative changes include the intention expressed by the European Commission to introduce the so-called cow tax, a tax on kept ruminants. PDF enclosed for further reading
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A colleague is trying to find out the methane levels inside a cow's rumen after feeding with a certain foodstuff. How does he measure the differences, how long should he wait, and how does he create a baseline for his comparisons? thanks! 
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NA
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Is microbial protein soluble in trichloro acetic acid ? What is the exact significance of calculating TCA ppt Nitrogen in the rumen liquor ? Is it correct that TCA ppt Nitrogen is purely True protein (including microbial protein) ???
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Differences in Yields of Microbial Crude Protein from In Vitro Fermentation of Carbohydrates,DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74699-1
Abstract
The yield of microbial crude protein (CP) from carbohydrate fermentations was examined using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation of batch cultures. The medium contained ammonium bicarbonate, casein acid hydrolysate, and cysteine hydrochloride as nitrogen sources. Isolated bermudagrass neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and 60:40 blends of iNDF and sucrose (Suc), citrus pectin (Pec), or corn starch (Sta) ∼375 mg of substrate organic matter/vial) were fermented in vitro in two separate fermentation runs with mixed ruminal microbes. Three fermentation tubes for each substrate were destructively sampled at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h. Fermented samples were precipitated at a concentration of 19.4% TCA, and filtered to collect unfermented iNDF and precipitate. Collected residues were analyzed for CP as Kjeldahl N × 6.25. Microbial CP (TCACP) was estimated as TCA-precipitated CP corrected for the TCA-precipitated CP content of substrates at 0 h, and the mean of fermentation blanks from each hour. Medium pH did not decline below 6.49 in any fermentation tube. Comparisons of maximal yields based on the hour in which the measured mean yield was greatest for each substrate in each fermentation indicated that Sta > Suc = Pec > iNDF (P < 0.05). All substrates showed increases in TCACP to their maxima, followed by declines in TCACP. This likely reflects the relative dominance of production or degradation of microbes about the point of substrate limitation. Unlike other substrates, Suc had no detectable lag, and presented a more persistent TCACP yield curve than the other non-NDF carbohydrates (NFC). Regression analysis of TCACP yield over time for iNDF versus other substrates, Pec + Sta versus Suc, and Pec versus Sta indicated that the compared curves were not parallel (P < 0.05). The patterns of TCACP yield over time were cubic for iNDF and Suc, and quartic for Pec and Sta. The maximal yields of TCACP predicted from the regressions were Sta: 34.0 mg at 15.6 h, Pec: 29.9 mg at 13.5 h, Suc: 25.5 mg at 12.6 h, and iNDF: 13.6 mg at 19.3 h. The NDF and NFC carbohydrates examined differed in both maximal yields and temporal patterns of yield of TCACP.
 
 
 
 
 
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Rumen pH, gas production ( methane, Ammoniac), Volatil Fatty Acids
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I agree with Dr.Haifa
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Viral diarrhae is a common problem in ruminant.
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kindly check in text book of pathophysiology of diarrheic viral disease of animals by Kofret Lingan
  Thanks
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Methane is produced as a natural by-product of the digestive process of cows and other bovines. Placing methanotrophs inside the gut of a cow would theoretically counter the methane production of the microbes responsible for it in the digestive process, and consequently reduce the contribution of cows to greenhouse gasses. Are the abiotic factors in the rumen of a cow suitable for the growth of methanotrophs? 
If yes, what are its possible implications or consequences to the ecology of the existing microflora in the rumen of a cow?
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Not my field but CSIRO in Australia has spent a lot of effort attempting to decrease methane emissions from rumenants.  I do't know their approach but it's worth checking  
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When a young ruminant is born, its rumen is considered a sterile environment that contains no bacteria or other microbial life. The young ruminant is naturally exposed to different microbes through the dam’s birth canal and vagina, saliva, skin and feces. now  we asked about  how diet content affect on rumen development.
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Dear Dr. Hamada
Ruminant livestock are important sources of human food and global greenhouse gas emissions. Feed degradation and methane formation by ruminants rely on metabolic interactions between rumen microbes and affect ruminant productivity. Rumen and camelid foregut microbial community composition was determined in 742 samples from 32 animal species and 35 countries, to estimate if this was influenced by diet, host species, or geography. Similar bacteria and archaea dominated in nearly all samples, while protozoal communities were more variable. The dominant bacteria are poorly characterised, but the methanogenic archaea are better known and highly conserved across the world. This universality and limited diversity could make it possible to mitigate methane emissions by developing strategies that target the few dominant methanogens. Differences in microbial community compositions were predominantly attributable to diet, with the host being less influential. There were few strong co-occurrence patterns between microbes, suggesting that major metabolic interactions are non-selective rather than specific.
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Known and famous methods may be ancient:
1- Digestive Testing (Digestion Boxes) in vivo
2- comparison of the results of their nitrogen content, the beginning and end of the experiment.
There are new ways I do not know ..! Does anyone tell us about them?
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in some models of methane prediction from rumen
volatile fatty acids from amino acids fermentation were carried out
so i need to know how could that volatile acids quantity calculated.
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Sever lactic acidosis in cows because of rapidly and highly carbohydrates fermentation  in rumen.
 That is need emergency care quickly and correction of pH of blood.  
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Hay varias posibilidades
1.Uso de Buferantes (Bicarbonatos ,Zeolitas , Bentonitas )
2.Usar sales electroliticas
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I want to determined antioxidant activity of rumen fluid by DPPH but my sample color after using DPPH change to dark orange or brownish and the absorbance of samples are more than blank. pH of rumen fluid is around 8-8.5 because this samples have taken from Rusitec System. I tried some modifications such as dilution( methanol or water were used), use whole spectrum to find the best wave length, adjust pH to 6.5 by HCl, Using ethanol and water instead of methanol to make DPPH solution, using filtration and centrifuging of samples before using but in all cases ruminal fluid absorbance was more than blank, if any body has a suggestion to solve the problem .
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im sorry idont know
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I want to learn whether there is a connection between the unsaturation degree of an fatty acid and its toxicity level on rumen microorganisms?
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It depends on the objectives and results that you want to obtain
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I'm doing experiment on LAB, specifically, lactobacillus plantarum. In my experiment, I inoculated l. plantarum in substrate-containing serum bottles ( in vitro gas production technique) and checked the total gas production, total SCFA concentration and do qPCR to check their initial quantities. The results showed that there was no difference between control and treatments. It means that l. plantarum couldn't survive in the buffered rumen fluid. Is it due to the neutral pH of the rumen? Could anyone explain this for me? Thanks in advance.
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My suggestions, first you have to analyse the survival ability of your bacteria in artificial rumen fluids and analyse the bacterial growth at different time intervals. Here you can get clear idea and then you can go for gas production analysis.
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.
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Place the McDougall's solution, after the addition of the 4% CaCl2 solution,
into the 390C water bath and bubble in CO2 gas until the pH of the
McDougall's solution reads 6.8 to 7.0.
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Rumen VFA are analysed predominantly with GC, but we face technical problem with the apparatus and it's spare parts.
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You could use GC for VFA analysis or steam distillation for determination total VFA
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Could I measure the odd- and branched-chain fatty acid (OBCFA) in rumen content using GC-FID?
What should I check with the GC machine or column?
If I want to learn more details about the preparation of OBCFA samples, which kind of books or website could I search for?
Thanks a lot!
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To calculate the enzyme activity, we have used Rhodanin assay (Shweta et al., 1999). But at the end of the assay the results are not coming as earlier reported. There is formation of chromogen in both the test tubes i.e. experimental and control. There is no contamination in the (Sigma Mol Bio grade used) chemicals.
Please tell what could be the possible reason of this outcome.
Thanks in advance.
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Yes, enzyme extract was added at the end and reagents were of good quality. Thank you so much for your help.
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 How can have an existence Possibility of a reliable method of calculation and estimate the pH in the rumen for sheep species?
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According to previous findings the circadian manner of pH of ruminal fluid as a consequence of animal-related or environmental-related (such as diet) modifiers clearly could be understood and all know that reporting pH as a single value itself is not useful tool for evaluations (of diet, health or …) or decision makings (even for models).
On the other hand some markers could be used for predicting ruminal pH such as DMI, total or individual VFA, the acetate:propionate ratio, microbial N flow from the rumen, milk and component yields, milk fat percentage, or even the fat:protein. Although these markers are considered as good assistants for predicting pH (qualitatively and not quantitatively), to my knowledge, nobody does not claim that ruminal pH is precisely predictable by such above mentioned tools.
So let me conclude that: as ruminal pH value is floating on the sea of large number of effectors, its predictions as one reliable value or designing one simple and easy formula for it, would be very difficult and high input. Please pay attention that the measurement of runimal pH as itself is the most easy and cheap way for predicting some parameters such as microbial N flow, milk and component yields, or milk fat percentage!
Please take a look at these two papers;
“Prediction of Ruminal pH from Pasture-Based Diets” J. Dairy Sci. 85:1255–1266
“Simultaneous Estimation of the pH of Rumen and Reticulum Fluids of Cows Using a Radio-Transmission pH-Measurement System” J. vet. Med. Sci. 74(4): 531–535
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I want to supplement dairy cows' diet with rumen protected Met to enhance milk protein synthesis. I seek an efficient feed additive with sufficient protection in the rumen to use as a co-supplement with RP-Met (in synergism with together). a significant increase in milk protein (protein fractions) is expected as research target. 
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Have you looked at essential oils? I know that CRINA products from DSM increases protein bypass (used to work for them)
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I need some designs and methods to determine rumial gases in gots
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Hi, There are several in the literature. It depends on the experimental design
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How to explain that ,NDF/ADF digestibility in dairy cattle was improved while cellulolytic bacteria numbers was decreased? Anyone can explain or have some suggestion/ reference?
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As an engulfing manner of protozoa against bacteria in addition of bacteria counting you must pay attention to protozoa. although protozoa have lower number compared to bacteria, as weight they are mostly same as bacteria.
So it's possible observed decrease in cellulolytic bacteria population was due to increase in size and number of protozoa.
also check microbial protein  markers. please find and review Dr. Dehority's book on rumen microbiology. it would be very useful reference.
however as others said above don't forget ruminal pH functions. ch13 of attached book may be useful.
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Actually, monensin would decrease ammonia-N concentration in the rumen, however, my research found that ammonia-N concentration was increased when supplement monensin in diet at 33mg/kg diet in cattle. How to explain?
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the pure cultures of rumen bacteria with the highest ammonia production from protein were gram negative and produced only 75-80% of the ammonia produced by mixed rumen bacteria. Russell’s group in the 1980s hypothesized that within the rumen unknown strains of bacteria that have high specific rates of ammonia production must exist.
 Yang and Russell (1993) demonstrated that the decrease in rumen ammonia
caused by monensin was associated with a 10-fold decrease in ruminal bacteria that use amino acids and peptides as an energy source for growth. See attached paper.
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Does anybody isolate and identify the organism that produce methane in rumen?
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Those are all arch bacteria. does not need to go rumen for search but you can source it out from cattle dung.  
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ruminant nutrition
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In ruminant feed the factors order alter the product. I explain. Ruminants should receive first day at the fiber of low to medium quality, then receive minerals and proteins, in order to try to balance the products of ruminal fermentation and maximize fiber degradability in the rumen. The size of the fibrous material must be from one to 8 inches, to maintain adequate rumination process. The total mixed rations offer the opportunity for the animal to have on hand fiber, easily degradable energy, minerals and protein and non-protein nitrogen to optimize fiber degradation in the rumen.
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Dear Professor and Researchers,
I am doing work on screening of plants that reduce methane in ruminants under in vitro condition. We measure total gas, CH4, acetate (C2), propionate (C3), butyrate (C4), isovalerate, (Ci5) and valerate (C5) A: P ratio using GC and NH3 estimation.
My question: Is there any simple Formula to calculate the amount of hydrogen produced for in vitro rumen fermentation exp.
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In ruminants, methanogenesis is characterized by a two stage process: (i) the enzymatic degradation of feed sources in the rumen with the release of a range of monomers (sugars, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids) and (ii) the fermentation of those compounds rumen microbiota (bacteria, protozoa and fungi).  The primary fermentation products are short chain volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate), fermentation acids such as lactic acid, formic acid, a range of alcohols (for example ethanol), succinate and branched chain volatile fatty acids.  In addition, CH4, CO2, H2 and ammonia are also produced.
To maintain ruminal functionality, clearance of volatile fatty acids, H2 and CO2 must occur or there will be (i) a substantial reduction in yield of microbial biomass reflecting change in pH and (ii) an alteration in the rumen DM pool turnover (REF).  Volatile fatty acids are transported across the rumen and omasal walls and utilized by the animal whereas CO2 is released to the head space of the rumen and lost via eructation or transported via circulation to the lungs and respired.  Clearance of metabolic H2 is via formation of VFA or converted to CH4 as part of the mechanism to clear the product from the site of fermentation. This process is facilitated by methanogenic Archaea.  If this process is not maintained, H2 accumulates and re-oxidation of NADH, NADPH and FADH to NAD+, NADP+ and FAD+ is reduced leading to a reduction in dehydrogenase activity involved in the oxidation of reduced cofactors, microbial yield and production of fermentation products (volatile fatty acids and fermentation acids: REF).  McAllister and Newbold (2008) suggested that if H2 was removed efficiently from the rumen environment, the rate of fermentation may increase reflecting the removal the potent inhibitor (H2) of microbial degradation of ingested feeds. It is not a simple proposition to calculate hydrogen yield from VFA as there are three metabolic pathways to consider: 
Major metabolic pathways
 Hydrogenotrophic
CO2 + 4H2 > CH4 + 2H2O
Methylotrophic
CH3OH + H2 > CH4 + H2O
4CH3OH > 3CH4 + CO2 + 2H2O
CH3NH2 + H2 > CH4 + NH3
Aceticlastic
Minor in rumen