Science method

Routing - Science method

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What are the primary routes of administration for each cephalosporin generation?
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Suppose you want to go out on a drive. Before you start, you must decide where you want to go and then which route to take. If you are aware of the route, you don’t need to look for help and consult a dictionary, but if you do not know your route, then you intend to use one. Your problem is compounded if: there is more than one route and you need to decide among them. Same goes for the research process.
Check the exact process
what do you say?
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Sir, your suggestion is good, but know to collaborate with another person.
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  1. A report Advanced Routing technologies in IOT Networks.
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Dear Abu Yusif Kargbo,
a broad answer to your question can be found in my articles on routing in the IoT when using the RTL protocol.
Best regards
Anatol Badach
See in particular:
RPL – IPv6 Routing Protocol for LLNs
RPL – Routing_Metrics_and_Constraints
Logical structuring of LLNs with RPL: Meaning of terms RPL Instance, Rank and DODAG ID
Protocol structure of 6LoWPAN devices; 6LoWPAN functions illustratively presented
RPL Figures ResearchGate.pdf
RPL messages and their structure
A Literature Collection on Routing in the Internet of Things (IoT) with RPL:
Part 1: RPL Applications – Concepts, Analysis and Evaluation
Part 2: RPL Extensions
Part 3: RPL Analysis and Evaluation
Part 4: RPL Applications – Concepts, Analysis and Evaluation
Part 5: RPL Implementations-Analysis and Evaluation
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There are Magnesium-based vanadium inhibitors on the market with low viscosities. How are they produced? specifically 28% Mg-containing ones (which are referred as polymerized Mgs) with such high velocity and low viscosity? How can I know about the ingredients and production route of the process?
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Thanks for your reply. Are there any references that can help me find out how such a viscosity can be attained?
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I am working on WSNs; opportunistic routing precisely.
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Simulating a wireless sensor network (WSN) using the Network Simulator 3 (ns-3) involves a series of steps to set up your simulation environment, define your network topology, and run your desired scenarios. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you get started:
Step 1: Install ns-3
  1. Download ns-3: Get the latest version from the ns-3 website.
  2. Install: Follow the installation instructions provided in the documentation for your operating system. Ensure that you have all the required dependencies installed.
Step 2: Setup the Wireless Sensor Network Environment
  1. Choose a WSN model: ns-3 has several models that can be used to simulate WSNs, such as:Zigbee LoRaWAN IEEE 802.15.4
  2. Install required models: Ensure that any additional models are included in your ns-3 installation depending on your simulation needs.
Step 3: Write Your Simulation Script
  1. Create a new script: In the scratch directory of your ns-3 installation, create a new .cc file (e.g., wsn_simulation.cc).
  2. Include necessary headers: cpp#include "ns3/core-module.h" #include "ns3/network-module.h" #include "ns3/wifi-module.h" // or other relevant modules
  3. Configure the simulation:Define node types: Create sensor nodes and the sink node. Set up the communication technology (e.g., Wi-Fi, Zigbee). Establish the topology (grid, random distribution, etc.). Example basic setup: cppusing namespace ns3; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { CommandLine cmd; cmd.Parse(argc, argv); // Create nodes NodeContainer sensorNodes; sensorNodes.Create(10); // create 10 sensor nodes NodeContainer sinkNode; sinkNode.Create(1); // one sink node // Setup Wi-Fi or other protocol WifiHelper wifi; wifi.SetStandard(WIFI_PHY_STANDARD_80211b); // More Wi-Fi configuration... // Install network stack wifi.Install(sensorNodes); wifi.Install(sinkNode); // Set up communication (addresses, channels, etc.) // Add applications (data generation from sensors to sink) Simulator::Run(); Simulator::Destroy(); return 0; }
Step 4: Run the Simulation
  1. Build the project: Execute the following command in the ns-3 directory: bash./waf build
  2. Run your simulation: Execute your script using the following command: bash./waf --run wsn_simulation
Step 5: Analyze Results
  1. Log and visualize results: Use ns-3’s built-in tracing system to log performance metrics (e.g., packet delivery ratio, latency).
  2. Export data for analysis: You can generate output files (e.g., CSV) for external analysis in tools like Python or MATLAB.
Step 6: Modify and Experiment
  • Change topology, node configurations, or application model parameters to explore different scenarios.
  • Modify the simulation script as needed to fine-tune your results.
Additional Resources
  • Documentation: Review the ns-3 manual for deeper insights into specific modules and features.
  • Examples: Check the examples directory for sample scripts.
Setting up a WSN simulation in ns-3 can be quite flexible and powerful, allowing you to model various scenarios and analyze different protocols and performance metrics effectively.
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Hi. According to many references N-methy-pyrrolidone (NMP) is used for the formulation of drugs intended for the subcutaneous injection of drugs in humans and animals. The concentration used for subcutaneous implants is about 50 %, but we have found severe local irritation when injecting 10-18 % NMP (Pharmasolve) by the subcutaneous route in mice. Have any of you had such experience? Any hint to solve the problem? Thanks in advance.
Sergio
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Hello. I have never injected NMP in animals and never used it to formulate drugs. But given that the material is a know skin irritant, it's not surprising that it some mice react adversely to it. It's also a class 2 residual solvent per ICH (understand, medium toxicity, quantities must be controlled and reported).
Publicly available SDS from Sigma-Aldrich, Product# 328634, Cas# 872-50-4
H227 Combustible liquid.
H315 Causes skin irritation.
H319 Causes serious eye irritation.
H335 May cause respiratory irritation.
H360 May damage fertility or the unborn child.
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Hi,
the synthetic route for Cl3SnCH2CH2COOH is dated back to 1978, there are some precautions to take into account?
Thank you.
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Organotin compounds can be toxic, so handle them with proper personal protective equipment (PPE) and in a well-ventilated fume hood.
Trichlorotin chloride and acryloyl chloride are both reactive and should be handled with care to avoid exposure to moisture and other reactive chemicals.
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Maritime transport, also known as sea or ocean transport, is the process of moving goods and passengers over water using ships and other vessels. It is a crucial component of international trade, accounting for the majority of global trade by volume. Key aspects include:
1. Types of Ships. There are various types of ships used in maritime transport, including container ships, bulk carriers, tankers, passenger ships, and specialized vessels.
2. Major Shipping Routes. Significant shipping routes include the Panama Canal, the Suez Canal, and major international trade lanes like the Asia-Europe and Trans-Pacific routes.
3. Port Infrastructure. Ports are critical hubs in maritime transport, providing facilities for loading, unloading, and storage of cargo. Major ports include the Port of Shanghai, Port of Singapore, and Port of Rotterdam.
4. Regulations and Safety. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) sets global standards for the safety, security, and environmental performance of international shipping.
5. Environmental Impact. Maritime transport has environmental implications, including emissions from ships and potential pollution from oil spills. Efforts to mitigate these impacts include adopting cleaner technologies and stricter regulations.
6. Economic Importance. Maritime transport is vital for the global economy, enabling the efficient movement of large volumes of goods, which supports trade and economic development.
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I don't know if this is a question or a statement, but for the question in the title:
In my opinion, ocean is not a very correct usage, just as maritime is not called "marine" academically. Because "maritime" includes the commercial, economic and logistical meaning of the work as well as the physical transportation. Additionally, transportation may not only take place in the ocean. Otherwise, many expressions could be used: sea transport, waterborne, inland.... Generally, researchers in fields other than transportation use these expressions because they do not fully master the terminology. In short, it is not a wrong statement, but only the expression "maritime" can meet the academic intensity.
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On ns2 simalator, I need to make modifications in the AOMDV protocol. How to calculate congestion for a route using the TCP mechanism.
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To integrate TCP congestion control into the AOMDV protocol in NS2, follow these steps:
  1. Packet Loss Detection:Monitor packet transmission between source and destination nodes. Detect packet loss events using TCP acknowledgment (ACK) mechanisms. Record the occurrence of packet loss as an indicator of network congestion along the route.
  2. Throughput Measurement:Measure the throughput of data transmission along the route. Calculate the rate at which data is successfully delivered from the source to the destination. Use throughput as an indicator of network congestion, where decreasing throughput may signal congestion.
  3. Round-Trip Time (RTT) Estimation:Estimate the round-trip time (RTT) between the source and destination nodes. Monitor the time taken for a packet to travel from the source to the destination and back. Use RTT as a parameter for congestion control algorithms to regulate packet transmission.
  4. Congestion Window Adjustment:Adjust the congestion window size (cwnd) dynamically based on congestion signals. Increase cwnd during TCP slow start phase and decrease it during congestion avoidance phase. Use congestion window size as a mechanism to control the rate of packet transmission and alleviate congestion.
  5. Slow Start Threshold (ssthresh) Management:Manage the slow start threshold (ssthresh) to regulate TCP congestion control behavior. Set ssthresh to control the transition between slow start and congestion avoidance phases. Adjust ssthresh based on congestion signals to prevent network congestion collapse.
  6. Adaptive Congestion Control Algorithms:Implement adaptive TCP congestion control algorithms such as Tahoe, Reno, or New Reno. Use algorithm-specific mechanisms to adjust congestion control parameters dynamically in response to network congestion.
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Dear all,
I would like to know if anyone has suggestion of any source material regarding the production of xylitol from which I could assemble my own inventory or know about an LCA in the production of xylitol through CHEMICAL process.
I have found several papers but they only address or simulate the production through biotechnological process, which unfortunately is not used commercially.
If you have any suggestion that will be much appreciated.
Thanks
Humberto
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Dear Serra Eldem
Thank you for your answer.
Regards
Humberto
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A drug showing efficacy in humans when administered through oral route, but the same drug is lacking efficacy in mice admistered through same route.
What can be the possible reason?
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Dear Bishnu Prasad Behera,
There may be many reasons, it is not necessarily surprising.
One is PK, in the mouse compound may have lower bioavailability or higher clearance leading to low exposure. As suggested by Vijayakumar A R metabolism may be faster in the mouse leading to the high clearance.
Even with similar intrinsic enzyme activity elimination is faster in mouse due to higher blood flow / kg body mass. Following simple allometry principles a much higher mg/kg dose is expected to be required in mouse compared to human.
Is your treatment acute (single dose) or chronic? Due to faster elimination in the mouse residence time will be lower, you may need to administer more often in the mouse than in human.
Another reason, sometimes overlooked, is pharmacology. Is the target affected by the drug present in mouse? Is it having the same biological role in mouse as human (or are there redundant mechanisms in mouse not present in human leading to different sensitivities of the efficacy model)? Is your drug having the same potency in the mouse target as the human target?
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Do ants in the genus Lasius migrate? If so, what are some of the characteristics of their migratory routes?
Cheers
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Hi Ran; You can get an introduction to the topic in -
Holldobler and Wilson, 1990. The Ants. Belknap Pr.
Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers
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The majority of established survey protocols do not specifically require the recording of survey routes. Instead, they primarily focus on documenting animal sightings or occurrences. However, I firmly believe that survey routes hold significant importance as they serve as a measure of the actual survey effort. Even a route without any recorded animal encounters is valuable since it provides evidence of true absences.
Presently, capturing survey routes has become quite effortless, with more than a dozen freely available smartphone applications capable of efficiently logging both waypoints and track points in various formats such as .GPX, .kml, .txt, or .csv files. Consequently, I propose an update to the existing field survey protocols to incorporate this aspect of data collection.
I am eager to hear your thoughts and feedback on this suggestion. Any comments are highly welcomed and appreciated.
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The question is formulated very abstractly. The choice of methodology depends on the purpose of the study, on the properties of the object of research (a specific type of animal and the specifics of its behavior in a given period of time), as well as on the time, physical and financial capabilities of researchers, etc.
I'll give you a specific example. For long-term stationary work, there are some important requirements for obtaining comparable bird mapping results during the breeding season: 1) the accounting route must be linked to the terrain; 2) observations on the route are carried out from fixed, regularly located points (for example, every 50 m); 3) observation time at each point is strictly limited (for example, 5 minutes) and does not depend on the presence or absence of birds; 4) time and the conditions of accounting coincide with the phase of maximum activity of the animal; etc.
And of course, it is important to understand that the absence of registration of an animal does not always mean its real absence, i.e. the number of animal registrations in the register may not be proportional to their number, but proportional to their visibility. Obviously, we hear a singing male bird, and not a singing male - we do not hear, but this does not mean that it is not there ...))
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Hi, so I have been reading a bunch of research papers on how to do dynamic light scattering experiments in an non-ergodic medium.
1. Couple of them suggest to take the reading from a single ensemble over a long time, so that the probe particle can diffuse further.
2. Some suggest, taking the reading from different sub-ensembles and averaging the reading.
I am keen on carrying out the experiments taking the second approach route, where I want to study the Polystyrene particle in a dilute Poly-vinyl alcohol solution. The problem is, how do I set the measurement reading positions?
I am using Malvern Zetasizer ZS, where the measurement position can be set (0.0 to 6.5 mm). Any leads will be highly appreciated! Thank you!
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Hello Richa Ghosh - typically in a non-ergodic DLS setup the sample might be in the center of a goniometer, and then slowly turn / move up and down while the data are being acquired. In the Zetasizer, the change of measurement position during a correlation function acquisition is not possible.
As you suggest, you could try to acquire correlation functions at different positions and then average them. I am not sure how many positions might be necessary to get a good space average.
The measurement position can be set in Measurement-Advanced-Measurement settings-Positioning method
An additional comment, the scattering volume in the ZS may already provide a good spatial average, depending on the scale of your expected inhomogeneities in your sample.
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This route was primarily used to treat intraperitoneal cancer models. I was not able to find references for subcutaneous models.
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Already answered correctly. Not in the literature... so what? I am an old experimenter, for example, there is no data in the literature that after immunisation the average lethal dose of microorganisms for rats increases by 5-8 times and for mice by 2.5 times. e.g. E. coli, Proteus. These are my data, I don't think I've published them. They are in the R&D reports.
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It is really difficult for me, should I focus only on problem solving after identifying the problem, or Search for the Route causes by asking 5 ways ?
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Complementary, and considering the answer of
António José Rodrigues Rebelo
I think you could organize your ideas in an Ishikawa diagram to have a clearer picture of the problem and concretize to a specific factor in the mentioned problem has proved to be too complex.
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I have used the following parameters to simulate:
1. Loss method: SCS-CN, 2. Transform method: Clark UH, 3. Routing: Lag.
My simulated peak occurs 1 day after the observed peak.
It shows "Warning: Time of concentration increased to one time interval at subbasin X" which I'm assuming is the reason for the discrepancy.
What parameters can I adjust to shift the peak by 1 days and to esolve this error?
Thank you.
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Hi Md. Tareq Aziz I would recommend the Kirpich formula, which relates length and slope, in addition to the De Rowe formula, which relates the length of the stream section to the difference in heights between one section and another.
Regards,
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Dear all,
I am currently working on a conical intersection search using Gaussian16 on Linux, and I've encountered an error that I'm having difficulty resolving. I would greatly appreciate any insights or suggestions you may have.
Here is my route section:
#p Opt=(Conical,maxcycle=400) CASSCF(6,6,nroot=2)/6-31g SCF (maxcycle=6000,conver=6,vshift=300) nosymm
The calculation appears to stop running, and the error message in the 9th last lines of the log file reads as follows:
FoFCou: FMM=F IPFlag=0 FMFlag=100000 FMFlg1=0
NFxFlg=0 DoJE=T BraDBF=F KetDBF=T FulRan=T
wScrn=0.000000 ICntrl=500 IOpCl=0 I1Cent=200000004 NGrid=0
NMat0=1 NMatS0=1 NMatT0=0 NMatD0=1 NMtDS0=0 NMtDT0=0
Symmetry not used in FoFCou.
Harris En= -958.757063311024
JPrj=0 DoOrth=F DoCkMO=F.
Leave Link 401 at Thu Nov 30 10:48:02 2023, MaxMem=5368709120 cpu:78.3 elap:78.6
(Enter /gpfs/softs/softwares/Gaussian/g16/l405.exe)
The intersection I'm looking for is between the ground and first excited states, so I'm putting the weight of the states after my molecule specification section as:
0.5 0.5
I'm uncertain whether this qualifies as an error, but the calculation halts at the initial step of the process. Any guidance on resolving this issue would be immensely helpful.
Thank you for your time and assistance.
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It appears your input file is geared towards a conical intersection search in Gaussian 16, and the error message in the output file suggests a halt during the Force Field Coupling (FoFCou) step.
Sir kindly try to troubleshoot:
  1. Check for Convergence: Ensure your initial geometry guess is sensible, and monitor if SCF and CASSCF calculations are converging. Lack of convergence can lead to premature termination.
  2. Adjust MaxCycle for Optimization: Consider increasing the maxcycle value (currently set at 400) for optimization. Conical intersections might demand more optimization cycles.
  3. Symmetry Consideration: Since the error indicates symmetry is not used in FoFCou, try running the calculation with symmetry (remove nosymm), especially if your molecule exhibits symmetry elements.
  4. Verify Geometry: Double-check the initial structure's geometry for reasonability as it serves as the starting point for optimization.
  5. Extend MaxCycle for SCF: The SCF maxcycle is set to 6000; if convergence is an issue, consider increasing this value.
  6. Disk Space and Memory: Ensure sufficient disk space and memory are available for the calculation.
  7. Consult Documentation: Refer to the Gaussian 16 documentation for specific recommendations or issues related to conical intersection searches.
Concerning state weights (0.5 0.5), this seems suitable for a ground-state to the first excited-state conical intersection.
If the problem persists, providing more context, including preceding error messages and warnings during SCF or CASSCF calculations, would be beneficial. Exploring the Gaussian discussion forum or reaching out to Gaussian support could offer additional insights into troubleshooting these specific issues.
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I observed an assembly process of a ferromagnetic nanoparticles into a 3D cubic microstructure in aqueous media at 120°C. However the assembly process didn't involve any solvent evaporation or external magnetic force. Can anyone recommend or suggest the route for this formation?
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I am not 100% sure that I get your question. I had some experience with the self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles. They initially had organic aliphatic trails, which prevented their immediate electro-static agglomeration. In my case, the challenge was to develop a homogenous dispersion of nanoparticles in a polymer matrix, while avoiding nanoparticle conglomeration due to electrostatics. It was an achievable goal. In your case, it sounds like you already accomplish your task: "ferromagnetic nanoparticles into a 3D cubic microstructure in aqueous media at 120°C", but need some advice on how to get rid of solvent (?). I would say that you can just heat it up in vacuum oven
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Especially one that involves a biotechnological route
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One of the simplest lignin derived products that can be made in a lab is vanillin, which is the main flavor component of vanilla. Vanillin can be obtained from lignin by various biotechnological routes, such as enzymatic oxidation, microbial fermentation, or bioelectrochemical systems. For example, one possible method is to use a fungal enzyme called laccase to oxidize lignin and produce vanillin and other aromatic compounds1. Another possible method is to use a bacterium called Pseudomonas putida to convert lignin-derived compounds into vanillin and other value-added products. A third possible method is to use a microbial fuel cell to degrade lignin and generate vanillin and electricity simultaneously. These methods are more environmentally friendly and cost-effective than the conventional chemical methods of vanillin production from lignin.
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when we do synthesis of nanoparticle through Green route, we always notice the initial color change by adding Plant Extract and the Salt like Zinc acetate in ZnO NPs etc. and if the color change occur we say our NPs synthesized. so what's the logic behind this, why the color change occurred.
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The initial color change observed during the green synthesis of nanoparticles is primarily due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon. SPR occurs when the collective oscillation of free electrons in nanoparticles interacts with the electromagnetic field of light. This interaction results in the absorption of specific wavelengths of light, leading to a change in the solution's color.
The specific color change observed depends on the type of nanoparticle being synthesized. For instance, silver nanoparticles typically exhibit a color change from pale yellow to brown, while gold nanoparticles exhibit a color change from pale red to deep red. This color change serves as a visual indication of the successful formation of nanoparticles.
In addition to SPR, other factors can also contribute to the initial color change. For example, the presence of plant extract components, such as flavonoids and phenolics, can also absorb light and contribute to the observed color change.
Overall, the initial color change observed during green synthesis of nanoparticles is a valuable indicator of the successful formation of nanoparticles. It provides a simple and non-invasive method for monitoring the synthesis process.
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How is fuzzy logic specifically applied in the trusted routing protocol, and what advantages does it offer over traditional routing methods ?
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Fuzzy logic is a mathematical concept that deals with uncertainty and imprecision. It is used in the context of the Fuzzy, Dynamic and Trust Based Routing Protocol for IoT to calculate trust scores for nodes in the network. The protocol uses a multi-fuzzy, dynamic, and hierarchical trust model (FDTM-IoT) to make routing decisions based on contextual information, quality of service, and quality of peer-to-peer communication. Fuzzy logic is used in trust calculations to consider uncertainty as one of the most important inherent characteristics of trust.
The advantages of using fuzzy logic in the trusted routing protocol are:
Improved network performance: FDTM-RPL, the proposed routing protocol, provides high performance in detecting attacks and improves network performance in a variety of criteria, including end-to-end delay and packet loss rates.
Efficient communication: The use of contextual information, attention to security issues, and the consideration of service quality make proper routing decisions, enabling efficient communication of information among IoT nodes.
Better security: FDTM-RPL uses trust to deal with attacks, making it more secure than traditional routing methods.
I hope this helps!
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Hello,
Concerning my PhD project, I'm curious about the placement of electronic toll stations within a city, particularly in Europe. I'm interested in whether they are typically situated sequentially along one or more routes, arranged in a grid network, or perhaps organized in a circular pattern.
I am also wondering if all electronic toll stations in a city are typically connected to each other through the available links among them, or is there any possibility that two or more toll stations are not connected (in a city)?
Thank you in advance for your help.
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The placement of electronic toll stations in a city can vary based on factors like traffic flow, infrastructure, and city planning. They may be strategically positioned along major routes, forming a sequential network. In some cases, a grid pattern might be employed to cover various entry and exit points efficiently. Circular patterns are less common but may be used based on city layout and traffic patterns.
Regarding connectivity, electronic toll stations are typically part of a connected network to ensure efficient toll collection and data management. Connecting all stations allows for synchronized operations, real-time data exchange, and centralized control. However, specific cases may exist where connectivity challenges lead to isolated toll stations. Local factors and technological considerations could influence the design and connectivity of the toll collection system in a city.
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We are interested in publishing a book chapter in herbal medicines or bioactive compounds and cancer treatment in Qualified publishers.
Please let us know the conditions and route of finding interested area.
kind regards
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Look for reputable academic publishers known for scientific, medical, or pharmaceutical content. Some examples include Springer, Wiley, Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, and CRC Press.Visit the websites of potential publishers and review their submission guidelines. They usually provide details on how to submit proposals or manuscripts for book chapters.Reach out to the acquisition editors or the respective publishers of the selected companies. You can often find their contact information on the publisher's website.Prepare a proposal for your book chapter. The proposal should include an outline, summary, intended audience, and significance of the content.Ensure your chapter contributes unique and valuable insights to the field. It should offer new information, a comprehensive review, or original research.Verify that the information you're providing meets scientific standards and is supported by robust evidence. This is crucial in the field of herbal medicines and cancer treatment. Consider collaborating with other experts in the field. Multiple authors can enhance the credibility and expertise of the chapter.Reputable publishers often have a peer review process to ensure the quality and accuracy of the content. Be prepared for this review as part of the publication process.Ensure compliance with legal and ethical guidelines in terms of data sources, citation, and usage of proprietary information.Discuss and negotiate terms related to copyright, royalties, distribution, and any fees associated with publishing. Discuss and negotiate terms related to copyright, royalties, distribution, and any fees associated with publishing. Submitting a book chapter in the realm of herbal medicines and bioactive compounds in cancer treatment requires meticulous planning, a rigorous approach to content creation, and a strategic engagement with publishers and experts in the field. Conduct thorough research and ensure that the content adds value and novelty to the existing literature.i hope i helped :)
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What is the fastest route to obtaining a PhD by publication?
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Publish as many articles and possible any you the reviewers comment to your improve and shape your Thesis.
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What are the key challenges and threats associated with routing in dynamic and potentially untrusted vehicular environments, and how can fuzzy-based protocols address these challenges?
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Routing in dynamic and potentially untrusted vehicular environments, such as Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), presents several challenges and threats. These environments involve high mobility, rapidly changing topologies, and a mix of trusted and untrusted nodes. Here are the key challenges and threats associated with such routing:
High Mobility and Dynamic Topology: Vehicles move rapidly, leading to frequent changes in network topology. This makes it challenging to maintain stable communication paths and requires efficient route maintenance and discovery mechanisms.
Scalability: Given the potentially large number of vehicles in an urban environment, the routing protocol must scale to handle a large number of nodes without degrading performance.
Time-Critical Data: Vehicular environments often require the transmission of time-sensitive data, such as safety messages. Ensuring timely delivery in the face of network congestion and dynamic topology is challenging.
Security and Privacy Concerns:
Spoofing Attacks: Malicious nodes might impersonate legitimate vehicles to inject false information or disrupt the network.
Eavesdropping: Untrusted entities might intercept sensitive data being transmitted.
Sybil Attacks: A single adversary may present multiple identities to mislead the system.
Replay Attacks: Adversaries might retransmit old messages to confuse vehicles or traffic management systems.
Privacy Concerns: Continuous transmission of vehicular data might lead to privacy breaches, revealing a vehicle's location, travel patterns, or driver behavior.
Network Fragmentation: Due to high mobility, parts of the network might get disconnected, leading to communication challenges.
Resource Constraints: Even though vehicles can offer more computational power than typical mobile devices, they still have limitations in terms of bandwidth, battery (for certain on-board devices), and storage.
Interference: Vehicular environments might face interference from other wireless devices, leading to reduced communication reliability.
Heterogeneity: Vehicular networks might consist of a diverse range of devices with varying capabilities, from modern cars with advanced sensors to older vehicles with basic communication capabilities.
Reliability: Ensuring reliable communication in the face of obstacles (like buildings in urban environments) and at high speeds is crucial, especially for safety-related communications.
Trust Management: Establishing trust among vehicles, especially in an untrusted environment, is challenging. Mechanisms are needed to evaluate the trustworthiness of messages and their sources.
Addressing these challenges requires a combination of robust routing protocols, advanced cryptographic techniques, trust management systems, and efficient data dissemination strategies tailored for vehicular environments.
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Can someone please tell me what is the scope of doing research on Routing in Underwater water sensor networks? Also please give me some suggestions to start my research with Aquasim ng.
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You can look at this implementation of depth based routing (DBR) for underwater acoustic networks - https://www.tetcos.com/pdf/v13.3/NetSim-UWAN_DBR-protocol-implementation.pdf
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I am working on a VANET simulation with NetSim and aim to introduce a clustering mechanism similar to the one used in IoT/WSN setups. The objective is for each vehicle cluster to establish communication with a certain Road Side Unit (RSU). Is it feasible to achieve this through MATLAB-NetSim co-simulation?
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Implementation of cluster-based routing can be done with the following:
  1. By creating a custom routing algorithm and replacing the original protocol with this new algorithm, in NetSim source code.
  2. Alternatively, you can interface with MATLAB (or Python) by writing the code in MATLAB, passing the necessary parameters to MATLAB from NetSim, and retrieving the output from MATLAB for use in NetSim. One such example related to cluster-based routing is provided here- https://github.com/NetSim-TETCOS/Clustering_in_VANETs_v13.3/archive/refs/heads/main.zip.
  3. NetSim File Exchange projects (https://www.tetcos.com/file-exchange.html), contain examples related to clustering in IoT/WSN. With some adjustments, these concepts can be adapted for VANET applications from the context of WSN. For reference: https://tetcos.com/pdf/v13.3/Dynamic_Clustering_in_WSN_v13.3.pdf
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I'm working on a routing and scheduling problem in the home care services context. I consider a break as a dummy patient, so routing and scheduling are also implemented for the break node (with some conditions). For some reason, I need to determine whether a visit occurs before or after a break. I defined two binary variables "Zikt" which means if patient i is visited by doctor k on shift t before the break, and "Z'ikt" for after the break. I added 2 new constraints as follows:
S(b,k,t)-S(i,k,t) =l= M* Z(i,k,t)
Z(i,k,t) + Z'(i,k,t) =l= sum((j), X(i,j,k,t))
P.s: S(b,k,t) is the starting time of break by doctor k on shift t
S(i,k,t) is the starting time of visiting patient i by doctor k on shift t
X(i,j,k,t) is if doctor k on shift t goes from node i to node j (binary variable)
In the first constraint, if the left-hand side becomes positive, Z(i,k,t) will be 1.
The second one is guaranteeing that Z and Z' could get value if patient i was visited by doctor k on shift t.
By adding these 2 constraints to my model, the result of my S variables get wrong.
I think it's better to rewrite the first constraint so that it becomes related somehow to X(i,j,k,t), but I can not figure out how to do it.
I'd appreciate it if anyone could help me.
Thanks
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Let's break down the problem and try to reframe the constraints to ensure they reflect the requirements accurately.
Firstly, your goal is to determine whether a visit to a patient \( i \) by doctor \( k \) on shift \( t \) occurs before or after a break.
Your variables:
- \( Z_{ikt} \): Binary, 1 if patient \( i \) is visited by doctor \( k \) on shift \( t \) before the break.
- \( Z'_{ikt} \): Binary, 1 if patient \( i \) is visited by doctor \( k \) on shift \( t \) after the break.
- \( S_{bkt} \): Starting time of break by doctor \( k \) on shift \( t \).
- \( S_{ikt} \): Starting time of visiting patient \( i \) by doctor \( k \) on shift \( t \).
- \( X_{ijkt} \): Binary, 1 if doctor \( k \) on shift \( t \) goes from node \( i \) to node \( j \).
Let's restate the constraints:
1. If \( S_{bkt} \) is greater than \( S_{ikt} \), then \( Z_{ikt} \) should be 1. This implies that the visit to patient \( i \) is before the break. You've used a large \( M \) to handle this condition. This is a big-M constraint and is often used in linear programming to model conditional constraints.
2. A visit can either be before the break or after the break, hence the summation of \( Z_{ikt} \) and \( Z'_{ikt} \) is 1 if patient \( i \) is visited by doctor \( k \) on shift \( t \). You've used the \( X \) variable to enforce this, which seems correct.
For the first constraint: the way you've modeled it assumes that if \( S_{bkt} - S_{ikt} \) is positive (i.e., \( S_{bkt} > S_{ikt} \)), \( Z_{ikt} \) will be 1. However, this doesn't enforce the converse (i.e., if \( S_{bkt} \leq S_{ikt} \), \( Z_{ikt} \) should be 0).
You can re-write this constraint using two inequalities to cover both scenarios:
\[
S_{bkt} - S_{ikt} \leq M(1 - Z_{ikt})
\]
\[
S_{ikt} - S_{bkt} \leq MZ_{ikt}
\]
The first equation ensures that if \( S_{bkt} \) is greater than \( S_{ikt} \), \( Z_{ikt} \) is forced to be 0. The second equation ensures the opposite.
The second constraint you provided seems to be correct. It ties the \( Z \) variables to the \( X \) variable, ensuring that \( Z \) and \( Z' \) can only be non-zero if there's a visit.
Lastly, ensure that the value of \( M \) is sufficiently large to avoid infeasibilities but not too large to cause numerical instability in the solver.
Try implementing these changes and see if they correct the issues with the \( S \) variables.
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In articles that present different synthesis routes of Cu doped ZnO nanoparticles via sol-gel, they use a temperature of 60°C for this. So far I have not found any justification for most authors to use this temperature. Could anyone help me with this issue?
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The choice of a specific synthesis temperature, such as 60°C, for Cu-doped ZnO via sol-gel method can vary depending on several factors. Here are a few possible reasons why this temperature is commonly used:
Favorable reaction kinetics: The sol-gel process involves the hydrolysis and condensation of precursor compounds to form the desired material. A temperature of 60°C might be chosen because it provides a favorable balance between reaction rates and control over the formation of the material.
Thermal stability: The selected temperature should ensure the stability of the precursor solution during the synthesis process. 60°C can be suitable for maintaining the sol stability while facilitating the necessary chemical reactions without significant decomposition or evaporation of the solution.
Homogeneity and crystallinity: The synthesis temperature can influence the crystal growth and crystallinity of the resulting material. 60°C may allow for controlled nucleation and crystal growth, leading to a more homogenous and well-defined Cu-doped ZnO structure.
Avoiding undesired side reactions: Some precursor compounds used in the sol-gel process can be prone to undesirable side reactions or decomposition at higher temperatures. By choosing 60°C, it may be possible to minimize these side reactions while still achieving the desired doping and structure.
It's worth noting that the choice of synthesis parameters, including temperature, can depend on the specific objectives of the study, the properties desired in the material, and the precursor compounds used. Different research groups may have their own optimized temperature ranges based on their specific requirements and experimental conditions.
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HII
I want to perform QST2 or QST3 using gaussian 16 to determine the transition state. I have got several saddle points for reaction with single imaginary frequency. I am trying to get IRC trajectory starting with TS-geometry.
Should I go to run QST2 or QST3 after getting IRC path?. Or QST2 OR QST3 are necessary apart from TS-Berny to classify the transition state. Is the rout line of QST2 input is same as for TS?
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Generally, I had no great success with QST2 nor QST3
The best practice to locate a TS is
a) perform a relaxed scan along the reaction coordinate (bond) under study
you could use something like
# opt=modredundant uMN15L/6-31+g(d,p)
Then add the details at the bottom of the file
B 1 2 S 20 0.100000
b) Take the highest energy point from step a and save it as input file for your TS search , then locate the TS using
# opt=(calcfc,ts,noeigen) uMN15L/6-31+g(d,p) freq
noeigen ensures that you will have only one imag freq
Also, take a look at
https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP06082C
Good luck
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We tried with ingot route also but again observed the cracks during forging at 1200°C
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Cracks in 5% silicon stainless steel during forging or casting can be attributed to various factors related to material properties, processing conditions, and cooling rates. Here are some potential reasons for the cracking:
  1. High Silicon Content: The high silicon content in the stainless steel can lead to increased brittleness, making the material more susceptible to cracking during forging or casting.
  2. Cooling Rate: Rapid cooling during solidification or after forging can cause thermal stresses and differential cooling, leading to cracking. It's essential to control the cooling rate to avoid excessive temperature gradients.
  3. Inclusions and Impurities: The presence of inclusions or impurities in the steel can act as stress concentrators, promoting crack initiation and propagation.
  4. Alloy Homogeneity: Non-uniform composition or alloy segregation in the material can create regions of different mechanical properties, leading to cracking during deformation or cooling.
  5. Deformation Temperature: The forging temperature may not be suitable for the specific alloy composition, leading to cracking during plastic deformation.
  6. Microstructural Changes: Improper heat treatment or processing conditions can cause undesirable changes in the microstructure, making the material more prone to cracking.
  7. Material Design: The choice of alloy composition and the intended application may require modifications to improve the material's resistance to cracking.
To mitigate cracking issues, consider the following steps:
  1. Material Selection: Depending on the specific application, consider using a different stainless steel grade with lower silicon content or an alloy more suitable for forging and casting.
  2. Heat Treatment: Optimize the heat treatment process to achieve a desirable microstructure and mechanical properties.
  3. Cooling Control: Ensure controlled cooling rates during casting and forging to minimize thermal stresses.
  4. Reduce Impurities: Improve the quality of the raw materials and minimize impurities and inclusions.
  5. Hot Working: Modify the forging temperature and process to better suit the alloy's properties and reduce the risk of cracking.
  6. Quality Control: Implement stringent quality control measures throughout the manufacturing process to identify and eliminate defects.
  7. Simulation and Testing: Use numerical simulations and physical testing to better understand the material's behavior and identify potential issues.
It's essential to work closely with materials experts and conduct detailed analysis to identify the root cause of the cracking and implement appropriate solutions. Modifying the alloy composition, process parameters, and post-processing treatments can help produce crack-free components.
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Hello,
I am trying to run a calculation using the HF/LANL2DZ level of theory, and am interested in visualizing the canonical orbitals and the basis functions. The molecule of interest is pentagonal planar (D5h point group), and I would like to choose the coordinate system such that the py basis functions on the terminal atoms are pointing towards the center of the molecule.
Does g09 support this? What keywords would I have to add to the route section to achieve this?
Thank you very much!
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Adam Matěj Thank you for your response- The project I am working on is for students to better visualize the quantitative calculations by comparing it to qualitative calculations taught in inorganic chemistry courses.
I am comparing qualitative results calculated from group theory to quantitative results from a computational calculation for a planar D5h symmetric molecule.
In the qualitative calculation, the py basis functions were oriented pointing towards the z axis to emphasize the symmetry. I would like to reflect that in the quantitative calculation so I can make a cleaner comparison.
I am using AOMix to print the coefficients from the computational calculation, however at the moment since the basis functions are not oriented as desired, I must do some trigonometry which is rather tedious. I also use the visualization software iqmol to visualize the basis functions, so having them oriented to emphasize symmetry would be useful.
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I am working on an HMS model and each time I go to run the model I get a warning code for my first two reaches and then the model shuts down. Specifically, it says "WARNING 41169 Muskingum routing is unstable with the given parameters for reach-X." Is there any place where I can look up the warning codes or an easy solution to fixing my routing issues? Thank you
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Did you find any solution?
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I have tried using freq n polar in the route sec but my job failed. I am not able to figure out where is the problem.
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you can get mor information in the manual of multiwfn in this manual explain about polarizability and hyper
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I found difficulty in synthesizing of 2-hydroxy-5-nitroisophthalaldehyde from p-nitrophenol by using duff reaction(HMTA, Trifloroacetic acid at 110 oC) having yield around 4-6 %
please provide ortho- diformylation of p-nitrophenol. Is there any other condition to apply for it?
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The synthesis of 2-hydroxy-5-nitroisophthalaldehyde can be achieved through several routes, but one of the most efficient and widely used methods involves the following steps:
Synthesis of 5-nitroisophthalic acid: This can be achieved by nitration of isophthalic acid using a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The product is then purified by recrystallization.
Synthesis of 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde: This can be achieved by the reaction of 5-nitroisophthalic acid with sodium hydroxide and sodium borohydride, followed by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. The product is then purified by column chromatography.
Synthesis of 2-hydroxy-5-nitroisophthalaldehyde: This can be achieved by the reaction of 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde with acetic anhydride, followed by hydrolysis with dilute hydrochloric acid. The product is then purified by recrystallization.
Overall, this route involves the nitration of isophthalic acid, followed by reduction, oxidation, and acetylation/hydrolysis to yield the final product, 2-hydroxy-5-nitroisophthalaldehyde.
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I need to inject tamoxifen into mice at P12 and P14. I would collect retinal tissue at P30. Does anybody have any suggestions for the dose and the route of administration for this age?
Any suggestions would be of huge help! Thank you!
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you got the answer? share me ?
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Hi,
I am trying to model a three-lane approach roundabout in VISSIM. I have assigned static vehicle routing decisions for each approach lane. However, there is a queue forming at the location where the dual carriageway link ends, and the approach roads begin. E.g., A vehicle turning left at the roundabout will make a sudden left turn from the approach right lanes near the roundabout to enter the leftmost approach lane which is causing serious queues in the right lanes of the roundabout. Can anyone advise how to solve this issue?
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There are a few ways you can try to improve traffic flow at your roundabout: 1. Reduce capacity on the approach roads - If the approach roads are extremely busy, reducing the number of lanes may help reduce congestion by reducing the number of vehicles entering the roundabout.
2. Use traffic signals - Installing traffic signals at the approach roads may help to manage the supply of vehicles onto the roundabout. This could help spread out the traffic more evenly, reducing the amount of queueing that occurs.
3. Change lane design - Adjusting the lane widths, designing corner radiuses and adding additional lane markings such as triangles and double arrows may help drivers understand the route more clearly, thereby improving the traffic flow.
4. Improve signage - Making sure drivers are aware of the lane markings and the route ahead can help keep traffic flowing at the roundabout.
5. Improve intersection geometry - If your roundabout has sharp turns or tight radii, this can affect the flow of traffic. Adjusting the radii to allow for smoother turns could improve traffic flow. Hopefully one of these approaches will help solve your problem. Good luck!
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I am planning to administer chemotherapeutic drugs to nude mice via the oral gavage route. What is the optimal pH range for the solution that can be given via oral gavage?
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For most routes of administration, a pH range of 4.5–8.0 is satisfactory. However, for oral administration, a pH as low as 3 can be tolerated, but alkaline solutions are very poorly tolerated.
In case of oral gavage route, I would suggest the optimal pH range of 7.2 -7.4 because extremes in pH could cause local tissue damage. Phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2-7.4) could be used to make the solution.
You may want to refer to the article attached below.
Best.
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Pheromone Table : This table is organized in a manner similar to the routing tables in Distance-Vector Algorithms but it's input τij is a Probabilities, not distances, and they indicate to the extent appropriate choice for each node of the adjacent nodes to be as a next node when route to a particular destination in the network.
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A Pheromone Table is a data structure used in Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), a metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the foraging behavior of ants. In ACO, the algorithm seeks to find the shortest path between two points in a network by simulating the behavior of ants searching for food.
In the context of ACO, the Pheromone Table is a table that contains information about the paths taken by previous ants in the food search. The entries in the table represent the probabilities of choosing each neighboring node as the next node in the path to the destination. These probabilities are based on the amount of pheromone left by previous ants on each path.
The Pheromone Table is similar to the routing tables used in Distance-Vector Algorithms, which store information about the distance between nodes in a network. However, instead of distances, the Pheromone Table stores probabilities, which represent the likelihood of choosing a particular path based on the pheromone trails left by previous ants.
The Pheromone Table is updated dynamically as ants move through the network, with pheromone levels increasing on successful paths and decreasing on less successful paths. By using the Pheromone Table to guide the search for the shortest path, ACO can find optimal solutions quickly and efficiently, even in large and complex networks.
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I assigned a static route to the eastbound (right) direction with a specific flow (I have tried different values as well), but no vehicles are passing through that route! I added two data collection measurement points as shown in the picture to check the count, and it always reads zero vehicles. Any ideas about this issue?
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First, the fact that your east-bound lane is not highlighted by the route is not a problem. Routes do not know about lanes, this is calculated on the fly at simulation start. Normally, the whole link should be highlighted, for some reason the highlighting is too narrow, but that should be a graphics glitch only.
There are several reasons why vehicles would not pick up a static route:
1. They already have a route. You can check during the simulation the vehicles have some attribute for the static route that they use.
2. You use dynamic assignment. Dynamic assignment vehicles completely ignore static routes.
3.The routing decision itself could be picky and, e.g., apply only to specific vehicle classes.
4. Various error conditions; I am not sure what happens if you set the probability of all routes to zero, for example.
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I would like to know the meaning of routing and also the difference between the routing and sequencing in the scheduling problem
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Routing focuses on determining the optimal path or route for tasks or jobs through a system, while sequencing involves determining the optimal order of task execution within a system or a single machine. Routing deals with physical or logical movement of tasks, while sequencing deals with the order of task execution.
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I am working on oxide materials and trying to synthesize it through solid state reaction route . I want know the synthesis temperature and route (like annealing temperature and time ) so that the desired phase can be formed. Can this be predicted by the ternary phase diagram?
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The dose of any drug should be tailored to the individual animal, taking into account its age, size, and health condition. Generally, when using tamoxifen in mice, a dose of 0.25mg/kg (body weight) is recommended, administered via intraperitoneal injection.
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Am a researcher working on Efficient Routing Protocols for underwater sensor networks. Am using MATLAB tool. Can someone help me with the detailed procedure of writing an environment, reward (related to energy efficient), policy and agent.
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One more option is for you to explore NetSim. These are two useful links a. Underwater acoustic network library: https://www.tetcos.com/underwater_networks.html b. Machine learning with NetSim: https://www.tetcos.com/machine-learning-netsim.html
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Public transport routes and timetables in citys are determined through a collaborative effort between local transport authorities and public transport companies. Local authorities are responsible for identifying transportation needs in the community and working with transport companies to establish adequate routes and schedules.
When determining routes, factors such as population density, existing infrastructure, and access to key locations such as schools, hospitals, and business centers are considered. Public transport companies may also conduct surveys and collect data to determine the most efficient routes and schedules. Once routes are established, timetables are developed based on factors such as expected demand, frequency of service, and local regulations. Timetables are subject to change due to factors such as construction, traffic, and changes in demand.
How exactly is this process organized in your country (city)? What are the laws governing this process? Maybe there are review articles on the subject?
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The process of interaction between the authorities, the operator and passengers in the service of passengers by public transport is organized in a number of ways. Firstly, the authorities set the rules and regulations regarding the service and safety of passengers, which the operator must follow. This includes the number and types of vehicles available, the fares and any other requirements such as route maps or schedules.
The operator then works to ensure that these regulations are followed and that passengers have a safe, comfortable and enjoyable journey. They are responsible for providing the vehicles and drivers, as well as any other necessary services such as ticketing, customer service and route information.
Passengers are expected to follow the rules and regulations set by the authorities and the operator, and will usually contact the operator to make sure they know the rules and what is expected of them. They can also contact the authorities if they have any concerns or complaints about the service.
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I am working on the control of urban traffic networks. I have the urban traffic volume data that consist of attribute like location, route length, number of vehicles per day, ADT, ADTT and so on. How can I determine trip production or trip completion flow using historical data? The network is a large regional network i.e heterogeneous network, that requires partitioning into homogeneous subregions, the second question is how can I partition the urban traffic networks?
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To determine trip production and completion flows using historical data of an urban traffic network, you need to collect data on traffic volumes, travel times, and origin-destination patterns. Then, develop a trip matrix using a variety of methods such as the gravity model or entropy-maximizing method. Use this matrix to estimate the total number of trips produced and completed within the study area and time period. Analyze flow patterns of trip production and completion to identify spatial or temporal trends or patterns. Validate the results by comparing them to other sources of data such as travel surveys or traffic counts. It is recommended to consult with an expert in traffic engineering or transportation planning to determine appropriate methods and tools.
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fill out routing tables for the network shown in Figure 7-17, using the following charts. The network is running the RIP routing protocol. RouterA’s table has been started for you. Assume all networks are Class C networks.
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For example, using the chart provided, the routing table for RouterA would look like this. The metric is a measure of the distance between the router and the destination network, and is used to determine the best path to forward the packet. The lower the metric, the better the path.
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Generally the biodiesel contains ten percent oxygen content and it might be the reason for lowering calorific value.. any possible route to enhance the calorific value of biodiesel.
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Calorific value can be increased by maintaining the hydrogen and carbon ratio; more hydrogen means more hating value.
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to send a message using onion routing, one needs to have a list of nodes from a node directory. but in pure p2p is there a thing like "directory node" or how to send messages?
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This is a secured communication for peer to peer network where in message s is encrypted over the networks.
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Include some comparative analysis of toxicity reduction according to different microbial synthesis routes.
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“The production of quantum dots necessitates the use of very toxic precursors and solvents like TOP or TOPO, which have substantial upstream and downstream environmental consequences . There is a significant burden of organic and inorganic pollutants on air, water, and soil from the chemical production of cadmium selenide QDs. During the chemical production of CdSe, oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon are emitted into the air, while sulfur, sodium, iron, oils, and chloride ions are the primary water pollutants . As an example, conventional production utilizes the organometallic compound dimethyl cadmium as the cadmium precursor; however, dimethyl cadmium is an exceedingly poisonous, costly, and unstable solvent, making it unsuitable for large-scale synthesis . In comparison to conventional processes, microbial approaches include environmental benefits such as the capability to synthesize at room temperature and pressure, the utilization of renewable materials as electron donors, the utilization of inexpensive microbes, and the creation of biocompatible nanomaterials out of trash . The toxicity of an environment may therefore be decreased by the action of microbes.”
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In my city, passengers are transported by buses. The number of routes is very large. Many routes overlap. As a result, the costs of public transport from the city budget are high. The task is to reduce such costs by optimizing the route network. For me, any detailed information about methods for optimizing the route network of public transport is relevant. Where can you find such information?
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Dear Sergei Azemsha, I can recommend the following state-of-the-art review paper on urban transportation network design problems, including public transportation network and multi-modal network optimization. This paper will help you gain knowledge on decisions to optimize, objectives while optimizing, evaluation methods (e.g., trip assignment models, simulation software), and optimization techniques as well as proper terminology.
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I'm student in master degree in network and cybersecurity, and I have a project when I must to create a AAA architecture. But the teacher don't want we use RADIUS (because too easy :P ).
You have access to several files :
  • error_message.txt : where you can found the complete error message
  • shema.txt : the schema of network in ASCII format
  • conf_freediamter.txt : The configuration file of freediameter
  • conf_NAS.txt : The config file of CISCO switch 2960 which is the NAS
If you have need to another information, don't hesitate to ask me!
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Thank you for your answer !
But when I have re-run the network, I have noticed a little error when I have mask the real domain name. So we do have :
14:00:18 DBG [auth.rgwx] Received Diameter answer with error code '3002' from server 'aaa.galetteSaucisse.fr', session 192.168.1.2;1667653215;1;cookiehacker;aaa.galetteSaucisse.fr, translating into Access-Reject
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Pls tell him the above product synthesis
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Dear colleagues,
I'm trying to do an excited state relaxation calculation and I'm getting this error:
The step requested is out of bounds
IStep = 145 but MinStp = 1 and MaxStp = 144
Does anyone have any idea what is this error?
Here is my input route section:
# b3lyp/6-31+G(d,p) TD(Nstates= 20, root=1) scrf=(solvent=DMSO) geom=c
heck guess=read opt=(calcfc,restart,MaxCyc=252) freq nosymm
Any help will be appreciated.
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As an update to my question:
I found we have to add IOP(1/152=252), for the max cycles of SCF to work.
For example, this is part of the keyword I've used
opt=(calcfc,maxcyc=252) iop(1/152=252)
Good luck to everyone in their research!
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At the continental level, what did the spatial footprint of African trade routes look like before colonialisation?
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Not only did pre-colonial trade occur but some manufacturing also took place and so traders engaged in the sale of manufactured products. Ancient Africa traded in tobacco, gold, copper, spices, ebony, ivory, and skins.
(citation from source).
————
People in pre-colonial Africa were engaged in hunting and gathering, agriculture, mining and simple manufacturing. Agriculture involved most people, so the chapter looks mainly at farming activities. The chapter explains that farmers in those days faced two big challenges: a hostile environment and scarcity of labour.
———————-—
The very earliest evidence of African trade is described by Herodotus (c. 484-425BC) who wrote of the trade across the Sahara; a trade recorded in rock paintings dating from 10,000BC.
————
In most parts of Africa before 1500, societies had become highly developed in terms of their own histories. They often had complex systems of participatory government, or were established powerful states that covered large territories and had extensive regional and international links.
The Transatlantic Slave trade not only distorted Africa’s economic development it also distorted views of the history and importance of the African continent itself. It is only in the last fifty years that it has been possible to redress this distortion and to begin to re-establish Africa’s rightful place in world history.
The African continent is now recognised as the birthplace of humanity and the cradle of civilization. We still marvel at the great achievements of Kemet, or Ancient Egypt, for example, one of the most notable of the early African civilizations, which first developed in the Nile valley over 5000 years ago.
(Citation from:
———-—
The main items traded were gold and salt. The gold mines of West Africa provided great wealth to West African Empires such as Ghana and Mali. Other items that were commonly traded included ivory, kola nuts, cloth, slaves, metal goods, and beads.
——-—
Simple conclusion:
Colonization brought a full disruption of Africa‘s traditional trade and routes.
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The problem that I am working on is that there are 10 salesmen , 50 routes and each route travelled distance.
Now I have to allocate the routes among these 10 salesman so that overall distance covered by each salesman is almost comparable.
Basically it is a unbalanced assignment problem with multiple jobs allocation, can some one help me with query with some documentation and if possible if there is any python code/library for this.
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Dear Mr Singh,
There are numerous research papers that present interesting mathematical optimization models for this problem which is also precisely known as Human Resource Allocation Problem (HRAP). The following two review papers may help you in gaining a better understanding of the different types of formulations applied in this domain:
1. Pentico, D. W. (2007). Assignment problems: A golden anniversary survey. European Journal of Operational Research, 176(2), 774-793.
2. Bouajaja, S., & Dridi, N. (2017). A survey on human resource allocation problem and its applications. Operational Research, 17(2), 339-369.
If you can pick the right formulation for your scenario from these papers, then I hope it would be just a matter of time to implement those formulations in any solvers, even in Python or R.
You may contact me in case you are not able to access the above-listed papers.'
Best wishes,
Vishnu
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I would like to continue my research on underwater sensor network routing protocols.
As I am new to this domain, I request someone to share the source codes of Depth based routing and Vector based forwarding.
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You can look at the documentation of NetSim’s UWAN module available at https://tetcos.com/help/v13.2/Technology-Libraries/UWAN.html DBR/VBR will require some custom development (source code modification).
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Dear readers,
Kindly suggest on the following issue.
I am trying to sinter Al 6061 powder compacted sample prepared through PM route.
I have the following parameter during furnace sintering :
Stage 1: O to 350 @ 5 C/min
Stage 2: at 350 C for 30 min
Stage 3: again heating to 630 C @ 10/min
stage 4 : at 630 kept it for 5 hours
Stage 5: cooling to room temp.
I have taken the photo graph of the sintered sample after crushing and the same attached with message. So I am very doubtful about its sintered quality. It is not looking like casted Al6061after braking into fragments. I found still some powder particles are loosely bonded .
Kindly share your thoughts and experiences with your valuable advices and suggestions to be followed for getting better sintered sample .
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Binder has nothing to do with your problem. The main problem when sintering aluminum powder is oxidation. It is simply impossible to obtain oxide-free sintered aluminum alloy products using powder metallurgy. There is a material that is made from aluminum powder by sintering: SAP ( http://www.totalmateria.com/Article76.htm ), but this material has nothing to do with molten aluminum because it contains from 6 to 22% aluminum oxide. In addition, these sintered materials have to be sintered under pressure (hot pressing), because without pressure only very porous and weak sintered bodies are produced, as in your case.
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I am working with a simulation of an aircraft traversing a route where the position of the aircraft and waypoints are in the form [X, Y, Z] where X and Y are the 2D Cartesian coordinates on a flat plane and Z is the altitude from that flat plane.
However, we are now implementing routes in the real world with waypoints in the form of [Lat, Lon, alt]. What are some valid ways of converting these coordinates to a Cartesian counterpart and have them exist on a flat plane?
These routes are never more than 50 miles in one direction so I dont need to convert the entire global coordinate system, just at most 50 miles worth. Additionally, I am aware that there are ways that convert to a Cartesian coordinate system for lat/lon but they always result in a [X, Y, Z] coordinate, assuming a point on a sphere in 3D space.
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Ellis Thompson ok so you can plot in X and Y axis the latitude and longitude respectively, and plot curves of different altitudes. So your Cartesian plane will have several curves, with each curve referring to a specific altitude. You could, say, use 10 curves going from 0 meters altitude (sea level) to 10000 meters altitude, with steps between each curve of 1000 meters.
I hope I have been helpful to you!
PS probably the aircraft simulation used that convention for latitude and longitude for mere reasons of matrix calculation
Best,
Claudio
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Human activities have greatly changed the natural environment since the Industrial Revolution. Have migratory birds changed their migration routes? Why can migratory birds do this?
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In two dimensional borophene we usually discuss phases, structural and theoretical evolution of borophene.
1. But how can we differentiate the structural instability and scalability of borophene?
2. What is mean by Green Borophene ? Is this any specific kind or synthesis route ?
3. What is stable form of borophene ?
Can any one here suggest me the suitable articles related to these question or can give his/her opinion.
Thankyou
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Hello All. I know how to calculate energy fluence (W/cm^2) of a pulsed laser, but if I shift the laser beam at a certain speed (cm/s) along a route I guess energy fluence will decrese. How scanning speed affects the energy fluence into a fixed point, is there a formula available? Thank you!
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How to calculate laser scan speed?
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I am trying to understand if the administration route can influence this AAV serotype's expression in the brain.
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Thank you
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I started my research in improving energy efficiency and lifetime of WSN using ML/DL.
Thank you in advance.
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This is an example in NetSim of using different unsupervised learning algorithms to increase the WSN network lifetime
Two more examples to increase the life time but not exactly ML based
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In India the LSD is spreading rapidly. It's not possible through mechanical transmission only.
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  • The virus is also excreted via blood, nasal and lachrymal secretions, saliva, semen, and milk of infected animals (transmissible to suckling calves) that may be sources of infection to other susceptible cattle.
  • Nodules that appear on the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, rectum, udder and genitalia also ulcerate and shed sufficient viruses, which can serve as sources of infections.
  • Transmission or spread can also occur iatrogenically during mass vaccination in which single syringe and needle is used in several animals. Under this situation the needle can acquire the virus from crusts and other skin lesions and inoculate into healthy animals.
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If we need to provide some external storage of some kind to nodes (since they do not store anything in memory in a non storing mode of operation) in a RPL network, how can we do that? I need the nodes to have access to some kind of data during the downward routing in a non-storing mode of operation.
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In non-storing mode of operation nodes do not store DAO messages coming from child nodes, but only append their own address in the message. Other things remain same in storing and non-storing mode I think. As I can understand from your question that you want to access some data from the packets while they are being downward routed. That you can do easily by exploring the code of IP and RPL of RPL-lite in Contiki-NG.
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I need an easy synthetic route with good product stability. Please suggest me!
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Thanks Marc!
The paper is worth reading.
I just want to replace a COOH group by NH2.
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There are 2 cluster formation strategies:
1. Distributed stretegy
2. Centralised strategy
which one is best suited for routing in internet of vehicles?
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Dear Farhana,
Both the strategies have their pros and cons. May please refer to the following article which is relevant to the research question.
L. Qiao et al., "Research on Task Assignment Based on Hierarchical Structure for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle," 2021 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC Workshops), 2021, pp. 299-303, doi: 10.1109/ICCCWorkshops52231.2021.9538880.
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My model has 2 sequences and 14 stations. Each sequence uses all 14 stations but the "flight time" from one station to another differs. I have thought about using an attribute or a variable but am having a difficult time developing my model. Any help would be appreciated.
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May be helpful for your work: