Reward - Science topic

Loot boxes are gambling-like products inside video games that can be bought with real-world money to obtain random rewards. They are widely available to children, and stakeholders are concerned about potential harms, e. g., overspending. UK advertising must disclose, if relevant, that a game contains (i) any in-game purchases and (ii) loot boxes sp...

ABSTRAK Karakter disiplin anak adalah sikap patuh anak terhadap aturan atau norma yang berlaku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi guru dan realisasi nyata dari pelaksanaan strategi guru dalam mengembangkan karakter disiplin pada anak usia dini satuan PAUD Sejenis Kawasen, Banjarsari, Ciamis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Kualit...

The primary drivers of the thermal sensitivity of ectothermic organisms' task performance remain uncertain, with the potential for changes in mobility, cognitive ability, or the interaction between these factors to be considered. Similarly, it is unclear whether the relationship between these processes varies with experience or task difficulty. The...

Reinforcement sensitivity theory is often used as a larger framework to explore individual differences in reinforcement sensitivity, but a core assumption—that sensitivity is indifferent to the type of reinforcer—has rarely been considered. Similarly, research into loneliness often neglects a key component: social needs. Despite stating that indivi...

The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based systems offers benefits for various domains of the economy and society but simultaneously raises concerns due to emerging scandals. These scandals have led to the increasing importance of AI accountability to ensure that actors provide justification and victims receive compensation. Howeve...

The spread of misinformation has become a pressing issue on social media platforms. Decentralised social media, which use open-source software and/or blockchain technology, are particularly prone to misinformation in the absence of a central platform authority. At the same time, the decentralisation of social media introduces new user-centric appro...

This research aims to describe classroom management practices and teachers' efforts to improve the quality of Islamic religious education learning in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. A qualitative approach with a case study method was employed, utilizing observation, interviews, and document studies for data collection. Data analysis involved reduction, presen...

This study aims to analyze the impact of workload on employee performance at Dennis Collection Surabaya. The research approach used is quantitative, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to 62 employees of Dennis Collection, and the data were analyzed using simple linear regression analysis. The results show a positive and signific...

The research analyzes the mental picture of God in juvenile and youth felons. The research method is descriptive and the statistical population includes all juvenile and youth felons between the age of 15 and 20, who resided in Isfahan jail in years 1386-87. By simple random sampling, 66 students were picked and studied. The researcher designed a 2...

This paper explores the application of Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) in Reinforcement Learning to find a navigation policy in three-dimensional (3D) spaces. MDPs can define a comprehensive state space and guide the selection of optimal navigation strategies. The proposed methodology included the definition of the modeled environment, where each...

Background Experimental studies reveal that deficits in food‐related inhibitory control, rather than general impulsiveness, are closely linked to overweight and obesity. To date, the real‐world implications remain unknown, and it is unclear whether these results are supported in the clinical field. Objective To examine the effectiveness of a mobil...

The real-time evaluation of content quality on knowledge-sharing platforms is a critical area of research with significant implications for both academia and industry. Timely feedback mechanisms are essential for enhancing user satisfaction and motivating contributors, particularly new users, by influencing their behaviors toward higher-quality con...

Background Eating disorders (EDs) are serious psychiatric disorders that may cause great suffering and reduced quality of life. Severe EDs often lead to somatic complications and have a high mortality rate. The most seriously ill patients need hospitalisation, with a need for highly trained nurses. Methods The aim of the study was to investigate c...

Occupational safety is a crucial issue in the mining industry, given the high risk of accidents that can occur in the field. The mining industry plays an important role in the economy of many countries, especially those rich in natural resources. The purpose of the research is to analyze the effect of safety culture and work environment on safety p...

Although EPA assessment tools generally allow for narrative feedback, limited data exist defining characteristics and predictors of such feedback. We explored narrative feedback characteristics and their associations with entrustment, case-specific variables, and faculty/trainee characteristics. Our general surgery residency piloted an intraoperati...

The research analyzes the mental picture of God in juvenile and youth felons. The research method is descriptive and the statistical population includes all juvenile and youth felons between the age of 15 and 20, who resided in Isfahan jail in years 1386-87. By simple random sampling, 66 students were picked and studied. The researcher designed a 2...

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) play a crucial role in the development of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), leveraging Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication models. These networks, however, face challenges such as node administration, security, and efficient routing, particula...

The rebellion that brought the Komnenoi to power in 1081 was successful because it had many supporters, the most important of which was the Doukai, a lineage that had already controlled imperial power and with which Alexios was linked by marriage. The traditional position of historiography is that this was the beginning of an aristocratic governmen...

This study describes the creation of a mobile-based gamification design for an online canteen system. Long lunch queues make students feel uncomfortable ordering food in the canteen, although student comfort is very important. The increasing number of students causes long queues, resulting in significantly shorter lunch hours and causing discomfort...

Healthy eating apps have gained popularity as tools for promoting dietary improvements and supporting behavior change. Despite their potential, maintaining user engagement and achieving sustained behavior change remain significant challenges. This paper investigates how principles of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) can be leveraged to address thes...

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has become very popular for computer vision (CV), solving mostly visually complex environments with decision making and dynamic adaption to different situations. This article provides an introduction to the basic concepts of deep reinforcement learning with a special focus on their applications in computer vision t...

Dieses Paper beschreibt die Entwicklung und Evaluation einer Methodologie zur Generierung adversarieller Trigger für Belohnungsmodelle. Ziel ist es, Schwachstellen in generativen Modellen aufzudecken und deren Robustheit zu verbessern. Die vorgestellte Methodik kombiniert Token-Embedding-Analyse und zufällige Suche im Tokenraum, um universelle Trig...

Purpose: This study critically examines the implications of leadership styles on employee commitment in higher education institutions in South Africa, addressing the challenges posed by rapid transformation in the sector. Methodology: A systematic literature review approach was adopted, synthesizing existing research findings from credible academic...

This study explored the relationship between performance-based rewards and teacher performance in public secondary schools in Mbarara City. The study employed a descriptive and explanatory research design and collected data using structured questionnaires from 150 teachers across selected public secondary schools. Data analysis was conducted using...

Gamified Mathematics Education (GME) offers a novel approach to mathematics instruction by integrating game mechanics and interactive technologies into digital learning platforms. This paper explores the theoretical foundations of GME, discussing its alignment with pedagogical theories such as constructivism and motivation models. It highlights the...

The subject of the article is the religion of Zoroaster according to the Gatas. Mazdayasna is not mentioned in the Gatas, but it is a name that describes Zoroaster’s religion well. The main source of the study is the Gatas. It is aimed to create a simple text with all the basic subjects of the religion based on the Gatas. Numerous studies have been...

The integration of social learning theory in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning is a relevant approach to face the challenges of the digital era. This article discusses the application of social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura, in supporting innovative and adaptive Islamic Education learning. This theory emphasizes the importan...

When searching for food, animals often make decisions about where to go, how long to stay in a foraging area, and whether to return to the most recently visited spot. These decisions can be enhanced by cognitive traits and adjusted based on previous experience. In social insects, such as ants, foraging efficiency has an impact at both the individua...

This paper introduces a unified policy for preventive replacement and spare parts ordering for systems whose degradation follows a gamma process. It considers types of orders, each with variable lead times, and employs a combined inspection approach that integrates sequential and opportunistic inspections to monitor the system condition. The propos...

The method used is descriptive qualitative, through primary and secondary data sources, using observation, interviews and documentation as data collection techniques. The results of the research show that the role of teachers in developing the Islamic Religious Education of students at SD Inpres Ende 16 is, namely, the role of teachers as educators...

This paper explores the application of Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) in robotics, focusing on inferring reward functions from expert demonstrations of robot arm manipulation tasks. By leveraging IRL, we aim to develop efficient and adaptable techniques for learning robust solutions to complex tasks in continuous state spaces. Our approach co...

While the mobility patterns of first-degree students and graduates have been extensively researched, there is limited understanding of the international mobility of doctoral graduates. This article examines the early outbound mobility of UK domiciled doctoral graduates. Informed by human capital and signalling theory, we analyse the Higher Educatio...

The purpose of this study is to examine the role of aesthetic labor in human resource management practices and to present a descriptive framework of aesthetic labor experiences. The study, which adopted a phenomenological design, focused on cabin officers, sales consultants, human resources managers and store managers in the aviation and retail sec...

This study examined faculty and student perceptions of renewable assignments within an OER-enabled pedagogy framework. Building on Wiley and Hilton’s (2018) framework, this study focused on the subset of practices that result in renewable assignments. Renewable assignments leverage OER permissions (reuse, redistribute, retain, remix, revise) to pro...

Purpose of the study: The aim of this study was to determine if leadership style (transformational style, transactional style, and laissez-faire style) predicts human resource management (HRM) competencies (strategic positioner, credible activist, culture and change champion, human capital curator, technology and media integrator, compliance manage...

We use an online experiment to investigate how monetary rewards and within-task heterogeneity interact with workers' productivity. By uniquely conceptualizing objective difficulty and complexity, we first investigate whether within-task heterogeneity results in responses that are elicited solely by task characteristics related to the computational...

Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology enables the acquisition of clear 3D structures of targets, significantly enhancing target recognition performance. In resource-constrained environments, an effective resource scheduling algorithm is essential for achieving high-quality 3D imaging of multiple targets....

This study examines the relationship between gratification crisis and burnout syndrome in German school leaders and explores how sociodemographic and school-level factors relate to burnout. Additionally, it investigates how these factors influence the likelihood of experiencing burnout and engagement based on sociodemographic and school characteris...

Talent management is a critical factor for the success and sustainability of educational institutions, where human capital directly influences school performance and effectiveness. Schools, being human-centered organizations, rely on the talents of their personnel, including both teaching staff and non-teaching personnel, to perform essential funct...

This paper presents a novel deep reinforcement learning-based framework for automatic test case generation in hardware verification. The proposed approach combines traditional verification methods with advanced deep learning techniques to enhance test coverage and security vulnerability detection. The framework incorporates a modified Deep Q-Networ...

A complex multi-state redundant system undergoing preventive maintenance and experiencing multiple events is being considered in a continuous time frame. The online unit is susceptible to various types of failures, both internal and external in nature, with multiple degradation levels present, both internally and externally. Random inspections are...

Vision-language models~(VLMs) have shown remarkable advancements in multimodal reasoning tasks. However, they still often generate inaccurate or irrelevant responses due to issues like hallucinated image understandings or unrefined reasoning paths. To address these challenges, we introduce Critic-V, a novel framework inspired by the Actor-Critic pa...

Blockchains have sparked global interest in recent years, gaining importance as they increasingly influence technology and finance. This thesis investigates the robustness of blockchain protocols, specifically focusing on Ethereum Proof-of-Stake. We define robustness in terms of two critical properties: Safety, which ensures that the blockchain wil...

Recently, the Māori People of Aotearoa, Cook Islands, and Tahiti supported a resolution to endorse their ancestors, the whales, as Ocean Ambassadors to the United Nations and to protect their legal personhood. This historic move aims to help protect the whales against dangers such as ship strikes as they migrate through their South Pacific waters....

Background Low back pain (LBP) is a common health complaint and a prominent factor in the development of LBP among the working population is stress. Mostly, stress is addressed as a general problem, which is why LBP prevention programs are often imprecise. Accordingly, a closer look at the association between specific stress types and the developme...

This study comprehensively examines the human resource management practices implemented by administrators in private schools within the Ayawaso West Municipality of the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. It specifically highlights the critical aspects of academic staff recruitment, appraisal, and training. Utilizing the Resource-Based View (RBV), Herzb...

This study investigated the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors on the performance of IT professionals. With the rapid evolution of the IT industry, maintaining a competitive edge requires a deep understanding of the key motivators that drive employee engagement and performance. This study aimed to assess the impact of both intrins...

This study explores the impact of gamification on the development of English vocabulary in preschool children aged 4-6 at "Cinco de Octubre" school in Ecuador. Gamification incorporates elements such as points, rewards, and challenges into educational settings, fostering engagement, motivation, and self-directed learning. The research employs a qua...

This paper studies reinforcement learning (RL) in infinite-horizon dynamic decision processes with almost-sure safety constraints. Such safety-constrained decision processes are central to applications in autonomous systems, finance, and resource management, where policies must satisfy strict, state-dependent constraints. We consider a doubly-regul...

Real world choices often involve balancing decisions that are optimized for the short- vs. long-term. Here, we reason that apparently sub-optimal single trial decisions in macaques may in fact reflect long-term, strategic planning. We demonstrate that macaques freely navigating in VR for sequentially presented targets will strategically abort offer...

Effective berth allocation in container terminals is crucial for optimizing port operations, given the limited space and the increasing volume of container traffic. This study addresses the discrete dynamic berth allocation problem (DDBAP) under uncertain ship arrival times and varying load capacities. A novel deep Q-network (DQN)-based model is pr...

Temporal difference (TD) learning is a powerful framework for value function approximation in reinforcement learning. However, standard TD methods often struggle with feature representation and off-policy learning challenges. In this paper, we propose a novel framework, online attentive kernel-based off-policy TD learning, and in combination with w...

Background: The decision about whether to approach or avoid a reward while under threat requires balancing competing demands. Sex-specific prioritisations (e.g. mating, maternal care), or generalised prioritisations (e.g. feeding, drinking, sleeping) may differently influence approach-avoidance behaviours based on the level of risk and homeostatic...

Dealing with uncertainty is a pivotal skill for adaptive decision-making across various real-life contexts. Cognitive models suggest that individuals continuously update their knowledge based on past choices and outcomes. Traditionally, uncertainty has been linked to negative states such as fear and anxiety. Recent evidence, however, highlights tha...

Having explored an environment, intelligent agents should be able to transfer their knowledge to most downstream tasks within that environment. Referred to as "zero-shot learning," this ability remains elusive for general-purpose reinforcement learning algorithms. While recent works have attempted to produce zero-shot RL agents, they make assumptio...

Wastewater treatment plants face unique challenges for process control due to their complex dynamics, slow time constants, and stochastic delays in observations and actions. These characteristics make conventional control methods, such as Proportional-Integral-Derivative controllers, suboptimal for achieving efficient phosphorus removal, a critical...

ISBN (online, 2 vols.): 978-1-944466-70-1 ISBN (print, 2 vols.): 978-1-944466-71-8 Excluding content credited to rightsholders and third parties, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License. For permission to reproduce credited materials, users are responsible for contacting the...

Corporate responsibility is a complex and multidimensional concept, and this is what makes it difficult to quantify. The main purpose of this article is to construct a composite, but easily applicable and interpretable index for measuring the corporate social responsibility of companies. By combining existing legislation, reporting and measurement...

Datasets often incorporate various functional patterns related to different aspects or regimes, which are typically not equally present throughout the dataset. We propose a novel, general-purpose partitioning algorithm that utilizes competition between models to detect and separate these functional patterns. This competition is induced by multiple...

Interaction strategies for reward in competitive environments are significantly influenced by the nature and extent of available information.In financial markets,particularly foreign exchange(forex),traders operate independently with limited information,often yielding highly unpredictable outcomes.This study introduces a game theoretic framework mo...

This study employed a descriptive survey research design. The target population was 319 respondents, comprising 29 principals and 10 teachers from each school. Stratified random sampling was used to select schools that participated in the study. Simple random sampling was used to select the principals and teachers. The sample size was 177 responden...

Disadvantageous inequity aversion (IA), a negative response to receiving less than others, is a key building block of the human sense of fairness. While some theorize that IA is shared by species across the animal kingdom, others argue that it is an exclusively human evolutionary adaptation to the selective pressures of cooperation among non-kin. E...

Introduction With an upward trend in adoption by industrialized nations, pay-for-performance (P4P) mechanisms are increasingly recognized for fostering quality improvement in healthcare. P4P programs conventionally reward providers with supplemental payments upon achieving predefined performance targets. This study aims to utilize decision modellin...

I have examined the problem of the money monopoly posed by Szkudlarek, focusing on aspects related to the cultivation of values. Breaking the money monopoly may not be necessary to trigger social mobilisation. When we scrutinise money’s purpose, it fulfills two functions: it serves as a medium of exchange and a tool for accumulating value. Szkudlar...

Understanding the emergence of prosocial behaviours among self-interested individuals is an important problem in many scientific disciplines. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the evolution of such behaviours, primarily seeking the conditions under which a given mechanism can induce highest levels of cooperation. As these mechanisms...

A number of learning models have been suggested to analyze the repeated interaction of boundedly rational agents competing in oligopolistic markets. The agents form a model of the environment that they are competing in, which includes the market demand and price formation process, as well as their expectations of their rivals’ actions. The agents u...

This paper suggests an adaptive car-following strategy for autonomous connected vehicles (ACVs) that integrates a robust controller with an extended disturbance estimator (EDE) and reinforcement learning (RL) to improve performance in dynamic traffic environments. Traditional car-following methods struggle to handle external disturbances and uncert...

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm in Artificial Intelligence (AI), enabling agents to learn optimal behaviors through interactions with their environments. Drawing from the foundations of trial and error, RL equips agents to make informed decisions through feedback in the form of rewards or penalties. This paper present...

This study aims to know and analyze the influence of work motivation and work environment on employee performance at PT X. Using a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression, this research analyzes data obtained from questionnaires distributed to all permanent employees. The results indicate that both work motivation and work environment...

The collective dynamics of self-organised systems emerge from the decision rules agents use to respond to each other and to external forces. This is evident in groups of animals under attack from predators, where understanding collective escape patterns requires evaluating the risks and rewards associated with particular social rules, prey escape b...

This study examined promotion strategies and performance of taxi-hailing services in Calabar Metropolis. It specifically aimed to determine the effects of sales promotion, direct marketing, advertising, and influencer marketing on the performance of taxi-hailing services. The study adopted cross-sectional survey research design. A structured questi...

As the first step in grasping operations, vision-guided grasping actions play a crucial role in enabling intelligent robots to perform complex interactive tasks. In order to solve the difficulties in data set preparation and consumption of computing resources before and during training network, we introduce a method of training human grasping strat...

Responding to misinformation online can be an exhausting and thankless task. It takes time and energy to write effective content, puts users at risk of online harassment, and strains personal relationships. Despite these challenges, there are people who voluntarily respond to misinformation online, and some have established communities on platforms...

Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning (MORL) aims to learn a set of policies that optimize trade-offs between multiple, often conflicting objectives. MORL is computationally more complex than single-objective RL, particularly as the number of objectives increases. Additionally, when objectives involve the preferences of agents or groups, ensuring...

The Metaverse is a Virtual Reality world where users engage with a computer-generated environment for immersive experience, which often generate vast amounts of data every second. Processing this large stream data locally is challenging, so Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) is utilized. The research challenge lies in securely and immutably storing...

Previous studies suggest that social learning in bumblebees can occur through second-order conditioning, with conspecifics functioning as first-order reinforcers. However, the behavioural mechanisms underlying bumblebees’ acquisition of socially learned associations remain largely unexplored. Investigating these mechanisms requires detailed quantif...

The contracting business is high-risk, requiring high management intensity and producing a low reward. As a result, the risk of financial and reputational reverses is high. This is one motivation for creating Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems to enable better company management by applying information technology. This paper proposes a cons...

Over the years, the three companies of China Construction Eighth Engineering Co., Ltd. have always regarded safety in production as the top priority. "Safety and production" are the leading policy of the current project. For the purpose of safeguarding safety, using the " Safety and Health Cup " competition as a means, through the competition rewar...

This paper explores human curiosity and desire to explore, particularly how these desires are stimulated in unknown environments. Electronic games, as a medium that is completely unknown before the experience and gives players freedom of movement, can particularly arouse players' curiosity. This article analyzes existing game design examples, studi...

In the research of cyber threat intelligence knowledge graphs, the current challenge is that there are errors, inconsistencies, or missing knowledge graph triples, which makes it difficult to cope with the complexity and diversified application requirements. Currently, the predominant approach in quality assessment research for knowledge graphs inv...