Respiratory Physiology - Science topic

Inspiratory‐related genioglossus EMG activity is crucial to maintain upper airway patency. However, whether this activity differs between the oblique (middle) and horizontal (base) compartments or if they vary in people with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is unknown. Here, intramuscular electrodes were inserted into the anterior and posterior regio...

In a patient with haemorrhagic shock, the interference of general anaesthesia (GA) with physiology homeostasis is more significative and relevant than the one in a not deranged patient about to undergo elective surgery, haemorrhagic shock (HS) being by definition a scenario with deranged cardiovascular and cellular respiratory physi- ology, manifes...

In the evolving landscape of respiratory care, the search for optimal ventilation strategies has been marked by important moments of innovation driven by challenging clinical circumstances. Our management is refined with the improved understanding of respiratory physiology, the development of highly intelligent devices and a drive for advancement....

Neonatal Respiratory System Mastering Concepts Through SAQs: "Short Answer Questions for Neonatal Respiratory Mastery" (English Edition) Format Kindle Édition en Anglais de RAKESH KOTHA (Auteur) Format : Format Kindle Voir tous les formats et éditions This book is a comprehensive guide to understanding the neonatal respiratory system through Short...

The MindGym, a novel immersive technology utilizing a reflective chamber environment, was developed to create standardized experiential content, including anxiolytic experiences. This study examined whether therapeutic experiences originally created in the MindGym could maintain their efficacy when delivered via 360-degree recordings through virtua...

In patients with underlying respiratory pathology, the changes in respiratory physiology may lead to additional clinical problems during the conduct of anesthesia and in the perioperative period. An understanding of the disease permits the anesthetic personnel to comprise the potential complications and manage the anesthesia consequently. Failure...

Objective : Pediatric laparoscopic surgery often induces atelectasis due to pneumoperitoneum, postural changes, and immature respiratory physiology, increasing postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs). Fixed PEEP may fail to address perioperative variability. This study evaluated whether dynamic PEEP adjustment reduces atelectasis and improves...

Introduction Fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) is a challenging procedure during mechanical ventilation (MV) as it considerably reduces the endotracheal tube’s internal diameter, causing a drastic increase in respiratory resistance, which may compromise the delivery of ventilatory assistance. According to respiratory physiology principles applied to MV...

Background Chest radiographs are generally used for diagnostic purposes. They also have potential to quantify disease severity. This analysis tested the hypothesis that there was an association between chest radiograph opacification and measures of respiratory physiological status and systemic inflammation in patients with Covid‐19 infection. Meth...

The GRASP (Golden-angle-radial Sparse Parallel MRI) is a contemporary method for reconstructing dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). This method combines the temporal incoherence of stack-of-stars Golden-angle-radial sampling pattern and acceleration capability of parallel MRI (PI) and compressed sensing (CS) for highly a...

To explore the role of AVAPS combined with TCM monitoring in the weaning of patients with AECOPD. In this study, 100 patients with AECOPD were included, who were divided into the AVAPS group and the S/T group after weaning. The respiration-related parameters were compared between the two groups at the time of weaning and after 1 h and 12 h of nonin...

In January 2021, Kurt Albertine, PhD, stepped down as the Editor of The Anatomical Record after 15 years of dedicated service. As Editor‐In‐Chief, he oversaw incredible growth, expanded scope, and increased impact of the journal. At the same time, he directed an active research lab in neonatal pulmonary biology at the University of Utah, with an ex...

In conclusion, the evolution of CO2 monitoring technology has profoundly impacted clinical practice by enhancing the ability to assess respiratory and metabolic status in real-time. Understanding the principles, applications, and potential pitfalls of various CO2 detector types is crucial for optimizing patient care and ensuring the accurate interp...

Normal breathing induces significant variations in Reynolds numbers throughout the human airways, resulting in distinct flow regimes. However, the onset of instabilities and the development of flow structures in this context are not yet fully understood. This study presents the application of a novel point-wise measurement technique, Correlation Ve...

To assess respiratory changes after neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) initiation in preterm infants with evolving or established bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Premature infants born less than 32 weeks gestation with evolving or established BPD initiated on invasive or non-invasive (NIV) NAVA were included. Respiratory data: PCO₂ and S...

Respiratory function is modulated by circulating steroid hormones. In female rats, steroid hormones fluctuate across the normal estrous cycle and decline with age, similar to human menopause. To determine the influence of steroid hormones, and mimic aspects of age-related reductions in hormones, the ovariectomy model is often employed. Ovariectomy...

Orthohantaviruses are emerging zoonotic viruses that can infect humans via the respiratory tract. There is an unmet need for an in vivo model to study infection of different orthohantaviruses in physiologically relevant tissue and to assess the efficacy of novel pan-orthohantavirus countermeasures. Here, we describe the use of a human lung xenograf...

Respiratory Physiology : It's all about pulmonary Resuscitation.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the effects of extreme but discrete PM2.5 exposure from a coal mine fire on respiratory symptoms abated, persisted, or worsened over time, and whether they were exacerbated by COVID-19. We analysed longitudinal survey data from a cohort residing near a 2014 coalmine fire in regional Australia. A 2016/2...

Clinicians managing mechanically ventilated patients must possess a deep understanding of respiratory physiology, airway mechanics, and ventilation strategies tailored to specific disease states. The ability to recognize indications for invasive mechanical ventilation and to select appropriate ventilation modes, initial settings, and adjunctive the...

This study investigated sex differences in the development of pulmonary edema and exercise‐induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) in well‐trained endurance athletes during near‐maximal exercise in a real‐world setting. Twenty participants (10M vs. 10F; V̇O2peak: 69.3 (8.8) vs. 50.7 (4.1) ml∙kg⁻¹∙min⁻¹) underwent a maximal incremental treadmill test (vis...

The prompt identification and correction of patient–ventilator asynchronies (PVA) remain a cornerstone for ensuring the quality of respiratory failure treatment and the prevention of further injury to critically ill patients. These disruptions, whether due to over- or under-assistance, have a profound clinical impact not only on the respiratory mec...

Introduction In December 2021, influenza A viruses (IAV) were detected in a population of farmed mink in British Columbia, Canada. Circulation of IAVs in farmed mink populations has raised public health concerns due to similarities between mustelid and human respiratory physiology, potentially facilitating spillover of zoonotic influenzas from live...

The assessment of lung function is a critical component of clinical medicine, offering insights into the respiratory health of individuals. Spirometry, a key test in evaluating pulmonary function, is commonly used to measure static lung volumes and capacities. Miller, M. R., et al. (2005) [1]. The present study evaluates the use of a student spirom...

Cooperative behavior by nonrelatives is an evolutionary puzzle, because costs of cooperation are often strong while selective factors favoring cooperative groups remain unclear. In some populations of the seed harvester ant Pogonomyrmex californicus, unrelated queens form groups at colony founding (pleometrosis), whereas in other populations, colon...

In vitro alveolar models are an important tool study respiratory physiology, investigate lung diseases, develop and test new therapies, and simulate inhalation exposure to environmental pollutants or therapeutic agents. A defined cell culture medium is essential for maintaining consistent and reliable in vitro models. In this study a defined cell c...

Purpose Low intraabdominal pressure (IAP) during laparoscopy is associated with improved post-operative outcomes across a variety of surgical specialties. A prospective cohort study was undertaken to assess post-operative outcomes in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery (LCRS) with low (8mmHg) versus conventional (15mmHg) IAP. Metho...

Voluntary breathing (VB), short–term exercise (STE), and mental stress (MS) can modulate breathing rate (BR), heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP), thereby affecting human physical and mental state. While existing experimental studies have explored the relationship between VB, STE, or MS and BR, HR, and BP changes, their findings remain fragmen...

Le monoxyde d’azote (NO) est libéré par les cellules endothéliales, les cellules du foie, les neurones et les macrophages. Dans l’organisme, le monoxyde d’azote remplit plusieurs fonctions clés. Par exemple, il prévient et traite l’hypertension, maintient la souplesse des artères et réduit le risque de formation de caillots dans le sang. Ainsi, il...

Spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD) is an inherited skeleton growth disorder characterized by abnormalities of the vertebrae and ribs. Individuals are susceptible to kyphoscoliosis and pulmonary complications, which may be exacerbated by respiratory physiologic changes in pregnancy. We present a case of a parturient with severe kyphoscoliosis and restr...

Assessing the respiratory system of a patient receiving mechanical ventilation is complex. We provide an overview of an approach at the bedside underpinned by physiology. We discuss the importance of distinguishing between extensive and intensive ventilatory variables. We outline methods to evaluate both passive patients and those making spontaneou...

Purpose Nasal breathing (NB) is a fundamental physiological process, and emerging research indicates its potential role in modulating resting metabolism, impacting energy expenditure and metabolic efficiency. This study investigates the impact of NB on resting metabolic rate (RMR), offering novel insights into metabolic regulation. Methods A prosp...

Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) devices mimic human organs, which can be used for many different applications, including drug development, environmental toxicology, disease models, and physiological assessment. Image data acquisition and analysis from these chips are crucial for advancing research in the field. In this study, we propose a label-free morpholo...

Flexible wearable electronic devices play a vital role in daily monitoring, medical diagnosis, and human‐computer interaction, and such devices have a great demand for portability, integration, comfort, and self‐power. In this study, a triboelectric nanogenerator integrated into a flexible chest belt is proposed as a displacement sensor to monitor...

Background Although moderate and severe Covid-19 patients have shown obstructive and restrictive disorders in pulmonary function after recovery from the disease, studies evaluating the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs that seek to improve lung function are scarce. Aim Herein, we evaluate changes in lung function and perceived dyspnea in Co...

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a highly progressive and irreversible fibrotic disease. Obesity has been reported in chronic lung disease contributing to inflammation and fibrotic changes. However, evidence is still emerging in IPF. Here, we report adipose tissue deposition in the lungs of IPF patients and its association with re...

Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is highly heterogeneous, both in its clinical presentation and in the patient’s physiological responses to changes in mechanical ventilator settings, such as PEEP. This study investigates the clinical efficacy of a physiological model-based ventilatory decision support system (DSS) to personaliz...

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant attention to the respiratory system, with much focus on lung-related disorders. However, the diaphragm, a crucial component of respiratory physiology, has not been adequately studied, especially in the context of long COVID. This review explores the multipotential role of the diaphragm in both respirato...

Plastic is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, resulting in widespread exposure across terrestrial and marine spaces. In the environment, plastics can degrade into microparticles where exposure has been documented in a variety of fauna at all trophic levels. Human epidemiological studies have found relationships between inhaled microplastics an...

Background Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) provides effective respiratory support in foals, but face masks are poorly tolerated and associated with hypercapnia. Bi‐nasal prongs might be a more effective device interface in foals. Objectives To compare bi‐nasal prongs and masks for NIV in foals with pharmacologically induced respiratory insufficiency...

Identifying critically ill patients who are likely to improve their respiratory physiology following RBC blood transfusion is dynamic and difficult. Current decision tools are over-reliant on hemoglobin transfusion thresholds, without considering respiratory measures that may reflect physiologic effects of anemia and functional responses to RBC tra...

This chapter offers a detailed examination of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), exploring its connection to respiratory physiology and the spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing types. It delves into the pathophysiology of OSA, alongside its epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical manifestations. The chapter outlines diagnostic criteria and severity...

The ancient yogic cleaning technique known as Kunjal Kriya has garnered attention for its potential benefits to respiratory health. This comprehensive review examines Kunjal Kriya's physiological effects, focusing on its ability to enhance lung function, facilitate mucous clearance, and promote overall respiratory wellness. By integrating clinical...

Background: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe condition impacting lung function, often requiring mechanical ventilation. Postural drainage may improve oxygenation and airway clearance in ARDS patients, particularly in those with burn injuries and inhalation trauma.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of...

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a complex and frequently chronic condition whose primary treatments (exposure-based psychotherapies and anti-depressant medications) fail to benefit a significant number of treated individuals. The burden of the condition is compounded by inadequate access to evidence-based treatments. This report introduces...

Introduction Delivering surfactant via thin catheters (minimal-invasive surfactant therapy (MIST); less invasive surfactant administration (LISA)) has become a common procedure. However, the effect of tracheal obstruction caused by catheters of different sizes on tracheal resistance in extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs) is unknown. Me...

Background Diabetes is a risk factor for the development of vascular disease, chronic kidney disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Diabetes is a co-morbid condition commonly present in patients with respiratory disorders but the extent to which it influences ventilatory capacity, gas exchange, and functional capacity is not well known. Research que...

Viral pneumonia is a significant concern during pregnancy due to changes in maternal immunity and respiratory physiology: Influenza: A ubiquitous virus from late fall to late spring, influenza is a major concern during pregnancy. Historic influenza pandemics (e.g., 1918 and 1957) showed maternal mortality rates of 50% and 10%, respectively, in preg...

Introduction/Aims Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been shown to improve survival and symptom burden in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, limited data exist regarding the clinical and physiological parameters at the time of NIV initiation. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and respiratory physiolog...

During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, Filtering Facepiece Respirators (FFRs) were highly effective, but concerns arose regarding their physiological effects across different age groups. This study evaluated these effects based on age and exercise intensity in 28 participants (children, young adults, and older individuals). Physiological par...

Although gastroesophageal reflux has been recognized as one of the risk factors of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) progression, the effect of reflux on the lower respiratory tract microbiota has not been studied in detail. We investigated the composition of the lower respiratory tract microbiota in patients with clinically s...

Introduction High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has increased exercise capacity in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. However, it remains unknown whether HFNC impacts respiratory physiological variables during exercise. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of HFNC on respiratory physiological variables during sustained high-intensity exerci...

Environmental air pollution presents a considerable risk to global respiratory health. If critical levels are exceeded, inhaled pollutants can lead to the development of respiratory dysfunction and provoke exacerbation in those with pre‐existing chronic respiratory disease. Over 90% of the global population currently reside in areas where environme...

Background Elderly patients undergoing posterior lumbar fusion surgery under general anesthesia are at increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) due to decreased respiratory physiology. Driving pressure in mechanical ventilation is highly associated with occurrence of PPCs. Therefore, driving pressure-oriented ventilation strat...

Background Trunk inclination in patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the supine position has gained scientific interest due to its effects on respiratory physiology, including mechanics, oxygenation, ventilation distribution, and efficiency. Changing from flat supine to semi-recumbent increases driving pressure due to decreas...

Background One of the challenges to using some flavor chemicals in aerosol products is the lack of route of administration specific toxicology data. Methods Flavor chemicals (88) were divided into four different flavor mixtures based upon chemical compatibility and evaluated in 2-week dose-range-finding and subsequent 90-day nose-only rodent inhal...

In neuroscience, numerous experimental procedures in animal models require surgical interventions, such as the implantation of recording electrodes or cannulas before main experiments. These surgeries can take several hours and should rely on principles that are common in the field of research and medicine. Considering the characteristics of the av...

Rationale Area under expiratory flow-volume curve (AEX) has been shown to be a valuable functional measurement in respiratory physiology. Area under inspiratory flow-volume loop (AIN) also shows promise in characterizing upper and/or lower airflow obstruction. Objectives we aimed here to develop normative reference values for AIN, able to ascertai...

Prolonged exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a known risk to respiratory health, causing chronic lung impairment. Yet, the immediate, acute effects of PM2.5 exposure on respiratory symptoms, such as cough, are less understood. This pilot study aims to investigate this relationship using objective PM2.5 and cough monitors. Fifteen partic...

Respiratory diseases significantly affect respiratory function, making them a considerable contributor to global mortality. The respiratory muscles play an important role in disease prognosis; as such, quantitative analysis of the respiratory muscles is crucial to assess the status of the respiratory system and the quality of life in patients. In t...

Airway epithelial cells play a crucial role in investigating the physiological and pathological mechanisms of the respiratory tract in yaks, a species whose unique respiratory system has garnered extensive interest. Despite this growing interest, there currently are no available airway epithelial cell lines from yaks, underscoring the crucial need...

Background Adjusting trunk inclination from a semi-recumbent position to a supine-flat position or vice versa in patients with respiratory failure significantly affects numerous aspects of respiratory physiology including respiratory mechanics, oxygenation, end-expiratory lung volume, and ventilatory efficiency. Despite these observed effects, the...

An interprofessional education day was carried out for first yearhealthcare science students within Cardiac Physiology, Respiratory Physiology, Audiology, Neurophysiology, and students from adult nursing at Swansea University. Two activities were run with the support of volunteers and multidiscipline staff. This poster explores those interprofessio...

Breathing or respiration has been essential in human life since ancient times. Philosophers and physicians of ancient times such as Hippocrates, Galen, and others had already written about breathing in literature. These antiquated viewpoints established the foundation for contemporary respiratory physiology and medicine. The Hippocratic literature...

This study assesses the acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, and efficacy of a novel asynchronous video‐based intervention for teaching respiratory physiology and anatomy to medical students in resource‐limited settings. A series of short video lectures on pleural anatomy, pulmonary physiology, and pathophysiology was created using Lightboa...

Anxiety elicits various physiological responses, including changes in respiratory rate and neuronal activity within specific brain regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Previous research suggests that the olfactory bulb (OB) modulates the mPFC through respiration-coupled neuronal oscillations (RCOs), which have been linked to fear-re...

Mutations in the transcription factors encoded by PHOX2B or LBX1 correlate with congenital central hypoventilation disorders. These conditions are typically characterized by pronounced hypoventilation, central apnea, and diminished chemoreflexes, particularly to abnormally high levels of arterial PCO 2 . The dysfunctional neurons causing these resp...

Introduction: Pranavaha Srotas are the first Srotas to be enlisted in Charaka Samhita. These channels carry Prana all over the body to all bodily tissues. Pranavaha Srotas has its Moola in Hridaya and Mahasrotas according to Charaka Samhita while Sushuruta Samhita states that Hridaya and Rasavahini Dhamanis as Moola. Moola of Pranavaha Srotas not o...

Este año la Asociación Colombiana de Neumología cumple 70 años, por lo cual se han desarrollado diferentes acciones, una de ellas es la reconstrucción de la historia de nuestra Asociación que empezó por iniciativa de médicos de la ciudad de Medellín y, hoy en día es una Asociación nacional con capítulos regionales que cubren la totalidad del país,...

This study assesses the acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, and efficacy of a novel asynchronous video-based intervention for teaching respiratory physiology and anatomy to medical students in resource-limited settings. A series of short video lectures on pleural anatomy, pulmonary physiology, and pathophysiology was created using Lightboa...

Background Diabetes is a risk factor for the development of vascular disease, chronic kidney disease, retinopathy and neuropathy. Diabetes is a co-morbid condition commonly present in patients with respiratory disorders but the extent to which it influences ventilatory capacity, gas exchange and functional capacity is not well known. Research quest...

Respiratory fluid dynamics is integral to comprehending the transmission of infectious diseases and the effectiveness of interventions such as face masks and social distancing. In this research, we present our recent studies that investigate respiratory particle transport via high-fidelity large eddy simulation coupled with the Lagrangian particle...

Background Pregnancy introduces significant physiological changes, notably impacting respiratory dynamics, especially during the second trimester. Data remain inconclusive about how body posture might influence lung function in pregnant women. We aimed to examine the impact of body position on slow vital capacity in pregnant women during their seco...

During the COVID-19 pandemic wearing face masks was mandatory. Nowadays, face masks are still encouraged indoors, especially in hospitals. People climbing stairs with masks describe unpredictable dyspnea. In this study, healthy adults climbed 5 floors with and without a mask. Various cardio-respiratory parameters were measured, including O2−saturat...

Objectives To investigate the following: (a) effects of intercostal muscle contraction on sonographic assessment of lung sliding and (b) inter-rater and intra-observer agreement on sonographic detection of lung sliding and lung pulse. Methods We used Valsalva and Muller maneuvers as experimental models in which closed glottis and clipped nose prev...

Background Knowledge of respiratory physiology is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases. During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, face-to-face education was inadequate, leading to the implementation of virtual programs for pulmonary fellows from Latin America. Objective This study describes our experience wit...

This work, in a pioneering approach, attempts to build a biometric system that works purely based on the fluid mechanics governing exhaled breath. We test the hypothesis that the structure of turbulence in exhaled human breath can be exploited to build biometric algorithms. This work relies on the idea that the extrathoracic airway is unique for ev...

Background Awake prone position (APP) has been reported to improve oxygenation in patients with COVID-19 disease and to reduce the requirement for invasive mechanical ventilation for patients requiring support with high flow nasal cannula. There is conflicting data for patients requiring lower-level oxygen support. Research question Does APP reduc...

BACKGROUND Persistent truncus arteriosus is a rare congenital cyanotic heart defect characterized by a single ventricular outflow tract. Without surgical intervention, it has a poor prognosis in infancy. Here, we report an adult female patient with uncorrected truncus arteriosus type I, who presented with acute-onset abdominal pain due to torsion o...