Research Proposal Writing - Science method

It is challenging to find specific examples due to the confidentiality of grant applications but you can seek guidance from the following:

University Research Offices: Contact the research offices or grant support departments at your university. They often provide workshops or training sessions on grant writing and budgeting. They may have examples or templates of successful grant proposals that can serve as a reference.

Mentor or Advisor: Consult with your PhD mentor or advisor. They can provide guidance and may have previous successful grant proposals that they can share with you as examples. They can also assist you in preparing a budgeting plan tailored to your specific research project.

Professional Associations and Societies: Explore professional associations and societies in your field of research, such as medical or cancer research societies. These organizations often provide resources, workshops, and guidelines on grant writing and budgeting.

Here is a basic template for a budget section in a PhD grant proposal. Keep in mind that the specific items and amounts will vary depending on your research project, field, and funding agency requirements.

**Budget Template for PhD Grant Proposal:**

1. Personnel:

- PI (Principal Investigator) Salary: [Amount]

- Research Assistants: [Number of assistants] x [Salary per assistant]

- Other Personnel: [Specify roles and salaries if applicable]

2. Equipment and Supplies:

- Laboratory Equipment: [Amount for purchasing or maintaining equipment]

- Consumables and Supplies: [Amount for lab supplies, chemicals, reagents, etc.]

- Software and Data Analysis Tools: [Amount for purchasing or licensing software]

3. Travel and Fieldwork:

- Conference Travel: [Number of conferences] x [Amount per conference]

- Fieldwork Expenses: [Amount for travel, accommodation, and data collection]

4. Publication and Dissemination:

- Publication Fees: [Amount for open access publication fees]

- Printing and Dissemination: [Amount for printing posters, brochures, etc.]

5. Training and Professional Development:

- Workshops and Courses: [Amount for attending relevant training programs]

- Professional Memberships: [Amount for joining professional societies]

6. Miscellaneous:

- Communication and Internet Access: [Amount for communication expenses]

- Institutional Overhead: [Percentage of the grant allocated for overhead costs]

Total Budget: [Sum of all the above categories]

Hope it helps.

COMEÇO, MEIO E FIM. INTRODUÇÃO, DESENVOLVIMENTO, CONCLUSÃO E BIBLIOGRAFIA. UMA IMPORTANTE HIPÓTESE A SER COMPROVADA NO FIM, OU NÃO, DEVE EXISTIR, SER CRIADA, E DEVE SER INTERESSANTE, DEPOIS QUE SE SABE A TEORIA, A PROPOSTA DE PESQUISA SÓ PRESTA, SE HOUVER ALGO DE NOVIDADE. INICIAR COM UMA APRESENTAÇÃO CLARA DE QUAIS SÃO OS OBJSTIVOS SEUS COM AQUELA PROPOSTA, INCLUSIVE EXPLICAR O OBJATIVO DE BUSCAR A COMPROVAÇÃO DA SUA HIPÓTESE LEVANTADA. TUDO JUNTO, DEMONSTRARÁ QUE VOCÊ SABE COMO SE MOVIMENTA, SE DÁ MOVIMENTO A UM TRABALHO DE PESQUISA. O ENSINO DISSO CHSAMA-SE METODOLOGIA, COISA EM QUE ME ESPECIALIZEI.

The portion of the post-doc application that you mention is almost always completed by host department rather than the individual applicant. Of course, it wold make it easier for that department if you could supply them with a template, so looking for an example is a good idea.

I recommend to read this manuscript:

Scientific writing is a difficult task that requires clarity, precision, and rigour. It also involves a large amount of research, analysis, and synthesis of information from various sources. However, scientific writing is also hard, time-consuming, and susceptible to errors. Advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models, such as ChatGPT, can simplify academic writing and publishing. ChatGPT has many applications and uses in academic and scientific writing and publishing such as hypothesis generation, literature review, safety recommendations, troubleshooting, tips, paraphrasing and summarising, editing, and proofreading, journal selection, journal style formatting, and other applications.

In this book chapter, we will discuss the main advantages, examples, and applications of ChatGPT in academic and scientific writing from research conception to publishing.

Yes, you can think of a quasi-experimental design as a non-randomized controlled trial. Another name for this kind of design is a non-equivalent control group. There is quite a large literature on quasi-experimental designs.

to get sponsorship and grant details one can get from the community of chapters managed by the professors, and scientists. Provide the right link and ways to the people to get the right funds from the country. get at https://abcdindex.com/society_page_post_listing.php?type=Sponsorship

They have some expert lectures on that so people can take advantage of that as well.

Social media is a concept. And it is not variable. Social media cannot be measured with quantitative tools.

Hello Muhammad Habiburrahman

You should make sure that your research proposal in cancer is created meticulously, if you have to make it more appealing to prospective professors. The panel of experts should get convinced with regards to the significance of your research. The research proposal that you put forward should clearly project that you will be able to justify your research and that you will execute it as per the required standards.

In your introduction you should exemplify your problem which you will be attempting to resolve and emphasize its significance. You should prove to the panel of experts that you have a command on research in your field by providing them with an extensive review of existing literature. The research methodology should be chosen carefully, and you should justify why have you made such a choice so that the reader is convinced.

Effective management of time plays a crucial role, and therefore you should provide a realistic timeframe and the resources that you would require to complete your research. The research question should be very much clear to the panel of experts.

So, before you begin writing the PhD research proposal in cancer you need to have a detailed meeting with your guide to select the topic of research and the research methodology, both of which are of utmost importance. Plan your proposal and create a proper outline before you start writing. Extensive work must be done in reviewing the literature in your domain of research to understand the current gaps. This will help you to choose a unique topic, and you will not end up with a topic that has already being researched.

Good Luck!

Thank you Prof. Masud Ibn Afjal for the interesting question. Research methodology section is a must as this is a blue print of your research covering study area, sampling, data collection methods/tools/analysis etc. More articles can also help;

this is a very tricky question. I would not say these materials are novel as there have been a lot of studies exploring both the electronic structure and the catalytic activity of these materials. Now the key question is what your study can add to the field? If your study is focusing on solving a particular challenge associated with the industrialization of these materials, being a new synthesis method or improving their stability in harsh reaction conditions then you are on the right track.

Agree with Nidhal Kamel Taha El-Omari

So, in order to solve such this type of issues, it may take several months of following up to remove the manuscript from the database of the preprint. Anyhow, If there were accusations of plagiarism, it is not well for any researcher's reputation, in any meaning.

Khalid Sulaiman ,

The requirements for a master's thesis varies from university to university. It might be good to ask if it is necessary to formulate a novel idea or is it acceptable if you can reproduce an already existing work (requirements vary depending on the university policy and it is good to ask before engaging the subject).

The best way to do a master's thesis is to look for a paper where you have a clear idea based on the explanation, has reproducible results and the conclusion also includes future work. That last requirement of the paper makes it easier if you have to do original research since the justification for your thesis can be put in context of the paper.

Regards

A good topic would be on the Importance of Ethics on cybersecurity to mitigate risks etc.

As per the reviewer's comments on my proposal, I would suggest you start your proposal with small tasks that you can complete on your own without having any collaboration, then you move from smaller tasks to bigger on that should be of high national importance. Use Govt. reports on your fields, I mean what are the current national problems, how your proposal will be helpful to solve them, what kind of instrumentation you will need, if it requires fieldwork, then explain it. for the 4th and 5th years you can explain the large-scale applications of your proposal. I hope it will help. wish you good luck with your application.

You can use grammarly

Justyna Cuglewska If the Chi-sqr test did not return a significant difference, I would presume there is no gender difference. I would definitely check if I could combine the six motivators to create a composite scale (as suggested by David Morgan).

However, I see that David Morse is suggesting logistic regression (though my opinion coincides with David Morgan that it won't make difference if the Chi-sqr test returns insignificant relation). Please run this and share your experience with us here, so that we could also learn something.

Hello, Noémie Bourguignon. This is an interesting idea for a study! There are several ways to approach controlling for variables that might have an influence on your results. You mention one, which is controlling for them statistically. Another is to restrict your sampling in the first place. To reduce the number of potentially confounding factors, have you thought of restricting your study to a specific population of people? Limiting your sample may lead to challenges with generalizing your results, but it will help in terms of having so many confounds to address.

Wishing you the best!

Brooke Hallowell

Research always is researching what we don't know. Thus, if the others - peers, researchers, a scientific domain - start (re)knowing on a subject or object from your research, it means that it is original. This word/concept original is much more rigorous than "new" or "novel": one can research again an object or a subject already studied but using diverse perspectives and methodologies, thereafter achieving "new" explanations or interpretations. It is not really "novel", but original, which is one of the main goals of "new" scientific research.

A strong and genuine motivation letter describes your aims, goals, and intentions. CV is just facts about you. If you endow the letter with the necessary elements for the potential supervisor, it will create all necessary conceptual environments for the supervisors to evaluate you. Good luck!

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Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one's research is only as a good as one's proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.

A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.

Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.

The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.

The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.

This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.

It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, "An investigation of . . ." could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader's interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.

It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.

The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.

If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.

Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.

However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current "hot" area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify "key players" and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.

The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:

State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.

Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.

Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.

Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.

Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.

State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)

Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.

Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)

Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.

Ensures that you are not "reinventing the wheel".

Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.

Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.

Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.

Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.

Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.

Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.

Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).

Lacking organization and structure

Lacking focus, unity and coherence

Being repetitive and verbose

Failing to cite influential papers

Failing to keep up with recent developments

Failing to critically evaluate cited papers

Citing irrelevant or trivial references

Depending too much on secondary sources

Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.

There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.

It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)

The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.

The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.

You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.

Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.

Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)

For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:

Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?

Subjects or participants - Who will take part in your study? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?

Instruments - What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?

Procedure - How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?

Results:

Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.

It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.

Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.

Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.

Failure to cite landmark studies.

Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.

Failure to stay focused on the research question.

Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.

Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.

Too much rambling -- going "all over the map" without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)

Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.

Too long or too short.

Failing to follow the APA style.

Slopping writing.

Emotion detection using Audio-Visual data with Deep Learning. Mokhaled N. A. Al-Hamadani

Thanks for your message Priya Dharshana.

I am looking for a sample not for a template.

Hi, bro, as per my expereince, i will suggest you to contact with your supervisor first, for sure he/she will give you some outlines & then according to that university requirments you can write an research proposal. First, find Professor related to your research theme , mail him & tell him that you want to do PhD under his supervision, if he agreed then for sure he will sent you a letter in which he will mention the topic of your research, then you can write an your research proposal.

I hope this will help you. If any other other help is needed, feel free to ask.

Thanks

Your research proposal is just that: A proposal of how you intend to go about your research. However all research is into the unknown, and factors that you did know at the time of writing the proposal will be uncovered by your research. In practice, nobody seems to publish proposals after the proposed research is over and done with. This is because the proposal is outdated by the research. The final report contains sufficient up-to-date details (including e.g., trade names) of the instruments and procedures actually used.

Sudhakar - For writing an effective research proposal for a grant you need to follow certain steps which are common to all subjects whether it is computer science and engineering or sociology 1) Download, read carefully and follow guidelines very strictly, 2) Pick a catchy title among the themes given in guidelines, 3) Write a clear concept note and highlight your objectives very clearly, 4) Cite international and national literature relevant to the title, 5) Highlight the significance of the study and how it will have an impact in the advancement of knowledge or policy making 6) Keep budget as low as possible and don't cross your limits, 7) Present your strong bio-data.

My Proposal date of submission 17th March so I need to confirm opportunity to access and discuss in interview mode before that date.

This will form my major research project for a required component.

Again Thank you.

Gary Darbyshire MMgmt MStratMktng Grad Dip Cou.

Muhammed - for my PhD students, I try to set the context of the purpose of the research proposal. It is designed as a piece of summary work to represent what will become the overall thesis. It does not contain the detail of thesis chapters (for obvious reasons) and is different to an ethics submission - which is an even more summarised version of the proposal. A proposal tends to include:

1. Introduction to topic

2. Background literature

3. Aims and objectives - research questions/statements

4. Methodology/framework

5. Methods/design - with the subheadings of sample and setting, data collection, data analysis and ethics

6. Personal interest (this can come earlier)

7. Summary

8. Supplementary information i.e. references, appendices, timeline, resources

Length will vary depending on a few factors i.e. research approach. For instance, a mixed methods study will contain more information as there are several phases to report. I would argue, typically, between 3,000-5,000 words (often the word limit for a journal article) is appropriate. Remember, as well, the target audience. You have to write according to a mixed audience - those with an expert knowledge (reviewers) and those without (lay readers).

Innovations, theoretical and practical value, creativity and breaking new grounds.

Here is a blog post that I wrote that you may find helpful. In it I include links to a variety of additional resources, too: How to prepare a teaching dossier https://wp.me/pNAh3-2hu

You may want to check Keith F. Punch's book entitled Developing Effective Research Proposals published by Sage. The book includes 5 examples of good research proposals in chapter 8. I hope this helps.

@Olive McKeown & Margaret Mcallister, I am also interested in this variable as I discover that the students in our research methods class have myriads of challenges in this area. Also, when the time comes to write their dissertations they just want to hurriedly put something down and submit asap. I have also noticed this trend among our postgraduate students. Can this common grounds spur a collaborative research among us? I could be contacted via oyebode_oyetoro@hotmail.com

I'm not disagreeing with the view that examinations of this type can impact (negatively) upon the range of skills covered by instructors / teachers and that they encourage a rote learning approach towards vocabulary and grammar and I don't doubt that students would be better served by instruction that has a wider focus, but it seems to me that if what you want is to effect a positive change in the test (and in your country) you do need to conduct some sort of study that examines whether the exam in its current form is failing to prepare students for the rigours of academic life at university. It appears that what you're proposing to do is demonstrate that another form of exam is "better" than the one currently in use and your research may well provide evidence that this is in fact the case, that one exam is better than another. However, I doubt whether this evidence on its own would be sufficient to change the established practice given that suggested changes have previously been declined on grounds of being impractical. If your research is to effect the positive change that you aspire to it does need to address to what extent students are not adequately prepared for university by the exam in its current form and what measures have to be taken by universities to address the ill-preparedness of those students. If you were to obtain evidence of this nature (that students are ill prepared and universities are obliged to offer corrective measures) you could then begin to address how the inadequacies of the exam and the resultant negative consequences might be managed through the adoption of an alternative exam format using the information obtained through the measures you've identified in your second message to propose what that alternative should be.

Hi, your pproposal should include the following sections.

*Title of the research project.

*Abstract

*Introduction

*Research context and the background of the study

*Problem statement, key research questions, research aim/objectives and hypotheses/propositions

*Significance of the study

*Identification of the relevant literature (not all, but a few of the key literature)

*Methodology (should include research design, research methods, research plan, data collection, data collection instruments and analytical techniques)

*Timeline of the research projects with key milestones

*Limitations of the study

*References

Hope this would help you.

Kind regards and best of luck with your research

Thushara

Introduction vs Background

 

Writing a research paper is not an easy job. The writer has to present his findings in such a manner so as to make an interesting reading. This requires giving an introduction as well as background to satisfy the queries of the readers. Many people think of these two vital parts of a document such as a research paper as being same or interchangeable. This article brings out the differences between the introduction and background, as well as their role in making a document compelling for a reader.

Introduction

Introduction is that part of a document that tries to introduce the document in an interesting manner to the reader. Introduction is all about what a reader can expect in the document, in a concise manner. However, the introduction contains all the major points that are actually covered in the document. Introduction has to be presented in such a manner so that it lures the reader into reading the entire document. This is not easy, and an art in itself to compel the reader to pick up the research paper and read it in its entirety. This compares well with the trailer of a movie that picks up highlights of the movie to make it look very interesting for the viewer.

Background

Background of a research paper is written with the intention of clarifying the importance and the necessity of the paper in the first place. Why the study and what the basic purpose behind the study are the major questions that are answered through background that is presented with a research paper. A background is also a tool in the hands of the writer to prepare a reader for the document who is not familiar with the concepts discussed in the paper. Background also tries to prepare a reader to send him finally to read the full document.

It is hard to expect a reader to read the full document without creating a background as to what made the writer prepare the document. Background information is necessary as often a reader is interested in knowing the incidents prior to the research. It is like the foundation stone of a building upon which the entire edifice later stands.

What is the difference between Introduction and Background?

• Both an introduction, as well as, background is necessary and integral parts of a document

• Introduction is like showing a trailer of a movie to entice a reader to go through the entire document

• Background is to make a reader understand the reasons of conducting a study and the incidents leading up to the study.

The type of data may be important for how it is plotted. Does each individual have a single score? Are individual scores an average of several measures? Are several measures to be plotted separately?

A good method for visualizing change is to plot the data on a normal probability plot. The data need not be normal. It is the shape of the plot and how it changes with time. You can track indivduals for their position on the plot. You can also see how the distribution metrics change with time.

More details and suggestions are dependent upon the type of data.

Reading in general is good, but an important part of original research is, based on knowledge of a field, come up yourself or with some little help with research topics to investigate. An important part of a Ph.D. research is finding the important, relevant, challenging subjects you can develop on, solve, advance.

If you get direct advice from others you can be a technician of some sort, but not a complete researcher!

Perhaps it would help to narrow things down. Do you want to know to what degree a young person's knowledge about a particular area (which area?) is increased by various amounts of Internet exposure? Theories of learning could be used as frameworks. Do you also want to know whether a young person's beliefs (about what?) are changed by exposure to the Internet? This is more complicated since the person may only expose himself to sites that share his belief. I think the first question would be easier to address.

Dear Sir

Unlike the previous persons, who commented above, I would like to offer a much more comprehensive answer to your question about a topic that is valuable enough to earn you Ph.D. in your area of interest. 

First, let's focus your study on Oman and on Islamic Banking - only. All those ideas to compare traditional and Islamic approaches to financial intermediation are not-so-original (as we hear about it each time someone asks about a research topic in Islamic Finance/Banking) and they go beyond your designated scope (Oman&Islamic banking). 

Second, let's make your Ph.D. meaningful and your results&conclusions applicable for the sake of improving quality of management at Islamic banks. You should think about global impact of your research. Benefits that you may generate for institutions that you are interested in seem to be quite substantial. 

Third, I attach here a paper by a prominent Econometrician (J. Osiewalski) who developed a method for capturing efficiency at banking industry. This is supposed to be a reference for you. I will explain the idea for your Ph.D. in detail below.

Cost efficiency is something that can generate competitive advantage of any business, and Islamic banks are not excluded. 

Scope and coverage of your Ph.D.: Why don't you focus on Islamic banks operating in Oman. Use the method (this Bayesian method is elegant and effective) presented in the attached paper for analyzing cost efficiency of different branches of one Islamic bank in Oman. You need to receive some support from this bank of your choice. If you find it possible, you could extend your coverage to two or more Islamic banks operating in the Sultanate. However, this is perfectly enough to cover all branches of one Islamic bank in Oman, and then study cost efficiency, as presented in the attached paper. 

Think about your local and global impact - when you present your results to top management at this Islamic bank (I don't know which you chose to study). Then, when you are a recognized expert on cost efficiency at Islamic banks - each and every Islamic bank on this planet will ask for your consultancy and you will apply your methodology for the sake of financial intermediation done according to these special rules. 

Find a better idea for a Ph.D. dissertation in Islamic banking and I will buy you 10kg of best Omani Halwa. 

Dear Bob,

A similar model of phases which can be revisited has been devised for the writing process - see Humes, A. (1983) Research on the composing process. Review of Educational Research, 53(2), pp. 201-216.

I recently wrote about the connection between this model and creativity, and how both are involved in the process of creating and writing up mathematics - see: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265058163_Techniques_for_capturing_critical_thinking_in_the_creation_and_composition_of_advanced_mathematical_knowledge

Thanks for all of you for your kindly explanations.

I am just concluding in little paragraph:

·         Inexpensive study would produce quality results and can be more useful in that it investigates vital questions.Heather

·         High costs are not an indicator for high rated research. Charles 

·         It should never be about 'cheapest or easiest' - but far more about 'what is required to achieve what is needed. Dean

·         Most of the inexpensive studies are observational studies. Mohamed

·         Prospective studies required high fund to cover the expenses of the needed procedures, manpower and equipment. Ahmad 

 It is clear that the research output value is the main indicator for the research rate assessment.

Thank you all very much for you suggestions and the congratulations. Yes I will try to apply for some grants from the EU and or the Danish state as well as maybe some banks or advisory firms who might be interested in supporting the M&A concept.

I think searching it on google could help.

Hi

Please see two presentation tips.

Dear Anand, success has no short cut. There are some basic sections in every research proposal. These are the introduction, the body, the conclusion (may be omitted sometimes), and the list of references.  You should also state clearly your research objectives and research questions. I furnish you some links over here:

Niels, the best way is always to be very specific - you hardly can raise funds for broad or general purposes. Draft a full-fledged Business Plan describing precisely the 'issue to solve', the steps thatneed to be taken to get there, the operating etc. environment, and the yield (or 'return on investment'). I have helped raise funds in my day, let me know if I can possibly help.

A "literature review" should cover all of the scientific literature in a field that is defined by the author. Much of this is usually achieved by reference to previous reviews. By doing this, it is not necessary to review all of the past literature, but all studies that have been published since the most recent thorough review should be included. The amount and quality of analysis in a review may vary from little (i.e. a mostly descriptive review) to a lot (i.e. an analytical review).

A theoretical analysis would only include reference to those works that are necessary for the analysis (although subjectively omitting works that may run counter to the analysis is not acceptable in a scientific work). The analysis should be rigorous.

A conceptual analysis may be the same as a theoretical analysis, but this category allows for more flexibility and less rigour. In essence, it's the first step in analyzing an idea and may be floated for the purpose of stimulating feedback.

These publication categories overlap (they are not mutually exclusive) and journal editors may define them in their own distinctive ways.

Aftab, Agreed, success or failure of a study has nothing to do with whether the study was designed correctly, which is what you should be learning with an advanced degree. Not all studies find what we want them too. Failure teaches us just as much as success.

I advise you to start to find a real problem in the specific field of finance, then start to review the literature about thats in your context and other different contexts in order to determine what the other mention as a recommendation for further studies in there studies to help you to find a gap and to support your problem and you should also concert it by the theoretical background, in addition finally to find the solution for your study problem, as all of us know that our problem is in (dependent variable) which we try to solve it through the (independent variables), and independent variables also will determine through the deep reading of the literature review.

We have not forget that the most important thing of the PhD study is the contribution of body of knowledge, context, policy maker or investor.... Good Luck

Always follow the instructions to applicants (e.g. how long the proposal should be, how many of your own / your research group's articles you should cite, which additional files you should upload etc.: if you do not do this, your application may be rejected). It can be also a good idea to read the instructions for reviewers if these are available: then you will understand which aspects are considered to be more important (e.g. the principal investigator's CV or the practical value of the project) and then you can strengthen some parts of your proposal if necessary. Also, if possible, try to read some proposals that were successful last year: this may give you some additional ideas.

Dear Ritu,

Your starting point is to find a suitable funding source and then to read all their background documentation and instructions on what is needed for a research proposal. Research excellence is usually high on the list of evaluation criteria, so you need to ensure that the research you propose is internationally competitive. Most research is now collaborative, so you will probably need to identify suitable partners to share the research activities. ... the list of what you need to do to get a proposal funded is long and will depend on many factors, the majority of which can not be identified easily in a forum such as this.

I have a YouTube clip on proposal writing that you may find useful: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jSQU-_tdA4. I also have a pdf document accessible at "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Steve_Quarrie/contributions/?ev=prf_act" that may give some help. I should also say that many other documents and many other YouTube clips are available on the subject of writing project proposals, and a little searching with key words, as suggested above, will locate them.

At least this should be a starting point for you.

All the best with your endeavours.

Steve

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