Research Methods - Science method

It is true the USA in the past as well as many other countries have used drainage ditches, tiles and other practices to drain lands, and many of these were basically wetland conversion. USA and probably some other countries have limits and compensatory mitigation plans if wetlands have to be drained, filled or otherwise converted. It is not always obvious that wetlands may offer unique habitats, and serve to accumulate and store organics, which helps bind carbon. Wetlands can be identified with soil, plant and hydrology indicators such as those published by the US Corps of Engineers in their Manual (1987) and other adjustment advice since then. But some select plants and trees do well in wetlands, but may not meet the specific desires for commercial crops. It might be worthwhile to consult your local wildlife and botanical specialists to get their opinion. Wetland also help promote water quality and other benefits in some circumstances, but some may have other items that could present problems to landowners.

Robert Yin's book on case studies specializes in comparative analysis and it contains a number of detailed example.

Is case study a methodology? Robert Stake (1998) argues: "As a form of research, case study is defined by interest in individual cases, not by the methods of inquiry used". I find it enlightening to regard case study methodology as a meta-methodology; the methodological recommendation is to combine the methodologies which are useful in the light of the issue at stake. A methodology is a recommendation to rely on certain data collection methods, methods to analyze and apply specific quality criteria. Action research procedures and purposes, Grounded Theory methodology, Hypothesis-testing approach (Yin) are examples of methodologies which can be used, alone or in combination, in a case study. In short: (1) Case study methodology is a combined methodology: a meta-methodology, (2) object of the study is a case, (3) triangulation is an overarching quality criterium, (4) a purposeful sampling procedure is used to select the case(s). As a consequence: in research it is more important to make clear how it is done, rather than what it is.

Best wishes

Rolf

To study this topic, I think that the comparative research method is useful in these topics

Kindly check also the following useful RG links:

If I understand you are interested in interactions wouldn't a factorial design clean this up a lot. Just throwing stuff in is not a good experimental design. Best wishes David Booth

The book by Creswell and Poth (2018) could come in handy. Below is the full citation.

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C., N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (4^th ed.). SAGE Publications. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-inquiry-and-research-design/book246896

Good luck

I may be the first academic to use social cartography to map four traditional research paradigms in social and educational research.

If you look at my postmodern thoughts in the paper, you might find that decentering the lens of paradigms, we will find some connection points and re-orientations for comparing or placing four paradigms into some social cartographs.

As a historian of research paradigms in social and educational research, I raise further research questions are as follows:

1. What are the main axiological issues or key axiological features of the four traditional research paradigms when they are in comparison? Can we conceptualize their relationships among those features in some social cartographs or other alternatives?

2. What are the basic logial rules governing the four research paradigms throughout the process of uncovering them using social cartographs or other alternatives? To what extent can we construct the conceptual notion of 'cross-paradigm triangulation' with logical consistency? [c.f. Denzin devises the notions of cross-person/cross-data/cross-perspective/-cross-theory triangulation based on logical consistency.]

3. Could we have different results on natural science research using similar social cartographic methods of mapping the four paradigms or other alternatives?

I tend to answer the first and second research questions in social and ethical research in some upcoming international journal papers and refereed international conference proceedings in research methodology and methods. I leave the third one to other top-rank scientists or science researchers who have tremendous research interests in my research project as I cannot extend my discussion into science fields due to limitations of personal knowledge in empirical contexts.

Please help circulate my paper to any interested international colleagues you are familiar with. I look for fruitful answers to the above questions and / or co-research works in future.

From an ignorant Percy KWOK

Documentation of ethnobotanical data is very important but if you can make practical implementation of any important use, then that would be great. Give benifit to the persons from whom you collected the data

Thanks, Fahimeh Hassani for the excellent question and professors for the valuable answers.

Sounds like grounded theory. Bernard Glaser stated: "All data is data." Observations are another piece of qualitative data which should be analyzed and presented in the results. Right now, consider methods of validity/reliability, if saturation is applicable, and triangulation.

Dear Benjamin Neumann . See the following useful RG links:

thanks Norkhairi Bin Ahmad

Dear Seun Bello,

In my opinion, significant research methods and quantitative data analysis in the area of ​​the analysis of the determinants of the pro-environmental transformation of the economy towards a sustainable, green, emission-free circular economy can be statistical analyzes of data collected and published by national statistics institutions, quantitative data from surveys and Big Data Analytics carried out as part of the sentiment analysis of data collected from entries, comments, posts, etc. posted on social media websites. I have described the methods of this analysis in some publications that I have posted on my profile of this Research Gate portal.

Best regards,

Dariusz

Here, the answer is mainly focused on the literature search what is commonly called literature review that can be used by the most of the researchers in the world.

Both Qualitative or Qualitative research need the proper literature review for the particular research undertaken by the researchers.

The peer review is the process of checking or selecting the most appropriate literatures are mainly pertaining to the research titles.

The researchers have never considered the peer review process while doing research. It is the duty of the publication office to monitor those mistakes before publication.

AA

Dear Fernando Rezende da Cunha Junior,

There are many books on Research Methods. A good number of articles are also there in Research Gate. You could find them browsing internet.

You can also search the following link:

Thank you.

Nice question and answers. All the best

In a nut shell agree with Dr Sathish Kumar. A systematic review is a detailed, systematic and transparent means of gathering, appraising and synthesisingevidence to answer a well-defined question. While meta-analysis is a statistical procedure for combining numerical data from multiple separate studies. While there is substantial overlap between the two they are not the same. A meta-analysis should only be conducted in the context of a systematic review.

It sounds to me like both your components are quantitative because they rely on descriptive measurements of pre-defined variables. In contrast, qualitative data would usually consist of more open ended interviews that would focus on issues like meaning and would use a more interpretative approach. Instead, I would think of this as a "multi-method" design with two quantitative sections.

One key issue that you are going to face is sample size. If you plan to do statistical analyses, you will need a large N (well over 100). Otherwise, you could select several particularly interesting firms for a series of case studies.

According to Fox et al. (2019) "Applications of Operations Research and Management Science for Military Decision Making," key elements for OAR applications: the formulation process, the solution process, the interpretation of the mathematical answer in context of the actual problem, and the sensitivity analysis. In my opinion there could be two questions to follow up on this: "Did you find appropriate techniques to obtain a solution?" If not, try optional techniques. Another question: "Did you over simplify the process?"

You can use covariance-based software such as AMOS and variance-based software such as PLS.

One way is to go through the schools. A common approach is to reach out to the superintendent of the district with your IRB approval, summary of study, and that you are seeking support/permission. Once granted, you would then reach out to individual principals of schools in those districts to get their support. At that point, you provide the students at the school where you have support an informed consent and permission letter to take home for parents. If the parent consents, you may even schedule a call to address any questions or concerns they might have. Once you have consent, you then can proceed. Good luck.

Samantha Green, from what you have written in your question (much of which seems to be a bit of a jumble but also a mini lecture about things that are common, and very basic, knowledge), I suggest you try to examine the difference between replication in research versus test-retest reliability.

I hope that's helpful.

Dear Stefanie,

As far as I understood your question, a commonly used approach to analyse the trade-offs between systems is Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), one of the decision support systems used to select a course of action that explicitly accounts for the targeted ecosystem services by setting criteria.

Musse.

Here's a nice paper on ways to measure oxytocin levels in humans: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-17674-7

Unfortunately, it doesn't appear as if you can image oxytocin using MRS (which has pretty poor spatial and temporal resolution anyway) or any other neuroimaging measures as far as I can tell.

A good free source is: Bhattacherjee, A. 2012. Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices. USF Tampa Bay: Florida. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=oa_textbooks

You can use AI/ML algorithms to automate parts of your research, do to that you have to have a passion to use research methodologies (a systematic and directing approach which leads you to get answer for your hypothesis/objectives) accordingly with research questions. It mus be scientific also, You can then apply AI/ML/DL approaches in that steps.

I was using "Smart Measure version 1.7.7" for measuring height of trees planted along streets within settlements. I am moderately satisfied with the precision. I found the optimal distance to carry out the measurements from a distance about 2-4 times of the tree height. In most cases, however, I was not able to measure from the optimal distance because buildings, parked cars, etc. made it impossible.

Creating a z score will result in a mean of zero and a SD of 1, but skewness will still be there and one skewed input variable (or indeed one with outliers) can have a big effect on the composite variable. You may be happy with this; if not then you could do a transformation that produces a more symmetric distribution and has mean of zero and SD of 1 - see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankit and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_probability_plot

I will encourage you to apply interpretive approach.

There are a number of excellent references. Take for example:

Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2011, 7th edn.). Research Methods in Education (7th edn.), London: Routledge

Connolly, P. (2007). Quantitative Data Analysis in Education: a Critical Introduction Using SPSS, London; New York: Routledge.

Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (4th edn.), Boston: Pearson.

Creswell, J. W. (2009) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and mixed methods Approach. Los Angeles, Calif; London: Sage

Denscombe, M. (2014). The Good Research Guide: For Small Scare Social Research Projects (5th edn). McGraw-Hill.

Morgan, D. L. & Nica, A. (2020). Iterative Thematic Inquiry: A New Method for Analyzing Qualitative Data. (2020). International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, 1-11.

secondary sources become important if the study contribute to previous literature. It all depends on your research questions or objectives.

You are looking at the wrong end of the telescope. What are the research questions that you are trying to answer? Given that, what are the appropriate methods?

Data collection will be straightforward even for business research, as most people, customers, and managers are using online resources. Also, people are more familiar with the onoline tools, hence a higher chance to participate in survays, discussion, etc. The cost is also going to be reduced and from the participant perspective, most of the participants feel free to attend any meeting as they need not worry about the things they faced during a physical meeting

They are interrelated somehow.

I would agree with your view. I do think, however, it depends on the level of the student and the intent of the program. I have used it within our graduate level Exercise Science program where students are required to do research and strongly encouraged to publish.

The anti-establishment ethos of New Historicism was profoundly influenced by Foucault's theories of Power/Knowledge and Discourse. His primary concern has been with power's relationship to the discursive formations in society that make knowledge.

The theoretical framework is not something that is found readily available in the literature. You must review course readings and pertinent research literature for theories and analytic models that are relevant to the research problem you are investigating.

Dear @Robert Trager you already mentioned narrative review is flexible. In addition, unlike systematic review, narrative review can be done by a single author. In my view, if you have resources and collaborators go for systematic review.

2. Planned contrasts within ANOVA was what I was thinking. MANOVA usually doesn't match well onto the research questions.

3. By one v two tailed in ANOVA, the norm is to look for only differences among the means greater than expected by chance, so big Fs correspond with low p values. But if you mean should you look for shifts the means in any direction, I'd say yes. In that sense I don't think one-tailed tests should often be done.

I should add, the analysis will depend on what the interventions are also. I was imagining intervention 1 was doing X and intervention 2 was doing X+Y.

Generally, Paid Journals are not of good quality Index. However, I am providing list of publishers publish both paid and free but are of good Indexing

1. Elsevier

2. Taylor and Francis

3. Springer

4. Hindawi

5. Willey

Hello Dear

In literary criticism, I would recommend the integral approach which means using different approaches wherever it is needed. These approaches include the psychological, historical, political, social etc. Best regards.

In Research Methods, the focus is on the traditional research process and the methods used. In the consulting process, one of the major concerns is the need of the stakeholders- the clients. Usually, the method used is that of action research as differentiated from traditional research. You need to differentiate too the role of the management consultant from the organization development consultant. The process is different since there is entry and contracting, diagnosis and feedback, implementation of interventions, evaluation and institutionalizing the change effort. Consulting can be a one time thing focused or limited to a specific intervention, but the OD work is concerned with the whole process.

Don’t know if this is quite precise, but try:

1) group A is told they are receiving tuning fork to assess avulsion fracture recovery or screen for bone mineral density and effect on testostrtone levels and workout parameters.

-ice the bottom in placebo patients so the sensation is noticeable. Schedule 8:00-8:45 80% resistance training and draw labs at T+45 mins.

2-Consider group not given info tuning fork predicts higher post workout testosterone. Schedule workouts for later in day.

for blinded:

1) group given 3-5000% biotin and told it’s a healing agent promoting testosterone signaling joint repair when used with home exercises. . Send to lab with biotin interference. Levels will be artificially high - does belief testosterone levels are high make patient more functional in outcome and compliant with home therapy?

2) same B pill but use lactose or inert ingredients and rub same labs eith same instructions. Is the inference from normal ranges despite knowledge novel therapy pill revealed no genetic predisposition to enhanced joint repair in the ansence of biotin inference?

3. patients rate their home compliance at initial session and told they are strong indicstors of consistent home exercises improvs outcomes.

vs.

same survey but patients told nothing.

-outcome from self reported adherence better?

-healing endpoints different?

Hello Nadine Al-bqour,

You can also try to read

'Research Methods for the Architectural Profession' by Ajla Aksamija

publisher: Taylor and Francis

You might look into marketing research regarding AR, as a fair amount of work has been done comparing AR to traditional media (i.e. AR vs images) and some of it relates to preferences. Here is one example, which may be a little off the topic, but there are probably many useful pieces of research out there in this space:

@David Eugene Booth most likely they don't read and care about this kind of works) This is not a new phenomenon. They let us to live)

All the literature relevant to your research should be cited. The literature review should include all the relevant research that describes similar or contrasting findings. You can definitely cite other literature to back up your observations.

There are textbooks that focus specifically on methods for researching information systems, including:

Ronald King (2012) Research Methods for Information Systems, and

Williamson & Johanson (2018) Research Methods: Information, Systems & Contexts.

However, I would encourage you to introduce the 'bigger picture' (such as the research landscape in the attached diagram) before presenting specific methods.

Textbook material should also be supplemented and updated with recent journal articles that present the state-of-the-art for specific methods. These include:

Davison et al. (2021) Improving action research by integrating methods, Journal of the Association of Information Systems.

Hair et al. (2017) An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research, Industrial Management & Data Systems.

Venkatesh, V (2013) Bridging the qualitative-quantitative divide: Guidelines for conducting mixed methods research in information systems, MIS Quarterly.

Wiesche et al. (2017) Grounded theory methodology in information systems research, MIS Quarterly.

Cheers!

A challenging Q / A can lead to an interesting A / Q in response.

Research design is a theoretical and procedural plan a scholar follows to address their study question(s). A method is a technique or strategy they employ to fulfill their investigation plan. In other words, a method is part of a research design. That being put into perspective, qualitative content analysis is a method/approach/technique used within the qualitative research design. You could go through the following for in-depth inputs.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/research-design/book255675

Selvi, A. F. (2020). Qualitative content analysis. In J. McKinley & H. Rose (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics (1st ed., pp. 440–452). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367824471-37

Good luck,

I agree with you, I had already concluded to adopt the same approach, I am now trying to think ways of enriching the study by adding a primary research as well. While it is all well and good to measure GDP per capita, it omits serious issues like economic activities that take place in remote areas, subjectively, one has to ask whose income? Renewable energy in Africa should have social economic impact particularly in places and local economies that operate in the margins of mainstream economy or urban areas. We should be talking increase in economic opportunities for the people whose economy was nonexistent, we should be talking entrepreneurship and innovation that has emerged as as result of renewable energy or electrification...............GDP can be distorting in a sense that can increase because of the improved productivity amongst the same old firms that depended on coal energy. Now, that for new is a problem. What are your thoughts

The course must also include a software component for analysis, like MAXQDA or NVivo or even Excel. Many course designers miss this but a course should introduce basics of a s/w for analysis so students can use and later learn the advanced techniques of it on their own.

Very useful discussion. I remember, the saying "it is better to study one rat for 1000 hrs rather than studying 1000 rats for one hr if you need to study behaviors of rats". But that particular rat should be selected carefully; not to choose a 'mad' or 'disabled' rat. Now by studying this carefully selected rat (theoretical sampling) we can generalize certain behavioral patterns of rats, as well as can gain a deep understanding of the behavior of rats, in that time and space. Observing 1000 rats, randomly or even purposively (statistical sampling), for one hour would help to identify a single or couple of features of rats, in that particular context. So, the sampling technique depends on the nature (not the purpose) of the research.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Salome-Scholtz - Thanks for your link of qualitative data collecrion .https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/methods-of-collecting-data/

hi

Dear Nawras H. Mostafa Clarivate Analytics indexed Journals (Clarivate Analytics calculated impact factor).

Best Regards, AKC

Social media research can help your business in a number of ways: from understanding and improve the perception of your brand online; understanding the market for new products; comparing your presence to a competitor, or attracting new audiences through understanding the trends and discussions within your category.

Twitter Analytics is incredibly helpful for research on the impact your own or brand’s Twitter channels, where you can see the best and worst posts from any month, and download data on likes, replies, retweets and so on, as well as understanding the reach and impact of your ads on Twitter. Twitter also allows you to search on a detailed level for keywords over specific time periods and in specific locations which allows you to get a feel for the sentiment around a topic.

Facebook Analytics also offers detailed downloadable statistics on your owned Pages on its analytics tab. You can see details of reach and engagements on posts and videos on Facebook Pages, as well as demographics about the people who like your page. You can also research how people engage with public Facebook Pages, but it is difficult to aggregate this because of Facebook’s privacy restrictions.

Currently, you can gain access to some tools provided by Facebook for Instagram analytics through Instagram Business Tools. The analytics offer a variety of insights on both posts on your Instagram timeline, and Instagram Stories, from viewership, reach and engagement to the days of the week your audience is most engaged and breakdown of locations by city, and age groups. It is possible to research the usage of hashtags which can be important but it is difficult to get more granular data on the images themselves without the use of a specialist tool like Pulsar, which offers vertical AI image analysis.

YouTube has a variety of metrics to study in the analytics area for creators including watch times for your videos, traffic sources to see where the viewers are finding your videos from, and Demographics reports. Other social media research available on YouTube includes looking at the YouTube Trending page and studying the view counts and comments on videos, but again this is hard to aggregate without a specialist tool. You can learn more on YouTube analytics by checking out YouTube Creators Academy.

Just a simple note + a reference : If you already have polysiloxane modified epoxy resin, then you have to consider the possibility that it may contain curing agent(s). I shall not give examples of these agents because the reference gave them.

Of course, the presence of such agents will complicate the outcome of the combustion process or when you carry out thermal degradation because there will be a number of products coming from the copolymer, the curing agent(s), and other probable additives.

Hi ..

In the beginning, you must set the research problem, then define the goal of this problem, and then solve it by means of study and research, and then the results you have reached

Abraham Graber I was on my school's IRB. IRB approval is not only for experimentation. It is for any kind of data collection from human subjects, including qualitative methods. However.....

A school can survey students, survey faculty, survey alumni, etc., without going through IRB. It can analyze enrollment trends based on data collected from students without going through IRB. Admissions can collect and make use of data on prospective students. Foundations collect a lot of data directly from prospects, particularly for major gifts fundraising.

I would be interested to know of any institutions where these undertakings require IRB approval.

The main issue you will have to deal with is integrating the findings from different samples that use different methods. The more you think about this in advance, the better your overall results will be.

Take a look at the research that is just out on Soft Skills Assessment

Maybe some ideas of references might be of use!

Yes, it is among the factors!

No, this is considered as qualitative analysis. This follows "Grounded theory" research method of refining and categorizing different studies to develop a theory(ies) through constant comparative method and theoretical sampling.

Check https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/stata/examples/kirk/experimental-design-by-roger-kirkchapter-12-split-plot-factorial-design/

Great discussion

Great discussion

My advice is always to think like an assessor... does the assessor really need to read this detail or example to understand your argument or might it serve to illuminate your main narrative? For the former then make best use of your word count and include it for the latter consider how likely is the assessor to choose to read this or expect to see it as evidence? I always remind postgraduate students that as markers we usually just dip into the appendix and rarely read them in detail.

Dear Shubham Patil,

The answer depends on what we want to get from the composite.

Sometimes it turns out to be cheaper, sometimes stronger, sometimes more plastic than conventional materials.

It is often possible to combine the advantages of the original components in one material and even strengthen (increase) them or get completely new properties (this is the so-called synergistic effect). But sometimes it turns out and vice versa, deterioration of properties.

There are materials called multiferroics, which combine several ferroic properties, for example, such as ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity. It is possible to control their electrical characteristics using a magnetic field and vice versa. However, ordinary multiferroics, as a rule, show their wonderful properties only at very low temperatures. If, for example, you create a composite consisting of substances that separately exhibit strong magnetostrictive and piezoelectric properties under normal conditions, you can get an artificial multiferroic that works at a higher temperature than usual.

Hello Rosalind,

Assuming your items were given variable names of v1, v2, ..., v17, then the following code would create the two sets of variables you seek:

count none = v1 to v17 (0) .

count heard = v1 to v17 (1) .

count witness = v1 to v17 (2) .

count experience = v1 to v17 (3) .

execute .

compute direct = heard + witness + experience .

execute .

Good luck with your work.

Hi Eva Susanti...

Through my experience ... I chose a topic that is in line the current issues, which is the impact of the virus on society , and adopted a questionnaire that I distributed through social media , including WhatsApp...

Dear Sumaia

The data collection phased usually consists of multiple steps (all of which you might wish to report on in any publication):

- Definition of your population

- Decision on the sampling strategy

Once you have the data you would perform:

- Data cleaning

- Data wrangling

- Data analysis

I assume that with data selection, you likely mean data cleaning and with data preprocessing, data wrangling?

I hope this is in some way helpful to you. This is certainly a very simplified perspective on it, but still, could serve as a starting point for you.

All the best for your research.

Best,

Daniel

Kamil Filipek thank you for your valuable feedback,

Hi mam, it doesn't matter if all hypotheses (alternative) are accepted? is there any references to it? Thank you Tea Reljic