Science method

Research Methods - Science method

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Questions related to Research Methods
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Looking for an effective research method - my current method is time consuming.
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Global perspectives on research management
With global research spending increasing rapidly, and a growing emphasis on international collaborations, professional management of research is essential. University leaders around the world are starting to see the value of building a sustainable research office, along with the research manager role. However, in many respects these roles are still highly adapted to their local research and funding environments.
To understand the growing trends in research management, and how the research manager’s role is changing in light of global challenges, we interviewed senior representatives of Research Management and Administration (RMA) organisations in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North and South America...
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Dear All,
I want to study advanced research methods(beyond descriptive and inferential analysis such as factorial analysis EFA, CFA, SEM,and regressions, etc.) for conducting research in languages or linguistics. Please suggest some books on how to use correct tests accurately. Regards, Saleem
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Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis" by Richard A. Johnson and Dean W. Wichern
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some of the people who consult are only users of statistics, while others are the ones who develop statistics, and we would love that people use it correctly.
But, "I believe" that many arrive late, always post process of experimentation, asking "what statistical process can I do or apply". Perhaps they do not know that they should always consult, with the question or the hypothesis that they wish to answer or verify, since it would allow a better answer. On the other hand, some come with simple queries, but usually a statistics class is given as an answer, which I feel in some cases is late. In some cases it is extremely necessary, but in others, it opens a debate that leads to serendipity. Wouldn't it be better, to try to advise them in a more precise way? I read them:
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precisely: two sides of the same coin.
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Hello,
I have a data set with N = 369 individuals measured at a single time point. The goal of the study is to create an assessment of psychological safety (PS). The assessment is a self-report measure asking participants to indicate how psychologically safe they feel using a unipolar 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely).
In addition to the assessment I am creating, I also measured a number of demographic variables (e.g., age, salary) and a few additional measures of team environment for validation (e.g., an existing measure of PS, level of team interdependence).
My primarily goal is to run exploratory factor analysis (EFA). This is the first time anyone has conceptualized PS as multidimensional, so one of the primary goals is to uncover the potential factor structure of PS. Also, to identify candidate items for deletion.
In order to prepare for the EFA analyses, I am cleaning the data by following recommendations in (the excellent) Tabachnik & Fidell (2013, 6th ed).
I am currently at the point where I am checking the data for multivariate outliers, starting with Mahalanobis distance. And I cannot find explicit guidelines regarding which variables I should be including as "IVs" in the analysis.
QUESTION: Which variables should I be including in my search for multivariate outliers? Do I include all variables, or only my target variables?
Specifically, do I include only the variables that represent the item pool for my forthcoming PS assessment? Or do I include all the PS items AND demographic variables, the existing PS assessment, interdependence measure, etc.??
I ran the Mahalanobis distance analyses 2 times using both approaches, and found substantial differences:
  • TIME 1 - With just the PS assessment variables --> I identified n = 28 multivariate outliers.
  • TIME 2 - With PS items + demographics, etc. --> I identified n = 10 multivariate outliers (all identified as outliers in the TIME 1 analysis).
Syntax I am using - the bolded variables are the ones I am questioning if I should include or not:
REGRESSION
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN TOL
/CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10)
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT Subjno
/METHOD=ENTER Age Salary Edu WorkStructure TeamSize Tenure_OnTeam JapaneseBizEnviron EdmondsonPS_TOT Interdep_TOT Valued_TOT PS_1 PS_48 PS_141 PS_163 PS_43 PS_53 PS_73 PS_133 PS_135 PS_19 PS_60_xl26 PS_93 PS_106_xl26 PS_143 PS_58 PS_86 PS_182 PS_56 PS_69 PS_103 PS_164 PS_22 PS_35 PS_91 PS_30 PS_59 PS_63 PS_90 PS_131 PS_140 (**Note, PS assessment var list is truncated b/c large number)
/RESIDUALS = OUTLIERS(MAHAL)
/SAVE MAHAL.
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Thank you so much, both of your answers were extremely helpful! I ultimately made the decision to run the analyses 3 times and then compare results - (1) full data set, (2) with n = 10 multivariate outliers removed, and (3) with n = 28 multivariate outliers removed. It was time-consuming, but luckily there were very few differences in results, so I didn't have to make any hard decisions.
I will have to look into the analyses David Morse suggested. In selecting my rating scale labels, I used research performed by Beckstead (2014). This study attempted to map the strength of adjectives that are typically attached to Likert scales - thus allowing researchers to select rating scale labels that are "spaced an equal distance apart," and thus to proceed with analyses under a crude assumption of interval scaling. But given this spacing assumption is based on single study, its hardly satisfactory.
Thank you again both of you!
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How we express the quantitative research method in mathematical forms including studied variables?
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While quantitative research is a way of studying and analyzing data using mathematical methods, it's important to note that not all research questions or studies can be effectively expressed in mathematical equations. However, if your research involves studying relationships between variables, you can express these relationships using mathematical equations.
For example, if you are studying the relationship between the amount of time students spend studying and their exam scores, you can express this relationship using a mathematical equation. Let X represent the amount of time students spend studying and let Y represent their exam scores. You can then create a simple linear regression model to analyze the relationship between X and Y:
Y = a + bX
where "a" is the y-intercept, or the predicted value of Y when X is 0, and "b" is the slope, or the change in Y for every one-unit increase in X. This equation can be used to predict the exam scores for a given amount of time spent studying (X). Other mathematical methods such as statistical analysis and correlation coefficients can also be used in quantitative research to measure relationships between variables and support conclusions.
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Which research method is better for investigating the impact of music on my client’s mood, qualitative or quantitative?
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A major potential limitation of a quantitative study (including the use of a quantitative study as the primary method in a sequential explanatory model) is the need for a large enough N to produce significant results. You can use the G*power program online to determine how large a sample you would need to have enough power to detect an effect.
In addition, you would need a clear set of measures for both your independent and dependent variables. For example, you would need to be able to measure "impact on mood."
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In the field of research, survey type research is very popular and widely used as a research method. But some times I felt that collecting data by closed ended questionnaire may lead to socially desirable responses or behavior, example - if anyone is conducting a research on "Current Status Professional Development of Secondary Teacher" and the researcher is putting questions about the activities like - Are you a enrolling in refresher courses, are you participating in seminar, workshop or Faculty development programme etc
Then the respondent here may answer in his positive side whether he/she is doing these activities or not (So these type of socially desirable behavior they are giving and happening also). It is very much affecting the authenticity of the data we got from our sample and what we report for the development of the society may be wrong and we are providing to some extend the wrong data. So how can we mitigate or limit or reduce this effect.
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Adding reversed questions is no longer recommended because research comparing two versions of the same scale, with and without reversed items, shows that using reversed items reduces the reliability of the scale.
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Hello, can someone indicate some free journals to publish articles on research methods in the healthcare field?
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I agree with Ian F Burgess you really can't equate pay to publish open access with bad journals - many excellent journals are open access only and have been so for some time. However, the majority of well-recognised journals in most fields still retain the traditional model of subscription access in which there is no fee to publish (although as mentioned, most of these now operate a hybrid model where open access is available for a fee). In terms of your specific topic - research methods in healthcare - there are lots but it depends on the type of methods article you have in mind. I'd suggest you look at the impact factor list for relevant disciplines (health sciences/services, nursing, etc,) and draw up a shortlist then do a bit of homework on the sort of articles each publishes. I can imagine that there is a tendency for methods-focused journals to be more likely to be open-access (only) but I am sure you will find one. This will help you avoid any predatory journals (but if you don't want to pay an APC you'll be avoiding them anyway)
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Suggestions on any readings that help clearly define between these two methods are more than welcome
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In my opinion, qualitative content analysis and discourse analysis are so different that it is difficult to compare them at all. One key point is that there are at least two form of discourse analysis, one of which is more like conversation analysis, and the other of which is frequently called critical discourse analysis.
In terms of qualitative content analysis, the usual approach is build a codebook that allows you to mark and retrieve codes from the text. This differs from quantitative content analysis, which relies on counting codes.
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Population, Sampling Size and Techniques
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I remember when I was at the US Energy Information Administration that there were something over 100 plants of a certain type, and someone called one to see how they were doing a certain accounting. He then called another and they were doing their accounting the same way. He then made the very, very rash assumption that that was the way it was done. It turned out that there were two ways to do this accounting, and the one he heard about was the less popular method. One should never rely on such a small "sample."
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Data Analysis and Interpretation
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Data analysis in research methods refers to the process of transforming raw data into meaningful and interpretable information to answer research questions, test hypotheses, or conclude. It involves applying various statistical and analytical techniques to understand patterns, relationships, and trends within the data.
Data analysis plays a crucial role in the research process and helps researchers make sense of their collected data. It involves several steps, including data cleaning, exploration, transformation, modeling, and interpretation. Here are some key components of data analysis in research methods:
  1. Data Cleaning and Preparation: Before conducting any analysis, it is essential to clean and prepare the data. This involves checking for missing data, outliers, and inconsistencies and addressing them appropriately. Data cleaning ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data for subsequent analysis.
  2. Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics provide a summary of the main characteristics of the data. Measures such as mean, median, standard deviation, range, and frequencies are used to describe variables and provide an overview of the dataset.
  3. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): EDA involves visualizing and exploring the data to identify patterns, relationships, and potential insights. Techniques such as data visualization (e.g., histograms, scatter plots, box plots) and summary statistics help researchers gain a deeper understanding of the data and generate hypotheses.
  4. Inferential Statistics: Inferential statistics are used to make inferences and draw conclusions about the population based on the sample data. Statistical techniques such as hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and regression analysis are employed to examine relationships, test hypotheses, and assess the statistical significance of findings.
  5. Multivariate Analysis: Multivariate analysis techniques are used when analyzing the relationships between multiple variables simultaneously. This includes methods like multivariate regression, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM). Multivariate analysis helps uncover complex relationships and understand the underlying structure of the data.
  6. Interpretation and Reporting: The final step in data analysis involves interpreting the results and reporting the findings. Researchers should carefully interpret the statistical output in the context of their research questions and hypotheses. It is crucial to consider effect sizes, confidence intervals, and other measures to provide a comprehensive understanding of the results.
  7. Validity and Reliability: Throughout the data analysis process, researchers should assess the validity and reliability of their findings. Validity refers to the accuracy and appropriateness of the inferences drawn from the data, while reliability concerns the consistency and stability of the results.
Data analysis in research methods allows researchers to uncover patterns, draw meaningful conclusions, and contribute to the overall knowledge in their field. It requires a combination of statistical knowledge, analytical skills, and domain expertise to conduct rigorous and insightful analyses.
Regenerate response
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I am PhD researcher; I interviewed my fellow PhD peers and one of those peers has experience with the type of research method that I hope to use. Can they be a co-author in my publication?
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One issue here might be co-authoring a portion of dissertation. Some institutions insist that dissertations be the sole work of the doctoral student who is authoring them.
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Research Methods - Objectives of Research?
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The objectives of research can vary depending on the field, topic, and context of the research project. However, there are several common objectives that researchers aim to achieve through their work. Some of these objectives include:
  1. Exploratory Objectives: Exploratory objectives are used to gain a better understanding of a research problem or question. Researchers may use exploratory objectives to generate new ideas or hypotheses, identify key variables or factors, or develop a conceptual framework for their research.
  2. Descriptive Objectives: Descriptive objectives aim to provide a detailed and accurate description of a phenomenon or population. Researchers may use descriptive objectives to gather data on demographics, behaviors, attitudes, or other characteristics of a particular group.
  3. Explanatory Objectives: Explanatory objectives are used to explain the relationships between variables or factors. Researchers may use explanatory objectives to test hypotheses, identify causal relationships, or develop theories to explain a phenomenon.
  4. Predictive Objectives: Predictive objectives aim to forecast or predict future events or trends. Researchers may use predictive objectives to develop models or algorithms that can be used to predict future outcomes or behaviors.
  5. Evaluative Objectives: Evaluative objectives aim to assess the effectiveness or impact of a particular intervention or program. Researchers may use evaluative objectives to measure the outcomes of a policy, program, or intervention and to identify areas for improvement.
Overall, the objectives of research are to contribute new knowledge to a particular field, to test hypotheses or theories, and to provide evidence-based insights and recommendations for practice or policy. The choice of objectives will depend on the research question, the available resources, and the specific goals of the research project.
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This discussion aims to delve into the intricacies of qualitative research methods and their significance in advancing our understanding of complex phenomena. Qualitative research offers a unique lens to explore subjective experiences, perspectives, and social constructs, enabling researchers to capture rich and nuanced data. This forum invites scholars, practitioners, and enthusiasts to share their insights, experiences, and challenges encountered while employing qualitative research methods in their respective domains. From designing robust methodologies to analyzing qualitative data and ensuring rigor, let's engage in a lively exchange of ideas, methodologies, and best practices. Join with me in unraveling the potential of qualitative research methods in generating meaningful and impactful knowledge across disciplines. Together, we can foster a deeper appreciation for the arts and science of qualitative inquiry and explore avenues for its future development.
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Dear Vladimir,
It's interesting to hear your perspective on the use of qualitative and quantitative research methods. I agree that qualitative analysis can provide a valuable foundation for quantitative research, particularly in terms of establishing a "coordinate system" for the data. However, I would argue that qualitative research also has its own unique strengths and can provide valuable insights that may be missed with a purely quantitative approach.
For example, qualitative research can allow for a more in-depth exploration of the attitudes, beliefs, and experiences of participants, which may not be fully captured by quantitative measures alone. Additionally, qualitative research can help identify new and unexpected research questions that may not have been initially considered in the design of a quantitative study.
With that said, I do agree that quantitative research is important for providing reproducible and generalizable results, particularly in fields where empirical evidence is crucial for informing policy or practice.
My question for you is: In what ways do you think researchers can balance the strengths of qualitative and quantitative research methods in order to maximize the benefits of both?
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I am a Masters's student writing my thesis on a compliance issue in the automotive industry, mainly dealing with software development. I have linked this issue to resistance to change management as one of the reasons, apart from my other hypotheses gathered during my internship, while having casual communication with frontline employees and supervisors.
To verify or refute these hypotheses, I conducted in-person interviews utilizing a questionnaire consisting of both open-ended and closed-ended questions. The data collected encompassed qualitative responses from the open-ended questions, as well as quantitative data obtained through the use of closed-ended questions and scales. During these secondary interviews, a new hypothesis is found.
When selecting a sample for a process, Quota Sampling (using the highest number of tickets) is commonly utilized. Additionally, to choose individuals to interview who have been assigned tickets in individual processes, Purposive or Judgmental Sampling is employed, considering their availability and location.
Currently, I am in the last phase of conducting a thematic analysis of this data using an employee-driven improvement approach. As a precaution for data privacy, the organization I work for prohibits using transcription or recording tools. Therefore, I solely relied on notes taken during the interview.
I'd like to confirm whether my approach falls under Grounded Theory and how it can be classified – deductive, inductive, or a combination of both.
I wonder if it's appropriate to refer to my research approach in an empirical study as mixed methods.
Lastly, I would greatly appreciate your input on the research purpose – whether it falls under the categories of Exploratory, Descriptive, or Explanatory. Personally, I am attempting to achieve all three objectives. I am curious to hear your thoughts on this matter.
I'd be so grateful for any help you can provide. Thanks!
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This is certainly not grounded theory because you have not alternated data collection and data analysis in the systematic fashion required by that method. To be mixed methods research you would need to integrate the results from qualitative and quantitative methods, but it sounds like your N would be too small to produce meaningful quantitative results.
That leaves exploratory research, would be a good match to a thematic analysis.
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In terms of learning concepts of research methodology.
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We may define research as analyzing/observing the results again and again and creating the data sets and then on the basis of this experimental proven data we can wind up the final results. For more detailed knowledge on this topic refer following lecture ->
#research #researchmethodology #meaningofresearch #researchmethods #researchmethodslectures
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This year I am starting a new research project for my doctorate: initially, I want to investigate two questions:
is there a method for elaborating a radical thinking of law? And what is the consequence of the existence or not of a research method for the elaboration and perception of political-legal problems marginalized in the Western tradition of the philosophy of law?
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Cette année, j'entame un nouveau projet de recherche dans le cadre de mon doctorat : au départ, je souhaite étudier deux questions :
existe-t-il une méthode pour élaborer une pensée radicale du droit ? Et quelle est la conséquence de l'existence ou non d'une méthode de recherche pour l'élaboration et la perception de problèmes politico-juridiques marginalisés dans la tradition occidentale de la philosophie du droit ?
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Este ano, estou iniciando um novo projeto de pesquisa como parte do meu doutorado: inicialmente, quero investigar duas questões:
Existe um método para desenvolver o pensamento jurídico radical? E qual é a consequência da existência ou não de um método de pesquisa para a elaboração e percepção de problemas político-jurídicos marginalizados na tradição ocidental da filosofia do direito?
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Investigating a method for elaborating a radical thinking of law would likely involve exploring alternative and non-mainstream approaches to legal theory and examining how these approaches might challenge and reshape traditional notions of law. Examining the consequences of the existence or absence of a research method for the elaboration and perception of political-legal problems marginalized in the Western tradition of the philosophy of law could involve analyzing the historical and cultural context of these marginalized problems and considering how different research methods and theoretical perspectives might impact our understanding and response to these issues.
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Hi ,
I am writing a research proposal for one of my units. My research topic is leadings factors of poor mathematics performance in Fiji. Though, I have chosen this topic, I am a little confused on what research paradigm will be more suited to this kind of research and also the research methods that will be more suited. I am also a bit confused when it comes to relating epistemology ad ontology to my research, together with positivism, constructivism and so on. Can someone assist me on what types of such methods and methodologies and paradigms will be more suited. As for me, I thought to use mixed methodology which includes a mixture of quantitative and qualitative research.
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Is there some reason why you think you need a paradigm, since that is a relatively old-fashioned approach to research. In particular, mixed methods research is more likely to emphasize the match between meaningful research questions and appropriate methods for addressing those questions -- rather than abstract issues of ontology and epistemology.
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how these terms used in research methods?
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The classic triad in this regard is ontology, epistemology, and methodology. Ontology comes first because it involves the most basic assumptions -- about the nature of reality. After that, epistemology addresses what can be known, given a set of assumptions about reality. Finally, methodology concerns how one goes about producing knowledge, given epistemological assumptions about what can be known. (Note that methodology is more abstract than methods, which are simply mechanical means for collecting and analyzing data.)
This approach, based on the philosophy of science, was introduced into the social sciences by Lincoln and Guba (1985) in their book, Naturalistic Inquiry. It is now considered to be rather old fashioned, since it has been replaced by an emphasis on how one's research question determines one's choice of methods.
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tl;dr: I'm looking for studies that used an interview with AI as a research method. Preferably in social sciences, and even better if it is a study that discusses representation or framing theory in the media.
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The framing theory claims the media doesn't just reflect the world to the audience but constructs a subjective perception of reality - especially when it comes to parts of society the audience does not know in real life. With all the skepticism towards its writing, AI decides today what information to expose us to and how. That is, it has the power to frame our knowledge - which will only increase in the future.
As a communication student interested in representation in the media, it would be interesting to explore the topic. I want to conduct semi-structured interviews with an AI about the representation of mental illness in the series "The Boys".
The mental health field is full of synonyms, subgroups, and definitions. So I thought it would be interesting to ask about the different concepts in several conversations and see the differences in the responses. For example, in one conversation, ask, "Does the series 'The Boys' include representation of people who struggle with mental illness?" and ask, "How are people who struggle with mental illness represented in the series 'The Boys'?". In a second conversation, ask the same two questions, but instead of mentally challenged people - I'll ask about a specific mental disorder/a derogatory term for people who struggle with mental illness.
Despite my curiosity, I am still only an undergraduate student with little experience in research. Inventing a research methodology in AI research may be beyond my capabilities. And I probably shouldn't - because someone must have thought of it before me. It's just that I can't find them or their research(s), although I would love to base my research on them. Has anyone heard of such a study already being carried out? And if not, what is the most suitable AI platform for such research, in your opinion? I would love to hear your ideas, thoughts, or explanations.
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Can you say more about how you would use AI to conduct your interviews? I have seen quite a few articles about using AI to assist in the analysis of qualitative data, but nothing on how it would work in collecting qualitative data.
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I am looking for a book, that would explain in a pretty simple language the different statistical methods and their practical application in the research, the social research in particular. The book is needed for a person who does not have a prior knowledge in statistics or probability theory.
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For those who are not adequately familiar with statistics, it is better to avoid "facilitated books".
In these cases I recommend various tutorials, which are easily available on the net, specific to each individual topic.
There are several on youtube.
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How might new technologies or research methods improve our understanding of pollen as a bioindicator in the future ?
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One of the key limitations is throughput. I can collect a sample but then I have to identify all of the pollen. If I want to detect a key (but rare) plant I might need to go through millions of grains just to find pollen from that species. What is the sample size I need to reliably estimate abundance of a species that makes up 0.000003% of the individuals (or biomass) in my area? Maybe AI could help analyze samples faster and more reliably.
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the research method “formative scenario analysis“ need to use KD-Consistency Analysis,i do not know how to use it,please help me!
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KD-Consistency Analysis for formative scenario analysis.
  1. First, you will need to obtain the software and install it on your computer. You may be able to find information on the software's website or through a search engine.
  2. Once you have installed the software, you will need to input your data. This may involve creating a matrix or table of variables that you want to analyze. Make sure that your data is in the correct format for the software.
  3. Next, you will need to set up your scenario analysis. This will involve defining the variables that you want to use in your analysis, and creating different scenarios based on how these variables may interact.
  4. After setting up your scenarios, you can use KD-Consistency Analysis to analyze the consistency of your scenarios. This will involve comparing the results of each scenario and determining whether they are consistent with each other or not.
  5. Finally, you will need to interpret your results and draw conclusions about your scenario analysis. This may involve identifying areas where your scenarios are consistent and areas where they are not, and making recommendations for how to improve your scenarios.
It is important to note that KD-Consistency Analysis is a complex tool, and it may require some expertise to use effectively. You may want to consult with a specialist or seek additional training or guidance to ensure that you are using the tool correctly.
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I am currently working on a research method framework for retrospective research using reconstruction interviews.
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Memory bias.
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The similarity analysis feature in discourses, is an analytical tool of the IRAMUTEQ software. As a result, a tree diagram is generated which can be configured as a Venn diagram. However, the groups of words by similarity starting from a dominant word to the child words, using the co-occurrence principle. In discourse analysis, the semantic domains are checked and the derived words follow the same principle. In this case, in what aspects does IRAMUTEQ's similarity analysis differ from semantic domains in discourse analysis?
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I believe it is possible to do the same type of analysis using R. Could anyone suggest a script that would make this analysis possible?
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I intend to use social network analysis (SNA) as a research method for my study. However, I could not get straightforward resources using social network analysis as a method for qualitative data analysis.
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For any network analysis, you need to define nodes and to set criteria for when a connection exists between a pair of nodes. What approach were you going to use to do this for qualitative data analysis.
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I am PhD student and I would like to research governmental transparency from communication science point of view. I prefer qualitative methods in order to start discussion on the topic.
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In fact , choosing the method does not depend on your preference , you should justify your method in your work . Hence,I do believe that you have to think on what type of data you need in order to answer your research questions , with align to the intended scope of your study and its aims. Last but not least, consider the stipulated time and available resources.All the best , enjoy your study.
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How do education policies reflect the state's concerns about multicultural dynamics in school and in what ways is multilingualism a component of national education strategies? As the school is a microcosm where social realities are experienced by the school community, the issue of multiculturalism can relate to multilingualism and have immediate reflections on learning or learning poverty. In this sense, what strategies have been taken by governments and what has been studied on this topic? I appreciate suggestions for publications that might be of interest in a study on this topic. Best regards, Rooney Pinto.
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Thank you for your comment. I agree with the point that it differs from country to country and that it is less complicated when the languages belong to the same linguistic grouping. Although bilingualism in schools and families is a successful reality in many countries and cultures, it is important to consider the different aspects of bilingual education. It should also be pointed out that a bilingual education is not the same as a multicultural education. The point of reflection in this discussion is to understand how multilingualism is a component of the strategies embedded in national educational policies. Although the subject has already been well studied, I think that there are still many gaps which are reflected in a poverty of learning such as the one mentioned in the last World Bank report [https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education/brief/what-is-learning-poverty].
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Any one having behavioural science and social science background , please elaborate the same.
regards
Dr. Aqueel Ahmad Pandith
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Ex post facto research, also known as retrospective research, is a type of research in which the researcher studies events that have already occurred. The term "ex post facto" is Latin for "after the fact," which refers to the fact that the research is conducted after the events in question have taken place. The term "post mortem" is used to refer to this type of research because it is similar to a medical examination of a dead body, in which the cause of death is determined after the fact. Both ex post facto research and a post mortem examination are used to understand and explain events that have already occurred.
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I would love to hear about any materials you have found helpful and have inspired you to suggest to graduate students, doctoral students, researchers, and academicians to read for understanding or for refreshing their knowledge on research methodology and emerging research methods in social science (or management in specific but not necessary). These can be anything, for example, new books, classic books, and journal articles.
I hope the answers will help to create a comprehensive list of suggested readings on Research Methodology and Research Methods that would be helpful to anyone interested. Thank you!!
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If you're interested in thinking, but not necessarily a cookbook, try Claude Bernard's Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. Bernard was a driving force in medicine's 1800s-era quest to become scientific, so you see him wrestling the the premises that will ultimately define acceptable methods. Think of this as a rigorous study in "why" rather than "how to."
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There are some situations where the randomization procedure is not possible within the study setting considering the contamination of study interventions among the study participants. In such conditions, if one hospital is used for the experimental group and another hospital for the control group, the study has no randomization procedure for allocating the study participants to either group. Can this study design be a randomized controlled trial or does it needs to be called a non-randomized controlled trial? Kindly share your expertise.
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Yes, you can think of a quasi-experimental design as a non-randomized controlled trial. Another name for this kind of design is a non-equivalent control group. There is quite a large literature on quasi-experimental designs.
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For my, research about construction delay I need some papers or references for using Triangulation of research methods in construction to complete my work as soon as possibil.
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David, I agree with you.
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When presenting findings in a qualitative research, is it necessary to make use of percentage?
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I think that if you present data stimulated by highly structured questions that are the same for all participants, percentages may provide an idea. For instance questions like "Do you find this intervention favorable?" may stimulate answers from all the participants involved and sometimes absence of an answer may matter. Reader can benefit from percentages at this point. But for a probe question which is not valid for many participants, percentages may not be very informative or may even be misleading. Depending on the nature of design and thus your questions you can decide whether or not to include percentages.
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Hello Colleagues,
I am going about researching methods to quantify Dodecyl Maltoside using LC methods. From the research I found online the only method I see is UPLC-ELSD.
Would you have other LC methods available - ideally UPLC-RP or UPLC-SEC? When I check on ThermoFisher, the purity is listed by ''Purity (by HPLC): ≥99%', so there should be a method available.
Any lead would be appreciated.
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Your method depends on the sample matrix and expected concentration. Thus a 'Refractive Index' (RID) detector may be appropriate for the pure raw material, but a CAD/ELSD/MS may be appropriate for low concentration (ppb or ppt) in soil.
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To start the research, I'm looking for some good keywords to find a research idea. I prefer a qualitative research method to conduct this research.
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FEMALE ENTREPRENEUR
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Hello everyone;
I am here to seek your kind help. Currently, I have conducted pilot-stage interviews. After the research, I have found that there are no changes that need to be made to the research design, as it yields the expected outcome. Thus, I want to use the outcome from the pilot study in my final results.
Is this the right move? I have searched much to find valid authority, but I could not find any relevant authority that says, " the data from the pilot study can be included in the final results if there are no changes made to the methodology".
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Hi there! This is a great question. I think the results of interviews conducted during a pilot study are certainly publishable, as long as it is identified as a pilot study, all human research protocols were followed, and the author states as part of an "implications for future study" type section what the author's intentions now are. Perhaps a very different sample from the original one might lead one to pursue further research here. Perhaps and results of from the "pilot study" are leading the researcher into another interesting area to pursue. As long as the author is clear in intent and communication intent, I think it's fine.
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Hi, I am preparing a lecture that will discuss past and ongoing wrongdoings to communities by researchers. I know there are many and I am hoping to show the issues across fields. I am wondering if you would be willing to share examples that you know, preferably with some sort of credible source to cite. Thank you!
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The examples I immediately think of are:
1. The thalidomide story which caused a lot of babies to have malformations
2. The US Army used a lot of the soldiers to be there for when they were testing the Atomic Bomb so the authorities could find out what was the radioactive effect on humans
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Drainage ditches are useful for draining out excess surface as well as subsurface runoff. Other than this suggest the measures, research, methods, techniques, etc.
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It is true the USA in the past as well as many other countries have used drainage ditches, tiles and other practices to drain lands, and many of these were basically wetland conversion. USA and probably some other countries have limits and compensatory mitigation plans if wetlands have to be drained, filled or otherwise converted. It is not always obvious that wetlands may offer unique habitats, and serve to accumulate and store organics, which helps bind carbon. Wetlands can be identified with soil, plant and hydrology indicators such as those published by the US Corps of Engineers in their Manual (1987) and other adjustment advice since then. But some select plants and trees do well in wetlands, but may not meet the specific desires for commercial crops. It might be worthwhile to consult your local wildlife and botanical specialists to get their opinion. Wetland also help promote water quality and other benefits in some circumstances, but some may have other items that could present problems to landowners.
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I need a complete thesis based on CASE STUDY METHOD.
Research should be carried out in multiple organizations.
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Robert Yin's book on case studies specializes in comparative analysis and it contains a number of detailed example.
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I have a question concerning how to classify this research approach. Let me give you the context:
A couple of colleagues and I found that a particular topic was showing itself to be particular tricky to teach in a classroom environment, thus we spent last year collecting literature on the topic and end up developing a theoretical framework for how to address the issue. We now plan to test our framework by implementing it in an undergrad classroom course that one of us is teaching.
Now here is the thing, we come from a social science background, and we intend to initially approach this effort qualitatively (through observation and semi structured interviews with participants). Thus, my initial reaction would be, from a methodological standpoint, to maybe call this a case study (see Yin, Merriam, Stake, etc.). However, considering that the person implementing the framework (and teaching the course) is also one of the researchers who developed it, can this still be called a case study? Or should it be considered something else? I've heard people suggest Action Research, Participatory Research, or event "a participant observer Case Study" but I'm not quite sure if this is quite it as well.
Any help would be appreciated, thank you.
Obs.: we are well aware of potential bias, and depending on the results of this first phase we then might, later on, run this again, this time as a more controlled experiment, comparing the framework version classroom outcomes’, against the ones from a "non-framework" one.
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Is case study a methodology? Robert Stake (1998) argues: "As a form of research, case study is defined by interest in individual cases, not by the methods of inquiry used". I find it enlightening to regard case study methodology as a meta-methodology; the methodological recommendation is to combine the methodologies which are useful in the light of the issue at stake. A methodology is a recommendation to rely on certain data collection methods, methods to analyze and apply specific quality criteria. Action research procedures and purposes, Grounded Theory methodology, Hypothesis-testing approach (Yin) are examples of methodologies which can be used, alone or in combination, in a case study. In short: (1) Case study methodology is a combined methodology: a meta-methodology, (2) object of the study is a case, (3) triangulation is an overarching quality criterium, (4) a purposeful sampling procedure is used to select the case(s). As a consequence: in research it is more important to make clear how it is done, rather than what it is.
Best wishes
Rolf
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Evaluation for epistemological and ontological differences between different research methodologies and
Evaluate the strength and weakness of variety of business and management research methods
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To study this topic, I think that the comparative research method is useful in these topics
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How many coders are needed for Thematic Analysis: Pilot Qualitative Study?
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Braun and Clarke quite explicitly do not support comparing multiple coders for their own preferred version of Reflexive Thematic Analysis. However, they do allow for alternative approaches, such as a Codebook Thematic Analysis.
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I am conducting a hierarchical regression with 4 IVs: anxious attachment score, avoidant attachment score, trauma score and gender.
I wanted to test interactions which gave me 6 1x1 interactions, 4 1x1x1 interactions and 1 1x1x1x1 interaction, giving me 4 steps/models.
When I ran this through SPSS the 1x1x1x1 interaction along with several others was included in 'excluded variables'. When I ran the regression with step 3 and 4 combined (so only 3 steps overall) the 1x1x1x1 interaction was not excluded, but I feel like I shouldn't run it this way (although I'm not sure why, it just doesn't feel quite right).
If I use the initial regression with 4 steps, how do I report the excluded variables? Or would I just not include those in the analysis? I don't want to completely exclude my 1x1x1x1 interaction as that is the one I thought I would be most interested in.
My dissertation is due in around 10 days so my brain has melted a bit and I'm not sure if I'm just being silly here. But I have reached the point where these numbers just look like nonsense to me and I am concerned that I will miss a trick and report completely incorrect data and lose a lot of marks for my results section. Any help would be greatly appreciated!
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If I understand you are interested in interactions wouldn't a factorial design clean this up a lot. Just throwing stuff in is not a good experimental design. Best wishes David Booth
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I am trying to find a good source book of qualitative research methods includes wide ranges of qualitative research methods and techniques not research epistemology or ontology. most of qualitative research books focus on the ontology or epistemology.
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The book by Creswell and Poth (2018) could come in handy. Below is the full citation.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C., N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-inquiry-and-research-design/book246896
Good luck
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I used up almost 18 years to answer this hard question. Perhaps my new paper might give some hints. Any golden advice from experts in research paradigms and methodology?
Kwok, P. L. Y. (2022). A social cartographic mapping of research paradigms: Opening up space for new directions. Asian Qualitative Inquiry Journal, 1(1), 1-15.
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I may be the first academic to use social cartography to map four traditional research paradigms in social and educational research.
If you look at my postmodern thoughts in the paper, you might find that decentering the lens of paradigms, we will find some connection points and re-orientations for comparing or placing four paradigms into some social cartographs.
As a historian of research paradigms in social and educational research, I raise further research questions are as follows:
1. What are the main axiological issues or key axiological features of the four traditional research paradigms when they are in comparison? Can we conceptualize their relationships among those features in some social cartographs or other alternatives?
2. What are the basic logial rules governing the four research paradigms throughout the process of uncovering them using social cartographs or other alternatives? To what extent can we construct the conceptual notion of 'cross-paradigm triangulation' with logical consistency? [c.f. Denzin devises the notions of cross-person/cross-data/cross-perspective/-cross-theory triangulation based on logical consistency.]
3. Could we have different results on natural science research using similar social cartographic methods of mapping the four paradigms or other alternatives?
I tend to answer the first and second research questions in social and ethical research in some upcoming international journal papers and refereed international conference proceedings in research methodology and methods. I leave the third one to other top-rank scientists or science researchers who have tremendous research interests in my research project as I cannot extend my discussion into science fields due to limitations of personal knowledge in empirical contexts.
Please help circulate my paper to any interested international colleagues you are familiar with. I look for fruitful answers to the above questions and / or co-research works in future.
From an ignorant Percy KWOK
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What should be included in a good research proposal?
General Format of a research proposal:
TITLE
Title should give a clear indication of the proposed research.
BACKGROUND
  • the background and issues of proposed research
  • identify the discipline
  • a short literature review
  • a summary of key debates and developments in the field
RESEARCH QUESTION(S)
Formulate these clearly, giving an explanation as to what problems and issues are to be explored and why they are worth exploring.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
  • the theoretical resources
  • the research approach
  • the research methods appropriate for the proposed research
  • a discussion of advantages
  • limitation of particular approaches and methods
PLAN OF WORK & TIME SCHEDULE
Should include an outline of the various stages and corresponding time lines for developing and implementing the research, including writing up of the thesis.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • a list of references to key articles and texts discussed within your research proposal
  • a selection of sources appropriate to the proposed research.
Need expert opinion about what should include and what should not include in the research proposal???
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Thank you Prof. Masud Ibn Afjal for the interesting question. Research methodology section is a must as this is a blue print of your research covering study area, sampling, data collection methods/tools/analysis etc. More articles can also help;
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Ethno-botanical research work is the mostly carried out research that helps us to identify any plants part used in rural people life . But, what about the effective and efficient research methods ?
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Documentation of ethnobotanical data is very important but if you can make practical implementation of any important use, then that would be great. Give benifit to the persons from whom you collected the data
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I have a question . we want to do the research about the comparing two Countries about education system .and we just collect data from the website of organization and books .But I don't find the research Methods for that. it is my first research to do the qualitative methods.
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Thanks, Fahimeh Hassani for the excellent question and professors for the valuable answers.
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Hi all,
I would appreciate your help. I am writing my thesis based on a case study for which I had the chance to visit the place and also be part of a stakeholder dialogue event. My question is related to: how can I include this in my methodology part and also in the finding sections?
Any help is appreciated :)
#qualitativeresearch #stakeholderdialogue #methods
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Sounds like grounded theory. Bernard Glaser stated: "All data is data." Observations are another piece of qualitative data which should be analyzed and presented in the results. Right now, consider methods of validity/reliability, if saturation is applicable, and triangulation.
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why the researchers used these method?
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A systematic review answers a defined research question by collecting all available studies related to that question and reviewing, analyzing their results, and summarizing all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria.
A meta-analysis is the use of statistical methods to summarize the results of these studies. It uses statistical methods on estimates from two or more different studies to form a pooled estimate.
References:
1. Akhter, Shakib, Thierry Pauyo, and Moin Khan. "What is the difference between a systematic review and a meta-analysis?." Basic Methods Handbook for Clinical Orthopaedic Research (2019): 331-342. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-58254-1_37
2. Schmid, Christopher H., Ian R. White, and Theo Stijnen. "Introduction to Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Handbook of Meta-Analysis (2020): 1-18.
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I would be interested in what you see as the advantages and disadvantages of mixed-methods research in the social sciences. Do you do research with a mixture or combination of e.g. qualitative and quantitative research? Do you combine different quantitative or qualitative methods?
What challenges do you face (e.g., sampling, implementation, scope) and where do you see the limitations of the combination?
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mixed method design is time and resource consuming, budget constraints is another limitation...on the other hand mixed method research design brings in depth insights to the addressed research problem
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Hi
I'm looking for a tool Tool for operationalizing variables into indicators into questions to be used in a questionnaire? This tool could be a directory, search engine etc...
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Here's the background story
I need a questionnaire for an impact evaluation of a school (the variables include creativity, loyalty, job prospects). The test sample are about 150-300 alumni of the school. The school sample are alumni of other schools .
This is a new task for me so would appreciate some tips/ideas/resources on how to address it. The budget for this task is not high so we're not expecting super accuracy.
In order to create this questionnaire, I can :
1- Find a previous questionnaire for a similar study (impact of a school on values, attitudes, etc.. )
2- Choosing a couple of item questions from a group of questionnaires from already established scales/measures or previous studies (mix and match exercise).
3- Converting each variable into an indicator and each indicator into a question or two, but there has to be a precedent in the literature for this. For example, if I want to operationalize creativity by the strangeness of thoughts I have per day and the question as
: How often do you have strange thoughts per day?, then I need to point to a study that has done the same. (perhaps there's a tool or resources for this)
I appreciate your thoughts.
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I have identified numerous barriers to the transition to circular economy from literature and I want to quantify the identified barriers
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Dear Seun Bello,
In my opinion, significant research methods and quantitative data analysis in the area of ​​the analysis of the determinants of the pro-environmental transformation of the economy towards a sustainable, green, emission-free circular economy can be statistical analyzes of data collected and published by national statistics institutions, quantitative data from surveys and Big Data Analytics carried out as part of the sentiment analysis of data collected from entries, comments, posts, etc. posted on social media websites. I have described the methods of this analysis in some publications that I have posted on my profile of this Research Gate portal.
Best regards,
Dariusz
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Hi, I am writing a project on the impact of COVID 19 on consumer buying behaviour and initially i was going to use a qualitative research method coupled with a secondary data collection but i noticed from most of the available research online, scholars have used various methods such as quantitative, mixed method etc to approach their objectives. What i would like to know pls is what is the best research method to approach my topic, should i use a systematic literature review and do i necessarily need a peer group to carry on with this, if so what are the best alternative option available. A reply will be much appreciated as i have a limited time to carry out this research
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Here, the answer is mainly focused on the literature search what is commonly called literature review that can be used by the most of the researchers in the world.
Both Qualitative or Qualitative research need the proper literature review for the particular research undertaken by the researchers.
The peer review is the process of checking or selecting the most appropriate literatures are mainly pertaining to the research titles.
The researchers have never considered the peer review process while doing research. It is the duty of the publication office to monitor those mistakes before publication.
AA
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I am currently teaching a subject, which we call Research Practice, to Y10 students. In the classes, we study how to write a research plan, how to organize references, and how to conduct research, among others.
Is there anyone with this kind of experience with secondary education students? Do you know any articles or other sources about this topic?
Thank you for your attention and collaboration,
Fernando Cunha
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Dear Fernando Rezende da Cunha Junior,
There are many books on Research Methods. A good number of articles are also there in Research Gate. You could find them browsing internet.
You can also search the following link:
Thank you.
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I have been trying to understand research paradigms (neo- positivism, interpretivism/social construction and critical realism) for a few days now, and I've been reading a number of resources, primarily Blaikie and priest's Social research: Paradigms in action (2017), and Tracy's Qualitative research method. In Blaikie and priest, they say that paradigms are used at the level of explanation, but when I read Tracy's work, I get the impression that paradigms come into play at the level of description as well. These various descriptions creates more confusion for me. At what level of research do these paradigms come into play?
In addition to this, I have been reading many articles that does no seem to follow the descriptions of the paradigms strictly. Are there some researches that don't usually follow?
In light of these two, do you think that survey research follows these paradigms?
Looking forward to reading your views and thought.
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Nice question and answers. All the best
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Hello!
For my research methods class, we are working on a replication plus extension of Vohs's 2006 study, "The Psychological Consequences of Money." We are attempting to identify problems in the paper, one of them being the impact of culture on participant behavior. Does anyone happen to know any paper on the subject? Perhaps studying the impact of cultural background on the alterations in behavior from money primes, or the impact of cultural background on sociability. If anyone happens to know any papers highlighting any problem in the original paper, it would be much appreciated.
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Hello everyone,
I need some guidance on choosing a good method for my master's thesis (we are really struggling, thank you in advance!!). Shortly described, we want to analyze the impact/effectiveness of a particular strategic framework on the sustainability performance of businesses that have used it. Basically, we will ask some questions to the companies that used it, ask when they implemented it, how long they used it, who was assigned for the implementation (middle or upper management), if they hired a consultant or not, etc.
Then, we will go into their sustainability reports and see how certain indicators changed after the implementation and over time (CO2 emissions, water usage, energy usage, etc.).
We will combine the data from both approaches to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of the framework to make businesses more sustainable.
I think that because we will use quali + quanti data, the research type is mixed (right?).
With that said, we are having a hard time defining what "research approach and research method" we are going to use. Especially for the qualitative part. I come from an engineering background and there I did not have to establish my "epistemological and theoretical assumptions" (This would be the research approach. The research method would be something like "thematic analysis". If I understood correctly.)
So here I am asking for help. Any guidance would be highly appreciated.
thank you!
PD: Should we also incorporate into the study a control group? (a set of companies that did not use the particular strategic framework)
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It sounds to me like both your components are quantitative because they rely on descriptive measurements of pre-defined variables. In contrast, qualitative data would usually consist of more open ended interviews that would focus on issues like meaning and would use a more interpretative approach. Instead, I would think of this as a "multi-method" design with two quantitative sections.
One key issue that you are going to face is sample size. If you plan to do statistical analyses, you will need a large N (well over 100). Otherwise, you could select several particularly interesting firms for a series of case studies.
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Given the progress made in the applications of decision-making, optimal planning, and the use of operations research methods, in your opinion, what are the areas of application of operations research in the security and military aspect
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According to Fox et al. (2019) "Applications of Operations Research and Management Science for Military Decision Making," key elements for OAR applications: the formulation process, the solution process, the interpretation of the mathematical answer in context of the actual problem, and the sensitivity analysis. In my opinion there could be two questions to follow up on this: "Did you find appropriate techniques to obtain a solution?" If not, try optional techniques. Another question: "Did you over simplify the process?"
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Investigating the impact of one variable to the other in educational studies
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You can use covariance-based software such as AMOS and variance-based software such as PLS.
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Our lab is conducting a research project about Asian-American families. We are investigating Asian-American families' well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically, their experience of racial discrimination, their parent-child relationships, and their children's development. So far we manage to contact churches, organizations, and school communities, but we still need more Philippine and Korean teenagers (12-18 years old) and parents to participate. Any suggestions to help us recruit? I appreciate your help.
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One way is to go through the schools. A common approach is to reach out to the superintendent of the district with your IRB approval, summary of study, and that you are seeking support/permission. Once granted, you would then reach out to individual principals of schools in those districts to get their support. At that point, you provide the students at the school where you have support an informed consent and permission letter to take home for parents. If the parent consents, you may even schedule a call to address any questions or concerns they might have. Once you have consent, you then can proceed. Good luck.
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One of the most valuable pieces that contribute to psychology is research. Research helps us elucidate the why and how, of theories used to understand human behavior. There are several types of research methods in psychology, some methods include Experimental, Survey, Correlational & Archival Research. These methods involve testing variables, which are known as behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change, or vary, in some way. When conducting research, some test may be repeated using different research methods. According to Dr. Saul McLeod of Simply Psychology "if a measurement is repeated and the same result is obtained then it is described as being reliable." Therefore, to ensure they obtain reliable and accurate results, a scientist may use various types of research methods.
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Samantha Green, from what you have written in your question (much of which seems to be a bit of a jumble but also a mini lecture about things that are common, and very basic, knowledge), I suggest you try to examine the difference between replication in research versus test-retest reliability.
I hope that's helpful.
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I am looking for information and various methods on displaying trade-offs between different systems by using indicators and related data.
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Dear Stefanie,
As far as I understood your question, a commonly used approach to analyse the trade-offs between systems is Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), one of the decision support systems used to select a course of action that explicitly accounts for the targeted ecosystem services by setting criteria.
Musse.
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Dear fellow researchers, I would like to design an experiment related to relationships and bonding, which involves measuring the level of oxytocin in humans. So, could you please share the best way to measure the oxytocin level? Is there any Neuroimaging for measuring hormones level? Thank you very much!
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Here's a nice paper on ways to measure oxytocin levels in humans: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-17674-7
Unfortunately, it doesn't appear as if you can image oxytocin using MRS (which has pretty poor spatial and temporal resolution anyway) or any other neuroimaging measures as far as I can tell.
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I am seeking a very good free online source for 'Research Methods' please (for qualitative and quantitative). Your assistance in finding out such a source would be greatly appreciated.
Thank you
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Please check the courses tat fit your needs.
Also SAGE offers some content
I assume that you know the best Research Methods Books. If you need books, please leave a comment.
Good Luck
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What are the steps in scientific Research process Which can be Automated and How?
One can answer according to your specific Discipline/Subject Area of Research.
Generally automation is used to avoid repetitive manual tasks in any Industry.
If you think this question can be framed better, kindly suggest.
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You can use AI/ML algorithms to automate parts of your research, do to that you have to have a passion to use research methodologies (a systematic and directing approach which leads you to get answer for your hypothesis/objectives) accordingly with research questions. It mus be scientific also, You can then apply AI/ML/DL approaches in that steps.
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Foresters usualy use a clinometer to calculate the tree height. These can be quite expensive to buy, but I don't know if using smartphone apps is accurate enough for measure canopy height. Do you recommends using automatic clinometer apps for field research ?
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I was using "Smart Measure version 1.7.7" for measuring height of trees planted along streets within settlements. I am moderately satisfied with the precision. I found the optimal distance to carry out the measurements from a distance about 2-4 times of the tree height. In most cases, however, I was not able to measure from the optimal distance because buildings, parked cars, etc. made it impossible.
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I have a question about normalisation of results on composite indicator.
I am not sure is it methodologically sound to normalise result on a composite indicator?
The situation is as follows.
I have a composite indicator of civic competence and for getting composite score different scales with respective weighting are used.
My dilemma is this: should every scale be normalised and then composite indicator score calculated or it is alright to normalise only results on composite indicator?
Thanks everyone in advance
Ivan
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Creating a z score will result in a mean of zero and a SD of 1, but skewness will still be there and one skewed input variable (or indeed one with outliers) can have a big effect on the composite variable. You may be happy with this; if not then you could do a transformation that produces a more symmetric distribution and has mean of zero and SD of 1 - see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankit and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_probability_plot
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The Effect of the Black Arts Movement on the Evolution ot Black Identity by Njeri Williams?
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I will encourage you to apply interpretive approach.
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Any recommendations for a good "Research Methods" textbook suitable for Geography undergraduates? Which textbooks do you like? Or any recommendations for open source online research methods textbooks?
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There are a number of excellent references. Take for example:
Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2011, 7th edn.). Research Methods in Education (7th edn.), London: Routledge
Connolly, P. (2007). Quantitative Data Analysis in Education: a Critical Introduction Using SPSS, London; New York: Routledge.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (4th edn.), Boston: Pearson.
Creswell, J. W. (2009) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and mixed methods Approach. Los Angeles, Calif; London: Sage
Denscombe, M. (2014). The Good Research Guide: For Small Scare Social Research Projects (5th edn). McGraw-Hill.
Morgan, D. L. & Nica, A. (2020). Iterative Thematic Inquiry: A New Method for Analyzing Qualitative Data. (2020). International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, 1-11.
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My dissertation is on analysing particular processes/technology for the specific field and my suggestions for improvement.
  • What are the challenges if my study uses a descriptive research approach through a narrative review using thematic analysis?
  • Does it come under a theoretical or conceptual framework?
  • Any suggestion on alternative research methods that can be done in a short time?
N.B. I am new to research and sorry if I mentioned anything wrong.
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secondary sources become important if the study contribute to previous literature. It all depends on your research questions or objectives.
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The question is about contributions of research methods that help to unravel or tackle social or political issues in Ghana
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You are looking at the wrong end of the telescope. What are the research questions that you are trying to answer? Given that, what are the appropriate methods?
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Pandemic has a huge impact on everything including human, organizations and government policies. If a research is designed before the on going pandemic it was assumed that when the data would be collected the usual business would be the same, however, it has been changed enormously affecting the normality. Would a model constructed before the pandemic will still be relevant, explaining the variation. Or it requires a different model incorporating the pandemic factor to better explain the variation?
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Data collection will be straightforward even for business research, as most people, customers, and managers are using online resources. Also, people are more familiar with the onoline tools, hence a higher chance to participate in survays, discussion, etc. The cost is also going to be reduced and from the participant perspective, most of the participants feel free to attend any meeting as they need not worry about the things they faced during a physical meeting
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Dear All,
I have created a mind map of a literature review on How Ontology, Epistemology And Axiology Relate To Develop New Knowledge Through Research Methodology And Research Design.
I want critical comments on my thoughts.
The outline of the finding is as follows and you can follow the above link for a more clear image.
Thank you
Please refer following links of ideas and make critics;
· I found that any research needs to add new knowledge
· That knowledge is resulted from answering a question/s or/and finding a solution/s
· Each problem or solution has its ontology, epistemology, and axiology
· The ontology, epistemology and axiology collectively form a research philosophy while those influence developing research questions or hypotheses or a mix of both regarding the problem or solution.
· As the research philosophy and questions/hypothesis origin from the same sources to both should be conceptually related to each other.
· Then research design is formulated to answer those research questions or hypotheses or a mix of both
· same time the research methodology is underpinning the particular research’s ontology, epistemology, axiology and philosophy continues
· Then research design and research methodology both make the selection of approach in theory development. As well, research design and research methodology make and formulate the rest of the steps in the research.
· After that, the steps are clear. However, the selections of methodological choices, strategies, data collection techniques and analysis techniques are interrelated decisions.
· Finally, all these activities resulted in new knowledge
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They are interrelated somehow.
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I am of the opinion that ACSM's Research Methods is one of the best books in this field and is a must-read.
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I would agree with your view. I do think, however, it depends on the level of the student and the intent of the program. I have used it within our graduate level Exercise Science program where students are required to do research and strongly encouraged to publish.
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The anti-establishment ethos of New Historicism wasprofoundly influenced by Foucault's theories of Power/Knowledge and Discourse. what does new historicism owe to foucault?
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The anti-establishment ethos of New Historicism was profoundly influenced by Foucault's theories of Power/Knowledge and Discourse. His primary concern has been with power's relationship to the discursive formations in society that make knowledge.
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Hi,
I came across to a relatively new theoretical frame work in Political science. I want to see how researchers are actually using it in their research.
Where are the main databases where I can see examples of the framework usage? I already tried cited papers in Google Scholar and ScienceDirect but the results weren’t enough.
Can you suggest other online search engines or databases?
Thanks in advance.
Regards,
Ehssan
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The theoretical framework is not something that is found readily available in the literature. You must review course readings and pertinent research literature for theories and analytic models that are relevant to the research problem you are investigating.