Relay - Science topic

The Lineside Electronic Unit (LEU) is an electronic device which is used as the interface between the Eurobalise and interlocking (see below). The LEU acquires the information from the interlocking system and, in concordance with lineside signalling (if available), sends the appropriate information (called a 'telegram') to the Eurobalises, which in...

As energy concerns grow with the rise of energy-constrained devices, it becomes imperative to design an energy-efficient and adaptive multiple access (MA) scheme, supported with accurate energy efficiency (EE) evaluation. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) enhances EE, yet downlink NOMA faces challenges in terms of computational complexity and p...

A track circuit forms part of the broader signalling system, which comprises many parts to enable trains to move safely around the network. A track circuit itself is an electrical system that detects the absence of a train on a section of the track. This information then helps the signalling system know if it's safe for another train to proceed. Th...

Relay protection cloud testing system mainly refers to clarify whether the relay protection device functions normally or not through offline testing and online testing technology, relying on the collection of data, signal analysis and so on. The article proposes a data object modeling method based on the IEC61850 standard protocol and designs a fra...

The rapid advancement of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) has paved the way for improved road safety and emergency response efficiency. This study proposes the development of an advanced Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication system designed for automated accident reporting and real-time ambulance guidance. The system leverages edge...

Because of technological advances in the Internet of Things (IoT), IoT surveillance applications powered by wireless sensor networks (WSN) play an important role in spreading dangerous and nonhazardous data. When using such an application, the sensor devices must connect using multihop (Multi‐H) communication, which overloads the relay nodes (RNs)....

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) widely used for maritime object detection or for monitoring of oceanic parameters that plays vital role prediction of tsunami to life-cycle of marine species by deploying sensor nodes at random locations. However, the dynamic and unpredictable underwater environment poses significant challenges in communi...

Polarization measurements of tissue in ex vivo and in vivo rigid laparoscopy studies have shown promise for enhancing diagnosis, guiding biopsies, and improving biological contrast compared to conventional imaging. However, a technological gap exists in performing polarization measurements through flexible endoscopes. The depolarization inherent in...

Smallholder farmers need to cope with small farm sizes, low soil fertility, and risks associated with rain‐fed agriculture, which resulted in low productivity. Crop diversification potentially improves yields and resource use efficiencies in these systems. Field experiments were conducted at two sites in southern Ethiopia to determine the effects o...

Flying Networks (FNs) have emerged as a promising solution to provide on-demand wireless connectivity when network coverage is insufficient or the communications infrastructure is compromised, such as in disaster management scenarios. Despite extensive research on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) positioning and radio resource allocation, the challeng...

The Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) is one of the four instruments onboard the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) satellite, a collaborative science mission between the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the European Space Agency (ESA). The UVI will capture the terrestrial auroral images that depict the energy depositions in the...

This paper provides a comprehensive study to investigate the potential of multi-relay methods in V2V-VLC systems through detailed performance analysis using realistic channel modeling based on ray tracing. Key performance metrics evaluated include maximum achievable communication distances, system capacity, and the influence of system parameters, t...

The carbonic anhydrase II enzyme (CA II) is one of the most significant enzymes in nature, reversibly converting CO$_2$ to bicarbonate at a remarkable rate. The precise mechanism it uses to achieve this rapid turnover remains unclear due to our inability to directly observe or simulate the full process dynamically. Here, we use a recently developed...

This article introduces the Odd Lomax Burr Type X (OLoBX) distribution, an extension of the four-parameter Burr Type X model. The Quantile function, moments, the function that generates the moments, Rényi entropy, and the ordered statistics are some of the new distribution's essential statistical aspects. For the purpose of estimating the parameter...

Herein, we disclosed a copper‐catalyzed carbogermylation of alkenes through 3,4‐difunctionalization of quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐one to afford 3‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydroquinoxaline 1‐oxide incorporated organogermanium derivatives. Despite extensive research on the C−H functionalization of quinoxaline‐2(1H)‐one, the difunctionalization of this compound through C−C an...

As a green strategy for both ammonia (NH3) production and wastewater purification, electrochemical reduction of nitrate (NO3RR) faces challenges due to the nitrite (NO2⁻) accumulation and competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Tandem catalysis (NO3⁻ to NO2⁻ to NH3) offers great potential for enhancing NH3 production and selectivity. Herein,...

Cooperative communication system (CCS) involves collaboration among sensor nodes to transmit data more effectively, especially in scenarios with limited resources or challenging environmental conditions. Optimizing the total error rate (TER) for cooperative communication in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is a critical task to enhance the reliabilit...

Every transmission line is vulnerable to errors. Open circuit faults, overcurrent, and overvoltage can all have an impact on a transmission line. We suggest a GSM-based transmission line failure detection system to address this issue. Once the defect is found, the system is utilized to find it and send an SMS alert over the GSM SIM800L network. The...

Photoredox catalysis in protein systems presents exciting opportunities to achieve sustainable and efficient enzymatic reactions driven by light. Here, we report the design and characterization of PhotoNiR, an engineered azurin‐based protein incorporating a red copper center and a lanthanide‐binding tag (LBT). This dual‐metal system enables photore...

Edge computing, as an emerging computing paradigm, efficiently offloads computationally intensive tasks to edge servers, extending services from the cloud center to the edge and significantly improving the efficiency of network data processing. However, existing research mostly focuses on the ideal deployment and optimization of edge servers, such...

Video-conferencing applications face an unwavering surge in traffic, stressing their underlying infrastructure in unprecedented ways. This paper rethinks the key building block for conferencing infrastructures -- selective forwarding units (SFUs). SFUs relay and adapt media streams between participants and, today, run in software on general-purpose...

The use of virtual reality simulators for perceptual-motor training has increased in recent years. However, few virtual sport environments have been shown to be effective in transferring learning to the real world. From this perspective, concepts of validity and fidelity are known to be good predictors, highlighting the need to establish a method o...

To enhance the accuracy and efficiency of controlled fault current interruption (CFI) in short-circuit current processing within power systems, a half-cycle elimination prediction algorithm and a double-sampling CFI sequence method are proposed in this study. By analyzing the non-periodic and periodic components of short-circuit currents, the half-...

Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellite networks have the advantage of global internet coverage and low latency, and they have enjoyed great success in the past few years. In LEO satellite networks, laser-based inter-satellite links (ISLs) are widely employed to achieve on-board data relay, and further to provide high-capacity backhaul worldwide. However,...

Potholes are a major challenge on urban roads, causing vehicle damage, traffic congestion, and safety hazards. This paper proposes a Pothole Detection and Reporting System that leverages computer vision, sensor data, and mobile connectivity to automatically identify and geo-tag potholes. The system uses image processing and machine learning techniq...

Object sensing and manipulation rely on the somatosensory system's ability to relay relevant information about a skin location encoding tactile information about the object while suppressing irrelevant or distracting inputs on the skin, a process known as distractor suppression. Although tactile selective attention is flexible, capable of being all...

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is an emerging technology that can enhance service coverage and spectral efficiency in sixth‐generation wireless networks. In contrast, relays are a traditional technique for achieving coverage extension. To explore potential benefits, we investigate three probable RIS‐relay cascaded scenarios over Nakagami‐...

The robot employs a NODEMCU board to achieve complete capabilities through smartphone control. The robot includes a four-wheel driving system with a protective delivery area obeying only recipient authorization thus ensuring package security. An ultrasonic sensor enables the robot to move while avoiding people alongside obstacles in physical space....

This paper analyzes a two-user cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access network for signal transmission between two users and two destinations through a partial selection of energy harvesting relays. A particular relay out of N relays is selected based on maximum energy harvested from the RF signals of two sources following TSR and PSR schemes of...

With the widespread integration of distributed energy resources and novel loads, the DC attributes of distribution networks are becoming increasingly pronounced. Multi-terminal flexible DC distribution networks have emerged as a trend for future distribution grids due to lower line losses, better power quality, etc. However, owing to their low damp...

Solar photovoltaic systems are becoming more and more common, so it's critical to understand how system or component failure impacts lifetime costs. Reliability analysis uses historical performance data to help identify equipment or systems that perform badly. A case study of solar PV systems' dependability and life cycle cost analysis is presented...

This paper proposes a cost-effective smart sprinkler irrigation system for farmers to use in farm divisions. Automation plays a crucial role in modern life, providing comfort, increasing efficiency, and saving time. However, most industries use expensive automation and control mechanisms that may not be suitable for our needs. Watering the plant...

The increasing resolution requirements of imaging optical systems must be satisfied by expanding the aperture of the optical system according to Rayleigh’s criterion, and larger apertures of conventional refractive/reflective optics place a greater demand on manufacturing and transportation. Diffractive optics are applied to imaging optics to achie...

Efficient coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is vital for maintaining the stability and reliability of electrical power systems (EPSs). The task of optimizing DOCR coordination in complex power networks is modeled as an optimization problem. This study aims to enhance the performance of protection systems by minimizing the cumul...

The rapid advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has revolutionized various sectors, including smart agriculture. This study explores an IoT-driven solution to enhance plant care in terrariums by automating maintenance and optimizing growth conditions. The proposed system monitors key environmental parameters temperature, humidity, and...

Sundanese Classical Dance is a dance developed in a noble environment in West Java whose people speak Sundanese and have a historical background and cultural values that are mutually agreed upon. This study aims to discuss the aesthetic values, ethics and manners, and cultural values in Sundanese Classical Dance, specifically Keurseus Dance danced...

This article presents a review of the problems and solutions concerning the distance protection of transmission lines connected to inverter-based resources (IBRs). After a brief description of IBRs and distance protection, the reported problems are classified based on their causes and effects. The causes are related to IBR behavior, and the effects...

Relay catalysis represents significant efficacy in alleviating competition among different reactants during coupling reactions. However, a comprehensive understanding of the reaction mechanism underlying relay catalysis for the urea electrosynthesis remains challenging. Herein, we have developed a catalyst (CuAC‐CuSA@NC) comprising Cu atomic cluste...

The volume of confidential information transmitted over 5G networks has increased rapidly due to the widespread adoption of large machine-type communication and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Secrecy outage probability (SOP) and strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) parameters are crucial parameters used in evaluating the security of wireles...

Optical wireless communication (OWC) offers significant advantages over traditional radio frequency systems due to its high bandwidth, ease of deployment, license-free operation, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and inherent security benefits. This research presents a novel all-optical technique for transmitting multiple data channels over...

Dr GHLAM K Test n°1 Durée : 45 minutes Consignes : Cochez la réponse correcte pour chaque question. Une seule réponse est correcte par question. QCM (20 questions-1 point par question) I. Généralités sur les Automates Programmables Industriels (API) 1. Qu'est-ce qu'un automate programmable industriel (API) ? ☐ a) Un système mécanique de commande ☐...

Cochez la ou les bonnes réponses pour chaque question. Certaines questions peuvent avoir plusieurs bonnes réponses. 1. Comment garantir qu'un moteur s'arrête immédiatement en cas d'urgence en langage Ladder ? ☐ Ajouter un bouton d'arrêt en série avec le circuit de commande. ☐ Utiliser une temporisation pour éviter les redémarrages intempestifs. ☐ P...

The increased penetration of Inverter-Based Renewable Energy Resources (IBRERs) enhances the power system’s reliability and stability. However, it has a considerable influence on Overcurrent Relays (OCRs) protection systems due to the higher amplitude of short circuit current and bidirectional flow. Furthermore, the Momentary Cessation (MC) mode of...

The purpose of the article is to bring into scientific circulation and publish hitherto unknown historical sources from Polish archival repositories (Krakow) relating to the events in the Right-Bank Hetmanate on the eve of the Polish-Turkish war of 1672–1676. Methodology. The study uses biographical and historical and logical methods of studying hi...

Plain Language Summary It is well known that the Tibetan Plateau upper‐level westerlies (TPUW) play a crucial role in shaping regional and even global weather and climate. In the past, the TPUW variations during high summer were strongly linked to preceding winter El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We find that this cross‐seasonal teleconnection...

In the event of disaster-related disruptions to public networks, an air-ground communication-navigation-sensing (CNS) ad-hoc network (ANET) can effectively support emergency response operations by ensuring communication, navigation and sensing capabilities. However, during extreme events such as typhoons and torrential rain, flight operations becom...

Among the several usages of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), a wireless relay system is one of the most promising applications. Specifically, a small fixed-wing UAV is suitable to establish the system promptly. In the system, an antenna pointing control system directs an onboard antenna to a ground station in order to form and maintain a communicat...

This author's work briefly summarizes most of currently available world practice on memory transplantation from adult to embryo. For, as shown by the experiments, nowdays precisely it is the only, in principle, effective way to gain the immortality so desired by many. And if, moreover, we take into account that the fetus itself also affects the neu...

In a mass measurement system using relay feedback of displacement, an object to be measured was guided mechanically by leaf springs to restrict its motion to a single translation. Such a mechanical guide produces restoring force that affects the estimation of mass based on the measured periods of oscillation. However, such effects on mass measureme...

The fundamental trade-off between spatial resolution and imaging distance poses a significant challenge for current imaging techniques, such as those used in modern biomedical diagnosis and remote sensing. Here, we introduce a new conceptual method for imaging dynamic amplitude-phase-mixed objects, termed relay-projection microscopic telescopy (rPM...

Distance protection is widely applied in AC transmission systems. It may operate incorrectly under power swings, so a power swing blocking unit (PSBU) is needed to work with the distance protection relay. Such a unit should not only block the protection relay in time when a power swing occurs, but also deblock the protection relay after detecting a...

Over the past three decades, the functionalization of unactivated C−H bonds has become a workhorse of synthesis. In the field of C−H bond oxygenation, most established methods hinge on single‐electron reactivity, encountering challenges pertaining to regio‐ and/or stereocontrol. Herein, we describe a conceptually distinct strategy relying on the un...

In this paper, we propose a 6‐node system consisting of two transmitter‐receiver pairs sharing the same spectrum, an eavesdropper, and a relay, all operating in a half‐duplex. The eavesdropper is mainly interested in communication between one of the transmitter‐receiver pairs, which we call the primary. Communication along with the second pair call...

This paper addresses the challenge of packet-based information routing in large-scale wireless communication networks. The problem is framed as a constrained statistical learning task, where each network node operates using only local information. Opportunistic routing exploits the broadcast nature of wireless communication to dynamically select op...

Criminals exploit the robust anonymity afforded by Tor for illicit purposes, prompting heightened interest among researchers in de-anonymization attacks on the Tor network. The execution of experiments on de-anonymization attacks within a real Tor network presents considerable challenges, hence the necessity for a simulation environment. However, e...

A computational technique based on a coherence method for fault detection and classification for electrical machine stator windings is presented in this article. The coherence algorithm can identify clearly and concisely inter-turn and shunt faults situated on the 3-phase stator windings of the AC machine. Besides, it can categorize the different t...

Given the critical role of media in times of crisis, particularly for relaying scientific knowledge and political decisions, we evaluated to what extent the first COVID-19 pandemic wave affected the treatment by traditional media of important societal topics. We searched a database of 650 French-speaking Swiss media outlets using specific keywords...

Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging is an inverse problem that consists of reconstructing a hidden scene out of the direct line-of-sight given the time-resolved light scattered back by the hidden scene on a relay wall. Phasor fields transforms NLOS imaging into virtual LOS imaging by treating the relay wall as a secondary camera, which allows reconstr...

Recent research has focused on supporting drivers, revealing that the primary causes of road accidents are driver drowsiness and alcohol consumption. Thus, Drowsiness and alcohol consumption detection (DACD) are critical for IoT-based smart cities as they improve public safety by detecting and preventing incidents related to sleep and alcohol consu...

Atomically dispersed iron‐nitrogen‐carbon (Fe‐N‐C) catalysts have demonstrated promising oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. It poses a formidable challenge to simultaneously optimize the adsorption energies of multiple intermediates at a single active site. In addition, the lack of long‐term stability remains a significant problem due to the...

Droop-controlled inverters reduce transient and steady-state frequency deviations (FDs) by providing frequency regulation (FR) power proportional to the FD during primary FR. However, with the power-frequency droop mechanism, the gap between a disturbed load and an inverter's dispatch instruction can only be eliminated by increasing the FR power at...

Power system faults are highly undesirable but unavoidable property of any physical power system infrastructure due to the imperfection in the design, manufacture and operation of the associated physical equipment such as the relays, transmission lines and circuit breakers. In particular, the transmission lines serve the critical function of interc...

The communication demand for ground communication systems is growing with the rapid development of wireless communication technology. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), as communication air relay nodes, can provide wide coverage communication for ground moving target (GMT). In this paper, we develop a dynamic topology adjustment system based on commu...

This paper proposes a smart charging system aimed at optimizing the utilization of energy resources in vehicles. An Arduino Uno microcontroller, acting as the central processing unit, interfaces with various sensors, primarily a DC voltage sensor linked to a 12V battery. Continuously monitoring the battery's voltage level, the system detects when t...

Background Pancreatic cancer is among the most lethal malignancies, with the lowest survival rates. The use of image‐guided radiotherapy has shown significant potential in enhancing surgical outcomes for pancreatic cancer. However, accurate segmentation of pancreatic tumors prior to radiotherapy remains a challenge due to the small size, irregular...

Bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) are recognized as effective catalysts for the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3–RR) to produce ammonia (NH3) due to their multiple active sites and electron redistribution enabled by strong metal–metal interactions. An in‐depth analysis of the reaction mechanism is essential for advancing efficient electrocatalysts. In...

Buffer-aided cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) enhances the efficiency of utilizing the spectral by allowing more users to share the same resources to establish massive connectivity. This is remarkably attractive in the fifth generation (5G) and beyond systems, where a massive number of links is essential like in the internet of thi...

The work was done in this research was an attempt to through some light on the factor, which govern the effect of planting methods and intercropping system of two crops wheat and lentil in rainfed area, on their yields and yield components. For this purpose, experiment was conducted at moderate rain full areas, in Telkeif location (20 km northwest...

The scientific article is devoted to the issue of the transformation of the culture of public administration (administrative culture), which takes place under the influence of European integration legislative changes. Administrative culture is defined as a relatively stable system of creating, relaying, preserving and developing professional knowle...

Electrocatalytic acetylene semi‐hydrogenation (EASH) provides a petroleum‐independent strategy for ethylene production. However, the challenges of high overpotentials and strong hydrogen evolution competition reaction over conventional electrocatalysts at industrial current densities result in substantial energy consumption, limiting the practical...

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) and ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) technologies are recognized for their programmability and high energy efficiency respectively, which will be the key parts of the future sixth generation (6G) mobile communication technology. The combination of the two technologies can improve communication securi...

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are crucial in various applications such as environmental surveillance, military operations, transportation monitoring, and healthcare. However, due to a finite set of sensor nodes' resources concerning energy, memory, disk, and CPU processing, nodes in WSNs often face hotspot issues. The sensor nodes that are locate...

The Internet of Things (IoT) can enable the fourth industrial revolution, significantly boosting production and efficiency in the agricultural sector by optimizing farming practices. This research aims to develop a solar-powered IoT irrigating system. The system comprised a 20W solar panel for powering the base station, a Raspberry Pi 4 for pump co...

This paper presents a novel meta-heuristic optimization method called flow direction algorithm (FDA) to achieve optimal coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays (DOCRs) while considering the impact of Arc Flash (AF). The coordination between relays plays a significant role in the protection scheme of modern power systems, and achieving it is...

In this paper, we demonstrate that any signal exhibiting a certain sparse pattern can be recovered in a stable and resilient manner through the utilization of the fusion frame approach. The theoretical analysis highlights that the deviation of the approximate solution is effectively controlled. Furthermore, the adoption of different norms contribut...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to invite Professor René Proyer, a leading positive psychologist and authority on play, to tell his story, share highlights from his research and insights into playfulness, mental health and positive psychology. Design/methodology/approach A positive autoethnographic case study approach is used to enable Profes...

Network Address Translators (NAT) introduce significant challenges for peer-to-peer (P2P) communication services, such as Voice-over-IP (VoIP), by necessitating the use of central relay servers. This paper addresses the problem of traversing symmetric NATs, which are particularly problematic due to their complex port allocation rules. We propose se...

In the monitoring area, nodes collaboratively collect various types of critical information about the target object, including temperature, humidity, and stress, and relay this data to users. This study evaluates a scenario with 100 summary points and a communication radius of 20 meters, progressively increasing the number of attack nodes from 0 to...

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are nodes moving at a high speed compared to mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Network‐connected nodes can exchange safety or nonsafety messages within themselves or other infrastructures, such as vehicle‐to‐vehicle (V2V) or vehicle‐to‐everything (V2X). In vehicular communication, emergency messages are crucial for...

Early childhood motor development is an important aspect of their growth and learning. However, in the modern era, children have fewer opportunities for free play due to various factors, such as increased use of technology and changes in parenting patterns. Therefore, effective strategies are needed to support children's motor development, one of w...

Neurogenesis and gliogenesis continue in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the adult rodent brain. V-SVZ astroglial cells with apical contact with the ventricle (B1 cells) function as neural stem cells (NSCs). B1 cells sharply decline during early postnatal life; in contrast, neurogenesis decreases at a slower rate. Here, we show that...

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is experiencing a rapid increase of interest due to its security advantages in the face of quantum computers. However, typical QKD deployments are point-to-point and limited in terms of distance, which significantly restricts their utilization for end-user applications. To overcome these restrictions, trusted relays a...

This paper presents an Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) waveform application along with a high altitude platform station (HAPS) relaying for remedying severe Doppler effects in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). Taking practical challenges into consideration, HAPS is exploited as a decode and forward relay node to mitigate the high path loss be...

Purpose: To establish knowledge retention (KR) baseline levels from the entry training community health promoters (CHPs) received in diverse years since 2006 in Nyandarua County, Kenya. Moreover, to determine the influence of spaced repetition (SR) intervention on knowledge retention. Materials and Methods: Quasi experimental design through pre and...

OBJECTIVE To provide a video tutorial on the use of the Talking Physical Exam (TPE) in clinical practice. ANIMALS Any dog or cat receiving a physical examination in the presence of a client. METHODS The TPE consists of the veterinary professional verbally describing what is being examined on a patient during a companion animal physical examinatio...

At present, the cross-region end-to-end communication of a power distribution network relies on heterogeneous networks such as carrier networks and power fiber networks to support the specialization of relay nodes, and the corresponding state volatility increases abruptly. Furthermore, the corresponding state information is often difficult to obtai...