Regulations - Science topic

A new concept of regular product has been developed but needs further study. This is a new area for study that is just being discovered.

can reveal diverse perspectives and experiences, highlighting how regulations shape strategic decisions.

East asian countries are attractive markets for foreign retailers to enter, but they face many regulatory problems which would lead to failure in expansion. What specific regulations would they face while entering east asian countries? And how should retailers react to these regulations?

Regards, Amin Shahinpour

in children is supposed to be in the end.

(e.g., prohibiting heading the ball in young children)

I suppose the two are different things though majority of laws and regulations sticky answering intricate problems of delayed compensation hoping they answer incomplete compulsory land acquisition. In my own opinion, Incomplete CLA can be seen as a procedural failure that could leave PAPs without clear legal recourse or compensation for an indeterminate time, while Delayed Compensation affects financial recovery but is still part of an ongoing legal process where PAPs are waiting for payment.

Imagine someone has created currency based on grain, which is beyond central bank regulations. Why beyond? Because this grain currency isn't for making loans. It's for trading any goods and services (in result) and for the appropriate transactions, only for that. Here is how it might work. Need grain? Pay grain currency. Don't have it? Give us this and this in exchange for grain currency.

Are the current legal frameworks sufficient to regulate deep technology and biological applications, and what legal and ethical challenges do these technologies pose to society and the environment?

What are the existing legal frameworks governing the use of deep technology and biological applications at present?

What are the key legal gaps in the current regulation of deep technology and biological applications, and how do these gaps affect individuals and society?How do biological applications such as genetic engineering and nanotechnology raise ethical issues, and what are the associated ethical challenges?What are the environmental risks associated with deep technology, and how can legal frameworks be improved to protect the environment from these risks?How can international cooperation be enhanced to develop unified legal frameworks and ethical regulations for deep technology and biological applications?What are the possible approaches to developing flexible and comprehensive legislation that keeps pace with rapid innovations in deep technology?

Shifting the focus from technological solutions to climate change and focusing on the “human factor” is an important part of the overall picture of climate change mitigation efforts. In fact, technology and human behavior are not separate but complementary factors in the fight against climate change. Here are some reasons why focusing on the human factor is necessary:

1. Changing Behavior: Technology can provide tools and solutions, but their adoption and effectiveness depend largely on human behavior and choices. For example, the transition to renewable energy requires not only the availability of technology but also people’s acceptance and transformation of the energy used in their daily lives.

2. Education and Awareness: Raising awareness of environmental issues and climate change through education can motivate people to take more sustainable actions in their personal lives and communities.

3. Policies and Regulations: Policies and regulations can promote or discourage certain behaviors. For example, carbon taxes and financial incentives for sustainable solutions can encourage individuals and businesses to change their behavior.

4. Community Engagement: Involving individuals and communities in environmental decision-making can lead to more sustainable and widely accepted solutions.

5. Psychology and Culture: Each culture and geographic region has its own values ​​and beliefs that can influence how people perceive and respond to climate change. Understanding and integrating these aspects into mitigation strategies can increase the effectiveness of environmental protection efforts.

Thus, while technology is an essential part of addressing climate change, active and conscious human participation is indispensable. A balance between technology and the human element will create a more comprehensive and effective strategy in dealing with current and future environmental challenges.

I am currently researching the impact of environmental toxins on children's health and would greatly appreciate insights from experts in the field. If you are an expert or researcher working on these issues, I would love to connect and discuss further. Please provide your WhatsApp number if you are interested in discussing recent issues related to kids' health.

Based on different countries the Standards Governing the quality and use of the biogas digestate in agriculture are different can we list down few regulations which can be helpful for the Biogas Industry as a whole?

Are there any regulations or standards governing the quality and use of digestate in agriculture or land application?

One of the most important issues in the AI field is the alignment of AI goals with human goals.The analysis made in my paper showed that human rights may be considered a guide in European regulations related to AI. Both the AI Act and the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law are examples of third-generation human rights regulation acts. This means that the human-centric approach adopted in the context of activities within the AI lifecycle is not just a slogan. However, some studies have indicated that regulations may slow down the development of AI in Europe. There is also a question regarding the relationship between European regulations and those of other regions of the world. In particular, the provisions of the Convention clearly show the aspiration that human rights will be a factor in the alignment of goals between AI and humans worldwide.

The high quality iron concentrate (Fet>66%) is being less available year by year and also blast furnace steel making is not compatible with Greenhouse emission regulations. What are the technical obstacles for steel/pig iron making from Low grade DRI (Fet~62%) in a self-baking electrode SAF? Slag volume, viscosity, arcing mode, DRI feeding rate to furnace, .. also are there any commercial scale SAF fed with low grade DRI in the world?

كيف تؤثر الإضاءة على منظمات النمو في النباتات؟

govt policy

How do zoning policies and urban development regulations influence the choice between building vertically versus horizontally in terms of land conservation?

This is about some practices and regulations to adhere to.

I am currently conducting research for my PhD on environmental regulations, specifically focusing on the disposal of produced water from oil and gas activities in Australia. I would appreciate any relevant insights, materials, or directions that could aid my research, as well as advice on where to source this information.

Thanks Ana

A brief explanation on the analog based LDO regulators

Smart contracts, self-executing agreements on the blockchain, hold the promise of revolutionizing everything from supply chains to financial transactions. But what happens when things go wrong? Can this "code as law" be enforced in a traditional court of law? Are smart contracts legally binding?

Additional questions:

#research #question #researchquestion #smartcontract #smartcontracts #smartlegalcontracts #laws #regulations #tech #governance #emergingtech #ai #enforceability #legalrequirements

Here are some additional questions that may help answer the main question on the subject:

• What are the existing problems with the accessibility, efficiency, security, and user-friendliness of blockchain and smart contracts?

• How do we need to design and develop smart contracts to ensure further adoption and continuous improvement of this technology?

• What technologies can we leverage to enable smart contracts with the potential to transform more traditional processes across industries, offering benefits to individuals, businesses, and communities?

• What kind of users need to gain access to smart contracts? In what situations?

• What other characteristics of smart contracts can we consider?

#research #question #researchquestion #smartcontract #smartcontracts #smartlegalcontracts #blockchain #laws #regulations #tech #technology #governance #emergingtech #ai #accessibility #efficiency #security #userfriendliness

The question asks if new laws or regulations are necessary to govern smart contracts that utilize such emerging technologies as AI, large language models, quantum computing, voice user interfaces, IoT, etc. Essentially, we are exploring the regulatory landscape surrounding smart contracts, particularly those incorporating new and innovative tech.

Dear colleagues and researchers,

Our research group from Federal Paraná University (UFPR), Brazil, is currently working in partnership with the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany on a research project focused on floating photovoltaic (FPV) plants installed in reservoirs. Therefore, we would like to find specific legislation or regulations for FPV installation that could exist in your respective countries around the world. If anyone has some information that could be helpful to our research, we would be very grateful if you can contact us.

Thank you in advance for your support.

Most of the Associate Professor and Professor positions in India have one common criterion: a minimum of eight and ten years of experience in teaching and/or research in an academic/research position equivalent to that of an Assistant Professor in a University, College, or Accredited Research Institution/Industry. With this in mind, I would like to inquire whether, under UGC Regulations, a postdoctoral research position is considered equivalent to an Assistant Professor in a University, College, or Accredited Research Institution/Industry."\

Engaging in illegal activities such as involving students in potentially illegal clinical trials is unethical and against the law. Clinical trials are conducted to test the safety and efficacy of new drugs or medical treatments before they can be approved for public use. These trials must adhere to strict ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure the safety and well-being of participants.

Pharmaceutical companies and pharmacy colleges are typically expected to adhere to ethical standards and follow legal regulations when conducting clinical trials or collaborating on any research. Involving students in clinical trials without proper consent, adherence to ethical standards, and oversight can lead to serious legal and ethical consequences.

Universities and colleges generally have Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) or Ethics Committees that oversee research involving human participants, including clinical trials. These bodies ensure that research is conducted in an ethical manner and that participants' rights and safety are protected. Students and researchers involved in clinical trials must follow these guidelines and obtain proper approvals before conducting any research involving human participants.

If you suspect any unethical or illegal activities related to clinical trials, it's important to report them to the appropriate authorities, such as your institution's IRB, regulatory agencies, or legal authorities, as applicable in your jurisdiction.

Udawalawa is a large reservoir constructed in 1960s, mainly for the purpose of irrigation. Later, around 1990s, hydropower reservoir was constructed at the upstream of the same catchment intercepting a large portion of inflows to Udawalawe. Now, due to prevailing drought, Udawalawa farmers are facing severe shortage of water for their ongoing rice cultivation. Electrical authorities are refusing to release water from the upstream reservoir and trying to secure the uninterrupted power production. What are the laws and regulations, national or international, available to tackle this situation and secure water rites of farmers.

although it depends on the geographical regions and country regulations. However, are there any regulations for a minimim safe distance from the shore line? please share your information with any research paper or policy document.

The Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011, fall under the Information Technology Act, 2000, and govern the collection, use, storage, and sharing of sensitive personal data or information (SPDI) in India. These rules protect individuals' privacy and regulate how organizations handle sensitive personal information.

According to the rules, any unauthorized sharing, disclosure, or misuse of sensitive personal data or information can have legal consequences. The punishment for sharing clinical data, private data, or personal details in violation of the Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011, can include:

It's important to note that penalties and consequences may vary depending on the nature and extent of the data breach and any applicable laws or regulations related to data protection and privacy.

To ensure compliance with the Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011, organizations and individuals handling sensitive personal data or clinical information should implement adequate security measures, obtain explicit consent from data subjects for data sharing, and adhere to the principles of data protection and confidentiality.

Dear colleagues,

Do you know how moisture, colour and luminosity (e.g. CIELab) affect the shelf life of cosmetics products like soap, facial cream, shampoo, etc?

Do you know any regulations about it?

I really will appreciate any help you can provide.

The EU regulations are more strictly than the regulatioins in China. For instance some isolation coatings from China can contain Pb. We would like to proof if a coating contains Pb or not before we ask a laboratory to check the exact amount.

In general, the regulatory frameworks governing genetic engineering are evolving to keep up with new developments in the field. For example, some countries are considering new regulations to address the use of gene editing techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9. As genetic engineering continues to advance, it will be important for regulatory agencies to stay up-to-date with the latest developments and ensure that appropriate safety measures are in place to protect the environment and public health.

Is there a need for regulations of private stablecoins such as Tether, USD Coin, Binance USD, or DAI?

The market capitalization of stablecoins issued has been growing rapidly in recent years. There are more than 130 billion USD in stablecoins in circulation worldwide. The potential uses of stablecoins go beyond cryptocurrency trading to include also global payment systems. Do we need regulations of the stablecoin market to address user protection and financial market stability, or is the market rather better off regulating itself? Can government regulation stop the rapid growth of the stablecoin market, or will it rather inevitably lead to a new ‘offshore financial system’ beyond the control of policymakers? What are the pros and cons of a recent plan by the US Federal Reserve to regulate stablecoins?

Dear friends,

I really want to know the rules and regulations following for posting scientist B (reserved for ETB/SC) in Kerala. Kindly help me

Based on notification No.MBGIPS/03/2022-A1 dated 27.04.2023, I applied for the post of Junior Scientist, Scientist-B, SB/04/2022 in Biodiversity / Ecology. In the notification, the reservation for any scientist posts was not mentioned. In the application, I did mention My caste as well as religion (application No 69). After the screening, I was selected for the interview and attended the interview on 21st February 2023.

As per the rank list published for the scientist B post on 07.06.2023, the post in Biodiversity / Ecology is reserved for ETB. I am a candidate in the Thiyya category who attended the interview but was not included in the list. During the enquiry, staff of Malabar botanical garden pointed out that I was not there in the first 4 ranks and the first 4 candidates also did not belong to ETB category and thus they have not even published the list. Moreover, it was noticed that the other branches of KSCSTE, like CWRDM published a separate list for the EBT and SC categories, but Malabar botanical garden failed to do it. So kindly mention the rules and regulations have to opt the candidates for the post of Scientist B

I want to know the current permissible levels of Cu, Fe, and Zn allowed in the food fish as recommended by WHO and National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency in Nigeria (NESREA)

More and more frequently, call centre employees calling us with various product and service offers turn out to be a specific form of usually already relatively simple, no longer latest-generation artificial intelligence technology on the basis of which bots are created to replace humans in the call centre departments of companies, enterprises and institutions. Increasingly, simulations, forecasts of future consumption of specific fixed utilities, electricity, water, gas, etc., and invoices for periods of future consumption of energy and other utilities are being produced by artificial intelligence as part of the predictive analyses carried out. Increasingly, tools of a certain generation of artificial intelligence are being used to create memes posted on social media websites. The development of artificial intelligence generates opportunities for its application in various spheres of activity of companies, enterprises and institutions; in various industries and services; improving the efficiency of business activities by increasing the scale of automation of processes; increasing the scale of business efficiency, increasing the capacity to process large sets of data and information; increasing the scale of implementation of new business models based on large-scale automation of manufacturing processes, etc. However, developing artificial intelligence in an uncontrolled manner generates serious risks, such as an increase in the scale of disinformation, the appearance of fake news, including banners, memes containing pictures, graphics, animations, films prepared by artificial intelligence, presenting 'fictitious facts', i.e. in a seemingly very realistic way, depicting events that never happened. There are risks of a potential increase in the scale of influence on public opinion, of the formation of a general social awareness by organisations operating without respect for the law. On the one hand, it is necessary to create digital computerised and standardised tools, diagnostic information systems, to build a standardised system of labels informing users, customers, citizens using certain solutions, products and services that they are the products of artificial intelligence and not of humans. On the other hand, regulations should be introduced obliging people to inform them that a particular service or product is the result of work done not by humans, but by artificial intelligence.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on an honest approach to the discussion of scientific issues and not the ready-made answers generated in ChatGPT, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.

The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.

I have not used other sources or automatic text generation systems such as ChatGPT in writing this text.

Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Feel free to read the article or supplement with your own views. I value your opinions!

Article The Opportunities and Challenges of Biosimilar Orphans

STP plants currently are releasing treated water with 0-2 PPM level of Dissolved Oxygen (DO), this is having negative impacts on the environment thus negating the basic core environmental objectives of the Sewerage Treatment.

A DO concentration of 0 PPM indicates that the water is completely devoid of oxygen, which can be extremely harmful to aquatic life. A DO concentration of 2 PPM is considered the minimum DO level for supporting aquatic life, and even at this concentration, some sensitive species may be negatively affected.

Low Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentrations in treated water can have a significant impact on both agriculture and river waters.

In agriculture, low DO concentrations in irrigation water can affect crop growth and yield. Plant roots require oxygen to function properly, and low DO levels in irrigation water can reduce the oxygen supply to the roots, leading to reduced crop growth and yield. Additionally, low DO levels in irrigation water can promote the growth of anaerobic bacteria, which can negatively impact soil health and lead to nutrient loss.

In river waters, low DO concentrations can lead to a range of negative impacts on aquatic life. Aquatic animals, such as fish and insects, require oxygen to breathe, and low DO levels can lead to reduced growth, reproduction, and survival rates. Additionally, low DO levels can cause the release of toxic compounds, such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, which can further harm aquatic life.

When low DO water is discharged into a receiving water body, it can lead to a process called "hypoxia," where oxygen levels become so low that aquatic life is unable to survive. This can result in fish kills, the loss of other aquatic animals, and the disruption of the entire ecosystem.

Furthermore, low DO concentrations in treated water contributes to the growth of algae and other microorganisms, leading to the formation of harmful algal blooms, which can be toxic to both humans and animals.

Therefore, it is essential to maintain DO levels in treated water to ensure that it is safe for discharge into the environment and does not negatively impact agriculture or river waters.

Therefore, it is important for STP plants to maintain DO levels in their treated water that are in compliance with local regulations and are sufficient to support aquatic life. In some cases, additional aeration or oxygenation systems may be necessary to increase the DO levels in treated water before discharge to ensure that it does not harm the environment.

Regulatory agencies should set minimum DO levels for treated water before it can be discharged into receiving waters, and make it mandatory for the STP plants to comply with these regulations to protect the environment and public health.

Considering the gravity of this issue it is recommended that the measurement and monitoring of DO levels of minimum 4 PPM in the treated water needs to be included in the stipulated KPIs for treated water discharged from all the STPs. Kindly advise.

One technology company in late 2022 launched in open access the possibility to use ChatGPT technology which is a kind of next-generation artificial intelligence enabling automated text generation based on a database of publications, texts, information, data, etc. taken from multiple websites in 2021. Arguably, other leading technology companies that operate primarily on and through the Internet are creating, developing similar technological solutions based on a specific generation of artificial intelligence and preparing for their implementation in specific applications. New applications for such Internet-accessible technological solutions based on a specific generation and successively improved artificial intelligence are emerging and will also continue to emerge in the years to come. The very availability of such technological solutions in open access on the Internet is a revolution of sorts, in fact it is the beginning of a new revolution in terms of the online information services offered to citizens and improved through the implementation of artificial intelligence. Accordingly, heated discussions are currently developing on the issue of compliant ethics and good practice in the use of ChatGPT-type technology in the context of the use of this technology in schools, colleges and universities. It is imperative that clearly defined ethics and good practices for the use of this technology in institutions of the education system, including schools, colleges and universities, be added to the rules and regulations of schools, colleges and universities.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Currently, many agricultural landowners have expressed their dissatisfaction with the new regulations.

On the one hand, the obligation to use fertilizer products agreed by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). On the other hand, they claim that the consumer pays 50% more than what they earn in profits.

To this issue, we must add the drought suffered in the main areas that are dedicated to agriculture together with the low temperatures to which many of these farmers are not prepared.

This has caused a loss of product and, as a consequence, a loss of capital in the sector.

Many are considering selling their land to large companies.

How could the loss of agriculture affect Andalusia?

There are families that continue living from the farming tradition, a tradition that has passed from parents to children. Do you think that the loss of this inheritance could change the Andalusian family system?

How many subcategories must be created under a major category as a minimum? e.g:

1. LEVEL OF CONTROL

1.1 Flexibility with regard to HR regulations

Is it acceptable to have just one subsection under the main category?

What are the laws, regulations, zoning guidelines, etc., for preventing negative impacts of noise coming from infrastructure, especially renewable energy? Some countries have more lax environmental regulations for renewable energy, others are missing any reference to this issue because these technologies are relatively new or perceived as relatively harmless (in comparison to non-renewable energy).

I have written a review on Wind Turbine Noise effects on wildlife and the planning regulations and guidelines (and lack thereof) in Germany, California, and Israel, and looking for additional cases and countries, including photovoltaic energy impacts.

Attaching the article if it helps some of you who are interested in the field (open access). The title is: "Noise pollution from wind turbines and its effects on wildlife: A cross-national analysis of current policies and planning regulations".

We are interested to conduct research using the VR-Biopac system in human subjects in a medical school lab (non-hospital location). We intend to measure various parameters (RSP –measure abdominal or thoracic expansion and contraction while breathing, ECG –record electrical activity generated by the heart ECG, Photo Plethysmogram (PPG), Electrodermal Activity). Also, we can assess exercise testing (CPET/VO2peak), anaerobic-aerobic thresholds, resting metabolism, and substrate utilization using the COSMED device.

We need to know the standards, regulations, and legal frame to develop such a clinical project in a non-clinical location (university) in order to obtain the approval of the research ethical commission.

In India, MTP is governed by the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 and Amendment Act, 2002, Amendment Act, 2021, alongwith Rules and Regulations framed under such Act. Cases of pregnancy reported to doctors of minor age group which are in conflict with the Protection of Chils against Sexual Offences Act, 2012, in which mandatorily reporting the offence to the police, under Section 19(1) of the POCSO Act, 2012, leading to violation of right to Privacy and Confidentiality protected under Article 21 of Indian Constituion.

Is there a data sheet somewhere listing building requirements for staircases across various European countries?

I am based in the Netherlands, and trying to design a staircase.

The 'bouwbesluit' (building regultaions) of the Netherlands is very different from its neighbouring countries of Germany and Belgium.

The building regulations cover things such as minimum width of staircase, maximum angle, maximum height of one step, and minumum horizontal distance of one step, etc.

I am curious how I can design a staircase that would be practical to build in multiple different countries.

Is there any collected data on this that includes multiple countries?

I would be very interested if other people have encountered a similar problem?

I have the following variables:

1) External pressure from

a. Customers

b. Regulations

c. Competitors

d. Partners

e. No pressure

2) External pressure from

a. Employees

b. Investors

c. CEO

d. CSR

e. No pressure

3) Do you have specific goals for the following:

a. Resource consumption

b. Energy consumption

c. Water consumption

d. Alternate energy

e. No

I want to show the association between these three variables and then test the regression of question1, and 2 on question 3. The data for each option of the above questions is coded as 1= yes, 0 = no). Would you please mind how we can regress question 1 and question 2 on question 3?

What is the approach in your laboratories regarding matching the sex of the experimenter to the sex of the participant? The main controversy is because some methods require placement of the electrodes on quite intimate parts of the body, e.g., in impedance cardiography where the participants need to take off their shirts. This might be thrown upon by some participants. What are your experiences, lab practices, regulations, etc.

For a study that I intend to make a country-based comparison of the legal regulations on the protection of agricultural lands, I examined three examples from Turkey, Germany, and United Kingdom, but I would like to extend these examples.

Anti-plagiarism regulations are beneficial to writers in regards to intellectual property, but can it also be harmful to science in the long-term?

In the past, academic writers could read a paper and cite it appropriately at the end of a sentence (or within). That one-sentence brief summary of an entire research concept has a specific, and limited combination of words that can be used to accurately describe the research being cited. Before the internet had a monumental involvement in the writing and review process, whether or not a researcher used similar or identical language (whether by coincidence or intention) in this sentence was largely unknown.

We now have software that scores plagiarism based on word count similarities between sentences like these, and academics that pass a certain threshold of similarities are forced to change their combination of words used to cite the research in that particular sentence. Does this not create an environment where academic writing becomes like a game of "telephone" where one original idea is modified through so many iterations that it becomes completely different than the actual meaning of the initial concept?

The English language is limited by its vocabulary, even though it evolves from time to time, and international ESL academics are even further limited by their vocabulary capacities.

How many iterations and combinations of one sentence can be use to accurately describe a specific research article before all viable combinations have been expended? Are we promoting a system that forces academics to change their writing in ways that may misrepresent research just for something as petty as a word count match threshold? Is there even a global consensus on what this threshold should be?

As we know that there is no regulations on private universities as well as institutions so they are just providing 1000s of admissions in the Computer Science branch in India.

Why the students are blindly opting CSE branch?

"Can we say that all other engineering branches are useless or outdated now".

and CSE is the only hope for engineering universities and colleges.

Kindly share your fair opinions.

I would like to know what experts think about the current regulations of educational work and the influence that these laws have on the health of the education professional.

What are the regulations for online computerized psychological assessments?

Online (free) assessments are nothing but an algorithm that makes the scoring and interpretation easier and accessible. It helps people take a decision whether they should go to a doctor for consultation, plan their therapy etc. However is that kind of online assessment allowed as per regulations?

INTRODUCTION

This assignment covers an interesting topic and most significant sector of the world which is our international relation, which is the main drive and what keeps many countries stable, especially the economic sector of many. The assignment will focus on the discussion of covid-19 impact on the International Relation as a whole. It will mainly touch on the main tools that drive and build international relation mostly on how they were impacted by this global pandemic which is covid-19. To be most specific the assignment will cover the global economy topic, trade, investment/business investment, foreign policy, closure of business, diplomacy etc. All of those stated above are a drive to international relation and the are some not mentioned but will be touched on and the focus will be on how they were impacted by this global pandemic. I will clarify in a small paragraph of what international relation before placing the focus on how it was impacted.

International relation is a world known and most practiced. It is a relationship between countries all over the world interacting to one another, in international relation countries help each other economically and other aspect as these countries are interconnected. According to the writer International is oneness and strongly reliant on one another. (Islam, s, 2022) state that International relation is a study that is concerned between nations and their relations towards one another.

Impact of covid-19 on International Relation

Global Economy

Global economy is a economy that is made up of different economic sector or activities practiced in the arena of global. According to (Statistic, 2020) it states that global economy is the sum of actives that take place both within and between different countries. Covid 19 has hugely affected the global economy causing a world economic disruption, as the was a massive decline (Gaba et al., 2022).. Covid-19 eased the pace of the global economy, as every activity that contributed to the global economy was stifle, slowed. Global economy was brought to its knees.

Covid-19 brought many restrictions and changes that slowly impacted the global economy until it is in this state of disaster. The restrictions imposed more especially by the World Health Organisation (WHO) were very harsh towards the economy side, referring to many companies, businesses closed due to covid -19 to protect people. Global economy is one of the most important and respected sector on the international relation but covid turned that into putting people first than the economy. Almost all activity occurring around the world contribute to global economy and all were affected by the harsh restrictions and led to many activities closing forever which meant no profit, no income and remember that what happens in a country also impact to what is going to happen in the global economy. The restrictions of covid-19 have serve affected or impacted the global economy as it has put everything to a stop or stand still. The coming information will deal more with all the activies that contribute to global economy which makes up International Relation and how covid-19 pandemic has impacted them. Many countries shifted from m.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

International Trade plays an important role in International Relations (IR), as it is the drive or makes up IR. International trade is also another form of states interacting and sharing things to one another, as they exchange goods. The presence of Covid-19 has deeply affected trade relations amongst states that trade. States no longer trade as much as they use to trade before covid com. The virus has braked the relations of states interaction. Due to covid-19 pandemic the has been so many draconian regulations and restrictions. The has been a slow pace in trade and many countries lost revenue as importing countries have set limits of goods to countries that they are exporting from due to trade restrictions. The were so many trade bans during covid-19 and this caused handling cost for exporting countries. Trade restriction was also an impact on importing countries, reason being the are some states that lack all form of resources, which they only surviving on importing goods from other countries. This reduced the connectivity and interaction of countries breaking the relations that they have amongst each other. The trade restrictions such as trade bans and so on meant that the will be no strong trade relations or exchange of goods which International relations is about.

Majority people lost jobs due to covid-19 pandemic and lost their earnings, this led to a drop in aggregate demand of goods. The cause of covid led to people not to afford buying things in retail outlets and supermarkets and most feared that they will easily get infected if they physically go to retails. This affected most exporting countries because of less demands, for example China exports dropped during covid(Kline, Dale and Rose 2021) . This braked the supply chain among the countries trading to each other. Covid-19 impacted international relations as countries were slowly trading together and some stopped from trading for a bit, and the relations among countries was slowly fading away.

Organisation that dealt with covid built international relation barries which intrigued fear among states which is the reason the was a decline in countries importing goods from other countries, Reason being they feared the spread of the virus which trade was seen as hotspot this was the reason for trade bans and restriction. Countries could not work together as before, so the was less of exporting and importing of goods taking place around the world at that time, because covid caused all of this disrupting the relations among countries. Covid put a stop to countries working together and sharing of things such as trading.

Covid-19 pandemic hugely disrupted the international supply chain system, as the virus got hold of the system and prevailing the speed that I used to operate.

Investment is also the other sector that makes up international relations. As stated in the introduction that International relation is the all about interaction and interconnect Ness of countries or states which investment is also about connecting countries and bringing interaction among countries in the global sphere. Investment has been affected by the outbreak of covid-19 pandemic.

During covid-19 especially when it was declared as the national disaster, many business closed due to lockdown and harsh regulations, which led to a complete shutdown to many companies and businesses. The closing of companies and business led to a lost of revenue made by them. This led to foreign investors to disinvest in most countries that were deeply affected. Most investors saw that many companies and businesses that they invested in from foreign countries were not making money as usual, this draw them away from the countries that they invested in. This was all because of covid-19 pandemic that caused this havoc amongst countries that invested to one another. Many investors stopped investing in the countries that they invested as they were not making money at all and this cut ties between countries and intensifying the relationship of countries.

Everything was a failure and countries weren’t making money because covid pulled everything down leading to many businesses and companies to decline and chasing foreign investors away. Due to covid-19 countries stopped from investing on ach other as no country was making money at that time. This meant the was not going to be an exchange of foreign investment among countries which is not a representation if international relation because (ir) is all about in interaction of countries.

International relations is also made up of Multinational cooperation’s (MNCs), as MNCs keep most states relations togethers and makes states or countries clinged to one another (Islam, 2022). Most countries have relations because of MNCs, such as VW, COCA COLA and so many which keep these countries together and create employment. When covid-19 hit the world the MNCs was impacted due to lockdowns many MNCs were closed. Most MNCs are the to help each other together with the host country that they are in, which creates a strong interaction between the host country and the MNCs which they are supposed to have, so that they can benefit from each other. MNCs and host countries do benefit from each other as they work hand in hand with each other to keep everything working efficiently. Some MNCs during covid-19 withdraw their cooperates from host countries as their cooperates were not making money due to covid-19 pandemic. Host countries suffered because the was lost of employment and the economy decline, this illustrates the relations of MNCs as they bring employment and improve the economy in host countries while host countries make profit or revenue to MNCs as everyone helps each other. The withdrawal of cooperates by MNCs from host countries, crushed the relations and the interconnect Ness of countries and cooperation’s. This unveils the impact that covid-19 pandemic caused in the international relation.

MNCs were not making money from host countries but losing and same as the host countries were not making any of the money or benefiting from the MNCs as they chose to cut ties by withdrawing from host countries because of covid impact and disruption. This meant that host countries will not receive Foreign direct investment. This created diversity among the international relation and broke the interconnect ness of states and cooperation’s.

Foreign policy plays a major role in keeping international relations especially in states keeping and maintaining peace in the international arena ( Foreign policy,2020 ). Foreign policy is what keeps state or countries interact, exchange things, and share things as countries which strengthen the international relations. Foreign policy is the tool that keeps countries and states to have a real international relation as it makes things easy for countries to interact and work together. It is a peace of policy that holds states together. The main tool that keeps international relation to take place was also impacted by the virus called covid-19 pandemic.

Most countries or states started implementing foreign policies that suited the conditions of covid-19 but affecting the international relations at the same and created a huge gap for diversity among states. To make examples most countries implemented foreign policy that pushed the agenda of restricting trade especially importing if goods and setting a limit of goods being imported. Most countries imposed trade bans upon other countries this is because forced many to take up these measures. All of the mention above was to prevent the spread of covid-19 but at the same time the policies were slowly cutting ties with other countries which reduces the interaction and working together. Many of foreign policies were very harsh and dismantling the connective ness of states and countries.

Most foreign policies implemented during covid-19 pushed the agenda of self-interest as many countries foreign policies were about how can a country make revenue not how can we make money as an international community. Most foreign policies kept countries apart from each other such as the restrictions of borders (Lin, 2022). The banning of travel is also another policy that isolated countries from each other.

Diplomacy is another tool that plays a huge role in keeping international relations and maintaining peace among the international arena. During covid-19 the were no face to face or physical meetings for diplomats to meet up and solve issues that are related to their countries and bring peace. This made it difficult for diplomats to exchange the thought, solutions and ideas. This threaten international relations among diplomats as it was not easy to keep countries relations pure due to no meetings being held. Such as the political tensions within alliances, were competing for the supply of medical equipment ( Giovanna,2020). This issue was not easily resolved as they were no physical meetings which made things easy.

International relation is the most active and important thing practiced in this century, but the presence of covid-19 easily faded the practice of it. Overall covid-19 impacted international relation as it put a stop and disrupted all the things that keep (IR) together such as the change in foreign policy due to covid and the trade restrictions. Which prevented countries from connecting and work together. The restrictions imposed in all the countries allowed the agenda of separating and impacting international relations. which this is also another reason for investors to pull out their investment in other countries because covid made things to be uncertain. Covid-19 made it hard for countries to maintain international relations together.

1)Foreign Policy. 2022. Foreign Policy. [online] Available at: <https://foreignpolicy.com/> [Accessed 26 March 2022].

2) Kline, K., Dale, V. and Rose, E., 2021. Resilience Lessons From the Southeast United States Woody Pellet Supply Chain Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic†. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4.

3) Gaba, U., Gaba, U., Jose, S., Collective, C., Islam, S., Khan, M., Suhrawardy, N., Corjescu, D., Dogra, B., Mazzarino, A., Forum, N., Gokhale, A., Philip, A., Avery, J., Hunziker, R., Kofas, J., Corseri, G., Sasi, K., Davies, N., Collective, C., Baroud, D., Kochegurov, D., Lotta, R., Petersen, K., Barman, S., Norton, M., Dogra, B., Rasingam, K., Thakor, H., Pandey, S., Forum, N., Alam, M., Puniyani, D., Kampmark, D., Sarma, E., Polya, D., Hunziker, R., Prashad, V., Jose, S., Collective, C. and Darapuri, S., 2022. Impact Of The Coronavirus Pandemic On The Global Economy| Countercurrents. [online] Countercurrents. Available at: <https://countercurrents.org/2021/02/impact-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic-on-the-global-economy/> [Accessed 20 March 2022].

4)Islam, S., 2022. The Importance of International Relations.pdf. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: 5)<https://www.academia.edu/30648166/The_Importance_of_International_Relations_pdf#:~:text=As%20our%20world%20becomes%20smaller%20and%20smaller%20through,and%20cooperative%20relationships%20between%20nations%20is%20increasingly%20important.> [Accessed 21 March 2022].

6) 2022. [online] Available at: <https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/06/08/the-global-economic-outlook-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-a-changed-world> [Accessed 28 March 2022].

7) Lin, R., Londono, J. and Ma, S., 2022. Global Real Economic Uncertainty and COVID-19. [online] Federalreserve.gov. Available at: <https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/global-real-economic-uncertainty-and-covid-19-20220218.htm> [Accessed 30 March 2022].

What are to best websites (or other media) for keeping up-to-date with regulatory developments and standards? It would be useful to develop a list here, as a resource of the RG community.

I want to measure the impact of changing in laws and regulations on the market capitalization (value) of stock exchange and want to use dummy variables, what is the best model to do that. I mean do I have to measure the interaction and cumulative effect or the single effect of each change?

Thank you

Hello!

I would like to know are there any regulations or standards for eHMI? As there are many studies considering interaction between AVs and other road users, especially VRUs, I'm curious if there is a unified standard about the way of interaction.

Thanks for your useful insights in advance！

I work with cycloheximide in media and cannot find anything on how to properly dispose of it other than "consult local regulations"

Where can I get modern LVRT/HVRT Grid codes ?

I am researching on the above topic and would like to know what I should look out for. Topic- Is inconsistency in government policies and poor regulations affecting the aquaculture development in Nigeria?. 

The aim of this question is to access/know data on initiatives for governmental regulations of Circular Economy worldwide. I am also interested in local initiatives for CE regulation, whether they exist. Assuming CE as feasible even with no stressing debate on its social aspects and on how do people will be "framed" in this context, I am looking for real governmental contributions towards CE as a public policy, project, action, way of economic transition.

Thank you.

I am currently looking for any FDI or foreign ownership regulations and policies in China as a result of joining WTO. Did they change much long after 2003 (when China joined WTO)? Have those regulations been relaxed in recent years? Or, where can I find related information?

Thank you!

A custom stimulator device is being made for our project which we will use to deliver transcranial electrical stimulation on human brains. The company is well-known and has years of experience with medical deivces, but this particular device is quite new and therefore has no standards or certificates yet.

So my question is which laws or regulations in general are there for using such an untested device on humans for research? Would it be enough for us to have ethics committee approval and subjects' written consent?

Hi,

I have data pertaining to Life Insurance Profitability and wanted to measure the same before 2010 and after 2010. Main objective was to prove that regulations passed on after 2010 had impacted profitability.

I am trying to write an article in Mongolian on WTO regulations since there is not much information in Mongolian about WTO regulations and how it works. Of course, people already know what WTO is and when Mongolia became a member of it and etc. However, I would like to give Mongolian readers of deep knowledge of WTO regulations and their differences and how and when they apply.

Unethical practices in business constitute a negative aspect of business processes and often generate additional costs for contractors and consumers. On the other hand, the scale of the gray market in the national economy is often correlated with the level of fiscal burdens and the quality of legal regulations regarding the commencement of business activities.

The high share of shadow economy in various branches of the national economy is also lower income from taxes and fees to the central state budget and to local budgets of local government units.

High fiscal burdens and imprecisely formulated legal regulations regarding running a business activity apart from generating a high level of gray economy in the economy may also be a source of unethical practices used in business between contractors or between producers and suppliers of products and services and consumers.

The large scale of the shadow economy in the national economy and the applied unethical practices in business is one of the key factors in the imperfections of the country's economic system.

According to the above, the current question is: Does the scale of occurrence of unethical practices in business correlate with the size of the shadow economy in national economies?

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.

Hello, I am wondering whether there is any legal regulation about the duration of the non-compete agreement between influencers and advertisers or not. It is well-known that It is not uncommon for an influencer to work with other companies. Some companies may offer the same or similar products or services. It is crucial for the parties to discuss the exclusivity. If the company requires the influencer to be exclusive, they may require a non-compete agreement. Definitely, this noncompetition should continue during the main agreement. Nonetheless, is there any legal regulation which can indicate that the duration of the noncompetition might be extended after the expiration of the main agreement?

Thanks in advance.

Looking for diverse views on this, particularly in the context of the 2008 financial crisis. Thank you for your responses in advance.

How are governments and private sectors enhancing the transition to the implementation of IoT, are policies/regulations imposed by governments steering towards a positive growth and how does the pandemic affect this development especially in Costa Rica as a case.

hello all, I am trying to run a multiple generators in simulink, but I have some issues with it.

What are the differences and similarities between rules and regulations? Also, I need good references (articles/textbook) that illustrate the differences and similarities.

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Frequency determines the number of complete displacements of a body from the initial point of rest within the unit of time 1 sec The amplitude of oscillation is the metric magnitude of a periodic motion of a body that oscillates around its initial equilibrium position. The amplitude of the oscillation and the frequency determine the magnitude of the acceleration. The acceleration of a body falling to the ground is 9.81m / sec = 1g To measure the acceleration of the ground reaching below the base of the structure we use (g) eg constructions can withstand 0.50 g for a short time The magnitude of the earthquake is measured by the acceleration that will eventually reach below the base and not by the magnitude of the Richter scale itself. The acceleration that reaches below the base depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, the focal depth, the distance of the structure from the center of the earthquake and the soil conditions between the earthquake and the structure. Duration is called the event time of the earthquake. Acceleration and duration determine the disaster rate. A structure can withstand high acceleration (1/2 g) for a short time or vice versa low acceleration for a long time. The strength of the construction depends on the magnitude of the acceleration, the duration of the earthquake as well as the seismic damping mechanisms available. Each body has a specific frequency that oscillates and it depends on its height. When the ground frequency coincides to be the same as the construction frequency we have the tuning. During the tuning all the energy of the earthquake is transferred on the construction and if the construction does not have seismic damping mechanisms then the oscillation amplitude gradually increases over time, so the construction receives increasing seismic loads until it is destroyed. In today's seismic design, the inelastic displacement of the structures is considered inevitable and they try to mitigate the damage by using various seismic damping mechanisms. In addition to the above, there are too many unbalanced factors that can cause disaster and in most modern seismic structures. The factors that determine the seismic behavior of structures are numerous, and in part probable. 1) The direction of the earthquake is unknown. 2) the exact content of the seismic excitation frequencies is unknown. 3) duration unknown 4) acceleration unknown Even the maximum possible accelerations given by seismologists, and determine the coefficient of seismic design have a probability of exceeding, greater than 10%. The correlation of quantities such as "inertial stresses - damping forces - elastic forces - dynamic construction characteristics - construction ground interaction - forced ground motion" is non-linear and determines the response of structures to the earthquake. According to modern regulations, the seismic design of buildings is based on the requirements of competent cross-sectional design and plasticity. The inevitable inelastic behavior under strong seismic excitation is directed at selected elements and failure mechanisms. Poor design of the sections around the nodes and the limited plasticity of the elements lead to major failures I mentioned all of the above to understand that when a static study is signed the earthquake can destroy you along with the building its people and its contents. Nothing is certain with an earthquake, and this is because when some of the above factors, such as resonance, long duration and high acceleration, coincide, then the inelastic displacement will not be difficult to pass at a breaking point. Conclusion. Today's seismic design is uninterrupted because it can not control deformation. Seismic damping by different mechanisms may help in the smooth absorption of seismic energy, but there is no guarantee that the structure will stand upright. The quality of constructions and their safety is also a function of the economic situation of the countries, among other factors. Understandably, poor countries cannot be compared to countries with strict modern anti-seismic regulations. Here we see that there is a great need to change the seismic design. We need an anti-seismic design that controls deformations regardless of whether we have coordination, long seismic duration and high acceleration, as well as being accessible in poor countries. I believe that the method I propose (pre-tensioning + anchoring to the ground of all sides of the walls with diaphragm function) will increase the response of the structures and reduce the construction costs, because if the construction is stronger than we need then we remove reinforcing steel and bases and drop the cost.

I am currently working on the development of VHF telemetry system for wildlife. I want to know about whether there are any frequency related or any other regulations for tracking the wildlife in India or I can simply design transmitter and receiver at ISM frequencies.

Globally, late payment to construction contractors remain a lingering commercial issue in the construction industry. The problem is exacerbated by array of factors; with huge negative consequences on contractors and other supply chain in the sector (The National Audit Office (NAO) 2018). Recent statistic reveals that there has been substantial increase from 18% to 27% in the number of late-payment cases in the UK construction industry; with over £30 billion of unpaid invoices to Small and Medium-Sized (SMEs) contractors alone. Moreover, 82% of the total unpaid invoices were monies owed to subcontractors by different tiers of construction clients.

Standard forms of contract and various payment regulations exist to checkmate chronic late payments issues that is deep-rooted in the construction sector. Yet, there is hardly evidence or case law that suggest punitive measures against clients that are involved in unfair payment practices. For example, various payment laws such as the Payment Services Regulations 2017, the Late Payment of Commercial Debts Regulation (2013), The Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act (2015) and the Public Contract Regulation (2015), etc clearly criminalises defaulters of payment laws.

Conversely, victims of unfair payment practices are often reluctant to seek legal redress; though payment regulations clear stipulate punitive measures against unfair payment practices. Perhaps, withholding payment from contractors is not a financial crime; but a mere industry strategy that benefits both perpetrators and victims. Yet, research that seek to explain the relationship between misconduct (criminality) and business strategy underpinning lingering late payments quandary in the construction sector are scarce.

Thus, the research question: Is late payment to construction contractors a financial crime or magnificent commercial strategy?