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Muñoz, Lucio, 2002.   “Maximization, Partial Regulation, and System Dominance: Can They Be Drivers of True Sustainability?”, In: International Journal on Environmental Management and Health, Walter Leal Filho, PhD(Ed), Vol. 15, No. 5, Pp. 545-552, MCB University Press, Germany/Sweden
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Shadrack, good day. If you read the article that aspect you describe is call the maximization driver, which is not consistent with true sustainability as true sustainability is about optimizing, not about maximizing....
Have a nice day!
Lucio
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How can effective regulatory frameworks be established to balance innovation and safety in regulating genetic engineering?
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Regulating genetic engineering in agriculture and human applications presents several key challenges. These challenges stem from the complexity of the technology, its potential impacts on health and the environment, and the ethical considerations it raises. Here’s a breakdown of these challenges and some strategies for establishing effective regulatory frameworks:
1. Rapid Technological Advancement:
Complexity of Technology: Genetic engineering technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, are advancing rapidly, making it difficult for regulatory frameworks to keep pace.
Unintended Consequences: The possibility of off-target effects or unforeseen long-term consequences makes it challenging to assess risks fully.
Lack of Precedents: The novelty of many applications means there is often little historical data to guide regulation.
2. Public Perception and Ethical Concerns:
Public Trust: Public skepticism and ethical concerns, particularly regarding genetic modifications in humans, can influence regulatory decisions and acceptance.
Ethical Dilemmas: Issues such as the potential for creating "designer babies," equity in access to genetic therapies, and the implications of gene editing on future generations pose significant ethical questions.
3. Environmental and Health Risks:
Ecological Impact: In agriculture, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) might affect biodiversity, lead to the development of superweeds, or disrupt ecosystems.
Human Health: Potential risks to human health, including allergenicity, toxicity, and gene transfer, are challenging to predict and regulate.
Cross-Border Implications: The global nature of agriculture and the potential for gene-edited organisms to cross borders complicates regulatory efforts.
4. Economic and Social Impacts:
Market Disruption: Genetic engineering can disrupt existing markets and economic systems, particularly in agriculture, affecting small farmers and global trade.
Access and Inequality: There is a risk that advanced genetic technologies could exacerbate social inequalities if only accessible to certain populations.
Strategies for Establishing Effective Regulatory Frameworks
1. Science-Based Risk Assessment:
Comprehensive Evaluation: Develop robust methods for assessing the risks and benefits of genetic engineering, incorporating long-term studies and environmental monitoring.
Adaptive Regulation: Implement flexible regulatory frameworks that can evolve with technological advancements, allowing for periodic review and adjustment.
2. International Collaboration and Harmonization:
Global Standards:** Collaborate internationally to create harmonized regulatory standards, especially for cross-border trade and environmental protection.
Information Sharing: Establish global databases for sharing research, risks, and best practices to ensure consistent and informed regulation.
3. Public Engagement and Transparency:
Informed Public Dialogue: Engage the public in discussions about genetic engineering, providing clear, transparent information about risks, benefits, and ethical considerations.
Ethical Oversight: Create independent ethics committees to evaluate the societal implications of genetic engineering projects and provide guidance.
4. Regulatory Independence and Expertise:
Independent Regulatory Bodies: Ensure that regulatory bodies are independent of political and commercial pressures, staffed by experts in genetics, ethics, and environmental science.
Interdisciplinary Approach: Incorporate expertise from multiple fields, including biology, law, ethics, and social sciences, to address the multifaceted challenges of genetic engineering.
5. Precautionary Principle and Responsible Innovation:
Precautionary Regulation: Apply the precautionary principle where there is scientific uncertainty, erring on the side of caution in approving new genetic technologies.
Responsible Research and Development: Encourage developers of genetic technologies to adhere to principles of responsible innovation, including risk minimization and public benefit maximization.
6. Monitoring and Enforcement:
Ongoing Monitoring: Establish systems for the continuous monitoring of genetic technologies post-approval to detect and mitigate any unforeseen risks.
Strict Enforcement: Ensure that regulations are enforceable with clear penalties for non-compliance to maintain public trust and safety.
Conclusion
Establishing effective regulatory frameworks for genetic engineering requires balancing innovation with safety, considering both the potential benefits and risks. This balance can be achieved through science-based, adaptive regulations, international cooperation, public engagement, ethical oversight, and rigorous monitoring. Such frameworks should be designed to protect public health and the environment while enabling the responsible advancement of genetic technologies.
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Dear all,
I'm learning and taking the same genotyping PCR experiments and want to get / share some advice or experience on obtaining the right bands for the data.
I ran 3 samples of Stra8-iCre and 2 out 3 samples were not wild type, which was different genotype compared to the actual data from our laboratory and all of them were supposed to be wild type.
There was no contamination nor mistakes on performance of the protocol and I also regulated annealing temperature into 58 or 60 degrees Celcius for this whole times.
I wonder how can I get the right bands for Stra8-iCre and what was I missing except for the accuracy of the protocol and regulation of the temperature.
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Hi Dayun Lee
choose an annealing emperature that does amplify and run a pcr set with 0. 1%, 2% up to 8%dmso and at some dmso concentration the pcr will probably be a clean band. If your gene has pseudogenes or is one of a family of similar genes then touchdown pcr or new primers might be needed.. You can perform primer gradient PCR to optimize the concentration of primers. Also, You can use pico molar concentration of primers. or use different gradient pcr such as with annealing and denaturation etc.
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How can the economic value of digestate management, utilization, and regulation, can spark interesting discussions and explorations? so one can list down the details and we can discuss in length as well.
One of my on going research is on the same topic and looking forward for the comments from the experts in the domain.
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Gábor Z. Szelényi Thankyou for your expert comments and yes i do agree with the points you have mentioned and I am personally diving deep into to understand more about the question
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Dear all,
I'm looking for an alternative for a CO2 incubator with O2 regulation as these are quite expensive and I actually just need 5% O2, 5% CO2, 37°C over 3 days every 2 weeks (should fit for 6 or 12 well plates)
I came across the hypoxia incubator chamber from Stemcell which sounds quite interesting. Does anyone has experience with this chamber or has any other ideas how to avoid buying an incubator ?
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Hello Everyone, I have a similar question. I am looking to perform some experiments with cell and bacterial co-cultures. We have a hypoxia glovebox that I would like to utilize for these experiments and I am wondering if anyone has experience in converting a hypoxia glove-box to a cell culture environment such as adding a CO2 tank and a temepature regulator. Thank you, Minna.
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Abstract
The study aimed to explain the jurisprudential controls regulating “judicial rulings and
what is related to them” in Islamic jurisprudence from the book Insight on Rulers in the
Principles of Judiciary and Methods of Rulings by Imam Ibn Farhun al-Maliki and to know
some of their applications, as The researcher: Collect and extract Collecting the
jurisprudential rules related to the subject of the study, extracting them, explaining them,
studying them, analyzing them, clarifying the related rulings supported by legal evidence
from the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet, and explaining some applications of
each rule with explanation and detail.
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The Jurisprudential Controls Regulating Judicial Rulings And What Is Related To Them From The Book “The Rulers’ Insight Into The Principles Of The Judiciary And Methods Of Judgments”
Introduction
All Praise is due to Allaah, we praise Him, and seek His help and forgiveness. We seek refuge in Allaah, Most High, from the evils of our own selves and from our wicked deeds. Whomever Allaah guides cannot1 be misguided, and whomever He leads astray cannot be guided. I testify that Allah the One, the Prevailing, the Exalted in Might, the Compeller, sent Muhammad - May the blessings of Allah be upon him- witness and a bringer of good tidings and a warner.
Allah Almighty said "And We revealed to you the message that you may make clear to the people what was sent down to them and that they might give thought." Surah An-Nahl.
The Islamic sharia encompassed all aspects of life, devoted great attention to the infallible rights of people, enacting provisions guaranteeing the administration of justice, restitution of grievances and establishing judicial rules in order to achieve security, stability and the separation of conflicts between members of society without favoritism or discrimination.
📷The works of jurists are full of these rulings and they have established rules and controls that cover all aspects of these issues, To ensure that the right is safeguarded and that
grievances are restituted and safeguarded from any theft or fraud, Such controls were of great interest to the study and attention on which many great jurisprudence such as judicial decisions were based; It has the path of stability among societies.
Among the jurists who paid attention to these regulations, and whose books are full of them, is Imam Ibn Farhun - may Allah have mercy on him - in his book (Insight of Rulers in the Fundamentals of Judiciary and Approaches to Rulings), which contained a wealth of knowledge that was unparalleled, as it included many jurisprudential controls on which the Imam built the principles. His doctrine, and this study focused on one aspect of it which is: Jurisprudential controls regulating judicial rulings and what is related to them, because this knowledge has a great importance for the entire nation.
Study Problem and its questions:
The problem of this study is the lack of visibility of many of the jurisprudential controls scattered in the foundations of the most important jurisprudential books, and the great importance of these controls in revealing the rulings on issues, especially those that were not concerned with classification according to some jurists, and highlighting their practical aspects. This study attempts to answer the following questions:
What are the jurisprudential controls regulating the rulings of the judiciary and what is related to them from the book “Insight of Rulers in the Fundamentals of Judiciaries and Methods of Rulings” by Imam Ibn Farhun Al-Maliki - may Allah have mercy on him-? The following questions branch out from this question:
1-Who is Imam Ibn Farhun, and what is the importance of the Book Insight of Rulers in the Fundamentals of Judiciary and Approaches to Rulings?
2- What jurisprudence regulates judicial rulings and related of the book " Insight of Rulers in the Fundamentals of Judiciary and Approaches to Rulings?
3- What are the jurisprudential applications related tojudicial rulings?
Objectives of the study: This study aims to:
1-Introduction to Imam Ibn Farhun al-Maliki and the importance of his book, Insight of the
Rulers.
2- A statement of the jurisprudential controls regulating judicial rulings and the related book, The Rulers Insight.
3-What are the jurisprudential applications related to judicial controls.
The importance ofthe study, and the reasons for its choice:
The importance of the study comes from the importance of studying the jurisprudential controls, highlighting the jurisprudential issues on them, and highlighting its most important ancient and contemporary applications for the benefit of the individual and society. Especially those issues that the jurists did not single out under specific sections or books in their works, such as the controls governing the judiciary, so it was important to single them out and explain their most important rulings and the controls that regulate these rulings and what includes under them.
Limits of study:
This study specializes in trying to identify the most important controls regulating judicial rulings and the related book" Insight of Rulers in the Fundamentals of Judiciaries andMethods of Rulings" Accordingly, its limits are limited to the scope of this topic, and the results cannot be applied outside the framework ofthis study.
Study methodology:
The course of work in this study requires the use of an inductive approach based on the extrapolation oftexts on the subject matter of the study in order to reach the legal controls governing the judiciary's jurisprudence in Islamic jurisprudence, and then the use of a descriptive approach to describe and explain the concept of these controls as well as the relevant controls, and mention some oftheir jurisprudence applications.
Previous studies and their relationship to the current study:
First: The study of Ibrahim Muhammad Abu Al-Qasim, which is a master’s thesis entitled: (Legitimate Policy : Comparative Study and Achievement of Part XI of the book Insight of Rulers in the Fundamentals of Judiciaries and Methods of Rulings By Judge Ibrahim bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Farhun al-Maliki) 2007 AD, Omdurman University, Sudan.
This study focused on the subject of the judiciary with the legitimate policy in matters of crimes, as compared to the Sudanese Criminal law. The plan of the study included an introduction and two chapters. The researcher divided the first chapter into two sections: In the first, he explained the popularity of the book Insight of Rulers and its importance and explained in the second: the approach to writing according to Imam Ibn Farhun, As for the second chapter: he devoted it to the judiciary and the Sharia policy in criminal matters compared to contemporary cases, as it included four sections. In the first, he defined: the Sharia policy and criminal principles, and in the second he mentioned: the rulings related to crimes of murder and harm, and in the third section: he explained the rulings related to money crimes. The fourth section included: crimes of drinking, public display, crimes against the family, and miscellaneous crimes.
What distinguished my current study from this study is that it specialized in independent aspects of the judiciary, explaining the most important controls that regulated these aspects and their various jurisprudential applications.
Second: Study: Fifth, Qanani, Master's thesis entitled: "Imam Ibn Farhoun and his vision in the judiciary in Shariah politics", 2010, Hajj Lakhdar University (Battneh), Algeria.
In the first chapter, she introduced Imam Ibn Farhun, his book, and his vision for the judiciary. Then, in the second chapter, she defined Sharia politics and the scope of the judiciary within it. She discussed the ethics of the judiciary and Sharia politics. As for the third chapter: I devoted it to talking about the types of judiciary based on the legal policy according to Ibn Farhun, which are represented by the judiciary by guarantee, the judiciary by imprisonment, the judiciary by eliminating harm, and the judiciary by blocking pretexts.
The current study differs from this study: my study dealt with the most important controls in the field of judiciary, which is a main heading under which many issues fall in various types of litigation and dealings between people.
Study Plan:
This study included an introduction, four sections, each section containing several demands, and a conclusion, as follows:
Preface: a definition of Amam Ibn Farhun and the importance of his book" Insight of
Rulers in the Fundamentals of Judiciary and Approaches to Rulings"
Brief definition of Imam Ibn Farhun -May Allah have mercy on him-
His name and lineage: Ibn Farhun is Judge Burhan al-Din: Ibrahim bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Muhammad Abi al-Qasim bin Muhammad bin Farhun bin Muhammad bin Farhun Abu al-Wafa, son of the Imam al-Muhaddith: Nour al-Din Abi al-Hasan al-Yamari, al-Madani al-Maliki, and he is from Hijaz, born in Medina He was born in Medina after seven hundred years and grew up there. He assumed the Maliki judgeship in Medina in the year 793 AH-
1397 until he died on Eid al-Adha, in Dhi al-Hajjah in 799 AH. He was buried in Baqayq and He died in the eighth century AH in relation to the ages of his elders.) Al-Asqalani,
1969, p 75)
His lineage: His lineage goes back to Ya`mar ibn Malik ibn Yatham, a descendant of Rabi’ah ibn Nizar ibn Ma’ad ibn Adnan, and there is a difference in his lineage based on the different sources of translation, but the lineage we chose is what Al-Sakhawi summarized in Brilliant Light, and commented on it by saying: “This is how I read his lineage in his handwriting.) Al-Sakhawi, 902, p 92)
The importance of the book “Insight of Rulers” by Imam Ibn Farhun - may Allah have mercy on him:
(Insight of Rulers in the Fundamentals of Judiciary and Approaches to Rulings) The author mentioned this name in the introduction to the book, saying: I called it the insight of the rulers into the principles of judiciary and the approaches to rulings and I arranged it into three sections: (Ibn Farhun, 1985, p 789)
The first section: In the introduction of this science on which the judgments are based. The second section: The district's separate data and the corresponding data.
The third section: In the provisions of legitimate policy(4 ) The book is divided into two parts, in which Imam Ibn Farhun - may God have mercy on him - dealt with the jurisprudence of the judiciary, because the jurisprudence of the judiciary is for the sake of knowledge, the most prestigious in its status, and the most honorable in its mention. Because of its great impact on stability. Society, preserving the foundation of justice, preventing injustice and resolving disputes.
The first topic: The ruler rules according to what appears
First requirement: adjuster 's explanation.
What is meant by the rule of the ruler in this adjuster: the rule of the Sultan and the judgment of the judge.
Language Provision: Al-Hakam - with the addition of the H and its opening - is a source of ruling that rules. Ibn Faris said: (The ha, the kaf, and the meem) have one principle, which is prevention, and the beginning of that ruling, which is prevention from injustice. ) Ibn Faris, 1979, p 93)
Judgment terminologically: What is meant by ruling in this rule is judicial ruling, and every ruling is decided by the guardian in the affairs of the subjects in their interests and disputes, and what is meant by it is ruling according to the fundamentalists, (Al-Isnawi, 1999, p 772) Jurists have defined the ruling with several definitions, the most important of which is that it is: “the adjudication of a dispute between two or more adversaries by the rule of God Almighty". (Ibn Abidin, 1992, p 352)
The appearance is a language: from the appearance of the object, if it turns out and stands out after the invisibility , and the appearance is contrary to the subcontractor, which is clearly exposed. (Al-Fayrouzabadi, 1993 ,p 817)
The apparent terminologically: is the word that has been made clear by simply hearing it without presumption, and it is possible to interpret and personalize, and the judgment used in it is inadvertent and corresponds to it at the tap text, interpreter and arbitrator, which precedes the minds and illusions of its appearance as a subject in what is meant by its example. Allah Almighty said" O mankind, fear your Lord" Surah An-Nisa, Verse 1, Allah Almighty said" But Allah has permitted trade" Surah Al-Baqarah is a verse 275, Allah Almighty said " amputate their hands" Surah Al-Ma'idah is a verse 38. This and the like are apparent.
It depends on what is meant by it by hearing the formula and its ruling on the necessity of its imperative, whether general or specific, and what is apparent according to jurists is: “It is what is most likely and most likely to occur". (Al-Zarkashi, 1985, p 312)
According to the majority of fundamentalists, it is equivalent to the text. (Al-Sarkhasi,
1999, p 157)
What the adjuster said:
It is known to us that the judiciary is based on a case brought by one of the other's adversaries with evidence and evidence. The defendant presents this case. The judge hears the two of them, explains their evidence, and then bases the judgement on the apparent appearance of what he himself has established, and his senses have realized that it is difficult to know the truth; The truth in the matter of absenteeism is known only by the Almighty God, who takes over the beds and rules them on doomsday in the Court of Absolute Justice; That is why the judge's judgement does not change the truth of things in validity and invalidity, nor does it transfer things from what they are.
Another formula for the adjuster:
The ruler’s ruling does not remove a thing from its nature. ( Ibn Qadamah, 1968, p 53)
The second requirement: the adjuster’s evidence and his legal document.
The Adjuster’s evidence is from the honorable Sunnah of the Prophet as follows:
Umm Salamah- may Allah be pleased with her- narrated: Two men came and were disputing over inheritances that are studied, but there was no evidence between them, so The Messenger of Allah - May the blessings of Allah be upon him- said: “You are disputing against me, but I am human, and perhaps some of you will be more sensitive to his argument than others.” So I will judge for him according to what I hear. Whoever I judge for him something that is due to his brother should not take it, for I am only isolating for him a piece of fire. ( Al-Bukhari, 1442, p 180)
The significance of the noble hadith: The Messenger of Allah - May the blessings of Allah be upon him- tells that he is a human being and does not know the unseen, butrather rules according to what is apparent to him, so if it agrees with the truth and the reality in it, and you are blessed, even if the apparent contradiction with the truth and reality, then what is ruled upon is not the right of the one to whom it was ruled. Rather, itis forbidden, and taking itis forbidden, and it is a piece of the Fire that he deserves on the Day of Resurrection. (Al-Shawkani, 1993, p 332).
Abu Saeed Al-Khudri - may Allah be pleased with him- narrated a long hadith, in which a man misbehaved with the Messenger -May the blessings of Allah be upon him- so Khalid bin Al-Walid- may Allah be pleased with him- asked to beheadhim, and the Messenger of Allah-May the blessings of Allah be upon him- said: “No, perhaps he should be praying.” Khaled said: How many worshipers say with their tongue what is not in their heart? Then the Messenger of Allah- May the blessings of Allah be upon him- said: “I have not been commanded to dig into people’s hearts, nor to open their stomachs". (Muslim, 1064, p 742)
Indicator: Imam Al-Nawawi said: "I have ordered that I rule in the obvious sense, and Allah is responsible for secrets, as said by the peace and blessings of Allah:" So ifthey say so, their blood and wealth are protected from me except rightly, and their reckoning with Allah". (Al-Nawawi, 1392, p 163)
Third requirement: adjuster applications
Firstly: If a person claims to marry a woman, and brings two false witnesses to the marriage, and neither the woman nor the judge can challenge their testimony, then the judge rules that the marriage is valid based on what is apparent from the testimony, but his ruling does not make it permissible for the convicted person to enjoy the woman, and she must abstain as much as possible, if she is forced There is no sin on her, and sin on him. (Ibn Farhun, p
84)
Secondly: “If the contracting party said about the condition of ratification after knowing the different people of the differences of the scholars regarding the obligation and invalidation of an oath, and he took the opinion of those among them who believed that it was invalid, will that benefit the lord of the religion and remove it from the dispute? It was said: It will benefit him and the oath is waived from him, and it was said that the oath is necessary, and the debtor does not have the right to choose over the judge and rule for himself, according to the saying of someone from the people of knowledge, but rather the judge rules according to what appears to him. (Al-Shirazi, p 468)
Third: If a judge awards money, property, or anything else, for an immoral oath, or false testimony, and the person to whom the ruling is made knows that he does not actually deserve that, what he ruled is not permissible for him, because the judge rules according to what appears, but he does not change the facts of things so It does not permit what is forbidden nor prohibit what is permissible. ( Ibn Farhun, p 170)
Fourth: If two witnesses testify before the judge against a man that he divorced his wife three times, and he separated between them based on their testimony, and they were aware that they were lying, the divorce shall be carried out in the apparent form of the judicial ruling based on the apparent matter, and the wife shall not be divorced in the truth and in the truth of the matter, and therefore it is not permissible for either of them to marry her with His knowledge of the situation allows the previous marriage to remain, because the judge rules according to what appears, and ruling according to what appears does not change the reality of the matter.
Fifth: If the judge annulls the marriage between the spouses due to a defect proven in one of them through false testimony, then the judge’s ruling is implemented on the surface only; Because the ruler rules according to what is apparent, and does not enforce what is hidden, and the marriage remains subsisting in secret, and they are entitled to enjoyment, and inheritance remains between them if one of them die.
The second topic: necessity's Judiciary is permissible. (Ibn Farhun, p 21)
The first requirement: the adjuster’s explanation.
Since the judiciary is one of the most important and prestigious positions, and performing it is one of the most dangerous tasks; Because through it, people’s needs are met, and rights are returned to their owners, it was necessary to take into account important conditions when choosing who would assume the judiciary, so the jurists stipulated several conditions for appointing a judge, and the Messenger of Allah- May the blessings of Allah be upon him - Omar and Ali- may Allah be pleased with them- and the rest of the caliphs, were. They are strict in selecting judges who are qualified to judge.
Imam Ibn Farhun - may Allah have mercy on him - said: “If the imam wants to appoint someone as a leader, he should strive to do so for himself and for the Muslims, and he does not show favoritism or intend to appoint anyone except for the sake of Allah Almighty. It was narrated on the authority of Omar Ibn Al-Khattab - may Allah Almighty be pleased with him - that he said: There is no prince who commands. ” A prince or a judge who seeks justice from favor, unless he is liable for half of what he has earned from the sin, and if he orders or seeks justice for the sake of Muslims, he is his partner in what he did". (Ibn Farhun, p 25)
Among the most important conditions for judiciary agreed upon are: ( Al-Kasani, p 323) Islam, maturity, reason, freedom, integrity of the senses, justice, knowledge of legal
rulings, masculinity, and diligence.( Al-Kasani, p 323)
The jurists added some desirable conditions, which are called conditions of perfection, such as chastity, piety, patience, dignity, forbearance, wisdom, being from the people of the country, known lineage, vigilance, avoiding trickery, wealth, acumen, respectability, and others. ( Ibn Farhun, p 1994, p 375)
If these conditions are met, the person must be appointed, and if there are a number of persons, the best and fittest must be appointed to Muslims, taking into account the qualities of perfection and the conditions desired. If one or more of the necessary conditions is lost, whoever meets the other conditions of necessity may be appointed, and jurists call it the judge of necessity, Because the imperatives permit prohibitions, but they must be restricted in the narrowest cases, and be valued only to the extent that they are, the hardship in the absence of full due conditions brings facilitation in the appointment of the judge of necessity, and this is what is meant by the adjuster. ( Al-Haitami, 1983, p 114)
If a person is appointed to judge who has missed the obligatory conditions agreed upon, then his judgement is valid and carried out out of necessity, so that the judiciary is not disrupted and rights and rulings are lost, but he must state his evidence in all of his rulings and his statement “I ruled thus” is not accepted without explaining his evidence in it. (Al- Ramli, p 240)
The second requirement: the adjuster’s evidence and his legal document.
It indicates the adjuser's origin from the Holy Qur’an, the Sunnah of the Prophet, and what
is reasonable, as follows: From the Holy Quran:
Allah said :( So fear Allah as much as you are able) Surah Al-Taghabun is a verse 16
The significance of the noble verse is that Allah Almighty commanded those responsible in the noble verse to strive to be pious in their affairs as much as they are able to do so, especially when they choose someone who follows their command and is responsible for resolving disputes between them. ( Al-Shawkani, 1993, p 284)
Allah said: (Allah does not intend to make difficulty for you) Surah Al-Ma'idah is a verse
6. and Allah said: (and has not placed upon you in the religion any difficulty) Surah Al- Hajj is a verse 78. The significance of the two noble verses is that Allah Almighty has
removed the embarrassment from His nation, and does not want to make them embarrassed
by what they cannot, or by what they cannot find, or by what they cannot find, and it is missing for them. Therefore, it is permissible to make up for what is necessary when needed, so that making upfor it is not disrupted.
)Al-Tabari, 2001, p 644)
From the Sunnah of the Prophet:
Abu Hurairah- may Allah be pleased with him- narrated that the Prophet- May the blessings of Allah be upon - said: “If I forbid you from something, avoid it, and if I command you to do something, do as much of it as you can". ( sahih, 1337, p 975)
The basis of inference: The matter in the hadith is an order to enforce binding rulings, including appointing judges according to ability, and not entrusting people with what they are unable to do. Al-Nawawi-may Allah Almighty have mercy on him- said about his saying: “If I command you to do something, then do as much of it as you can.” This is one of the important rules of Islam, and one of the comprehensive words that he- Maythe blessings of Allah be upon - gave, and countless rulings are included in it. ( Al-Nawawi,
1392, p 102)
It is reasonable:
Rule: "Imperatives permit prohibitions".
The third requirement: adjuster applications.
First: It is not valid to imitate a blind person to judge, but if the blind person is appointed for a benefit, his imitation is valid, and it is a matter of necessity. If the judge was sighted and became blind, he must be removed. If he ruled before the removal, his judgment is valid out of necessity. ( Ibn Farhun, p 13)
Second: If the immoral person is appointed to the judiciary, then his judgment is not valid according to the majority , and it is valid according to some of them. According to the opinion of the majority, if he appoints the immoral person then it is a matter of necessity, and likewise if he is just, and immorality occurs to him while he is a judge, then the majority said that he must be dismissed, butif the ruling is valid It is necessity's Judiciary. ( Ibn Farhun, p 453)
Third: If the imitator is appointed to judge, with the availability of hardworking people, then his appointment is not valid, except in cases of necessity. If the hardworking people are missing, the appointment of the imitator is valid, his judgment is valid, and his ruling is implemented. He is a judge of general necessity, and he judges the fatwa of his imitator, and consults scholars, because preventing the appointment of imitators to the judiciary is a disruption of the rulings. And the cause of pandemonium, strife and conflict. ( Ibn Farhun, p 453)
Fourth: It is permissible to plead to judges appointed by the rulers ofinjustice and tyranny out of necessity, because a person has the right to take his rights however possible, and by analogy with the permissibility of pleading with the violator to the violator in order to achieve the fulfillment of the right, let it be permissible with the unjust believer.
The adjuster's exception is:
1- If a non-Muslim takes over Muslims, his judgment is null and void by agreement, and he is no longer the judge of necessity, according to what Allah Almighty says(and never will Allah give the disbelievers over the believers a way) Surah An-Nisa is a verse 141, Because the purpose of the judiciary is to implement the Sharia rulings, and the infidel is ignorant of them. ( Ibn Abi al-Dam, 1983, p 70 – 71)
2- If the judge is ignorant and does not read or write except his name and his father’s name, and appears dull and stupid, then he is not appointed, and it is not permissible for testimony tobe given to him, for he may go beyond falsehood, Ibn Farhun-may Allah Almighty have mercy on him- said: “The guardianship of an ignorant person is not valid". (Ibn Farhun, p
21 – 22)
The third topic: The judge does not have the right to pardon within the limits of punishment, but he has the right to pardon with discretionary punishment(43).
The first requirement: the adjuster’s explanation.
Punishment concept: Plural of punishment, which is the punishment prescribed by law as a right for Allah Almighty, and the punishments are in seven things, which are: apostasy, banditry, adultery, slander, theft, drinking, and prostitution.
discretionary punishment concept: It is a punishment that is not legally prescribed. Ibn Farhun -may Allah Almighty have mercy on him- says: “discretionary punishment is a discipline that corrects and rebukes sins for which no punishment or expiation has been prescribed, Ibn Qudamah-may Allah Almighty have mercy on him- said: “discretionary punishment is the legitimate punishment for a crime for which there is no punishment.
What the adjuster said:
If the punishment is established before the judge and he is certain of them, he must establish the punishment determined by Sharia law. Because the punishment is a right of Allah Almighty, and He does not tolerate it, and He does not have the authority to change it, or pardon it, and the intercession of any of the creation is not accepted regarding it, regardless of his quality. However, if the punishments do not reach the authority, and they are between people, then intercession and forgiveness are permissible in them. ( Al-Hasani, p 298)
It becomes clear to us that discretionary punishment is punishment, discipline, and correction, and the ruler has the right to pardon and revoke it if it is Allah Almighty’s right, when he sees the benefit in that. Because the matter is up tohim, and to his discretion, and the interest may be in pardoning and forfeiting according to the circumstances and people, but if the punishment is the right of individuals, then they have the right to pardon and forfeit whenever they want.
The second requirement: the adjuster’s evidence and his legal document. The adjuster’s evidence from the Qur’an and Sunnah is as follows:
From the Holy Quran:
The totality of the generous verses indicating that boundaries are legitimately assessed penalties cannot be tolerated or exceeded, including:
Allah said :( The [unmarried] woman or [unmarried] man found guilty of sexual intercourse - lash each one of them with a hundred lashes, and do not be taken by pity for them in the religion of Allah) Surah An-Nur is a verse 2.
Allah said: (Indeed, the penalty for those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive upon earth [to cause] corruption is none but that they be killed or crucified or that their hands and feet be cut off from opposite sides or that they be exiled from the land. That is for them a disgrace in this world) Surah Al-Ma'idah is a verse 33.
The significance of the noble verses is that the command therein indicates a definite obligation, and that these limits are a right of Allah, Blessed and Most High, and it is not permissible to deviate from them or be negligent in them.
From the Sunnah of the Prophet:
On the authority of Aisha- may Allah be pleased with her- that the Quraysh were concerned about the Makhzoumiya woman who had stolen, so they said: Who will speak to the Messenger of Allah- May the blessings of Allah be upon him -? Who would dare him except Osama, the love of the Messenger of Allah- May the blessings of Allah be upon him -? So he spoke to the Messenger of Allah- May the blessings of Allah be upon him - and said: “Do you intercede regarding one of Allah’s punishments?"
Then he stood up and delivered a sermon, and said: “O people, those before you went astray, in that if the noble among them stole, they would leave him, and if the weak among them stole, they would impose punishment on him, and I swear by Allah, if Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad, had stolen, Muhammad would have cut off her hand(48)".
(48) Narrated by Al-Bukhari, Sahih Al-Bukhari, Book of Punishments, chapter on the dislike of intercession in a punishment if it is brought to the authority, No. 6788, vol. 8, p.
160. And Muslim, Sahih Muslim, Book of Punishments, Chapter: Cutting off the Noble
Thief and Others, and the Prohibition of Intercession in Punishment, No. 1688, Part 3, p.
1315.
The significance of the noble hadith is that it indicates that the ruler is prevented from waiving the punishment if he reaches it and is confirmed by him, since when the theft from the Makhzumiya was proven, and its people appointed Osama- may Allah be pleased with him- to intercede for the punishment to be dropped, the Messenger -May the blessings of Allah be upon him - denounced that. ( Ibn Battal, 2003, 410)
The third requirement: adjuster applications.
First: A discretionary person may be forgiven. If Allah has the right, he shall be deprived of the right of human beings and the right of the Sultanate is unique to him, then the ruler has the right to take into account the ruling of the best in pardoning and discretionary punishment.
Second: If a person drinks alcohol or wine, and this is proven by the judge, he will flog him with eighty lashes, and he must be punished for drinking a little or a lot, and it is not permissible for him to pardon him. ( Ibn Farhun, p 298)
Third: If the theft is proven according to the judge's conditions, it must be severed and no pardon may be granted. (ibid, p 246)
Fourth: If adultery is proven according to the judge's conditions, Stoning, flogging and alienation must take place, and only the ruler shall assess the punishment and may not drop it". (ibid, p 248)
Fifth: Anyone who breaks another's lineage, or accuses him of adultery, has no evidence to say, and has been found guilty of defamation in front of the ruler, shall be punished with flogging, shall not drop the punishment and shall not pardon it.
The fourth topic: The ruling of the ruler does not permit what is forbidden nor prohibit what is permissible of his knowledge.
The first requirement: the adjuster’s explanation. ( Al-Mughirah, p 1407, p 527)
The ruling issued by the judge in the lawsuits and disputes brought before him depends on the evidence and evidence provided by the adversaries in the Judicial Council, then on his diligence and appreciation of the reality of the situation. In both matters, error and falsification are possible on the part of the litigants. If the judicial ruling is issued and it is consistent with the truth and reality, it is ostensibly implemented. And secretly, according to the agreement of scholars, because the ruling is consistentwith the truth and the facts of things, and the one who was awarded the ruling was lawful and kind to the person to whom the ruling was granted, and it is permissible for him to take it without resentment or embarrassment, but rather he has the reward for claiming hisright, defending it and collecting it, in compliance with the noble hadith prohibiting wasting money.
If the judge's judgement is contrary to fact and reality, whether in good faith, error, sound diligence, or in bad faith by the plaintiff, or evidence and arguments, or by the judge himself, then there is detail in that:
1-If the judge’s ruling cannot be constructed, but rather is limited to exclusively revealing the past, such as the property transferred and the inheritance to one of the heirs, then his ruling here does not change matters from what they are, and does not change the facts of things, It is based on the apparent; Because the judge does not have the authority to establish in these cases, ownership must have a reason in the past, and inheritance depends on specific and established reasons, which the Sharia entrusted to explain exclusively to the heirs, and accordingly. )Al-Kasani, 2004, p 219)
If the ruling agrees with the past, it is correct, both apparent and hidden, and if it contradicts the truth and reality, it is invalid, and taking itis truly forbidden, and whoever takes it is taking a piece of fire.
2-If the judge has the authority to establish some contracts, such as marriage and divorce, and sales and annulments, then the scholars differed regarding that, with two opinions:
The first: The saying of the majority of jurists from the Malikis , the Shafi’is , the Hanbalis, and the saying of the two Hanafi companions, which is that the judicial ruling does not change the facts of things, nor does it change matters from what they are, and that the legal description in them is not changed by the ruling, so what is forbidden is not permissible. What is permissible is not forbidden, but its effect is limited to what is apparent in the event in this world according to what is possible for the judge to see, The ruling has no structural consideration, and the judiciary and judgment are carried out according to what appears to be the case, and the judge and the adversaries are only assigned to the extent of human capabilities, and if the judiciary falls short of reaching the truth, such as relying on false testimony that reveals the truth and conceals lies, or forged writing, or a false oath, or a sham confession. Or if the evidence is completely lost, and the judge rules of acquittal, the ruling does not change the facts of things, and the convict remains unjust, and his liability is fulfilled. ( Al-Qarafi, 1994, p 144)
The second: It is the saying of Abu Hanifa- may Allah Almighty have mercy on him- which is that the ruler’s ruling affects things, and what is forbidden becomes permissible by ruling, and what is permissible is forbidden by judgment, and that the ruling is like the actual truth after it was issued, even if it did not represent it in the past; Because it is tantamount to a contract or annulment, and it is an establishment, and everything in which the judge ruled
outwardly forbidding it is inwardly so, and if he ruled to make something permissible, it is permissible, and he has evidence for that, but it was not proven upon investigation, and Imam Abu Hanifa- may Allah Almighty have mercy on him- stipulated the validity of the construction and its effectiveness. The ruling, both apparent and hidden, is that the judge does not know that the plaintiff and witnesses are lying, and that the subject is capable of doing so. ( Ibn Qadamah, p 266)
The second requirement: the adjuster’s evidence and his jurisprudential basis. The origin of the rule is inferred from the Qur’an and Sunnah, as follows: From the Holy Quran:
Allah said"(O you who have believed, do not consume one another's wealth unjustly) Surah An-Nisa is a verse 29.
And Allah said:( or send it [in bribery] to the rulers in order that [they might aid] you [to] consume a portion of the wealth of the people in sin, while you know) Surah Al- Baqarah is a verse 188.
The significance of the noble verses is that taking people’s wealth by sin is forbidden and invalid, even if it is done through a judiciary, because the ruler’s ruling does not turn invalid matters into correct ones, nor does forbidden wealth into permissible ones. Sharih al-Qadi used to say: “I will judge for you, and I think that you are unjust, but no.” I can only make a ruling based on the evidence that I can bring to my attention, and my ruling will not make lawful for you what is forbidden". (Al-Baghawi, 1999. P 234)
From the Sunnah of the Prophet:
Umm Salamah - may Allah be pleased with her - narrated: Two opponents came and were disputing over inheritances that were studied, but there was no evidence between them. Then the Messenger of Allah - May the blessings of Allah be upon him - said: “You are disputing against me, but I am only human, and perhaps some of you will be more compassionate, so I will decide for him in a way that I hear.” Whoever I decree for him something that is due to his brother, let him not take it, for I am only granting him a portion of the Fire". ( Al-Bukhari, 2003, p 181)
The evidence from the noble hadith refers to: The judgment of the Messenger - Maythe blessings of Allah be upon him - does not turn falsehood into truth, does not change the facts of things, does not make lawful what is forbidden, does not make unlawful what is lawful, and does not remove a thing from its quality. So whoever the Messenger of Allah rules for him something that is his brother’s right, it is not lawful for him, and he becomes a piece of fire. And it leads its owner to hell. ( Ibn Battal, p 254)
The third requirement: adjuster applications.
First: If a man claims against a woman that he married her, but he did not actually marry her, and two witnesses testify to him that he married her, and the judge rules based on their testimony, then she is not permissible for him at all. The same applies if a woman claims marriage to a man and he denies it, and she brings witnesses, and the judge rules for her. (Ibn Farhun, p 145)
Second: If a man divorces his wife three times, then claims that she is his wife, and two false witnesses testify to that, and the judge rules that the marriage is valid, it is not permissible for him to have intercourse with her. There is no disagreement between the majority and Abu Hanifa regarding that; Because the man knows the truth about the matter
of triple divorce, and the ruling of the ruler does not change things from what they are, and does not change the facts of things. (Ibn Abi al-Dam, p 493)
Third: If two witnesses deliberately testify falsely against a man that he divorced his wife, and the judge accepts their testimony due to their apparent fairness, and separates the man from his wife, and then the waiting period has passed, then it is not permissible for one of the two witnesses to marry her; Because he knows that he is lying in his testimony, and the judge’s ruling does not change things from what they are. ( Ibn Farhun, p 145)
Fourth: A man said to his wife: You are divorced from a bond, or I let you go, or I separated from you with my body, so she is not divorced according to what appears to be the case. Because his words were related to what distracted the word from its reality, and divorce became a metaphor, his intention was accepted, and the matter remained between him and Allah as a religion. ( Al-Shirazi, p 293)
Fifth: If a person claims to buy an item from another person, and he denies it, and the plaintiff brings two false witnesses to the purchase, and the judge rules accordingly, then the judge’s ruling does not confirm the contract, nor does it change matters from what they are, and it is not permissible for the buyer to take the sold item(71).
Exception from the adjuster:
If two false witnesses testified to a man that this woman is his daughter, her lineage from himis proven outwardly and inwardly, and he becomes forbidden to her and her heir, because the testimony proves lineage, and Sharia takes precautions to prove lineage. ( Ibn Abi al-Dam, p 169)
Most important results:
First: The importance of the book “Insight of Rulers in the Fundamentals of Judiciary and Approaches to Rulings” by the scholar Ibn Farhun - may Allah have mercy on him -, as this book enriched the Islamic library with the most important principles of the judiciary and the pillars of governance and politics, so it became a reference for all scholars and jurists who seek this knowledge.
Second: necessity's Judiciary is permissible; So that the judiciary is not disrupted and rights are lost, provided that its document is stated.
Third: The judge has the right to pardon in discretionary punishment without the punishments if itis proven before him and be certain of it, Because the punishment is the right of Allah Almighty.
1) References:
i. Al-Isnawi, Abd al-Rahim bin al-Hasan bin Ali (d. 772 AH), Nihayat al-Sul Sharh Minhaj al- Wusool, 1st edition, vol. 1, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1999 AD.
ii. Al-Bukhari, Muhammad bin Ismail Abu Abdullah Al-Bukhari Al-Jaafi, Al-Jami’ Al-Musnad Al- Sahih, a summary of the affairs of the Messenger of Allah- May theblessings of Allah beupon him - his Sunnahs and his days = Sahih Al-Bukhari, Dar Touq Al-Najat, 1st edition, 1422 AD.
iii. Ibn Battal, Abu Al-Hasan Ali bin Khalaf bin Abdul Malik (d. 449 AH), Explanation of Sahih
Al-Bukhari, 2nd edition, Al-Rushd Saudi Library, Riyadh, 2003 AD.
iv. Al-Baghawi, Abu Muhammad Al-Hussein bin Masoud bin Muhammad bin Al-Farra (d. 510
AH), Milestones of Revelation in the Interpretation of the Qur’an, 1st edition, Arab Heritage
Revival House, Beirut, 1999 AD.
v. Al-Bahuti, Mansour bin Yunus bin Salah al-Din Ibn Hassan bin Idris (d. 1051 AH), Kashshaf al-
Qinaa’ on the text of Persuasion, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya - Beirut, ed., ed.
vi. Ibn Jazi, Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Abdullah, Al-Gharnati (d. 741 AH), Jurisprudential Laws, Dar Ibn Hazm, Beirut, ed.
vii. Ibn Hazm, Abu Muhammad Ali bin Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Qurtubi (d. 456 AH), Al-Muhalla bi’l- Athar, vol. 8, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut, ed., ed.
viii. Al-Dasouki, Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Arafa Al-Maliki (d. 1230 AH), Al-Desouki’s Footnote
to Al-Sharh Al-Kabir, Dar Al-Fikr, ed.
ix. Ibn Abi al-Dam, Shihab al-Din Abi Ishaq Ibrahim bin Abdullah al-Hamdani (d. 642 AH), Judicial Literature, Ministry of Endowments, Baghdad, 1983 AD, ed., dt.
x. Al-Zarkashi, Badr al-Din Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Bahadur (deceased: 794 AH), al- Manthur fi al-Qa’id al-Fiqhiyyah, Kuwaiti Ministry of Endowments, 2nd edition, 1405 AH -
1985 AD.
xi. Al-Sakhawi, Shams al-Din Abu al-Khair Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman bin Muhammad (d.
902 AH), The Bright Light for the People of the Ninth Century, Publications of the Library of
Life, Beirut, ed.
xii. Al-Sarkhasi, Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Abi Sahl (d. 483 AH), Fundamentals of Al-Sarkhasi, vol. 1, Dar Al-Ma’rifa, Beirut, DT, p. 164.
xiii. Al-Sherbini, Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Khatib al-Shafi’i (d. 977 AH), Mughni al-Muhtaj Il- Minhaj al-Minhaj al-Minhaj, 1st edition, vol. 4, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1994 AD.
xiv. Al-Shawkani, Muhammad bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Abdullah (deceased: 1250 AH), Nil Al- Awtar, 1st edition, vol. 8, Dar Al-Hadith, Egypt, 1993 AD.
xv. Al-Shawkani, Muhammad bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Abdullah (d. 1250 AH), Guiding stallions to achieving the truth from the science of principles, 1st edition, vol. 1, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi,
1999 AD.
xvi. Al-Shawkani, Muhammad bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Yamani (d. 1250 AH), Fath al-Qadeer, 1st edition, Dar Ibn Kathir, Dar al-Kalam al-Tayyib - Damascus, Beirut, 1993.
xvii. Al-Shirazi, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Ali bin Yusuf (deceased: 476 AH), Al-Muhadhdhab fi the
Jurisprudence of Imam Al-Shafi’i, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah.
xviii. Al-Shirazi, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Ali bin Yusuf (d. 476 AH), Al-Muhadhdhab fi the
Jurisprudence of Imam Al-Shafi’i, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, ed.
xix. Al-San’ani, Muhammad bin Ismail bin Salah bin Muhammad Al-Hasani, (deceased: 1182 AH), Subul al-Salam, Dar al-Hadith, ed., ed.
xx. Al-Tabari, Muhammad bin Jarir bin Yazid bin Kathir bin Ghalib Al-Amli (d. 310 AH), Tafsir Al-Tabari Jami’ Al-Bayan on the Interpretation of the Verses of the Qur’an, 1st edition, Dar Hajar, Giza, 2001 AD.
xxi. Ibn Abidin, Muhammad Amin bin Omar bin Abdul Aziz (deceased: 1252 AH), Radd al-Muhtaar ala al-Durr al-Mukhtar, Dar Al-Fikr - Beirut, ed. 2, 1412 AH - 1992 AD.
xxii. Al-Asqalani, Abu Al-Fadl Ahmed bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Hajar (d. 852 AH), Anbaa Al-Ghamr bi Ibn Al-Omar, vol. 1, Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs - Committee for theRevival of Islamic Heritage, Egypt, 1969 AD, ed., ed.
xxiii. Ibn Faris, Ahmed bin Faris bin Zakaria Al-Qazwini Al-Razi, (deceased: 395 AH), Dictionary of
Language Standards, Dar Al-Fikr, ed., 1399 AH - 1979 AD.
xxiv. Ibn Farhoun, Ibrahim bin Ali bin Muhammad Burhan al-Din al-Yamari (d. 799 AH), Insight of Rulers in the Fundamentals of Judiciary and Approaches to Rulings, 1st edition, Dar al-Kutub
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Hello Everyone!
I am working on a project of DNA regulation of Nanoenzymes and need to do simulations of nanoenymes. Can anyone tell me how to do MD simulations of inorganic nanoparticles (nanosomes) through GROMACS? I already read some literature about MD simulations of nanoparticles but specifically with GROMACS I couldn't find any literature about simulations.
Your answers will be much appreciated.
Thanks
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Here I prepare to make a gromacs simulation on gold nanoparticles (I refer the webpage, http://sobereva.com/153) and DNA base cytosine , but when grompp, it prompts the error like this ,
==============================================
ERROR 1 [file topol.top, line 14]: Atoms in the .top are not numbered consecutively from 1 (rather, atomnr = 1, while at->nr = 3)
==================================================
I don't know how to solve. I want to consult google, but I couldn't open google in C-N. here I can only open bing but bing couldn't offer more help for the error. I don't know how to solve. Thank you !
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Frequency regulation in microgrids using BESS is 100% load increment is it possible
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From an energy balancing perspective it is possible. if the battery storage is empty and should be charged during the day when also other types of user are extracting power from the micro-grid, then the load can increase exceeding the normal capacity. But this will depend on how the BESS is configured and how big your battery is. Normally in the BESS there is a charging duration time that you can define. The charging duration time is having an impact o now much energy you are using from the grid to charge your battery. As shorter the duration time is set up, as more energy you will extract from the grid.
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I am interested to see the impact of Renewable Energy Sources on the frequency regulation on a smart grid. Any recommended references and papers?
Thanks!
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Our research findings indicates that there is no significant correlation between academic procrastination and emotion regulation. Unfortunately, we were unable to locate a study that might back up our findings.
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There is a good dissertation on the subject and countless publications on the Internet. Please refer
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As it is known, urban land arrangements not only aim to create new settlement areas in cities, but also shape the development of the city. To what extent does land regulation, which makes such an important contribution to the city, support sustainable urbanization? What measures do we take to support it?
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Mr. Patrick;
Thank you for your selfless response.
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Soil is a vital resource that provides a variety of important functions for the environment and human society. It is important to protect soil health and to manage soil resources sustainably. The natural functions of soil encompass a wide range of essential roles that soil plays in the environment. These include providing a medium for plant growth and anchorage, regulating water infiltration and drainage, cycling and storing nutrients, supporting diverse microbial and biological communities, acting as a filter for pollutants, serving as a habitat for organisms, contributing to carbon sequestration, and maintaining soil structure and stability. These functions are crucial for sustaining ecosystems, agricultural productivity, water quality, climate regulation, and overall environmental health.
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According to Wikipedia, soil has several natural functions essential for life on Earth. Here are some of the most important functions:
· Feeding and other biomass production: Soil is an anchor for plant roots and provides a hospitable place for a plant to live while storing and supplying nutrients to plants.
· Environmental interaction: Environmental interactions, such as regulation of water supplies, water losses, utilization, pollution, and purification, are affected by soil.
· Biological habitat and gene pool: Soils also act as a biological habitat and genetic pool for various organisms.
· Source of raw materials: Soil can be a source of raw materials for many fundamental economic activities.
· Physical and cultural heritage: Soil can be considered physical and cultural heritage.
· Platform for manufactured structures: Soil provides a solid foundation for building manufactured structures.
These functions make soil an invaluable natural resource that must be preserved and managed sustainably.
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The development and deployment of humanoid robots bring forth various ethical considerations. Could you outline some of the key ethical dilemmas that researchers, policymakers, and society at large must grapple with as these robots become more integrated into our daily lives? How are these concerns being addressed in the design and regulation of humanoid robotics?
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Deployment of humanoid robots can increase social inequalities and disparities in education, healthcare, employment, etc.
Vey interesting articla on this topic '"Regulation and Entrainment in Human-Robot Interaction' Dr. Cynthia Breazeal MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab
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I have to discuss the results of my findings..... in which I have identified two different genes. One gene is positively regulated and the other is negatively regulated and both the genes are on the same chromosome.......... I just want to confirm if this is a type of epistasis. and whether epistasis occurs only when both genes are present on the same chromosome.
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Dear Rami:
I'm agreeing with you. But could you give us some references or witnesses for such epistasis on the same chromosome?
A paper or book?
Thanks
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In your opinion, will the addition of mandatory sustainability reporting according to the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) to company and corporate reporting motivate business entities to scale up their sustainability goals?
In your opinion, will the introduction of mandatory enhanced disclosure of sustainability issues help to scale up the implementation of sustainability goals and accelerate the processes of transforming the economy towards a sustainable, green circular economy?
Taking into account the negative aspects of the unsustainable development of the economy, including the over-consumption of natural resources, the increasing scale of environmental pollution, the still high greenhouse gas emissions, the progressing process of global warming, the intensifying negative effects of the climate change taking place, etc., it is necessary to accelerate the processes of carrying out the pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the classic growth, brown, linear economy of excess into a sustainable, green, zero-carbon growth and closed loop economy. One of the key determinants for achieving the aforementioned green transformation of the economy is also the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, i.e. according to the UN standard 17 Sustainable Development Goals. In recent years, many companies and enterprises, noticing the growing importance of this issue, including the increasing scale of pro-environmental and pro-climate awareness of citizens, i.e. customers of their offers of companies and enterprises, add to their missions and development strategies the issues of implementation of sustainable development goals and present themselves and their offers of products and services within advertising campaigns and other forms of marketing communication as green, implementing specific sustainable development goals, environmentally and climate friendly, etc. Unfortunately, this is always in accordance with the fact that the implementation of the sustainable development goals is not a fact. Unfortunately, this is not always consistent with the facts. Research shows that in the European Union, the majority of existing companies and enterprises already carry out this type of marketing communication to a greater or lesser extent. However, a significant proportion of businesses that present themselves as green, pursuing specific sustainability goals, environmentally and climate-friendly, and that present their product and service offerings as green, made exclusively from natural raw materials, and produced fully in line with sustainability goals, are doing so unreliably and misleading potential customers. Many companies and businesses are greenwashing. It is therefore necessary to improve systems for verifying what economic operators present about themselves and their offerings in their marketing communications against the facts. By significantly reducing the scale of greenwashing used by many companies, it will be possible to increase the effectiveness of carrying out the process of green transformation of the economy and really increase the scale of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Significant instruments to motivate business operators to conduct marketing communications in a reliable way also include extending the scope of business operators' reporting to include sustainability issues. The addition of sustainability reporting obligations for companies and businesses in line with the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) should motivate economic actors to scale up their implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. In November 2022, the Council of the European Union finally approved the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). The Directive requires companies to report on sustainability in accordance with the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS). This means that under the Directive, more than 3,500 companies in Poland will have to disclose sustainability data. The ESRS standards developed by EFRAG (European Financial Reporting Advisory Group) have been submitted to the European Commission and we are currently waiting for their final form in the form of delegated acts. However, this does not mean that companies should not already be looking at the new obligations. Especially if they have not reported on sustainability issues so far, or have done so to a limited extent. Companies will have to disclose sustainability issues in accordance with ESRS standards. It is therefore essential to build systemic reporting standards for business entities enriched with sustainability issues. In a situation where the addition of sustainability reporting obligations in accordance with the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) to company and corporate reporting is effectively carried out, there should be an increased incentive for business entities to scale up their sustainability goals. In this regard, the introduction of enhanced disclosure of sustainability issues should help to increase the scale of implementation of the sustainable development goals and accelerate the processes of transformation of the economy towards a sustainable green circular economy.
In view of the above, I would like to address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
In your opinion, will the introduction of mandatory enhanced disclosure of sustainability issues help to scale up the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals and accelerate the processes of transformation of the economy towards a sustainable, green circular economy?
In your opinion, will the addition of mandatory sustainability reporting to companies and businesses in line with the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) motivate business entities to scale up the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals?
Will the extension of sustainability reporting by business entities motivate companies to scale up their sustainability goals?
What challenges do companies and businesses face in relation to the obligation for expanded disclosure of sustainability issues?
What do you think about it?
What is your opinion on this subject?
Please respond,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on an honest approach to discussing scientific issues and not the ready-made answers generated in ChatGPT, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
I have not used other sources or automatic text generation systems such as ChatGPT in writing this text.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Dear Prof. Prokopowicz!
You raised a very important topic to address. May I kindly argue at this stage one cannot really say what future scenario will be the actual one. Predictions are difficult to present based on historical data as the business environment in Europe is about to become increasingly turbulent due to the war in Ukraine and global competition between the EU and China on the one hand and the USA on the other. Hoping for the best, but still preparing for the worst:
1) Greenwashing in Corporate Sustainability Reporting: Towards Successful Environmental Sustainability Management (2023): https://link.springer.com/collections/gjgafbdgdi
2) Hahn, R., Reimsbach, D., & Wickert, C. (2023). Nonfinancial Reporting and Real Sustainable Change: Relationship Status—It’s Complicated. Organization & Environment, 36(1), 3–16, https://doi.org/10.1177/10860266231151653, Open access:
Yours sincerely, Bulcsu Szekely
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How can we ensure the responsible use and regulation of GMOs to minimize potential risks and maximize benefits?
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According to the OGTR, regulating GMOs involves prohibition of all dealings with GMOs unless authorized, powers to allow monitoring and enforcement of the legislation, a process for assessing risk, establishment of committees to provide expert advice, appointment of a statutory officer (the Regulator) to make decisions under the legislation, and FDA regulation of most human and animal food, including GMO foods, to ensure that they meet the same strict safety standards as all other foods.
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Is the hierarchical structure observed in the Gene Ontology (GO) OBO-basic file limited to the 'is a' relationship, or do the relationships 'has part' and 'regulates' also exhibit a similar hierarchical nature and can be propagated to the root?
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The hierarchical structure observed in the Gene Ontology (GO) OBO-basic file is primarily based on the "is a" relationship, which represents the parent-child relationship between terms. The "is a" relationship defines a broader term (parent term) and a more specific term (child term), indicating a hierarchical structure.
However, the GO also incorporates other types of relationships beyond "is a" to capture additional aspects of gene function. Two such relationships are "has part" and "regulates":
  1. "Has part" relationship: This relationship indicates that a term represents a part of another term. It describes a physical or functional subcomponent of a larger entity. While the "has part" relationship does not strictly follow a hierarchical structure, it provides additional information about the organization and composition of biological processes or structures.
  2. "Regulates" relationship: This relationship describes the regulatory interactions between terms. It indicates that a term controls or influences the activity or expression of another term. Similar to the "has part" relationship, the "regulates" relationship does not strictly conform to a hierarchical structure.
Although the "has part" and "regulates" relationships do not exhibit a hierarchical nature like the "is a" relationship, they can still be informative for understanding the functional relationships between terms. However, the propagation of these relationships to the root of the hierarchy is not as straightforward as it is with the "is a" relationship. The propagation of relationships to the root may require additional analysis and considerations based on the specific research context or requirements.
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Is there a need for regulations of private stablecoins such as Tether, USD Coin, Binance USD, or DAI?
The market capitalization of stablecoins issued has been growing rapidly in recent years. There are more than 130 billion USD in stablecoins in circulation worldwide. The potential uses of stablecoins go beyond cryptocurrency trading to include also global payment systems. Do we need regulations of the stablecoin market to address user protection and financial market stability, or is the market rather better off regulating itself? Can government regulation stop the rapid growth of the stablecoin market, or will it rather inevitably lead to a new ‘offshore financial system’ beyond the control of policymakers? What are the pros and cons of a recent plan by the US Federal Reserve to regulate stablecoins?
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The European Union regulation for crypto market
In April 2023, the European Union adopted the first comprehensive regulation for crypto market: the Markets in Crypto Assets Regulations (MiCA). The clear benefit is that crypto market participants will no longer have to use different regulatory frameworks of EU member countries.
MiCA focus on market integrity and consumer protection. Amongst other, it implements some important requirements:
  • to produce white paper when offering crypto assets or issuing stablecoins (it should contain information how the stablecoin operates, including capital, risks, marketing communication).
  • to obtain license approval from national authorities for Crypto Asset Services Providers and to have a physical office within the EU, complying with e.g. minimum capital requirements.
It looks like this is just the beginning of the regulatory process for the cryptocurrency market. Does regulation help the cryptocurrency market to develop, or does it hinder it?
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mobile wallet regulation draw backs in India
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There are a few reasons for the lack of clear guidelines and regulation of digital wallets in India:
1. Rapid Growth: The rapid growth of the digital wallet industry in India has outpaced regulation. As the market size of digital wallets in India grew quickly, there was a significant demand for digital payments solutions, and the regulators could not keep up with it, leading to a lack of clear guidelines.
2. Complex Regulatory Ecosystem: Digital wallets fall under the ambit of multiple regulators in India, including the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), and more. It has made the regulatory environment complex.
3. Technological Advances: The fast-paced innovation in technology, including new payment methods, features, and products, poses a challenge for regulators who must keep up with these changes.
4. Lack of Clarity on Jurisdiction: Digital wallets often offer services across state boundaries, and it is unclear which jurisdiction is responsible for regulating these services.
All of these factors have led to a lack of clear guidelines and regulation, which can have negative impacts such as fraud, money laundering, and cybercrime. The government of India has taken steps to address this issue, such as the introduction of the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2017, which aims to regulate digital payments, and the RBI's recent guidelines for digital wallets. However, more work needs to be done to ensure that the regulatory framework in India keeps pace with the fast-paced growth of the digital wallet industry.
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In your opinion, what issues concerning the development of artificial intelligence should be regulated by law?
In your opinion, should regulations be introduced to oblige people to report that a certain service or product has been created as a result of work done not by humans, but by artificial intelligence?
More and more frequently, call centre employees calling us with various product and service offers turn out to be a specific form of usually already relatively simple, no longer latest-generation artificial intelligence technology on the basis of which bots are created to replace humans in the call centre departments of companies, enterprises and institutions. Increasingly, simulations, forecasts of future consumption of specific fixed utilities, electricity, water, gas, etc., and invoices for periods of future consumption of energy and other utilities are being produced by artificial intelligence as part of the predictive analyses carried out. Increasingly, tools of a certain generation of artificial intelligence are being used to create memes posted on social media websites. The development of artificial intelligence generates opportunities for its application in various spheres of activity of companies, enterprises and institutions; in various industries and services; improving the efficiency of business activities by increasing the scale of automation of processes; increasing the scale of business efficiency, increasing the capacity to process large sets of data and information; increasing the scale of implementation of new business models based on large-scale automation of manufacturing processes, etc. However, developing artificial intelligence in an uncontrolled manner generates serious risks, such as an increase in the scale of disinformation, the appearance of fake news, including banners, memes containing pictures, graphics, animations, films prepared by artificial intelligence, presenting 'fictitious facts', i.e. in a seemingly very realistic way, depicting events that never happened. There are risks of a potential increase in the scale of influence on public opinion, of the formation of a general social awareness by organisations operating without respect for the law. On the one hand, it is necessary to create digital computerised and standardised tools, diagnostic information systems, to build a standardised system of labels informing users, customers, citizens using certain solutions, products and services that they are the products of artificial intelligence and not of humans. On the other hand, regulations should be introduced obliging people to inform them that a particular service or product is the result of work done not by humans, but by artificial intelligence.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
In your opinion, should regulations be introduced to oblige people to report that a certain service or product has been created as a result of work done not by humans but by artificial intelligence?
In your opinion, what issues concerning the development of artificial intelligence should be regulated by law?
Should the development of artificial intelligence be regulated by law?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this subject?
Please respond,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on an honest approach to the discussion of scientific issues and not the ready-made answers generated in ChatGPT, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
I have not used other sources or automatic text generation systems such as ChatGPT in writing this text.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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As explained abundantly in other discussions, I consider AI an aberration.
What else do you need to know?
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I need quick switches to regulate high voltages to be used for capillary electrophoresis. And it will be great if those switches are programmable wherein we can control the duration of the switching operation.
Thank you
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You haven't mentioned the switching time requirements (ON and OFF), and whether the voltage is AC or DC. The list of switches and general descriptions seem complete, but the challenges are in the details. Is the application a high frequency switched mode power supply?
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Can you please tell me where can I read the requirements for a PhD thesis in the USA, Germany, France? (in the field of psychology)
In Ukraine, there are some requirements for the number of pages. Or, for example, when I was writing my Ph.D. dissertation, I needed confirmation from private or government organizations that reviewed the results of my dissertation.
I would like to know what are the differences between Ukraine and the USA, Germany, France.
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I would say from the USA standpoint it probably differs across universities to some extent. You can search ("PhD program timeline" AND "your university of choice here") and should find some sources that show the program requirements, qualifying exam, and dissertation requirements. Here is an example from University of Nevada (https://www.unr.edu/social-psychology/phd/program-details).
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Dear Fellow Researcher.
I believe that Research Gate is one of very few world wide platforms were the process of scientific enquiry is allowed to proceed unimpeded.
The next step to peer reviewed publication in journals however appears to involve a regulation step that by its very nature involves a process of regression back towards to the mean concept.
Given that pure research by its very nature involves exploration of the unknown the question therefore arises:
Is peer review in scientific research a process of validation of data or a process of the regulation of ideas?
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I think you make an excellent point and I have endeavoured to do this a bit - to use science/publication to challenge what many people think, believe and accept. That probably explains why I am such a supporter of humble Letters to the Editor - because it makes scientists and authors accountable. Peer review is part of that process, of course.
To whom are they accountable?
The people. There are many people who do not have this opportunity and also depend on this for their existence. Which they do not realise.
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  1. Which has more metabolite contents? down-regulated or up-regulated?
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Up and Down are indicated in both way, it depend on your treatment. Sometimes down regulated is need in some treatment. In my opinion I see both when it touch my criteria and statistical significant.
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There are multiple references, but I want a simple explanation on the topic to build a scientific background on carbohydrate metabolism ???
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Dear Sakina,
Carbohydrate metabolism refers to the various chemical reactions that convert carbohydrates into energy and other valuable compounds in the body. These reactions are regulated by hormones and enzymes, which play a critical role in ensuring the body has an adequate energy supply.
Hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism include insulin and glucagon. The pancreas releases insulin in response to an increase in blood sugar levels. It promotes glucose uptake by cells, the conversion of glucose to glycogen (a storage form of glucose), and the synthesis of fatty acids. Glucagon, on the other hand, is released by the pancreas when blood sugar levels are low, and it promotes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose and the release of glucose into the bloodstream.
Enzymes are also critical for regulating carbohydrate metabolism. Enzymes such as hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase catalyze the reactions involved in the breakdown of glucose. In contrast, enzymes such as glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase catalyze the reactions involved in synthesizing and analyzing glycogen.
In simple terms, hormones and enzymes work together to regulate the rate at which carbohydrates are metabolized, helping to balance the body's energy needs. Insulin promotes the storage of glucose and other carbohydrates, while glucagon promotes their breakdown and release into the bloodstream. Enzymes catalyze the chemical reactions that convert carbohydrates into energy and other valuable compounds.
It's also important to note that this is a very complex topic, and the information here is a brief overview of the hormonal and enzymatic regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. To get a more detailed understanding, you may want to consult specialized resources such as scientific journals and books or consult with experts in the field.
I hope I was able to answer your question.
Yours sincerely,
Edgar M Cambaza
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Hello,
Anyone has an idea how can pSTAT6 down regulation affect the mRNA expression. In some experiments we detected ~20% decrease in pSTAT6 Tyr641 at 30 min of stimulation and that reduction was enough to decrease CCL26 mRNA almost completely in 24hrs. The question is: there is reduction in phosphorylation but how could that be enough to shutdown the mRNA completely while there is still some quiet a lot of phosphorylation?
Mention references is preferable
Thank you!
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Thanks for your informative response.
And to make to clear I used airway epithelial cells in vitro and the stimulation was done by using IL-13. What I also found in literature is that the peak of STAT6 phosphorylation is at 30 minutes of stimulation.
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can any one help to find the studies?
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Maybe use some more specific search terms such as 'regulation of emotion' and define 'life orientation'. This one seems very vague to me. Do you mean a personality dimension, or a sexual identity? Perhaps if you told us more about what you are trying to learn, we could be of more help. Another thought is to use Google Scholar as it is free and will generate as much as all the other sources combined. But then you will have to filter out a fair bit of near hits.
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I want to compare the protein expression level of different bacterial transcriptional regulators in E. coli. Are the GFP or other fluorescent protein genes suitable for determining protein expression? I have tried western blot, but the protein bands are too weak when using His tag. any suggestions?
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I agree with your idea trying another tag for western blotting. As for the activity of regulator, I have also used EMSA and SPR methods to compare the affinity between DNA and my regulators. However the results could not answer my phenotype difference question. Thanks again for your kind suggestion! I will try flag tag or other tag! :)
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Can anyone explain in simple way how to regulate the dose of chlorine (Bleaching powder) using Chlronome in water purification
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1. Can anyone throw light on the legal norms to regulate urban street façade aesthetics especially in India, if at all exists?
2. What are the norms? Any instances?
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I have a list of transcription factors and i'm aiming to find the genes that are regulated by these TFs
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Artyom Bannikov thank you so much
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Climate change is a real challenge to humanity and it is getting the necessary attention. Scientists and leaders are looking for adaptation strategies to reduce the impacts of climate risks, which is the right thing to do.
To me, population growth is the other real and important challenge to humanity and ecological sustainability. However, I always fail to understand why scientists and global leaders are not paying the necessary attention to this issue and not allocating adequate resources to proper regulation before it is too late. What are your thoughts on this matter?
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I totally agree Rahim Alijani
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Dear all, hope you are well. I am simulating the model of a grid-forming inverter in a microgrid that is connected to the external grid. I have tried the two following cases so far:
- Isochronous regulation: that is, I am using the grid voltage and frequency as references for the outer voltage control loop of the inverter. I get a stable response in this case.
- Droop regulation: in this case, I am trying a P-f and a V-Q droop control, but the response of the inverter is oscillatory.
A briefing is attached, could you kindly review and provide some advice to solve this issue if possible? I am currently stuck at this point. Any help will be welcome.
Thanks in advance for your support!
Juan
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You my refer to this article below:
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Hi, for a study I'm doing I need to get a view about the IO of the freight railroads transportation sector in Chile. Let me give you a bit of background. I'm just concern about the Railroad public company EFE (Empresa de Ferrocarriles del Estado) network, located in the center southen part of the country. There are two private freight operators which pay access charges established in two separate but equal acces contracts, which are regulated by EFE, a part of the contract) that follow the typical natural monopoly regulated price structure (a fix charge for right of using the rails, a variable chage in terms of kilometers of network usage and a variable charge in terms of volumes transported (TKBC, gross tons kilometers). In euros of 2014 per 1.000 gross tonnes, Chile's vharges (4 euros) was the fifth more expensive access charge compared to a large pool of european countries, and since then access charges has gone up and are currently in 5 euros per 1.000 gross tonnes. Although there are only two freight operators (yet it is open to more but have had no entrance since 2000, EFE operates only in the passenger segment) it is a very contestable market (trucks competition is ample and benefited from indirect government support). How would you be modelling a market like that? Bilateral monopoly with different bargainning powers? Natural Monopoly waters down and duopoly waters up (they curretly compete only in a fraction of the network but potentially all over)? or local monopolies water up? To add more complexity one of the freigth operators is vertically integrated with one important maritime port, and prevents competition from the other around that area. What reference you advice me? I need something simple, it is a study that is aimed at providing policy insight based on understanding the sector's IO, not on publishing an academic paper. Thank you in advance.
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Isn't the freight railroad sector over regulated ? Why does the EFE do so much price fixation i.e., not only access charges but also frieght charges. Maybe a way to go is first deregulate the freight prices the service providers post and for instance allow price dsicrimination say between grain and coal This sort of competition may induce new entry and reduce price.
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Illegal fishing play dangerous role in affecting fish stock and nursery areas especially electric fishing and illegal net. Untied nation and FAO should continue enforce their fishing regulation and the safety measure to control the fish stock.
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Of course, we should not be silent, because it harms not only fisheries, but the environment and biodiversity as well.
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If a Transcription Factor is discovered to bind to a few genes, is it possible that those genes have a relation between them? Is there a possibility that just because there is TF binding to 2 genes, can we say that those genes may regulate each other? If it is possible to assume that they can regulate each other, how can we find out those 2 genes have a realtion between them?
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1. Of course it's possible, these two genes may involved in a same or related pathways and regulated by this TF, which may regulated a biological process. But it's only a possibility and need more stronger evidences (e.g. co-expression, functional, or pathway, even the functional experiments).
2. No, there is no direct evidence that these genes could regulate each other only because of binding with a same TF, at least in my opinion.
3. If assuming that they can regulate each other, maybe you can check their co-expression, or directly knock down one genes and measure another gene expression/protein level. I'm not expert in the experiments, so no more advice could be given on this subject.
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I need a list of genes that are differentially regulated in diseases like Atopic dermitis. Is there a database for that?
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Markus Glaß thank you!
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Do you believe that it has considerable importance in public?
The vast legislative regulation, if not performed, doesn't guarantee that things work in the right way.
Does politics care about it?
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The occupational and environmental medicines have high importance in public health. Unfortunately, they are not getting due importance because of following-
1) Lack of research evidences
2) Lack of support from various stakeholders, including political leadership
3) Environmental regulations are restricted by the boundaries of pollution - they are yet to go into finer details
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Hello, I am working on a project in which I need to regulate the speed of the DC motor using the PID controller in Verilog for the FPGA Spartan 3e, is there any code I can start with?
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Check this github profile and you may see the relevant codes over there
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Hypothetically, can the body use the 25(OH)vitamine D derived from skin and sunlight (initially D3, then processed in liver) and that is further metabolized by CYP27B1 to active-D-vit - if you have no PTH?
From Pubmed PMID: 17656568 Parathyroid hormone regulates histone deacetylases in osteoblasts Emi Shimizu, Nagarajan Selvamurugan, Jennifer J Westendorf, Nicola C Partridge:
Vitamin D undergoes two enzymatic steps to form the active compound 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3).2 CYP27B1 is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that performs the second step in this process, metabolizing 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 (1, 2), and thus controls the biological activity of vitamin D.
CYP27B1 is tightly regulated. A primary signal in mediating induction of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the kidney is elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH). This was demonstrated in early animal studies in which thyroparathyroidectomy resulted in reduced production of 1,25(OH)2D3, whereas administration of parathyroid extract restored 1,25(OH)2D3 production almost to control levels (5).
1,25(OH)2D3 is known to regulate its own production by inhibiting CYP27B1. In addition to 1,25(OH)2D3, the phosphaturic factor fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), which acts as an endocrine factor, also suppresses expression of renal CYP27B1 (1, 2) (Fig. 1). But, what are the molecular mechanisms connecting these hormones to CYP27B1 and each other? Some initial hints have emerged. Early studies showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment could suppress Cyp27b1 expression in both thyroparathyroidectomy and sham-operated rats, suggesting that activation by PTH and suppression by 1,25(OH)2D3 are two distinct events (6). It was suggested that 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated suppression may not be based on direct binding of the vitamin D receptor to a consensus vitamin D response element in the Cyp27b1 gene but rather may be indirect (7).
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Thank you Thomas! I believe we came to the same conclusion when we discussed the matter at a conference, there doesn't seem to be enough research ATM to fully answer the question.
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While the regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) is still at its infancy in the EU and the US, it is already becoming apparent that there are different approaches among countries on how to regulate AI. Does this mean that an international agreement will become necessary later on? What are the pros and cons of such an international regulatory approach?
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Dear Mr. Francisco!
UNCITRAL oversees the regulation of the non-public (commercial) sector. State and interstate regulation is still being formed. There are several working groups in the European Union on the problems of AI regulation (you can read about this in my works), at the level of individual countries this problem is also relevant. Today, the state uses little AI. Mostly commerce and independent science are developing varieties of AI. It is difficult to control at this stage, but it is necessary due to technical regulations, licenses, control databases.
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I have a neutral peptides that is insoluble in pH 7.4 solvent. I need solution to be pH 7.4 for the subsequent reaction. I have tried DMSO to help dissolve the peptide, but it would be precipitate if I regulated the pH to 7.4. What can I do to try solving this problem?
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Acetonitrile is nice, because you can lyophilize it away, if necessary. ;-)
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How much the individual attributes of the doctors regulate their emotions at work place?
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In my opinion; everything that all human beings do is influenced by their individual qualities, and hence their emotional qualities.
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Hi everyone,
Does anyone know an online browser in which it is possible to search for transcription factor’s binding sites of a certain gene? I have treated my cellular model with retinoic acid and I noticed a strong increase in the mRNA expression of my gene of interest. Hence, I wonder if this increase it is directly dependant on RA-RAR modulation and I am looking for a bionformatic hint. Thanks in advance to those who answer me.
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The MEME Suite web server provides a unified portal for online discovery and analysis of sequence motifs representing features such as DNA binding sites and protein interaction domains. Transcription factor motifs (including those discovered using MEME) can be compared with motifs in many popular motif databases using the motif database scanning algorithm TOMTOM. Transcription factor motifs can be further analyzed for putative function by association with Gene Ontology (GO) terms using the motif-GO term association tool GOMO
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Specially, I am looking for a database or software which give me the name of transcription factors and mRNAs which are being regulated by them.
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Thank you so much for your good recomendations.
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To cater to wide head & power variation , in run off river projects with head range from 5-25m , & output from 15-40 MW triple regulation bulb turbines will be very suitable option . (Triple regulation means In addition to Guide vanes & runner blade regulation , variable speed by changing excitation frequency) . Has this technology been used on actual projects ?. Which manufacturers have this technology. like GE, Voith , Andritz , Hitachi , Toshiba or other chineses / European OEMs
Any technical papers or literature on Variable speed bulb turbines with triple regulation for runoff river plants, references, what is todays status of this technology ?
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But this technology is already in use widely for reversible pump turbines , ship propulsion & also for tidal plants with four quadrant operation .
My question here is whether this design has been used on projects of run off river plants with Bulb units. Who are the established manufacturers & whether this practice is prevalent or in the nascent stage ?. Ant technical papers on this subject ?
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The appearance of schizophrenia patients have been in society for a very long time. If we do not consider the regime and social structures and systems, how much percentage of schizophrenia patients are acceptable in a normally regulated well-being society without war, or other crisis?
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Hi,
(I have asked this questions previously, but I believe it was too general. I have tried to be more specific here)
I am trying to establish an islanded microgrid with 2 inverters running in parallel to supply a single load. I want to use droop control so I can then adjust the power sharing between them.
I am struggling to get 2 inverters to synchronise. I can get them to supply the same voltage, but the currents work against each other in the load.
What I have tried:
1. Grid forming and Grid feeding. When I add the Grid feeding inverter, I can not control the voltage that it injects the current at. If I give it it a Reactive power reference, it will inject current into the grid at that power level, it doesn't regulate the voltage. Therefore, it pushes the voltage of the load up I get instability in the system.
2. Grid supporting Voltage x 2. I have tried to put 2 Grid supporting Voltage sources in parallel. The problem here, is that if each inverter supplies a different power, this then adjusts the frequency that is injects its power into the grid and the miss match between the two frequencies of the inverters causes instability.
3. Grid supporting Voltage and Grid supporting Current. This has the same issue as point number 1. As there is no way to pin the voltage to anything, it is simply a current source that cant control the voltage it injects at. This causes instability in the microgrid I created.
Am I doing something wrong ?
The following paper has exactly what I am trying to achieve, but I get different results:
Does anyone have a Simulink model of 2 parallel inverters supplying a load in islanded mode?
Attached is the model of the Grid Supporting Voltage inverters in parallel that I have been working on. You can see that the currents of each inverter are working against each other.
Thank you
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Synchronization is to agree in time. So, in order to synchronize multiple sources such as the power inverters you have to choose the strongest one as the reference synchronization source. This source is better to be referenced to a crystal controlled oscillator for high stability.
Then every other inverter is to be synchronized by the reference taken from the microgrid as I proposed in the first part of my answer.
This means the local oscillator of the inverter must be synchronized to the reference by means of phase locked loop.
In summary my proposal is to take the strongest power fed to the grid is to be taken as a reference for all other source fed to the grid.
To synchronize any inverter to the grid please refer to the papers in the links:
Best wishes
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I want to check the impact of the index and interaction term of regulation on the financial sustainability of bank.In the interaction term of index and regulation ,regualtion is dummy variable.The time period for the research is 7 years.I wnat to inquire which panel data regression models are appropriate for conducting the analysis.
fixed effect model
random effect model
System GMM
Difference GMM
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I agree with others that it depends, however, the question is reqiured in more detail. Please don't limit to mentioned regression methods rather explore based causal inference methods such as DID, PSM-DID, CEM-DID, Synthetic control method, 2SLS (treatment effect model). For details, you can read this book..... https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.12987/9780300255881/pdf
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Describe the role of temperature in spermatogenesis...
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I agree with @
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According to EU F-Gas regulation ((EU) No 517/2014) refrigerants with GWP >150 are prohibited from 01/01/2022 does it consider only HFC or all refrigerants with GWP > 150 like HFO's as well?
I am a Master's thesis student with a task to understand F-Gas regulation and devise a solution for my company's system. We currently use R513A which is an HFO with a GWP of 631. The F-Gas Regulation gives norms for HFCs only are they also valid for HFO's with GWP > 150.
I would look forward to your response. Thank You for your time.
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I requested this query to the German environmental agency and Honeywell I think they have given me good information please find below the SS of the same.
Honeywell Reply:
Currently, the heat pump sector is not regulated by F-gas and there is no ban on GWP of refrigerants used in them, so R-513A with GWP 631 can be used. Please be aware that the F-gas quota mechanism will impact prices and the availability of F-gases. Since R-513A is a medium-level GWP refrigerant, that impact should not be significant within a few years' time horizons. The alternative for R-513A is R-1234ze(E) which has GWP ~7 (AR 4). Advantages of ze are the following: -out of quota mechanism -sustainable GWP -provided that the market of main components (compressors, heat exchangers) is well developed for ze, there is an opportunity to develop new range of heat pumps with superior efficiency vs e.g. R-513A duet to lower operating pressures of ze.
German environmental agency (Umweltbundesamt) Reply: (Translated)
HFOs are HFCs from a chemical point of view. They are also referred to as HFCs in the regulation. However, the regulation distinguishes between Annex I substances and Annex II substances. Annex II substances (e.g., HFO as pure substances) are subject to certain reporting requirements, but not to the prohibitions.
You write that the company uses R513A as the refrigerant. This is a mixture of R1234yf and R134a. R134a is subject to phase-down, the associated quota system, and detection requirements under the "Third Chemicals Amendment Act - Combating Illicit Trade in Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases."
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Hello,
I am working on a project and we need to use an DC to AC inverter for the battery power supply. I am searching for devices that conver the current and also are capable of controlling the motor. I know that this kind of inverters can regulate the speed. But what about the torque? Does it need to be regulated with a variable resistor? How does it normally work?
Thank you a lot
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I'm a MSc Biotechnology student and I have graduated in the same field. I've been becoming aware of my interests and I am inclined towards how the diet can potentially be used to regulate the health. What should I do after my Masters to pursue this interest? I'm not sure what it's called therefore I cannot accurately google it. Any help would be appreciated!
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What is the most acceptable method to measure the impact of regulation/policy so far?
I only know the Difference-in-Difference (DID), Propensity Score Matching (PSM), Two-Step System GMM (for dynamic) are common methods. Expecting your opinion for 20 years long panel for firm-level data.
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recent development
(1) Wooldridge two-way Mundlak regression and fixed effects and dif-in-dif
(2) synthetic control
(3) Cerulli, G. 2015. Econometric Evaluation of Socio-Economic Programs: Theory and Applications.
(4) Pesaran (2015) Time Series and Panel Data Econometrics
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Wyoming recently recognized a new legal entity called a DAO LLC, or a decentralized algorithmic organization, which can be managed by an algorithm. The Wyoming law is largely silent on the legal requirements for the algorithm manager and its design, features, or policies. Any suggestion?
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Interesting question but it is away from my field
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NFKb is a transcription factor that activates various genes. We have found the differential regulation of Pax6, as well as, NFkb in response to UV treatment under in vitro conditions. Can someone help me to design experiments that will help me to find out if NFkb is binding to the promoter of Pax 6 gene?
Thanks a lot!
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ClusPro is software that can help you in finding if they can bind via generating a binding model for them.
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The laws are generally aimed at regulating life, livelihoods, commercial and industrial transactions... Etc., as well as the protection of ecosystems systems and biodiversity …
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Yes, if properly formulated and enforced.
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I'm having a hard time finding a self-report measure of emotion regulation or emotional reactivity for children under the age of 13. Can someone recommend a measure of any of these two constructs that I can use? Thank you!
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Self-reports from children under age 13 are challenging. However you decide to measure emotion regulation, make sure to also collect social desirability data (e.g., Children's Social Desirability scale. That is a significant confound with such assessments.
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Gene expression in Prokaryotes and Viruses?
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Gene expression is the transcription of a specific gene and the translation of its mRNA into a protein. Regulation is the modulation of this expression by environmental factors or other metabolites.
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I am struggling to find a scale that measures this specific construct besides the one used by Caprara (2008). I want to measure (if possible) these beliefs as a state in an experimental design but I am not satisfied with any measure that I found. Would be really grateful for any help!
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If it doesn't exist, it deserves to be created
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I am a beginner in slider control studies and am trying to design a discrete time integral slider controller. I know that the basic idea of the sliding mode is that once the states reach the sliding surface, they must remain on it, according to the first attached figure (SMC - State trajectory). Is it possible for states to make a similar trajectory to this other figure (SMC - possible)? The initial condition of my simulation was x1 = 1 and x2 = 2, with the controller acting as a regulator. When I apply a step-type reference signal (r = 2) to state x1, in half the simulation time, the behavior of the states is shown in the third figure (SMC - reference). My doubt is due to the "turn" of the trajectory of the states, apparently they cross the sliding surface but do not start sliding on the first pass.
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Firstly, your doubt can be cleared by the following tutorial i.e., "Reachability: Attaining sliding manifold in finite time" [1].
For beginner, there are need to clear some basics about [2]
(a) Reaching phase
(b) Sliding motion
(c) And Theorems related to both (a) and (b) for better understanding.
Note: Part (a) is for clearing the doubt (as you asked above ).
Suppose that if the initial conditions are very near about origin i.e. x1(0)=0.1, x2(0)=0.1, then what will be happened?
So, the phase trajectories are interrelated to all the factors (type of the dynamics, constants of the switching surface/manifolds, gains of the controller) for getting desire response.
Reference:
[2] Slotine, J. J. E., & Li, W. (1991). Applied nonlinear control (Vol. 199, No. 1). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice hall.
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Why a teacher should be seen as a leader.
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knowledge
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I am looking for applied work in regulation using ABM (Agent Based Modeling), someone has suggestions?
thx a lot
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Maybe this will help you. Take a look:
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Indian Govt. is planning to introduce regulated crypto-currency. Does it not violate the real essence of cryptocurrency which itself is decentalized?
Crypto-currecy in real sense is decentralized which means that there is no regulatory body who governs the entire system. Does " Regulated crypto-currency" doesn't violate this structure.
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Dear Dr. Ashish Seth it's the contradictory process of its ideology.
They said it is decentralized but they want to control it.
The moral of the story is there is a need to set the universal rule for cryptocurrency transactions and then realise the system globally.
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I'm planning to do a bit of action research at home.
I have access to a child of 13 who challenged me on why I restricted his time on his online game. I suggested it was because children of his age did not have the capacity to regulate themselves when playing online games. He challenged me on that.
I'm looking for any literature on this.
I have found studies regarding access to sugar for children and the impact of restricted diets leading to more of a fixation on sugar or food.
I'm going to trial it for two weeks where he has access to the PS4 from 7am to 8.30pm each day, 9.30pm on non school days. My question is whether the child will be able to regulate their own intake of Fortnite over that two-week period.
I am going to build in some provisos regarding attendance at school but one week will be a usual school holiday. I'm going to take hourly observations to see how much time he spends online, gaming, outside with friends etc.
Any comments or know of any research which has looked into this already?
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Interesting topic.
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I've done three treatment groups of RNA-SEQ, one group is Normal, the second is alcohol-withdrawal, the third one is alcohol-withdrawal injected with Drug-A. I want to find the genes and pathways that are regulated by DrugA, so which two groups I should compare with, withdrawal vs Drug-A or Normal vs drugA, or Normal vs withdrawal?
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How you define normal group.
Is it the group with alcohol in take or is it a group not taking alcohol. First you have to specify that.
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I'm looking for information on how chemicals and mixtures are regulated in Canada. I have found that the hazardous products regulations (HPR) specify the criteria for hazard classification and that the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) gives a definition of "toxic substances" according to the risk posed by the substance or group of substances. As far as I understood, toxic substances are added to a list and risk management measures can be considered. Does it mean that the classification, for instance as carcinogen, does not imply directly a regulation? What about mixtures and alloys?
Thanks for any information and examples you may provide!
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