Regional Development - Science topic

Hello Sir, David L Morgan

I studied in a book and found that "Action research is done in most of all the business and industrial unit to find the solution of local problem". Somewhere I also read about secondary data in action research. I have some idea about it and work is going on....

Not only did pre-colonial trade occur but some manufacturing also took place and so traders engaged in the sale of manufactured products. Ancient Africa traded in tobacco, gold, copper, spices, ebony, ivory, and skins.

People in pre-colonial Africa were engaged in hunting and gathering, agriculture, mining and simple manufacturing. Agriculture involved most people, so the chapter looks mainly at farming activities. The chapter explains that farmers in those days faced two big challenges: a hostile environment and scarcity of labour.

(citation from: https://www.aehnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Green.Production-Systems-in-Pre-Colonial-Africa.pdf

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The very earliest evidence of African trade is described by Herodotus (c. 484-425BC) who wrote of the trade across the Sahara; a trade recorded in rock paintings dating from 10,000BC.

(Citation from: https://african.business/2021/10/trade-investment/a-short-history-of-african-trade/

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In most parts of Africa before 1500, societies had become highly developed in terms of their own histories. They often had complex systems of participatory government, or were established powerful states that covered large territories and had extensive regional and international links.

The Transatlantic Slave trade not only distorted Africa’s economic development it also distorted views of the history and importance of the African continent itself. It is only in the last fifty years that it has been possible to redress this distortion and to begin to re-establish Africa’s rightful place in world history.

The African continent is now recognised as the birthplace of humanity and the cradle of civilization. We still marvel at the great achievements of Kemet, or Ancient Egypt, for example, one of the most notable of the early African civilizations, which first developed in the Nile valley over 5000 years ago.

(Citation from:

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The main items traded were gold and salt. The gold mines of West Africa provided great wealth to West African Empires such as Ghana and Mali. Other items that were commonly traded included ivory, kola nuts, cloth, slaves, metal goods, and beads.

(Citation from: https://www.ducksters.com/history/africa/trade_routes_of_ancient_africa.php

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Simple conclusion:

Colonization brought a full disruption of Africa‘s traditional trade and routes.

These, and the references, may be of help Melkamu

You may also try this link;

Yes, ecological sustainability can increase the attractiveness of a region. Skilled migrants can be influenced by ES. But Economical Sustainability can more influenced than Ecological Sustainability.

Thank you for advice! We also thinking on development survey for quantitative analysis. To our view, interviews with MPs and stakeholders may be also useful in our case. I'll review your articles

The most important thing is that you have the relevant and accurate data.

Thank you Sir

Since you are bringing together entrepreneurs from different enterprises they will need to agree a 'psychological contract' that determines how they will relate to each other and the 'rules of the group'. There is no survey or team instrument that will do this for you although these may help to improve individuals' understanding of the others. Each person will need to explain to the others what she or he hopes to achieve from the group, what they are willing contribute and what conditions (e.g. confidentiality) they wish to see in place. Then you will need to facilitate a consensus and a written psychological contract should be agreed. This will need to be an agile document as needs and wants will change over time.

Dear Luis Fernando Gallegos-Rodríguez,

Yes. In my opinion, crises such as the natural crisis, climate crisis, pandemic crisis, etc. are the source of economic, social, political crises, etc. In such difficult situations, the importance of general social awareness of various aspects of social justice, social political responsibility, democratization and liberalization of various spheres of life is growing citizens, fairer management and distribution of goods, sustainable development. In the conditions of serious crises threatening the effective development of civilization, the importance of social civic responsibility grows, social undertakings are undertaken from the bottom to increase social justice in the field of a more even distribution of goods, new social organizations co-create civil society and opportunities for socio-economic and civilization development increase in accordance with principles of sustainable development. Thanks to these processes, there is an increase in the possibilities of solving problems resulting from economic crises (e.g. causing an increase in unemployment, a decrease in income, an increase in the scale of economic stratification of the society, an increase in the income disproportion of key social strata), natural and health crises (e.g. natural disasters, plagues of infectious diseases and pests on farmlands, epidemics and pandemics, including the SARS-CoV-2 / Covid-19 / Coronavirus pandemic), climate crises (e.g. droughts, soil barrenness and desertification in farmlands, forest fires, ongoing global warming process, increasing scale weather anomalies and climatic disasters), etc. Therefore, the development of civil society favors the possibility of a real implementation of the principles of sustainable development into economic processes.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

It will be restored carefully, according to the culture of the peoples

Dear Director Mr. Giovannella!

Your survey is a rewarding experience to fill in: I really learned a lot! May I kindly recommend YOU to look at the BrightTALK platform and the Elsevier Researcher Academy - portal. These both are free of charge to sign up, use and I am certain you can find in them resources that you can utilize in your work! Please see below:

1) BrightTALK: https://www.brighttalk.com/join/ & https://www.brighttalk.com/research-development/ & https://www.brighttalk.com/summits/

2) Elsevier Researcher Academy:

https://www.elsevier.com/connect/authors-update/introducing-researcher-academy

Priyanka Kalra (2019). "Researcher Academy: An introduction to e-learning resources for researchers" Jan. 29. 2019 Available at:

https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/15611/344820/researcher-academy-an-introduction-to-e-learning-resources-for-researchers

Yours sincerely, Bulcsu Szekely

Peter F. Colwell Dear professor, your are right. A definition of industrial district is essential. This session would be a sort of starting point for the discussion. For this reason, it focuses on two pillars, the first is precisely methodological and wants to investigate the methods for the definition of districts. The second is structural because it wants to investigate the resilience of post-economic crisis districts. Thanks for your suggestions, they are very useful.

Dear Hector

your are receiving answers from a broad range of fields. it may be helpful if you specify which aspects of regional spatial planning you are interested in. the term "regional spatial planning" is very broad.; And the term "spatial planning" has different meaning in different countries and contexts. Do you mean land-use regulations? or regional economic planning? or regional administration? or environmental regional planning? Rachelle Alterman

Emmanuel V Murray Dear Emmanuel, please read the call for presentation here https://ersa.org/2019/12/16/ersa2020-call-for-abstracts-is-open/

Dear Valentina Cattivelli , A pleasure to greet you, I commented that three weeks ago I sent you an email, with a potential summary for the special edition that you address in the sustainability magazine.

The address to which the contribution is sent is: valentina.cattivelli@eurac.edu, I consider that it is wrong since I have not received any response, whether we obtained a reduced rate or not.

The email I sent you is mheredia@uea.edu.ec

I look forward to your comments.

Regards,

Marco

i will like to contribute

One joke about current affairs says that, China-US trade war is actually the trade war between Wall Street and Yuehai Street which is in Shenzhen's Nanshan District, because Zhognxing、Huawei、 Da Jiang Innovations and many other hi-tech chinese enterprises all registered in Yuehai Street.

I contacted him even before asking a question hear. Have not heard from him/ his team yet.

you can check it here http://positions.dolpages.com and http://mentorks.net/ and

https://www.all-acad.com/ and https://www.findapostdoc.com/search/browsebydiscipline.aspx all these are the online weblink, you just need to visit the website, Best of Luck

Dear all,

Thank you for the thoughts and inspirational ideas. Our challenge is to illustrate everything on a single picture that is both technically and emotionally speaking for itself, i.e. the rural-urban specificity is pictured in a correct and clear way, which is easily understood - and the photo addresses a personal level of communication by demonstrating a behaviour or state that is a day-to-day situation and that could be "you and me" - in other words, it is a topic that everybody should be concerned about. - Our approach for the moment is to think of situations (e.g. cycling for leissure or with fresh fruits from a farmers' market; waiting for a bus; harvesting; walking; ...), in which a pair or small group of persons interacts and where the background is indicating the rural-urban links in addition to the persons (who's clothing and accessoires can aslo indicate a rural or urban background - according to stereotypes [that are questionned]). For the background, we intend to use drone imaging to get a suitable deep perspective into the countryside/urban skyline. I will keep you updated and will be posting the outcome. If you had further thoughts or suggestions, please add them.

Thank you!

Best

Stephan

Africa's sustainable development agenda, to a large extent depends on its political leadership that must be transformative, by making the right political policies and ensuring its implementation. This imperative is necessary for African countries to channel their resources to infrastructural development by adopting public-private partnership model and motivations for businesses and entrepreneurship to create, innovate and harness her social capital that would engender economic growth and good governance.

Other critical variables include good governance practices, citizens participation in governance processes, embracing research for development policy and practice, citizens' empowerment, technological development, building strong institutions, collaboration with African diaspora communities and the international community for support towards achieving sustainable development agenda.

The major challenge is lack of political will by most African leaders to embrace reforms that would foster national development and undercut their influence and power base. For instance, the issue of restructuring in Nigeria.

Africa should learn how Singapore was transformed from a developing nation to a first class world nation within a short period as a result of transformative leadership.

The international community should support African nations to build citizen-centered political culture for effective and responsive leadership and responsible and active followership towards attaining Africa's sustainable development.

I talked about it with Andreas Ladner. With colleges they have beatiful research about local autonomy: http://www.andreasladner.ch/

Regional planning has potential to address more of socio-economic and sustainability issues than just physical infrastructure. Most of the regional planning actions are focused on urban regions which in itself is centered around mother cities and its hinterland. Physical planning of regions have taken out people from its ambit of concern. Regional planning should have inclusive strategies, resource sharing abilities and bridge the urban -rural divide. The regional resources and its utilization (not exploitation) must be addressed by focusing on the natural resources. Its not prudent to being more urban centered which looking for expansion beyond cities physical limits. The administration of the regions which largely historical and geographical basis encompasses the security of resources for future. Most of the regions globally have exploited the regions for its resources, and left to fend for themselves while looking for good opportunity somewhere else. The cultural imprints and nature of region must be respected not only for protection of local culture but also to reduce the regional conflict. The national character of planning somewhat disregard the regional aspiration which can be addressed by more participatory and community based planning.

I would strongly recommend for performance sustainability under such conditions ...

Hello Abinash, this article is not directly examine the relationship between tourism and regional development through identification and assessment of actual and potential resources, how ever it contains DRR part which is one of the important aspects of tourism planning.

Populism is increasingly being used as a universal key to interpret the crisis of western democracies. Not by chance, Donald Trump's victory in America and the Brexit are explained as a populist drift of their respective democratic regimes. The same key is used to explain the advance of the National Front of Marine Le Pen in France, of the Five Star Movement in Italy.In fact, the alibi of populism masks deeper problems that affect aspects of the crisis that crosses the western democracies.

Dear Odum,

These links may be helpful for you.

Best Wishes,

In general terms, the place-based identity is hard to be addessed at regional level.

Regardin the design aspects, may I suggest the following paper?

Carmona, Matthew. "The place-shaping continuum: A theory of urban design process." Journal of Urban Design 19.1 (2014): 2-36.

Dear Cihan Kizil, I suggest you the following article: ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/263543604_Desarrollo_local_competitividad_y_apertura_economica_en_Tamaulipas

It proposes a regional (municipal) development (socioeconomic) index and deals with some other interesting aspects of economic development at the territorial level.

Best regards!

My paper "Collaborative research, deliberation, and innovation," in the journal

Episteme 11 (03), 291-303, discusses some challenges to working collaboratively, and how to overcome them.  Specifically, it provides guidelines on how to avoid Groupthink, where a group converges on a consensus prematurely.

According to official statistics eight Kacchi Abadeis including, French Colony, Paris colony, 100 quarters, 66 quarters, Hansa Colony, Charles Colony, Siad Purr Model Village and I-9 Christine colony were set up by the CDA and have a legal status. Whereas, illegal Kacchi Abadeis in G-7, G-8, F-6, F-7, I-11, and Banni Gala

Dear Hassan,

You might find some interesting food for further thinking in the recent report by the INSPIRATION project, which presents strategic demands for future research related to soil, land and land managment - so arguably also relevant (partly) for regional sciences.

The aim of INSPIRATION is to establish and promote the adoption of a strategic research agenda for land use, land-use changes and soil management in the light of current and future societal challenges. The report builds on a multi-stakeholder, multi-national and interdisciplinary approach that covers a variety of stakeholders (public bodies, business, scientific community citizens and society) and of relevant funders of research in 17 European countries. Between March 2015 and March 2016 the project interviewed 374 National Key Stakeholders (NKS), performed a desk study and organized workshops with 468 national stakeholders of funders, end-users and researchers across the various soil and land management disciplines. Please find the report linked below and next to further information on the project website.

Begin from Environmental baseline data through population growth and it's characteristics to determine requirements and adequate zoning 

The CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL had a good paper on Patents (as related to geography and politics) by McGann, and I think Huber and Simonton also used patents, also in the same journal.  The journal BUSINESS CREATIVITY & THE CREATIVE ECONOMY has a paper in press (next issue) comparing Florida's indices to various psychological measures of Creativity.  I can dig these up if you can't find them (if they are helpful).  Mark 

A lot of the work undertaken by ESPON in Europe would be helpful. One example is:

Hi Luis,

I think most of the time the approach for quantifying the impacts is based on analyzing direct expenditures that are made by visitors and tourists and indirect benefits that are accumulated from returns on investments in infrastructure like roads and so on.

I remember that I have seen this article some time ago and hope it will help:

Best regards,

 Stan

Policy making is rule making. The right tool is one that enhances the efficiency of basic amenities provision. Which means that market forces must be in place for best result. A first would be adequate and reliable electricity supply. With this in place we can talk about lighting to read pages/ screens during the night. To charge devices and so on. Literacy becomes a function of these amenities. Even digital literacy. The divide in digital literacy is not so much ownership of resources as it is access to resources. Access like ownership is subject to the existence of rules:

I know that there was research done on use of ICT to support enterprise in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland in the mid-90s - e.g. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01580539 but I am know there are several more papers around this topic and region

Several factors affect regional development . Some factors affect directly while others influence indirectly but still they have an impact .Regional development is  a complex situation and should be viewed with a  multi- dimensional approach.  

We have conducted an ESPON project on liveable landscape as an asset in regional development, this might not exactly be what you are looking for, but might be worth to take a glance. 

Thank you. Very interesting I will try to find some info on this.

A good example of tying together the city is http://www.paisajetransversal.org/2015/03/nuevos-retos-creacion-ciudad-integrar-paisajes-previos-ordenacion-territorio-urbanismo-planeamiento-urbano.html

Dear Jelena,

Young people expectation for housing is influenced by the new way of living, mainly the use of technology. I recommend you this TED talk on how real estate housing is reshaped because of how young people want to live. It's by Gunnar Branson https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQ6irnso40c.

Godd luck!

1. Right person in the right Job:

Every worker is assigned the task for which he is best suited. This helps to provide, opportunities for the best utilisation of natural talents as a person performs the job which he likes he gets pleasure in work.

2. Greater Efficiency:

Right man in the right job leads to higher output. Secondly, due to division of labour, a worker continuously repeats his work. He becomes an expert in performing the job Repetition of the same work improves his dexterity and skills.

3. Better Quality of Work:

Division of labour not only increases the quantity of work it also improves the quality of production. Better and modern machines and equipment are used. Better quality products help to increase the goodwill and profits of business.

4. Saving of time:

Division of labour helps to avoid waste of time and effort caused by changes from one type of work to another. The worker does not have to shift from one process to another.

5. Economies of large scale production:

Division of labour facilitates mass production. Large scale production provides economies in the use of resources, such as raw materials, labour, tools etc. Optimum use of means of production helps to reduce cost of production.

6. Less learning period:

Under division of labour a worker needs to learn only a part of the whole task. Therefore, lesser time and expenditure is involved in training workers.

7. Inventions and Innovations:

A worker doing the same task again and again tries to find new and better ways of doing the job. Small and simple parts of a task can easily be done by machines. Thus, division of labour increases scope for inventions and innovations.

8. Less Strain:

Division of labour makes tasks small and simple Workers can perform them without much strain and physical tiredness is reduced. Less skilled labour is required to perform the divided and sub-divided tasks.

9. Wider Market:

Division of labour makes available cheaper goods of a wide variety. As a result demand for goods and services increases.

10. Benefits to society:

Society is benefited due to (a) reduced cost on account of large scale production (b) higher productivity which leads to economic growth (c) employment of unskilled workers and (d) better quality of goods and services for consumers.

Dear Carlos,

I believe this report will help:

Regards,

Vanessa

Network Gov. has an economic base and therefore, it mainly looks at economically and regulatory meaningful actors such as NGOs and institutes. On the other hand, collaborative Gov. has a social base and it has a bigger concern about people and society. In their development, these two concepts have gotten very close together and the boundaries overlap strongly. 

there is a literature in economics showing simply being near the coast matters.    and the curse of oil if the subnational is resource rich too.  finally, if the subnational was at one time independent can matter - ex. Texas in the u.s. was its own country briefly

A well-known approach could be Social Capital theories. You can check, as an example, the tools proposed by the World Bank although there are many papers on this topic.

Studies into urban metabolic rates can help in outlining the causal links between urban infrastructure (sometimes proxied through urban built/roads etc.) and economic restructuring...

there is a good litertaure on new regional economies premised upon tourism, consumption and festivals as a place-making strategy from Australia.  This research employs quite a lot of litertaure on cosmopolitanism and creativity.  Your question is general, but I sense this literature would be of interest to you.  I've done some research in this field jointly with Pro. Hilary Winchester (check my profile for some of this). I'd also recommend the work of Prof. Chris Gibson and Prof. John Connel.  They edited a great book called Festival Places. I hope these help and I can provide full references if you'd like them. Sincerely, M

Hi Akira,

Your last exchange of ideas got me thinking...I am curious, how does land-locked Mexico City maintain a large fish market (do not know to what extent it is global) when Tokyo seems to proof through history that dominance is a function of (I am simplifying deliberately in terms of the NEG/PEG debate): proximity to the ocean (for freshness) and fish-consuming communities (culture). Freshness is very much a function of distances and therefore transport cost, amendable to topological analysis; while culture is a function of market sophistication, and therefore collective consciousness, amendable to sociological, anthropological, gastronomic analysis? Would you care to share your experience and thoughts in connection to the Tsukiji market in Tokyo?

by looking at regional and local budget data.  might start with tax sharing at the regional and local levls

Dear J. Andres,

In my opinion, usually and unfortunately, all measures are ways to solve existing problems.

I recommend the Journal (I think you already know):

Environmental Impact Assessment Review

And:

Best Regards,

Vanessa

I found Clyde Prestowitz's analysis of the Post-crisis America (in his book, the Betrayal of American Prosperity) in relation to the rest of the world to be penetrating. Arguing for a return to the trajectory set in the pre-Reagan era.  Especially in terms of what type of globalization  is desirable and the areas of neglect (mostly institutional) if rectified that would put America back on a surer footing. Hailing from Asia, it gave me a peek into an alternative perspective - through the lens of an analyst that has his sights on a declining economic giant. Proving once again that decline, like prosperity, is an ever-present danger, prefiguring halts and hurdles to Asian growth if it doesn't learn from the lessons of economic history ( which may not be regional-centric and may be as relevant to all even though it concerns: America's, Europe, or even Japan for that matter). I believe we need to have a broader understanding of the underlying progression or policies and where this takes us in terms of the likely developmental trajectory. Clyde does a fantastic job of "cliometrics" while providing a running commentary on the relevant economic empirics...

I think that a very useful contribution at this regard is the the book of Emanuele Ferragina (2012) "Social Capital in Europe. A comparative Analysis" Edward Elgar Publishing 

I have a few working papers about these issues. I am looking at the United States primarily. I would look at the work on immigrant and ethnic enclaves and how that fits into broader urban theories about land rent, succession, spatial assimilation, gentrification and right to the city. In the US, immigrant integration has been coordinated at the Federal level by the State Department, Homeland Security, and Health and Human Services. Urban Development is mostly the US Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, but also Commerce, Transportation, Treasury and more. In the past five years, efforts to link the two issues has been getting a great deal of attention. 

Dear Andrea,

One of the methods exercised nowadays in Poland is particiapatory budget, when people directly decide what kind of investments in community they really need. I agree with you that this is fantastic. Good luck with your study!

Best regards,

Mariusz

I think the role of clusters in regional developmen is twofold. On  the one hand, clusters decrease intraregional transaction cost for actors of public and private economy as well. On the other, significant options arise for the more effective exploit of local comparative advantages.

If the utmost goal is 'regional development', then when do we say a region is developed. Are we equating urbanization with development?

An important topic of regional analysis.

The word DISPARITY implies lack of equality between people or things; dissimilarity.

Indicators of development, occuring in the region of study,  should be used. All / most developmental indicators have different units, so they should 1st be brought on an equal level / unit for measurement.

Disparity can then be measured by using the following popular methods:

i) Composite Index;  ii) Range;  iii) Coefficient of Variation;  iv) Gini Coefficient;  

v) Theil's T Statistic;           vi) Range Ratio. 

I have used first four methods individually and in combination, for calculating spatio-temporal dissimilarity; the results thus obtained are near to reality.

After calculation, the results must be mapped cartographically, ie., a chorochromatic map should be plotted. The map drawn gives an idea about the actual location patterns of dissimilarities within micro, meso and or macro areal units.

Hope this information satisfies you.     

Knowledge, experience, orientation to research and new areas of practical implementation almost always develops (even war always stimulates science and development - see e.g. Manhattan Project and its impact to project management theory and practice, despite ethical questions). Open mind should be always strenght.

But limitation? Sometimes strict hierarchy, and associated reludctance to quick changes. This may inhibit some valuable concepts as to early. Such situation, especially in quickly developing technical sciences or medical sciences, may decide about success or not.

Read Shlomo Angel

The article below deal with a project called Emergency Northern Recovery Project (ENReP) implemented in post conflict recovery situation headed by me

Dear Irfan,

In the olden days Reilly's Law was a pretty good rough way to define local market areas. In modern times it has not worked well, particularly at identifying local market regions within a metropolis (as in the case of village markets that have been overwhelmed by metro growth and overspill). This means that the scale of enterprise historically was not differentiated greatly by local market or metro area location. But in fact we know that often there are very big different scalar factors in metro businesses as compared to local towns and villages. To know whether Reilly will work for you in your study area, make a few calculations. Then go into the field and verify the truth of the boundary as expected from Reilly.

I'll add a quick list that we discuss in North America:

Community land trusts in Dudley Street Initiative in Boston, Massachusetts USA

Green community visioning, industrial rebirth, and immigrant inclusion in Chattanooga, Tennessee USA

Community organizing and planned population loss in Youngstown, Ohio, USA

Metropolitan regional government, transit, & immigrant neighborhood inclusion in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, USA

Metropolitan sustainability planning in Greater Vancouver, British Columbia, USA

Re-introducing mass rail transit in Greater Los Angeles, California, USA

Introduction of Google Wire with community planning in Kansas City, Missouri

Metropolitan planning and transit oriented development in Metro Washington, DC USA

Reigonalizing assets in municipal bankruptcy in Detroit, Michigan USA

Hola Luca!

Chile como caso de planificacion es un mal ejemplo, muy malo. Planificacion territorial no existe, solo urbana, limitada al area urbana de las ciudades. Hay supuestamente 3 niveles de planificacion, que coinciden con los 3 niveles administrativos: PRDU (Plan regional de desarrollo urbano), PRI (Plan Intercomunal) que agrupa varias comunas, y el PRC (Plan Regulador Comunal). Tambien hay algunos planes menores que se llaman Seccionales.

Luego en el resto de AL la situacion cambia mucho, desde paises con regimenes de planificacion bastante desarrollados, a otros casos donde practicamente no existe planificacion. Diria que el denominador comun es una necesidad de mejores capacidades tecnicas en la mayoria de los paises de AL, agravado por procesos de urbanizacion muy rapidos. Volviendo a tu pregunta original, lo de la una nueva ciencia urbana que comentabamos esta todavia a añoz luz de la planificacion "cotidiana"... el soporte "cientifico" con que se estructuran las decisiones es en la mayoria de los casos muy pobre...

Dear Saleh,

If you are using multi-temporal images of the same area for land cover mapping, you should also consider conducting atmospheric correction.

It is always better to work with radiance or spectral reflectance instead of DNs.

Well, I am not sure if my answer is directly in accordance with your question but I would like to point out a very Important aspect of Transformation (in spatial terms).. I am trying to write a paper on this topic..

A complete or "absolute" change doesn’t qualify as transformation. The past and the future (i.e. the state or product before and after the change) are always related; hence ‘partial change’ is transformation. Urban Transformation is not just the catalyst, nor does it comprise of only methods of change, by-products or evolution story, but is the synthesis of all of these. Hence, Urban Transformation is a process of developing this synthesis between the history, idea, impetus, factors, methods and by-products of development.... This is my hypothesis, from where I am trying to proceed forward...

I know a German study called "Quality of life in the regions: an exploratory spatial data analysis for West German labor markets" by Karsten Rusche:

It can be including environmental, infrastructure factors that affect entrepreneurship in universities. We can say a example for environmental factors such as enriching entrepreneurial culture among students, and

infrastructure factors such as educational quality for learning entrepreneurial skills not only educational quantity .

Nelson,

Have a look at the attached paper. This may help you.

Regards

There may not be direct answer to the question it is difficult to exactly say how many number is? Because a person living sophisticated life in America and a person struggling in a village of Afghanistan have their very different impact in biosphere. According to Manfred A. Max-Neef in their book “economics unmasked” primary energy use of 9 terawatts per day is the global limit if not to exceed the carrying capacity of bio system of the earth. If there are 6 billion people on the earth and everybody is using same amount of energy then 1.5 kilowatt/per person/per hour is the maximum energy per person in order not to exceed the carrying capacity of the earth. Accordingly 6 billion people with per person energy consumption of 1.5kw/hr is the carrying capacity of the earth but current energy consumption is equivalent to -8 billion people using 1.5kw/hr which is 30 % more than the carrying capacity.

We already exceeded the carrying capacity in terms of energy use but remember that developed countries are using much more energy per capita. 1 American might be equivalent to 10 or 15 Sierra Leone people in terms of energy use. Furthermore if everybody lives like an average American and European then 1 to 2 billion might be the carrying capacity of the biosphere and if everybody in the world lives like and average Indian we can go beyond 10 billion.

Refining the dichotomy Europe/Developing countries might also be interesting: building a more articulated typology of new towns, in which experiences in GB or France are compared to what hapened in countries like Singapore or Egypt for example, in order to both understand the variety of uses of the concept and some possible hidden convergences or common challenges

I recommend

Theorie generale de la population / A. Sauvy. - Paris, 1963.

Kapellari E. Europa 2001. Nadzieje, do świadczenia, wyzwania / E. Kapellari // Moralny

fundament Europy czyli o cywikizacj ężycia ; Mat. sympozjumu “O solidarność rodziny narodów Europy”, 13-14 maja, 2001 r. – Lublin, 2002. – S. 157–168.

journal articles:

Jacques Véron La Théorie générale de la population est-elle toujours une théorie générale de la population? (http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/pop_0032-4663_1992_num_47_6_3925)

English Edition - http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/revue/pop

Applied Demography - http://www.populationassociation.org/publications/applied-demography/

little information of public importance: