Reasoning - Science topic

You can watch these videos and instead of creating the partitions, use one part and instead of the load values use the subroutines! I think you'll get your answer!

1- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOkXX_ZDCZQ&list=PLvACBM1uN9EqfmWZjxMjD6o5Fd0KQs9TV&index=4&ab_channel=FEAMaster

2- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhHDY7CxvF8&list=PLvACBM1uN9EqfmWZjxMjD6o5Fd0KQs9TV&index=3&ab_channel=FEAMaster

Hello, the by changing gradient flow you changing mobile phase composition which definitely will act on RT and shape of picks.

In simpler terms, if I conduct a t-test and the t-statistic is t = 2.5; this result by itself is not a truth-statement. It simply IS the result. It would be just as absurd to ask whether the number "5" is true or false.

I seldom use formalizations, but when I do they are short and their purpose is (i) to express a claim or principle in an ambiguity-free way and/or (ii) as a convenience for expressing ontological commitments, viz. as values of variables bound by quantifiers. However, I recognize that this is merely pragmatic and local (or parochial); on a global stage I lean towards logical pluralism.

Electrode potentials could change even you keep your full cell voltage constant (hold) and three-electrode system can moniter the individual electrode potential change. You can check this work to get better understanding of the potential change in three-electrode system

The gel-like consistency in your microsponges may be due to high polymer concentration, insufficient surfactant, inappropriate stirring speed, or rapid solvent evaporation. Adjusting these factors can help achieve the desired texture.

Beenish Ajmal

There is no case in which they are identical. That is not a question of consistency, they are just not optimized to be the same.

The appearance of peaks in the dielectric constant curve as a function of temperature and frequency is due to the relaxation of the dielectric and the predominance of electronic polarization at a given temperature.

Please run a cell lysate sample from cells without plasmid or just an empty vector (which does not have gene for TTR). Compare 3 samples on an SDS PAGE gel.

For induced and uninduced cell lysate, do you see similar level of expression for a 14 kDa protein? You could also verify whether that is your protein using western blot, if your protein has a His tag.

Hi Rashedul Siddiquei

Can you share a photo of the sample in the zeta cuvette? Is the sample transparent or opaque or totally absorbing/black?

When you insert the cuvette, make sure it's inserted all the way to the bottom. Can you do a size measurement in that cuvette (it is probably a DTS1070 capillary cell), without moving the cuvette, in backscattering? What is the count rate in backscattering?

Also you can check the zeta quality report and any potential hints on what to improve.

If you are using a mask aligner, the most common cause of issues is non-uniform contact across the wafer, which leads to variations in the magnitude of diffraction effects. Especially if the edge beads were not removed properly.

I am confident that AI will increasingly play a crucial role in the peer review process of academic publications. It is essential that we begin to discuss where the focus of AI support should lie, particularly in identifying which repetitive or complex tasks AI should assist us with. This would help streamline the work of reviewers, potentially preventing fatigue from compromising the quality of their performance. In conclusion, whether or not reviewer fatigue is a factor, we should gradually formalize the use of AI as a supportive tool for reviewers in order to enhance the quality of publications and avoid errors.

Men don't need to scream to provide evidence that they enjoy sex pleasure. All the screaming women do in porn is because men are aroused by a female response. This comes from the fact that intercourse is essentially an act of male assault. No woman volunteers to be impregnated by any passing male. The availability of reliable contraception has made it relatively easy for women to offer intercourse. But most women look for an emotional connection before offering a man regular sex. You need to focus on the research findings rather than popular beliefs. This is a scientific forum. Where is the research that proves that the average woman regularly has orgasms with a lover?

if i have column attached with shear wall should i define hinge for shearwall seperately? ive considered PMM interaction for column only ,since my main focus is column on hinge length (0.1,0.9)

guide me as well?

The reason is that other factors are taken into account besides citations: https://help.researchgate.net/hc/en-us/articles/14293473316753-Research-Interest-Score

交换一个联系方式？

Any ideas on how to write the DISCUSSION section when the results of your model analysis do not fit to the data, and only one hypothesis seem statistical significant? Thank you! It's my first time to do research in the social science with SEM. I am not an expert!!

Dear Amina H. Ali

Higher-order fractional differential equations (FDEs) pose significant challenges and hold a range of applications due to their ability to model systems with memory and hereditary properties. Challenges include their complex mathematical structure, the non-local nature of fractional derivatives, and difficulties in finding analytical solutions, which often require advanced numerical methods or approximations. Stability, convergence, and computational efficiency are critical concerns in their analysis. Despite these challenges, higher-order FDEs find applications in diverse fields such as viscoelastic material modeling, anomalous diffusion processes, control systems, bioengineering, and financial mathematics. They are particularly valuable in capturing dynamics that exhibit power-law behaviors or long-term dependencies, making them essential tools for accurately representing real-world phenomena.

I hope this helps.

Muhammad Hassaan Hamid

If there are carboxyl groups on the surface of graphene oxide nanoparticles, then it is useless to wash it in order to change the pH.

The so-called training provides them with a sense of association between elements of the data sets, and an ability to synthesize the same, which you could all call reasoning. Association and synthetic training have also enabled them for pattern recognition. Yes, they do fail in spatial visualization. Yet they are able to make close graphic representations to what is requested from them by prompters. While it may be true that other methods can help spur their analytic and composition skills, one must acknowledge that passing strict medical exams is not a insignificant achievement.

The question remains why in almost 2 decades, no scientific breakthrough had come along with them.

In addition to what Paul Rutland mentioned about being sure you have enough agarose, also check the pH of the buffer. If you are far from neutral pH that can also inhibit solidification.

Validating a test on fluid reasoning in children is a critical task that involves ensuring the reliability, validity, and fairness of the assessment. Here are some recommendations for your project:

1. Theoretical Framework

2. Content Validation

3. Standardization

4. Psychometric Evaluation

5. Item Analysis

6. Cultural and Linguistic Sensitivity

7. Bias and Equity

8. Training and Administration

9. Documentation and Reporting

10. Iterative Testing

Hi Mandeep Gulati

Your PVA may be amorphous, in which case you will not see a PVA-derived peak. You may or may not see a glass transition (partly depending on heating rate - easier to see it at fast heating rate). As for the pigment, many pigments don't have any solid-state phase transition in your range of temperature. Do you know that your pigment is supposed to show a phase transition?

The increase in the number of people diagnosed with ASD is primarily due to two reasons: 1) recognition of the spectrum form of autism, and therefore a broad profiling of autistic people (this results from the change from ICD-10 to ICD-11) 2) higher competences of diagnosticians, better tools and easier access to diagnosis, especially for women.There are others, but those listed above are the most important.

It's not specific to Arabic, anything that's not English is mostly ignored these days. Somebody citing a non-English reference these days usually means one of two things: (a) it's an old reference from times when English wasn't default yet (b) no English reference was found to prove a certain point.

Does your institution have any links with any local colleges or universities (or universities abroad)? If so you should be able to access copies from their online libraries with their permission. Also if you are an alumni from your university then you may have permanent access to all of their books.

For calculations of properties use mede A software. And also you should find symetry points from material studio.

Hi Mohamed Atheef

If you have used a fresh culture, then there are other possibilities that you may have to consider.

a. Some bacteria, after staining with Gram Stain yield a pattern called gram-variable where a mix of pink and purple cells are seen.

b. There are certain genera, Actinomyces, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, and Propionibacterium who have cell walls particularly sensitive to breakage during cell division, resulting in gram-negative staining of these gram-positive cells.

c. In cultures of Bacillus, Butyrivibrio, and Clostridium a decrease in peptidoglycan thickness during growth coincides with an increasing number of cells that stain gram-negative.

d. Some bacteria do not stain as expected with Gram Stain. For example, for Mycobacterium spp., the waxy nature of the coat renders the bacteria not readily stainable with dyes used in Gram Stain, though the bacteria are considered to be gram positive.

e. You may also have an unusual gram-positive cell wall structure that may cause bacteria to stain gram-negative or gram-variable.

Best.

Yes, Prof. Philippos Afxentiou

The PhET teaching philosophy is focused on students control of their learning, when active learning strategies & an inquiry approach are used.

Please follows:

Simulation by PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, licensed under CC-BY-4.0 (https://phet.colorado.edu).

Best Regards.

Dear Alan Dobson Have a look at https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_do_I_ensure_that_I_am_not_infringing_copyright_if_I_send_a_published_article_that_has_been_requested_in_Research_Gate It is perfectly fine to send people requesting the full text of your paper a pdf file of your paper. This is not infringing any copyright issue (making a publicly available version is prohibited).

Best regards

The DMSO should be fine, unless you are putting tons of it, but still it shouldn't cause aggregation. What do you have in your media? There are some chemicals known to trigger yeast flocculation, or maybe the genetic background of your strain or your expressed protein does it.

Thank you for the input. Yes, I record the CV at zero rpm. However, I do LSV plots at different rpm (400 to 2500) for the ORR activity test. I did two different drop-casting of the required amount of suspension on a glassy carbon electrode, the above plots ORR 1 and ORR 2, respectively. I see this sharp peak around -0.17V vs Hg/HgO in ORR 2. It may be due to Fe3+ to Fe2+, but it is not in all the recordings.

شكرا لك عزيزي

I would make sure that the gel was completely set and cool before loading . Load less pcr product and run the gell at2/3 the voltage that you used on the pictured gel

This is possible if you use a surface marker in addition to the viability dye, which excludes one of the two cell groups of interest. In this way, you can analyze cell viability directed to the target.

Oscar Hernandez Betancourt

This happens because the structure doesn't have an exact symmetry. To solve this problem you have to provide a structure with an exact symmetry.

Reference: https://lists.quantum-espresso.org/pipermail/users/2021-September/047993.html

Hello Van-Thang Nguyen

DNA-PAINT suffers from a comparably high fluorescence background signal from the imager strands in solution, and this limits their maximum concentration. This is the reason why their concentration typically varies between 0.5 and 10nM.

One can alleviate this concentration constraint by reducing the detected background intensity. To this end, approaches have been designed in which fluorescence from freely diffusing imager strands is not detected, either through various implementations of FRET or photoactivation.

For instance, in FRET-PAINT, donor labeled imager strands bind to an acceptor labeled docking strand, allowing energy transfer between them. By detecting only the acceptor fluorescence, donor labeled imager strands do not contribute to background signal and their concentration can be increased to 1200nM, consequently reducing the acquisition time.

The below attached paper will be helpful.

Best.

Possibility of hydrogen as CH bonds?

Legal thinking and thought face numerous challenges related to societal changes and the evolution of legal systems. Among the most prominent challenges are:

1. Technological and Digital Advancements

The emergence of cybercrimes and modern technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain requires legal thought to find new solutions and interpretations to apply traditional laws to these developments.

A lack of clear legislation addressing modern technological issues.

2. Multiplicity and Overlap of Legal Systems

Differences between national and international legal systems can lead to difficulties in aligning local laws with international ones.

Jurisdictional conflicts in cases related to arbitration or international trade.

3. Social and Political Transformations

Changing social values and political developments impose challenges on existing legislation, such as women's rights, minority rights, and equality issues.

Addressing political disputes and transitional justice matters.

4. Economic Shifts

Issues related to the digital economy and e-commerce pose challenges in drafting new laws.

Managing disputes arising from globalization and multinational corporations.

5. Ethics and Human Principles

The tension between ethical principles and the application of laws, especially in sensitive matters like abortion, capital punishment, or the use of technology for medical purposes.

6. Complexity of Legal Texts

The difficulty for the general public to understand laws due to their complex legal language.

The need to simplify legal texts and find innovative ways to promote legal awareness.

7. Weakness in Legal Research

Insufficient resources allocated to legal research compared to other fields.

Lack of collaboration between academic institutions and executive bodies in developing legal thought.

8. Environmental Challenges

Issues related to climate change, renewable energy, and environmental justice require a more integrated legal framework.

Addressing these challenges necessitates flexible and comprehensive legal thinking capable of responding to the rapid changes in the modern world, alongside developing legal approaches to be more inclusive and realistic.

Dear Channa Naimatullah

I think you are not likely to get meaningful results by UV-Vis spectroscopy.

First, bear in mind that solubility of dioctyl phthalate in water is <1 ppm (several studies give it as 0.2-0.3 ppm, others even lower). Secondly, the coefficients of absorbance (epsilon) of phthalates - in the mid-200's - are not very high. (Forget about the 550-600 nm absorbance - that's not your compound, it's a contaminant.) These facts together mean you're not likely to get a meaningful signal-to-noise ratio.

To get a much higher concentration you would need to do an extraction of your water sample - maybe using an aliphatic solvent like hexane. Then you can concentrate your extract by evaporation and record the spectra. However, even then UV-Vis may not give you clear answers, because you are likely to extract many hydrophobic aromatic compounds with absorbances in the same region as your phthalate.

LC-MS looks to me like a much better approach.

Best regards,

Emanuel Cooper

Alyaa, thank you for taking the time to write.

Respectfully yours;

The necessity of Omega (Ω), Chi (Ψ), and Phi (Φ) scans in grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) for thin films lies in their ability to provide comprehensive information about the crystalline properties of the film:

Dear Alwielland Q. Bello

Chatbots significantly influence socio-scientific reasoning by shaping how individuals access, interpret, and engage with complex scientific and societal issues. By providing instant access to diverse sources of information, chatbots democratize knowledge, making scientific and ethical discussions more accessible to a broader audience. For example, they can summarize key findings on climate change, ethical debates on genetic engineering, or the social implications of AI, enabling users to understand and analyze these topics without needing extensive prior knowledge. Additionally, their ability to engage in real-time dialogue allows users to ask follow-up questions, clarify uncertainties, and explore nuanced perspectives, fostering deeper engagement with socio-scientific issues.

However, chatbots can also inadvertently hinder socio-scientific reasoning by oversimplifying complex topics or presenting biased or incomplete information. If a chatbot's responses reflect limited or unverified sources, users might form opinions based on inaccuracies or one-sided arguments. Furthermore, their conversational nature can sometimes create a false sense of authority, leading users to accept information without critically evaluating its credibility or considering alternative viewpoints. Therefore, while chatbots hold great potential to enhance socio-scientific reasoning, their impact depends on how effectively they are designed to prioritize accuracy, transparency, and critical thinking.

I hope this helps.

Answer to the Question:

Dear Samanyu,

The increase in d-spacing in your MOF (Metal-Organic Framework) upon substituting a larger metal atom (2+) with a smaller one (3+/4+) might seem counterintuitive but can be explained by considering the following factors:

A deeper investigation, perhaps combining computational modeling and complementary techniques like Raman spectroscopy or EXAFS, might provide more clarity.

Invitation to Join Dailyplanet.Club:

I’d also like to invite you to join Dailyplanet.Club, a platform designed for researchers and innovators to share knowledge and collaborate on cutting-edge ideas. Discussions like yours on MOFs and advanced material properties are central to our mission of building a global research community.

By joining for just £5 a year, you’ll gain access to:

Visit Dailyplanet.Club to join and explore this unique platform. Your expertise and insights would be a fantastic addition to our growing community.

Looking forward to seeing you there!

Best regards, James Henderson Mitchell CEO, MJ HSA Ltd

Dear Blade Tomas

I hope this message finds you Blade Tomas well! I wanted to share some insights on using electrochemical noise (ECN) to monitor the passivation and corrosion behavior of alloys in solution. From what I’ve observed, during the passivation process, the current and potential trends in ECN often show correlated changes. This is primarily due to the formation of a stable passive film, which leads to minimal variations in the noise resistance (Rn). Essentially, when both parameters shift in unison, it suggests that the system is in a steady, passivated state. Thus, a lack of significant change in Rn can be interpreted as an indication of stable passivation rather than active corrosion processes.

However, it’s important to consider that this observation can vary depending on the sensitivity of the setup. If localized breakdown events, like pitting, occur within the passive state, they might cause deviations in the ECN signals, which could complicate the interpretation of the data.

I’m curious about your thoughts on this. Specifically, how do you Blade Tomas think changes in solution composition or temperature might impact the reliability of ECN for studying passivation behavior? I’d love to hear your insights!

Looking forward to your response!

In my opinion, the problem statment is the most crucial step in directing your research methodology. We cannot only base our findings on the existing literature review or identified gaps within those studies. The existing researchers may have ignored many other factors, such as the research's socioeconomic and geopolitical environment. Also, the researcher's experience, skills, and behaviour during the research life cycle will likely influence the research process at specific points. Mehmet.

Dear Nasreddine Hafidi

I haven't had my paper rejected yet, but if I run into this problem, I will!

Best regards, Hamid!

Hello Ananya,

The reason is as follows.

High T cell densities may mediate effective killing. High T cell densities enable high contact frequencies and multiple T cell–tumor cell encounters. This may increase the likelihood of multiple T cell simultaneously attacking a single target cell (cancer cell). In addition, cytotoxic cytokine release, including interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor, is positively associated with high density T cell infiltration.

High T cell density which can be called swarming enables efficient apoptosis induction by favoring serial perforin-dependent hits, preferentially by different T cells whereas the ineffective killing at low T cell density largely relies upon single encounters.

A successful T cell effector function correlates with high local T cell densities. If a 1:1 ratio for T cell : cancer cell is taken,

the T cells will form predominantly short-lived interactions with target cells (cancer cells) which rarely result in direct apoptosis induction.

The individually ineffective T cell contacts induce sublethal damage, which becomes integrated over time in the target cell until

apoptosis is induced. Through such a multi-hit mechanism, T cell induce tumor cell death when density is high, whereas tumor cells repair sublethal damage and survive when T cell density is low. This mechanism of “additive cytotoxicity” explains how individually ineffective interactions become effective at high T cell density.

Thus, in apoptosis assay, the T cells have to be higher in density than the target cells ( cancer cells).

Best.

Dear @Özgün but i m discussing about only crystallization temperature....is that justified...with urea formaldehyde matrix which have glass transition temperature 150°c and fiber decomposition at 300°c by TGA results

Obaidullah Bhuiyan Welcome. There is no way to select this. You have to optimize them by putting different values. Try to start with lower values and find where the total energy is minimum. To get an idea about the cutoff energy and k-point values to start with you can take help on any published paper about the material or the materials in the same group. Thanks.

Thanks Marc Simonet for the suggestion. elabjournal is definitely one of the options we are checking out. One thing that put me off a bit is the experience of a colleague that his company bought a basic license and then discovered that so many fundamental things needed to be purchased in addition that it ended up being very expensive and quite disappointing. I am hoping that this has changed and I am definitely exploring it and comparing with other options.

Thanku sir for your response

Try:

The increase in flux with a corresponding decrease in ion rejection during wastewater filtration with NF membranes could stem from several factors. Membrane compaction or relaxation under high pressure may initially alter pore structures, increasing flux but reducing ion selectivity. Temperature effects are also relevant, as even slight increases in feed water temperature lower viscosity, enhancing flux while decreasing rejection. Another potential factor is concentration polarization, where solute buildup near the membrane surface alters local osmotic pressure, reducing ion rejection and pushing flux upward. Membrane fouling could further complicate this issue, as loose fouling layers might dissolve or change over time, impacting filtration performance despite your cleaning with citric acid. Finally, surface degradation from ions or feed contaminants may contribute to increased permeability and reduced rejection. Monitoring system temperature, adjusting shear rates, or analyzing membrane surfaces post-filtration could provide insights into these challenges.

While the previous posts could explain your observation, in my experience many integral membrane proteins show anoumalous migration behaviour in SDS-PAGE, leading to smaller apparent MW and frequentyl also additional oligomeric bands of aggregated molecules with a regular size pattern of their monomeric size. One extreme example is bacteriorhodpsin (also 7 TM domains like GPCRs) with ~16-18 kDa on the gel instead of the correct ~26 kDa. The reason seems to be that the transmembrane helices are not bound to the average ~2 SDS per amino acid like "normal" proteins because of the highly hydrophobic properties which makes it difficult to fully unfold these regions. So you have an unfolded SDS-protein complex that appears more compact, i.e. smaller and migrates like a smaller protein.

maybe you should rephrase your question?

Publishing in open access offers benefits like increased visibility and accessibility, allowing anyone to read and share your work without paywalls, which can enhance citations and reach a broader audience. It supports the principle of making research freely available, promoting collaboration and innovation. On the other hand, closed access journals often have established reputations and rigorous peer-review processes, which can lend credibility to your work. Personally, I prefer open access because it democratizes knowledge, making research accessible to everyone, including those in developing countries or institutions with limited resources, ultimately fostering a more inclusive academic environment.

It is not unusual for the coefficient to reverse as other variables are added or subtracted in multiple regression. When a variable is added, it often picks up the pattern of the current residuals, and when another variable has already been used, those residuals might be negatively correlated with the one you are adding. If I understand your question correctly, this might be the cause.

NPs possess unique physical and chemical properties due to their high surface area and nanoscale size. They behave significantly different from the bulk of same material due to surface effect and quantum effect.

You can check some review articles for details :

1. Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities

2. Nanoparticle classification, physicochemical properties, characterization, and applications: a comprehensive review for biologists

I know this is too late but if ur still awaiting for answer, this is for u Anand Narani

In TPR reactions, peaks below 100 degrees Celsius can occur due to several reasons:

Just in case someone visits this question, the problem is mainly as others indicated with standard #1 reading. If this happens, just change the working solution and reagent and everything will work fine.

The increase in electrical conductance (EC) of karst spring water during rainfall is primarily due to the dilution of contaminants, enhanced groundwater recharge, and surface runoff carrying additional minerals.

I don't have an easy answer, but I can offer a few relevant observations from my experience.

One is that fluorimetry is fraught with artifacts and confounders. Fluorescence yield is affected by common buffer species and refraction by the cuvette. It's more sensitive than absorbance but noisier and less linear. That's why most people estimate DNA concentration using absorbance (OD260), which is less sensitive but more robust.

Second is that I've seen amazingly different DNA concentration numbers between multiple devices. I tend to trust simple instruments. My sense is measuring OD on a 1mL sample is more reliable than measuring OD in 10uL cuvette.

A related third observation is that scientists usually pick a single assay platform and stick to it. There is always some systematic error. But when you calibrate your assay (sample prep, instrument, cuvette) with a curve, you can count on it for that assay. If you change platforms you essentially change assays, and you need to recalibrate. That's one reason results are sometimes difficult to repeat between different labs.

Finally, does a factor of 2 on a single measurement really matter for you? For a good curve you should measure at least triplicate samples comprising independently prepared dilutions. Expect variance and do the statistics. Use proper significant figures (probably two) and you may find a factor of two is acceptable.

Hello Saif Subhi Noori

Women who have a family history of breast cancer are at a higher risk. These are described as hereditary and are associated with inherited gene mutations. Hereditary breast cancers tend to develop earlier in life than non-inherited (sporadic) cases. The most common genetic mutations involved in breast cancer are in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Besides family history, increasing age, obesity, alcohol, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), smoking and postmenopausal hormone therapy are the other causes that can increase the risk of breast cancer.

Ways to reduce breast cancers.

1. Eating a healthy diet. A balanced diet can help one stay at a healthy weight and healthy weight is a key factor in helping prevent breast cancer.

2. Breastfeeding might play a role in helping prevent breast cancer. The longer one breastfeeds, the greater the protective effect.

3. Limit the use of hormone therapy after menopause. Combination hormone therapy uses estrogen and progestin. It may raise the risk of breast cancer.

4. Stay active. Physical activity can help one stay at a healthy weight, which helps prevent breast cancer.

5. There's some evidence that hormonal types of birth control raise the risk of breast cancer. These include birth control pills and IUDs that release hormones.

6. Genetic counseling and testing must be carried out.

7. Frequent breast examination must be done.

8. Breast cancer screening tests must be done at an earlier age.

Best.

The NARDL model can be suitable for dynamic impact analysis, especially when dealing with nonlinear relationships between variables over time. Justification is as follows: 1. Dynamic Relationships: NARDL captures both short-term and long-term dynamics, making it suitable for studying how the impact of one variable on another evolves over time. 2. Nonlinearity: If the relationship between your variables is expected to be asymmetric or non-linear (i.e., positive and negative changes have different effects), NARDL allows for this kind of nonlinearity, providing a more realistic representation . 3. Cointegration: NARDL can handle situations where the variables are integrated of different orders, making it flexible for dynamic analysis without the need for strict stationarity requirements. However, if the underlying relationships are purely linear, or if the focus is only on the short-term dynamics without considering long-term equilibrium adjustments, simpler models like ARDL or other time series models might be more appropriate and easier to interpret. Additionally, NARDL requires a reasonable sample size to properly estimate nonlinear effects, so data limitations may affect its applicability.

Thank you Dear Professor Yuri Mirgorod ..

Dear Elizabeth

Thank you for sharing your point of view.

Thank you, Jp Wu!

I suppose you apply a square potential wave in the system with negative potential and zero potential. During the negative part, ions are adsorbed on the surface of electrode. When you cut the potential, the electrode is not attractive enough to carry so many ions, and the ions will move from the surface to the bulk. This movement cause some additional current. For details, you can refer to Cottrell equation.

Hello, It is better to seed Caco-2 cells after cell counting rather than make a dilution ratio. If you seed always the same exact number of cells in all your experiments you be able to control the growth and the health of these cells.

If you use dilution ratio when you pass the cells, the seeding density may vary and sometimes you seed a lot cells that will reach confluency very rapidly and thus stop to growth, sometimes you seed not too much cells and they take time to growth before reaching confluency.

Failures in the bracket tube, stay tube, and 9-ton composite insulators in a railway Overhead Electrification (OHE) system can be attributed to several factors. Here are some common reasons for these failures:

### Bracket Tube and Stay Tube Failures

1. Mechanical Stress and Fatigue:

- Dynamic Loads: The constant movement of trains exerts dynamic loads on the OHE system, leading to mechanical stress and fatigue over time.

- Wind Loads: High winds can cause additional stress on the bracket and stay tubes, leading to fatigue and eventual failure.

2. Corrosion: