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I want to know more about REE deposits.
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In the name of Allah.
Hello dear Dr Fotohi.
Rocks that originate from the melting of the continental crust, such as alkaline granites, are usually more enriched in rare earth elements than other igneous rocks. Of course, these types of rocks usually show enrichment in light rare earth elements such as cerium, lanthaium and neodymium. Apatites of hydrothermal origin, such as apatites of Kiruna-type iron deposits, show enrichment of light rare earth elements. Marine sedimentary apatites (phosphorites) show enrichment of heavy rare earth elements. In general, rare earth elements geochemically have a close relationship with uranium and thorium.
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I want to know more about REE deposits.
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I think it can be correct.
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We have been working on halide doublel perovskites, but we couldnt substitute rare earth elements using hydrothermal method. we have tried different composition and concentration, but couldnt achieve it. we couldnt get where we miss it. please let us know what we have to consider
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Bhavasree Sreedhar in your question you have mentioned as doublel Perovskites (I can understand it as double Perovskites). What is the molecular formula of your double Perovskite? and what is the rare earth element you want to substitute? Also please mention the reactants (starting materials), and the solvent. If it is water it is the hydrothermal reaction, if any other solvent it will be called solvothermal. Based on the filling factor and reaction temperature, the envisaged material can be synthesized. If you believe me, send all the details to my email, then I can give some suggestions to synthesize the expected material with the rare-earth element: sornadurai@gmail.com.
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I want to know more about REE deposits.
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See my answer to your post slightly different to this regarding the REE deposits
HGD
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I have financial backing to further REE extraction and development. Only if you have a process that you can prove works.
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There is the bastnaesite and monazite/xenotime pathway of mineral processing which is used on a worldwide basis for the extraction of REE from economically feasible deposits
HGD
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I want to know more about REE deposits.
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1)Magmatic rare earth deposits
1)REE-P-Nb-Ta-Y-F-(Be-Zr-Th) deposits related to carbonatites
2)REE-P-Ti deposits related toalkaline igneous complexes
3)REE-U-Nb-bearing pegmatites (in places, transitional into intragranitic deposits with Mo-W-U-Be)
4)REE-Nb-P-F- bearinghydrothermal iron deposits
5)Be- and Y-bearing alkaline intrusive rocks (nepheline syenite)
2)Structure-related rare earth deposits
1)REE-F-Ba-Th- bearing vein-type deposits
3)Sedimentary rare earth deposits
1)REE-(Ti-P-Nb) residual deposits / placers on alkaline igneous and carbonatite complexes
2)REE in bauxite
3)Alluvial- to coastal REE placers
4)REE-bearing phosphorites
5)Ion adsorption clays
6)REE-bearing coals
The lion share of REE lies within the magmatic deposits and the ion adsorption clays but the bigger the hunger for REE the more the other REE accumulations get into the spotlight of exploraton geologists and economists
HGD
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I want to know more about REE deposits.
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This would be a good place to start, at least for the light REE (La, Ce, Pr, Nd):
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I'm attempting to develop a method for analyzing rare earth elements by ICP OES, and am hoping to find an internal standard to use for the analysis. I've tried several, and they simply do not work. Any tips or help would be greatly appreciated.
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Dear college,
Briny waters are with a high-concentration of salts of Na, Ca, K, Mg -
> 5% up to 26%–28% max. The solutions will introduce in the plasma with Meinhard concentric glass nebulizer, which provides excellent sensitivity and precision for aqueous solutions and samples with few dissolved solids (less than 1%). Therefore, the natural samples prior to analysis must be diluted with an appropriate dilution factor. The concertation of REEs in brines is very low and in this case the separation / pre-concentration procedures must be applied in other to improve the detection limits in the determination of REEs in briny waters. The REEs can be determined by ICP-OES or ICP-MS. If the RREs cannot be determined in the both cases, you must show the corresponding detection limits.
In the determination of REEs by ICP –OES you can use the most prominent lines of REEs in accordance with Line Coincidence Table for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission [1] : La II 333 749 nm, Ce II 413 765 nm, Pr II 390 844 nm, Nd II 401 225 nm, Eu II 381.967nm, Gd II 342 247 nm, Tb II 350 917nm, Dy II 353 170 nm, Ho II 345 600 nm , Er II 337 271nm, Tm II 313 126 nm, Yb II 328 937 nm. There I will note, if Agilent 5800 ICP OES Company recommends different most prominent lines, you will use the corresponding recommended prominent lines for REEs, because the selected analysis line are chosen in accordance with the specific properties of the optical system.
References:
[1]. P.W.J.M. Boumans, Line Coincidence Table for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, Pergamon, Oxford, 1980, 1984.
With kind regards, N. Daskalova
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I want to know more about REE ore deposits.
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I am no expert on this subject, but I have read about an association of REE with carbonatites.
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Fluorite has a clear Raman spectrum, with the dominant band at 320 cm-1. The REE-rich fluorite sample has a typical tveitite Raman spectrum, and the fluorite band is completely missing. However, the amount of REE is 13.32 %, Y is only 4.4%. Ca is 37 %, and F = 45.7 %. Can someone help?
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Hello Hans,
Your answer is not convincing. Please consider TiO2 with three minerals: anatase, brookite, and rutile. All have the same formula; however, they have very different Raman spectra.
The IMA formula of tveitite (Y,Na)6(Ca,Na,REE)12(Ca,Na)F42is a better description. The mineralogy of high-temperature REE-rich fluorites is not well-studied. The Raman spectrum of this phase (Zinnwald) is very different from fluorite and is similar to tveitite-(Y). Inserting water (as OH or molecular water, or H) is highly possible. The Raman spectrum shows that the REE-rich Zinnwald fluorite is maybe identical to the tveitite-(Y).
There is also the possibility that the microprobe analyses are not correct. Na determination is not simple; Li cannot be determined with a microprobe. There are a lot of questions.
Note the significance of the P/O micro-Raman method is complimentary to micro-X-ray diffraction.
Best regards,
Rainer
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I want to know more about REE deposits.
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In the magmatic environment
1)REE-P-Nb-Ta-Y-F-(Be-Zr-Th) deposits related to carbonatites
2)REE-P-Ti deposits related toalkaline igneous complexes
3)REE-U-Nb-bearing pegmatites (in places, transitional intointragranitic deposits withMo-W-U-Be)
4)REE-Nb-P-F- bearinghydrothermal iron deposits
5)Be- and Y-bearingalkaline intrusive rocks (nepheline syenite)
In the sedimentary environment
1)REE-(Ti-P-Nb) residual deposits / placers on alkaline igneous and carbonatite complexes
2)REE in bauxite
3)Alluvial- to coastal REE placers
4)REE-bearing phosphorites
5)Ion adsorption clays
6)REE-bearing coals
HGD
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I want to know more about REE deposits.Please help me.
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They are associated with alkaline igneous rocks.
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I want to know more about REE deposits.
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Some REE-bearing (mostly monazite) mineral accumulations can be observed in meta-sedimentary rocks.
Also, the hydrothermal fluids sourced from dynamo-thermal metamorphism percolating in porous rocks can remobilize the REE from prior minerals. This process can be observed in REE-bearing skarns. You can access further information in the below article;
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Can all rare earth elements be considered as rare metals?
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The Rare Earth Elements (REE) are 15 Elements of the lanthanides in the periodic charts of elements:
• Lanthanum (La) 50 ppm
• Cerium (Ce) 83 ppm
• Praseodymium (Pr) 13 ppm
• Neodymium (Nd) 44 ppm
• Promethium (Pm) NA
• Samarium (Sm) 7.7 ppm
• Europium (Eu) 2.2 ppm
• Gadolinium (Gd) 6.3 ppm
• Terbium (Tb) 1.0 ppm
• Dysprosium (Dy) 8.5 ppm
• Holmium (Ho) 1.6 ppm
• Erbium (Er) 3.6 ppm
• Thulium (Tm) 0.5 ppm
• Ytterbium (Yb) 3.4 ppm
• Lutetium (Lu) 0.8 ppm
By chemical definition
Sometimes Yttrium (Y) and Scandium (Sc) are also grouped among this header
Rare metals is a term used by economic geologists and chart analysist for metals which we need and of high relevance for the economy but for geogenic, political and economic reasons are very rare and often also named “critical elements. This comprehensive term is not a fixed one and very volatile, especially for the lower ranks of this tripartite classification scheme which is based upon the current market assessments.
• High-risk commodities
– REE, Nb, W, Pt, Pd, Bi, Mg, Co, Sb, In, Be, Ge, Ga
• Medium-risk commodities
– Li, Pb, Mo, Cr……
• Low-risk commodities
– Cu, Ni, Fe, Ag, Au, Zn
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I want to know more about REE deposits.
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The higher the impact of alkaline magmatic processes, and the closer to the pegmatitic and carbonatitic magmatic clan a mineralizing system is the higher is the likelihood of finding a profitable REE deposits
HGD
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I have some industrial solid waste samples containing rare earth elements (REE) which I digested to measure the REE concentration with ICP. However, as there is no certified reference material for industrial wastes, there is no way to realize which wavelength gives the right REE concentration.
So, I am wondering if anyone knows any solution for this situation or if there is any way to realize the right wavelength without using a reference material.
Thank you all
Mehdi
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Dear college,
Please, show the all elements (concomitants) and REEs, which must determinate in the corresponding samples.
I recommend the corresponding steps:
1. The samples must crushed and ground prior to the sieving.
2. Selection of: an appropriate digestion procedure - acid type (HCl, HNO3, aqua regia) ; particle size; waste-to-acid ratio.
3. Estimation of the chemical composition of the samples. This information is needed for Line selection of REEs – in other to select the prominent lines, which are free of line interferences in the presence of corresponding elements.
4. Analytical task in the analysis of waste materials requires the determination of the all presented elements [1]. In this case the inter element interferences must take in account. In some cases the presence of concomitants generally cannot permit the selection of the most prominent lines of REEs. The general purpose is to select these prominent lines, which ensured the lowest possible detection limits by using a given ICP-OES system. There I am listed the most sensitive lines of REEs , which are set in order of the sensitivity in ICP, in accordance of Line Coincidence Table for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry [2] ( in nm). The first prominent lines is with highest sensitivity (the most prominent line), follows from second, third, fourth:
La II 333 749 La II 379 478 La II 408 672 La II 412 323 (La 394.909) *
Ce II 413 765 Ce II 413 380 Ce II 418 660 Ce II 399 924 (Ce 422.673) *
Pr II 390 844 Pr II 414 311 Pr II 417 939 Pr II 422 535 (Pr 440.094) *
Nd II 401 225 Nd II 430 358 Nd II 406 109 Nd II 415 608 (Nd 444.798) *
Sm II 359 260 Sm II 442 434 Sm II 360 949 Sm II 363 429 (Sm 369.617)*
Eu II 381.967 Eu II 412 970 Eu II 420.505 Eu II 393.048 (Eu 412.908) *
Gd II 342 247 Gd II 336 223 Gd II 335 047 Gd II 335 862 (Gd 342.247) *
Tb II 350 917 Tb II 384 873 Tb II 367 635 Tb II 387 417(Tb 379.903) *
Dy II 353 170 Dy II 364 540 Dy II 340 780 Dy II 353 602 (Dy 353.508) *
Ho II 345 600 Ho II 339 898 Ho II 389 102 Ho II 347 426 (Ho 339.892) *
Er II 337 271 Er II 349 910 Er II 323 058 Er II 326 478 (Er 375.881) *
Tm II 313 126 Tm II 346 220 Tm II 384 802 Tm II 342 508(Tm 385.629)*
Yb II 328 937 Yb II 369 419 Yb II 289 138 Yb II 222 446 (Yb 398.79) *
Lu II 261 542 Lu II 291 139 Lu II 219 554 Lu II 307 760 (Lu 328.961*
*In accordance with Prof. E.A. Gawad (answer from October 2)
The comparison show that the spectral lines of REEs, which are shown from Prof. E.A. Gawad are not in accordance with Line Coincidence Table [2].
I ask Prof. E.A. E.A. Gawad to show references, were the prominent spectral lines of REEs are recommend.
In addition, the authors of Ref. [1] are used the prominent lines of REEs in accordance with Line Coincidence Table [2].
5. The standard addition curve for calibration is not appropriate for ICP- OES, because of the spectral interferences.
The analytical evaluation function is assumed to be a straight line through the origin. Spectral interferences affect the intercept, if the curve is plotted on a linear scale. Multiplicative interferences affect the slope of a calibration curve [3]
6. Certified reference materials cannot use for line selection. Certified reference materials must use for experimental demonstration of the accuracy of analytical results.
7. Our experience is in the determination of Y, Sc, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb и Lu as impurities in Y2O3, La2O3, CeO2, Nd2O3,Pr6O11, Sm2O3, Eu2O3 , Gd2O3 , Er2O3 , Yb2O3 , Lu2O3, Tb2O3 , Dy2O3 , Ho2O3 , Tm2O3 , as pure rare earth matrices as well as and determination of REEs as dopants in single crystals by using ICP-OES systems with holographic gratings (low level of stray light) and photomultipliers as detectors The results were published in Spectrochimica Acta part B [4 – 11].
References
[1]. Merve Tunali, Mehmet Meric Tunali, Orhan Yenigun, Characterization of different types of electronic waste: heavy metal, precious metal and rare earth element content by comparing different digestıon methods, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management (2021) 23:149–157 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01108-0
[2]. P.W.J.M. Boumans, Line Coincidence Table for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, Pergamon, Oxford, 1980, 1984.
[3]. P.W.J.M. Boumans, A century of spectral interferences in atomic emission spectroscopy—can we master them with modern apparatus and approaches? Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 324 (1986) 397– 425.
[4]. N.Daskalova, S,Velichkov, N.Krasnobaeva, P.Slavova, "Spectral interferences in the determination of traces of scandium, yttrium and rare earth elements in 'pure' rare earth matrices by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry –Part I. Cerium, neodymium and lanthanum matrices", Spectrochim. Acta and Spectrochim. Acta Electronica, Part B 47 (1992),E 1595 - E1620.
[5]..S.Velichkov, N.Daskalova, P.Slavova "Spectral interferences in the determination of traces of scandium, yttrium and rare earth elements in 'pure' rare earth matrices by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry – Part II. Praseodymium and samarium", Spectrochim. Acta Part B 48 (1993) E 1743-E 1789
[6]. N.Daskalova, S.Velichkov, P.Slavova "Spectral interferences in the determination of traces of scandium, yttrium and rare earth elements in 'pure' rare earth matrices by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry –Part III. Europium., Spectrochim. Acta Part B 51 (1996) 733-768
[7]..S. Velichkov, E. Kostadinova and N. Daskalova, Spectral interferences in the determination of traces of scandium, yttrium and rare earth elements in “pure” rare earth matrices by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part IV. Lutetium and yttrium, Spectrochim. Acta Part B 53 (1998) 1863 – 1888
[8]. S. Velichkov, L. Aleksieva, E. Kostadinova and N. Daskalova, Spectral interferences in the determination of traces of scandium, yttrium and rare earth elements in “pure” rare earth matrices by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part V. Gadolinium and erbium, Spectrochim. Acta Part B 55 (2000) 689-729 - IF = 2.719
[9]. L. Aleksieva, N. Daskalova, S Velichkov, Spectral interferences in the determination of traces of scandium, yttrium and rare earth elements in “pure” rare earth matrices by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part VI. Ytterbium ,Spectrochim. Acta Part B 57 (2002) 1339-1350.
[10]. [I. Kolibarska, Serafim Velichkov, Nonka Daskalova, “ Spectral interferencesn the determination of traces of scandium, yttrium and rare earth elements in “pure” rare earth matrices by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part VII - Terbium , Dysprosium, Holmium and Thulium, Spectrochim. Acta Part B 63 (2008) 603, doi:10.1016/j.sab.2008.03.007i
[11]. N.Daskalova, S.Velichkov, P.Slavova, E.Ivanova, L.Aleksieva, Application of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) in analytical control of the preparation of single crystals of potassium titanylphosphate, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 52 ( 1997) 257 -278 -
With kind regards, N. Daskalova
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Dear all,
I am doing relaxation calculation in VASP for a material BaLaMn2O6. I am confused for how to choose the DFT +U input for the calculation(Single point energy calculation , band structure ) .What should i choose LMAXMIX if i have to apply hubbard correction to both the rare earth elements(Y,Ce,Pr,Dy,etc) and the transition elements(Fe,Cr,Mn..) ? In vaspwiki it is mentioned that LMAXMIX is 4 for d-elements and 6 for f-elements.But I have both.here i am attachng the INCAR file .....
Global Parameters
ISTART = 1 (Read existing wavefunction; if there)
# ISPIN = 2 (Spin polarised DFT)
# ICHARG = 11 (Non-self-consistent: GGA/LDA band structures)
LREAL = Auto (Projection operators: automatic)
ENCUT = 600 (Cut-off energy for plane wave basis set, in eV)
PREC = High (Precision level)
LWAVE = .TRUE. (Write WAVECAR or not)
LCHARG = .TRUE. (Write CHGCAR or not)
ADDGRID= .TRUE. (Increase grid; helps GGA convergence)
# LVTOT = .TRUE. (Write total electrostatic potential into LOCPOT or not)
# LVHAR = .TRUE. (Write ionic + Hartree electrostatic potential into LOCPOT or not)
# NELECT = (No. of electrons: charged cells; be careful)
# LPLANE = .TRUE. (Real space distribution; supercells)
# NPAR = 4 (Max is no. nodes; don't set for hybrids)
# NWRITE = 2 (Medium-level output)
# KPAR = 2 (Divides k-grid into separate groups)
# NGX = 500 (FFT grid mesh density for nice charge/potential plots)
# NGY = 500 (FFT grid mesh density for nice charge/potential plots)
# NGZ = 500 (FFT grid mesh density for nice charge/potential plots)
EDIFF = 1.0E-06
ALGO=Fast
Lattice Relaxation
NSW = 55 (number of ionic steps. Make it odd.)
ISMEAR = 0 (gaussian smearing method )
SIGMA = 0.05 (please check the width of the smearing)
IBRION = 2 (Algorithm: 0-MD; 1-Quasi-New; 2-CG)
ISIF = 2 (optimize atomic coordinates and lattice parameters)
EDIFFG = -1.0E-03 (Ionic convergence; eV/AA)
PREC = High (Precision level)
LDAU = True #switches on DFT+U
LDAUJ = 0 0 0 0 # J values (For LDAUTYPE=2 , Ueff = U-J)
LDAUL = 3 -1 2 -1 #l-quantum number (-1 : no U,
LDAUPRINT = 1 # 0:silent, 1: write occupancy matrix to OUTCA,
LDAUTYPE = 2 #The simplified approach to the DFT+U , introduced by Dudarev et al.
LDAUU = 4.0 0 3.0 0 # for La :4.0 , Ba:0 , Mn:3.0, O:0 ( U values in eV)
LMAXMIX = 6 # 4 for d-electrons, 6 for f-electrons
LASPH = .TRUE.
and the POSCAR file too..
generated by phonopy
1.0
3.9178000000000002 0.0000000000000000 0.0000000000000000
0.0000000000000000 3.9178000000000002 0.0000000000000000
0.0000000000000000 0.0000000000000000 7.8070000000000004
La Ba Mn O
1 1 2 6
Direct
0.0000000000000000 0.0000000000000000 0.0000000000000000
0.0000000000000000 0.0000000000000000 0.5000000000000000
0.5000000000000000 0.5000000000000000 0.7548999999999999
0.5000000000000000 0.5000000000000000 0.2451000000000001
0.5000000000000000 0.5000000000000000 0.0000000000000000
0.0000000000000000 0.5000000000000000 0.7626999999999999
0.5000000000000000 0.0000000000000000 0.7626999999999999
0.0000000000000000 0.5000000000000000 0.2373000000000001
0.5000000000000000 0.0000000000000000 0.2373000000000001
0.5000000000000000 0.5000000000000000 0.5000000000000000
Sorry if the Post is lengthy , It's just for elaboration of my doubt. Any suggestion is highly appreciated. Thank You !!
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In vasp wiki, you will see LMAXMIX = [integer].
[integer] means you can set a list of integer for each element.
For example, LMAXMIN= 4 4 6 6 means d for the first two element, f for the last two element.
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I am currently working on the Rare Earth Element Mineralization of Parts of Minna sheet 164, North Central, Nigeria. I have normalized my data but can't seem to find the proper application for it. Any insight and resources will be appreciated.
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Dear Taiwo,
it depends on what you want compare your rocks with.
In classical igneous petrology studies, a comparison is between the investigated rock and the hypothetical composition of Earth's mantle, best represented by CI (chondrite type Ivuna) meteorites. I use the King et al. (2021) estimate ( ).
Cheers,
Michele
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In a system containing rare earth, I have doped divalent Sr replacing trivalent rare-earth element. With doping I found a decreases in grain size, decrease in dielectric constant at low frequency and increase in dielectric loss. What could be the possible reason?
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Structural defects caused by the substitution of a trivalent element by a divalent element can affect the dielectric properties including the dielectric constant and dielectric losses. It would also be important to take into account the size difference of the substituted elements.
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I'm researching a series of U-REE-Cu-Au deposits in Australia, which host REE in epidote-group minerals. Following the approach of Deer, Howie and Zussman, I calculated the chemical formulas based on EPMA data using 12 ideal O, 8 ideal cations and all Fe as Fe3+.
I tried correcting the total Fe content for Fe2+ and Fe3+ following Droop (1987). However, this approach doesn't seem to work well. I think it's because the minerals are slightly metamict and contain vacancies.
I'm also trying to recreate the REE vs Al plot of Petrik et al (1995) and use it to estimate the Fe3+ to total Fe ratio. However, I can't find formulas to calculate the ratios of Fe3+ to total Fe based on this plot. Does anyone have the formulas or could recommend a publication that explains the workflow?
Thank you,
Christina Loidolt
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Hello,
If I remember correctly, it is assumed that all Fe is trivalent in epidotes. This is worth reading:
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I am doing some leaching experiments now on metal-bearing wastes using citric acid as lixiviant. The metals of interest are REE, Co, Mo and V. Is there any specific method for each of them to be precipitated from organic (citrate) PLS? Or are the standard methods (e.g. precipitation of V using ammonia solutions) suitable for organic PLS?
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I would like to know what is a reasonable price for rare earth minerals (e.g. cerium fluorocarbon, monazite, ionic, yttrium phosphate, brown yttrium niobium, etc.) in the international market, putting aside all political biases?
There seems to be a disagreement between the world's largest rare earths exporter (China) and other rare earths demand countries on this issue, (in fact I don't want to use the politically charged terms "China" and "West" to divide the two academic communities) In the "Chinese" academic community, scholars often criticize that the international trade market for rare earths is now a "buyer's monopoly" market, the export price of rare earths is so low that it cannot compensate for the environmental pollution and losses caused by mining. This is tantamount to China providing implicit subsidies to sellers at the cost of environmental pollution. (Luo et al., 2022)
However, the more dominant view among academics in REE-demanding countries is that the international REE market is a "seller's monopoly" and that China's REE trade policy is aimed at maximizing profits. (Muller et al., 2015) What's more important is that rare earth prices are significantly and negatively correlated with the extent of new energy promotion (Massari & Ruberti, 2012)
Let us discuss this question without bias, whether there is a reasonable price in the international trade market for rare earths such that.
1, for rare earth exporting countries, a price that compensates the user value and environmental value of non-renewable minerals while meeting the development costs and normal profits
2, for the importing countries, this price will not hinder the development and promotion of industries that depend on rare earth minerals (such as new energy, etc.).
And, most importantly, what is the literature that discusses the relationship between the two and calculates the possible appropriate price for rare earths?
I think we have to explore this issue, after all, for all countries, maximizing welfare is the ultimate goal of trade, not political interests.
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I don't wish to be political, but the Chinese government is not above manipulating the supply and demand for materials, however it has exposed itself to the free markets where supply and demand determine the ultimate pricing for materials. Rare earths are ultimately no different despite the near monopoly that China has.
Points to consider with pricing of rare earth supplies:
  • Profitability of production determines supply quantities
  • Most first world countries will have environmental legislation and policing to ensure environmental concerns are addressed, this will be part of the production costs
  • If supply costs are prohibitive then substitution, or cheaper sources will be pursued
  • If there is strategic importance, then more costly supply options which provide certainty of supply will be pursued, governments do this frequently, but large corporations also do this.
  • Steel or aluminium are good studies in how the economics change with technology advances.
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Our team in Iran is working on processing of gold, lead, zinc, lithium, rubidium, rare earth elements ores. Despite the success in conducting some processing methods, the lack of access to modern technologies such as QEMScan has made it difficult for us to analyze the results and optimize the processing methods. For example, after the concentration of gold-bearing pyrite with a recovery of about 70%, the gold in the tailings should be analyzed in a suitable way to determine the distribution of gold in the tailings. Is there a laboratory or a team ready to cooperate in this field? collaboration may be in exchange for services and payment of fees or in the form of joint research work. Our team is ready for both options.
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I can cooperate in this field, but after After obtaining the approval of the responsible authorities.
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I observed a positive relationship between Sr and £REEs in my limestone geochemistry, and would like to know if there are other indices which could be used to explain such relationship, as interpretation based on Sr has limitations. Secondly, can I use trace elements ratios like Al/K, Mg/Ca, etc (or weathering indices) be used to provide a clue to paleo-climatic conditions? How can this be achieved?
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I know a clear linkage between REE and Sr in carbonatites where the REE are accommodated in monazite and Sr bound to strontianite based upon this mineralogical knowledge I can shift my thoughts to REE and carbonate. What makes you think that REE play a significant role in your calcareous rocks. Keep in mind you have very strong crystallographic differences and charge balance is another stumbling block. In weathering zones you have still monazite (LREE) and xenotime (HREE) besides rabdophane, florencite and weinschenkite which are hydrated and Al-bearing phosphate analogues. REE are en vogue but you should try and scout the regime in which they form in a special environment in question.
HGD
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Where I can find the refractive index of 8YSZ, La2Zr2O7, Gd2Zr2O, Sm2Zr2O7, Nd2Zr2O7 or other zirconates of rare earth elements?
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Actually, there is one thing to consider with the refractive indices of anisotropic crystals. While the dielectric function is a second rank tensor (function), the refractive index is not. The reason is that the latter is a wave property, so you actually calculate two values for the ordinary and the extraordinary ray (or both extraordinary rays) in dependence of the direction of the wave...
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Is this true for the HREE-enriched indicates garnet-bearing samples and LREE-enriched indicates garnet-free samples??
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HREE enrichment (i.e. slope up towards the HREE) can result from many minerals, with some examples being garnet, zircon, xenotime, and more.
Usually HREE depletion (slope down towards the HREE) in igneous rocks (including but not limited to granites) indicates that garnet either exists at source, or has fractionated. Because HREE prefer garnet, and the garnet is left behind, no much HREE is left for the new rock.
This is a very simplified way to look at things and as always there are complications. But it's a good starting point.
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Q1: In many articles on jadeite and jadeitite(Shi 2008,CÁRDENAS-PÁRRAGA2021, Meng 2016, Abduriyim2017, et al.), scholars draw spider diagram based on trace element data and REE from LA-CIP-MS. But the number of elements in the horizontal coordinate is often different. What is the principle on which this is selected?
Q2: When some of the results of the test are below the detection limit(bdl) , or the corresponding elements are not detected (nd), how should they be reflected in the diagram?
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Trace element abundance plots (spidergrams) are used to illustrate the rare earth element or mantle incompatible trace element contents of a sample. The order of trace elements is usually shown in the order of decreasing ionic radii. In the case of the REE, where the lighter elements such as La have the larger ionic radii (due to the lanthanide contraction with higher atomic numbers), the LREE are shown on the left and the HREE on the right part of the spidergram. Elements concentrations below detection limit cannot be plotted. The computer program plotting the spidergram usually interpolates their values between its neighboring elements.
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I am based in the UK, can anyone tell me where I can get an ICP-MS calibration standard for
Element - Raw Contaminant Stream (ppm) *** main element required.
Ce - >10000 ***
Dy - 49 ***
Er - 22
Eu - 49
Gd - 127
Ho -5
La- >10000 ***
Lu - 10
Nd - 2162 ***
Pr - 330 ***
Sc - <1
Sm - 150
Tb - 5 ***
Tm - 1
Y - 240
Yb -6
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You could try contacting your local (UK) laboratory supplier.
The major ICP-MS manufacturers usually have stock solutions that are pre-mixed for many situations (yours looks like an environmental application).
Inorganic Ventures make all sorts of elemental mixes and have a UK distributor: https://www.inorganicventures.com/international-distributors
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Dear science community!
I need your help, please!
I`m totally disapointed and at a loss!
In 2020 (at the end of October) there were the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (ICoSiET 2020). Me and my colegues took part in these conference. As the result (like a result of any other conference) the thesis collection should have been published (at the 4th quarter of the 2020)). Unfortanately, these collection still haven`t publised (despite the fact that 2021 is already at its end).
So, I wonder, if there are anybody, who know something about this situation? Maby there are any of those who also waiting for their thesis?
We have wrote lots of messages to the organizators and the head of the university (in which this conference took place) but they stoped to respond us.
I think this situation shows disrespect for the conference participants. And I believe that such situations should be inlighted in our community!
Thank you, for your attention!
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Using the link as indicated by Shoffan Saifullah , the good news is now that your paper is finally published https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1212/1/012013 The thing is that “IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering” is ' suffering' from their own success and are recently even discontinued (see enclosed file) in Scopus.
The reason is most likely the enormous increase in number of accepted and published papers over the last few years which can be seen by clicking on “Scopus content coverage” here https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/19700200831
I think that the people behind IOP now try to ‘spread’ the papers over more than one year so that the number of papers published annually goes down again towards more acceptable/realistic numbers (at least in terms of inclusion criteria for Scopus).
So, at the very best this is a desperate attempt of the publisher to correct their suspicious behavior (by publishing too many papers in a year which raises questions on how to maintain scientific standards/quality control). This victimize researchers like you who learn the hard way how a publisher is trying to get their act together (again).
Best regards.
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Hi, all.
I have a set of cumulate rocks formed by the accumulation of plagioclase and biotite. The proportion of plagioclase is around 55%-60%. However, the whole-rock geochemical data show a strong negative Sr anomaly in the primitive mantle normalized trace element patterns. Any potential interpretations for such a chemical characteristic?
Thank you, guys.
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Dear Mr. Gu Daxiang
I think the depletions in Sr content are related to the crystallization of plagioclase and apatite minerals in early-stage magmatic phases, suggesting your samples have undergone significant plagioclase fractionation in their evolution. Also, I advised you to wait for the best answer to your question from experts.
Best Regards Mohamed Faisal
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Hi, please help me resolve this doubt! I am doing some sediment studies, and I am analysing trace metals and Rare Earths elements with icp-ms.
Once obtained the concentrations, I don't know how to choose which of the rare earth isotopes is the correct one. Is there a protocol or are there studies in the literature that might indicate this? Thanks in advance!
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Dear all,
thank you very much for your help and for the interesting information you sent me!
King regards,
Erica
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Hai,
Please help!!
I am doing a study on REE in some rivers.
To find the relative enrichment of LREE or HREE how should I do.
I did the normal calculation of Sum of LREE/sum of HREE and if the value is greater than 1 it LREE enrichment and Less than 1 HREE. However, I did this simple calculation in the Obtained concentration of data from ICP-MS and I am getting a High LREE enrichment.
The problem I am facing is this is not the case for a normalized pattern where if I do the above calculation it shows HREE enrichment and also the spider plot show the same. I also did some other ratio calculations with normalized data all showing HREE enrichment.
Which should I follow? the normalized data or non-normalized data to find the REE Enrichment of my water samples.
It would also be a kind gesture if anyone can provide me with the equation to calculate the REE enrichment for example for (La/Lu)PAAS.
thank you for your kind consideration
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What you're looking for are normalised values. Naturally occurring LREE are almost always more abundant than HREE simply because of their greater average abundance in the crust.
What you want is to see whether the LREE are enriched even more than the usual overabundance over the HREE. You do this, as you said, by normalisation.
You can get good PAAS numbers for normalisation here:
Note that they use ppm (μg/g), so your units needs to be the same, in case you have them reported as mol/mL or something similar.
Because you're looking at water samples, you might have tetrad effects and Ce/Eu anomalies so you might want to look at the method described here:
And the associated app:
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I am a new researcher in the field of Carbonatite. I have samples from northeastern India I thought it is carbonatite but geochemically it does not show any characteristics of Carbonatite like LREE enrichment and total REE content or (trace element like Ba, Sr).
I didn't get any apatite in petrography but I found spinel, olivine, and tremolite so I think that it might be marble or meta carbonate.
So I need tools to resolve this problem. whether it is carbonatite or not
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I think these papers could help you;
  1. Metacarbonatite or marble? - The case of the carbonate, pyroxenite, calcite-apatite rock complex at Borra, Eastern Ghats, India, January 2002,
  2. The carbonatite-marble dykes of Abyan Province, Yemen Republic: The mixing of mantle and crustal carbonate materials revealed by isotope and trace element analysis, September 2004,
They're available on the ResearchGate Server for download.
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I have geochemical data of sedimentary sequence. From XRD data I got signatures of certain clay minerals like smectite and Kaolinite. But I need the quantitative analysis to find out the percentage of clay from certain sedimentary units. Also, I have XRF and ICP-MS data of the same sequence. Is there any way to get the quantitative clay percentage from major oxides/Trace/ REE?
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If you have only kaolinite-group minerals and smectite-group minerals in your clay you might get an approximation as you know what the type of smectite is like (e.g, dioctahedral, trioctahedral , Mg- or Fe-enriched). If you have a kaolin mixed with smectite that contains in addition to those minerals some feldspar relics, quartz or even muscovite I do not see any realistic chance.
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I am working with REE geochemical data for statistical analysis. I normalized the data with PAAS value and now the question is I wanted to know if enriched in my data LREE or HREE?
1) Should I Divide the LREE concentration obtained from the ICP-MS with the HREE concentration from the ICP-MS or should I do the same division with the PAAS normalized data.
(The Spider plot from PAAS shows HREE enrichment in my data but the ratio of LREE/HREE from the ICP-MS shows LREE enrichment.
2) I have seen some calculated ratios such as La/Yb and It has a flow up the equation
(La/Yb)N = (La/Ybsample) / (La/YbPAAS), although I have never found this equation in any paper that I referred to and wanted to know if anyone knows the equation to calculate the LREE/HREE, LREE/MREE, MREE/HREE enrichment (please kindly mentioned if this calculation is also done using the ICP-MS or the PAAS normalized like the above-mentioned equation.
Thank you for your kind consideration
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Dear Jithin Muraleedharan Girija in addition to the helpful answer provided by
Majed Algabri
please also have a look at the following potentially useful articles which might help you in your analysis:
Geochemical characteristics of shales in the Mamfe Basin, South West Cameroon: Implication for depositional environments and oxidation conditions
This paper has been posted by the authors as public full text on RG, so you can freely download it as pdf file)
A User‐Friendly Workbook to Facilitate Rapid and Accurate Rare Earth Element Analyses by ICP‐MS for Multispiked Samples
(see attached pdf file)
Geochemical Distribution Characteristics of Rare Earth Elements in Different Soil Profiles in Mun River Basin, Northeast Thailand
(also attached)
and
Geochemical fractions of rare earth elements in soil around a mine tailing in Baotou, China
(freely available as public full text on RG)
I hope this helps. Good luck with your work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann
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kindly help me to clear these doubts...
1) How to interpret the sum REE value should I do the Sum of REE with the PAAS normalised data or with the original concentration obtained from the ICP-MS.
2) While doing my research I found much paper which shows pH influence in the REE value but for my area in the Alps region I was not getting any correlation with pH and I been trying to analyse if there any other correlation with other physical parameters such as Ec or even ionic strength but found no luck. I even try cluster and PCA analysis.
3) will it be ok if I conclude my study with the statement no correlation with lithology or these parameters are present in the given samples and further studies with other physical data are required?
I am also attaching my cluster analysis data and PCA analysis data for kind reference
Thank you
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Can anyone tell me which is best method for normalisation of BIF and which equation are to be used for evaluating the anomaly of different REEs. I have observed several authors use different equation and normalisation.
Please suggest
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Dear V. K. Maurya thank you for this very interesting technical question. You can find a detailed discussion of the equations in the following article:
The effect of titanite crystallisation on Eu and Ce anomalies in zircon and its implications for the assessment of porphyry Cu deposit fertility
which can be freely downloaded as pdf file from the general internet (see attached pdf file). Good luck with your work and best wishes!
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I have bulk rock analysis (trace and rare earth elements) for some granitic plutons and I need to use these analysis to identify the type of alteration. On the other hand I need to know the elements that indicate if the rock is alter or fresh.
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I suggest that you use Pearce Element Ratios or General Element Ratios. Both work well specifically to identify and quantify alterations.
Stanley C (2017) Molar element ratio analysis of lithogeochemical data: a toolbox for use in mineral exploration and mining. In: Tschirhart V, Thomas MD (2017) Proceedings of Exploration 17: Sixth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration, pp 471–494 (2017)
Stanley CR, Madeisky HE (1996) Lithogeochemical exploration for metasomatic zones associated with hydrothermal mineral deposits using molar element ratio analysis. In: Introduction, Lithogeochemical Exploration Research Project, Mineral Deposit Research Unit, University of British Columbia, Short Course Notes, 200 p
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I have test samples containing Radium, if i remove the Radium under controlled conditions along with the REE's, is there a cost effective process for the utilisation or disposal of Radium and is it commercially viable?
if its classed a radiative concentrated waste, does anyone have a method and cost for the disposal of Radium in todays world market.
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Dear Stephen, many thanks for your interesting technical question. Currently there are virtually no commercial uses for radium any more due to the severe difficulties to manufacture this element and its compounds and also due to its highly radioactive nature. For some basic informations about radium please have a look at the following useful link:
It is mentioned here that the entire world production of radium is less than 100 grams! Personally I never met a chemist or physicist in my entire life who worked with radium. Early uses of radium in luminous paints have long been abandoned. Also mentioned in this article is the rare potential use of radium-223 to treat prostate cancer that has already spread to the bones. I have no idea if this is still practiced. In any case the radioactivity of radium is so high that you cannot work with radium compounds in normal chemical labs. In this context please also go through the following interesting article:
Medicine after the Discovery of Radium
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Hello!
Can you, please, help me to find the information about formation of complex compounds of rare earth elements with chloride anion.
I`m interested particulary the necessary chloride concentration for stable complexes formation.
Thanks a lot!
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Dear Arina Levina thanky you again for your interesting technical question. You also asked "I suppose QABs extract REE by anion exchange mechanism." Let me answer with a question: What are "QABs!"?
As mentioned earlier by Thomas Jüstel complexes of the type [LnX6]3– (X = Cl, Br, I) are generally kinetically not very stable. To the best of my knowledge they are not readily formed in aqueous solution, but can be prepared through solid-state chemistry or in special organic solvents (e.g. nitriles or nitromethane). Isolation of the hexahalide complexes normally requires the use of organic cations such as pyridinium, tetraethylammonium, or tetraphenylphosphonium cations. One of the most stable and readily isolable hexachloro complexes is the tetravalent cerium complex [pyH]2[CeIVCl6] (py = pyridine), which is often used as precursor in the synthesis of other tetravalent cerium compounds. For more information about the trivalent lanthanide hexahalide complexes please look for the article entitled "Weak or Unstable Iodo complexes. I. Hexaiodo Complexes of the Lanthanides" published by J. L. Ryan, Inorg. Chem. 1969, 8, 2053-2058. For more general information on lanthanide coordination chemistry try to get hold of the highly recommended book "Lanthanide and Sctinide Chemistry" by Simon Cotton.
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Can you please tell me if there are anionic sulfate complexes of rare earth elements?
And, if so, can you advise sources where you could read about it.
Thank you!
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Dear Arina Levina thank you again for your interesting technical question. Please have a look at the following relevant article in which several anionic lanthanide sulfate complexes are reported:
Lanthanide Sulfate Frameworks: Synthesis, Structure, and Optical Properties
This article can be freely downloaded as public full text.
For a very useful review article about lanthanide complexes with a variety of anionic ligands including sulfate please also have a look at the following reference:
Inorganic Lanthanide Compounds with Complex Anions
The full text of this article can be obtained directly from the author upon request.
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1. I measured REY concentrations for weathered whole rocks (anorthosite complex, syenitic rocks, metamorphic complex) and each clay fraction extracted therefrom. The results showed good correlation between Eu/Eu* anomaly and total REY concentrations.
2. In addition, diagram of (Th+U)n vs. REY concentrations also showed good correlation.
I want to understand the REY fractionation based on physico-chemical factors such as electrovalence and ionic radii.
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There are two major types of supergene REE accumulations which you should pay attention to as you seek for an answer:
1. Lateritic REE deposits on mainly igneous rocks such as Mount Weld, Araxa, Kangankunde
2. Ion-adsorption clays which are widespread on felsic plutonic rocks such as Longnan, Xunwu
The question is whether the transition from the crystalline bedrock to the residual clays concerns a bastnäsite (carbonate-) or monazite (LREE)- and xenotime (HREE)-types. They show a different response to the meteoric fluids and create different physico-chemical regimes the closer they are on the parent material (saprock). Higher up in the profile these differences may become less pronounced and take on the regime typical of the existing morphoclimatic zone.
• bauxite deposits contain elevated REE contents
• in Fe-rich bauxite horizons (scavenging by goethite) not observed in the boehmite-rich horizons
• REE accessory minerals (bastnaesite, hydroxyl-bastnaesite-(Nd), goyazite-(Nd), monazite-(Nd), synchysite, florencite, rhabdophane-(Nd, Sm, Ce)
The above phosphates occur under different pH and along with that the release and differentiation of REE, U, Th and Y in the saprolite goes different ways. These also of impact on the REE redox- sensitive like Ce and Eu, or hexavalent and tetravalent U . Also have look at the radioactive equilibrium where the different Th and U isotopes/decay product show different mobility and a separation and shift of the U/Th ratio may take place.
It is a very complex process where without any meticulous mineralogy, radio-chemical investigation your job will only be half-way done. If you deal with natural products straight from the pit or field it is mandatory to consider the morphoclimatic situation, hydrology and age of the mineralization.
Any simple correlation with each and everything yields nice clusters in x-y plots but with no precise meaning or getting you closer to your goal.
My frequently stated credo
1. Geology-geomorphology (field)
2. Mineralogy (XRD, EMPA, SEM-EDX) in this case clay minerals, oxide-hydroxides, heavy minerals
3. Major-minor element chemistry (XRF, NAA)
4. Advanced level: radiometric age dating and radio chemistry (instable isotopes with passage into the stable isotopes)
H.G.Dill
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I need to know the particle size for the test, concentration of acid, amount of sample to be tested and the apparatus to be used as well as how to analyze the solution.
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follow
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I am first time trying to use some REE plots and I am unable to find the equation for obtaining the Sm/Sm* and Nd/Nd*, I have searched in books but not able to find the proper equation.
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Are you talking about Sm and Nd anomalies, relative to the REE pattern?
I am wondering why are you trying to calculate this. There is no physical reason for Sm and Nd anomalies to exist in natural samples, and as such there is nothing to calculate. If you observe Sm and Nd anomalies in normalised REE plots, most likely is that the data is flawed, or that your normalising values are wrong.
Can you share a paper which mentions those values you are trying to calculate? Then we will have a better idea of what is it exactly that you are trying to achieve.
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I was looking for an effective way to remove electrodeposited rare earth elements (REEs) from the substrates. Any suggestions, references will be greatly appreciated! Thanks.
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Hi Emanuel,
Thank you for the suggestions / comments.
Best,
Jahangir
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We are working on geochemical analysis of sediments derived from eastern and western ghats of India.
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In my view There are a lots of Books about it
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Hi,
I'm looking for some info/examples that permit me to calculate the detection limit in EDS system. I know the rule that the peak (cps) should be >3(bkg)^1/2, but I'm interested to calculate the ppm amount detectable. Many thx in advantage for help.
Regards,
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Hi!
I`ve found a lot of articles in which REMs are devided into light, medium and heavy groups, and it`s quite easy, ok. But I still can`t find information about Eu and Gd separation.
Is it possible to divide(without using 100steps extraction and very expensive extragents) so close in properties elements?
And one more question, is it possible to quantify individual REMs in their mixture?
Thanks!
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Dear Arina Levina this separation should be easily possible because europium is the only rare-earth metal which can be reduced to the divalent oxidation state in aqueous solution. It can then be precipitated as insoluble EuSO4, Please see this very useful article entitled "Studies on europium separation from a middle rare earth concentrate by in situ zinc reduction technique". The article is available as public full text on RG:
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* PMN Primitive mantle normalized
**La and Sm both are usually more incompatible than Yb
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Ratios are more robust than individual elements, and observing how one behaves wrt another gives us insights into source vs processes. Lanthanum is a Light Rare Earth element (LREE) and Samarium is mid Rare Earth element (MREE) element but both are comparatively more incompatible than Yb which is categorized as high Rare Earth element (HREE). Technically speaking, the Yb concentration should be higher than both La and Sm in peridotites. If La/Sm is showing an increasing trend against Yb, it means, the peridotites have undergone some interaction with a La/Sm enriched source during emplacement (and or subduction) and hence they are re-enriched or re-fertilized.
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Can anyone recommend some papers on how to discriminate the origin of rutile and monazite,using BSE features,trace element ratios or REE patterns,etc. Thanks a lot.
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thank you so much.
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How can separate of rare earth element from a mixture of calcium oxide and rare earth oxide
the calcium is a critical problem which interfere with every methods used for uptake or precipitate of rare earth so if anyone can help me for remove of calcium
thank you so much
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Very interesting question, being Ca+2 and Ln+3 so similar in their behaviour. I am not sure about the right answer, but I found this article which might be useful for you. Maybe you already have read it, but if not, I hope it can be useful for you.
How about precipitating Ln+3 in a medium where Ca(HCO3)2 remains soluble since its solubility at 20°C in water is 16.6 g/100 mL. Ln2(CO3)3 might be insoluble under certain pH conditions where Ca(HCO3)2 remains soluble.... Not sure, though...
Best regards from Costa Rica.
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Dear professors, I have a question about rare earth elements in the bone repair process. As we all know, rare earth elements like lanthanides are toxic, but I have seen some reports that low concentrations of rare earth elements will promote it to a certain extent The differentiation of osteoblasts and the inhibition of the reproduction of osteoclasts. Is there a certain basis for this statement? Can experiments in this area be tried? Or that rare earth elements are heavy metals and are not beneficial to bone regeneration.
If the professor knows the answer, I hope you can answer it for me. Thank you very much!
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Dear Wang, i found your question very interesting as my own research interest is osteoporosis. In future, i would also like to work on some project related to it. However, for now i found very interesting article hope it would be of some help
Regards
Dr Saba Tariq
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Two andesitic samples have significant Tb negative anomaly. The same ones also have Pr negative anomaly which I can explain by a late apatite crystallisation and many apatite inclusions in phenocrysts. I cannot find any information on Tb.
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Hi Aleksandra, there is an interesting paper by Raimbault et al. (1993) on REE contents of apatites and scheelite and they are also discussing low Tb concentrations. The details are: Raimbault et al. (1993) in American Mineralogist 78: 1275-1285. Cheers Daniel
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I have to make comments on some plots of geochemical data and I need to get better understanding of how elements get enriched or depleted during crystallization.
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Dear Ahmed A. Rashad which kind of rock are you referring to? Because geochemical behaviour of trace elements and Rare Earth Elements (REE) changes according to the petrological system.
Some elements are closely related to the crystallization (or fusion) of some mineral phases depending of their compatibility with the solid phase. So the residual melt (and future rock) could presents enrichments or deplation on that particular element (e.g Eu with plg). Futhermore, the element aboundance is closely controlled by % of partial melting of the source and a lots of secondary processes (e.g. fluid/rock interaction and consequent enrichment).
Best regards,
Gabriele
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I have come across some REE data that seems to show, when correctly normalized, strong positive anomalies in Ce and less so in Nd and Dy and strong negative anomalies in Pr. Later analyses of similar material show smoother normalised distributions. Is this a well known instrumental error? Is there some sort of interference going on?
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Hi Georgia,
I would look at the digestion methods and the possible host minerals for these REEs used for the old and the new analyses. The aqua regia and 4-acid digestions will partially dissolve the REE-bearing minerals compared to the full digestion (fusion) methods used before the ICP-MS analyses.
best regards
Walid
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I am planning to work on the mineralogy of the rock and lateritic soil samples of the Bingo carbonatite complex in order to determine its REE-bearing minerals and determine its REE prospectivity. I would like to know which method I should use to get reliable results. Thanks for your answers.
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Dear Mr. Kasay:
I can offer you a flow sheet to obtain mineralogical results from a combination of mineralogical and chemical analyses
1. Check your bulk samples with a gamma scintillation counter to see if Th or U minerals are to be expected
2. A rock chip is used for thin section examination of the regolith, lateritic crust…. for textural and mineralogical analysis
3. Bulk chemical analysis of the rock sample using XRF (LREE are normally obtained at a reliable level). For more detailed analysis you need e.g. neutron activation….
3. Part of the grinded material used for preparation of samples for XRF is shipped to a laboratory
for screening and to split into the particle range < 63 µm and 63 µm to 300µm.
4. The interval < 63 µm is suitable for XRD (in case of detailed clay mineral analysis the use of settling tubes is recommended)
5. The grain size interval 63 µm to 300µm forms the basis of the separation of heavy minerals and for further investigation see point 6
6. The fraction separated under point 5 can be used for XRD (Rietveld), EMPA, SEM-EDX (+MLA) or (micro) Raman analysis of accessory minerals as they are common in the regolith on top of carbonatites
All data can be plotted into triplots and x-y plots for mineralogical and chemical discrimination.
Dependent upon the availability you can stop and leave this sequence at any point.
Do not expect one method alone as the philosopher´s stone but only the reasonable mixture of techniques will bring you success.
I wish you much success H.G.Dill
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How to calculate La/La* and Eu/Eu* values
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Well,
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Textural analysis of zircons is the first step of study that allows selection of targets for geochemical and isotope analysis (Hf isotopes, REE, 18O, etc.), which are necessary to understand geotectonic conditions of its formation and also its inheritance. Could someone want to tell me if the textural study of the core allows us to go so far as to determine if the zircon was detrital before receiving an overgrowth in, for example, a migmatite?
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Te anexo una imagen de unos zircones provenientes del neosoma tonalítico de una metatexita con protolito de anfibolita, donde datamos tanto los margenes como los nucleos de varios circones zonados, al final las edades resultaron las mismas en todas las partes de los circones, además no hay mucha investigación sobre circones en neosomas, los circones del paleosoma te van a registrar la información sobre todos los procesos que sufrio esa roca durante el metamorfismo hasta la fusión parcial. Si necesitas algunos artículos sobre eso, dame tu correo y te los envío!
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Hi,
I am currently working in a project on extracting REE from ionic clay sources and wondered whether SPC can be used to determine the process capability of the extraction. For example, plotting recovery rate of 30 trial runs of extraction and calculating Cpk value?
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how measure recovery how the different unit of recovery data points spread you need to put recovery data points in a linearity equation, you need to see variation among recovery output (measured units) are statistically significant or not
this verification method called normality checking.
basically i need to understand what is the unit of recovery how you quantity unit of measurement is more important for any application of statistical tools
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In the hydrothermal system, such as skarn deposit, the garnet always have rhythmic components zonatrion. The major and trace element always different in the adjacent rings. How to explain this phenomenon? even the REE pattens are also changing between different adjacent rings. Why? Impulse type of fluid from the intrusions is enough or some thing alse?
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You certainly deal with garnet of the "grandite" s.s. series. Uranium and REE are not mineral-forming constituents in the garnet series. I know the complex zonation of these minerals and I think if you want to come close to a solution you can only investigate these garnets together with the surrounding host minerals such as the carbonate minerals on one side and the feldspar system on the opposite side along transects.
Kind regards
H.G.Dill
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I'm trying to find the partition coefficient for REE in fluorite. There have been a few papers which say they have a Kd value but do not specifically state what it is in the paper. When I go through their references, I can't seem to find the value in those papers either.
I have fluorite from 2 districts and I have done LA-ICP-MS analysis on the fluorite. It is the the goal to try to deduce the REE concentration in the fluid based on the concentration in the fluorite. Does anyone have a good reference on the partition coefficient? I appreciate it.
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Hi Grace, please have a look at the paper by Veksler et al. (2005) in Geochim Cosmochim Acta 69: 2847-2860. You might find it very useful.
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Can we distinguish primary or metamorphic origin of a mineral based on there REE and trace element pattern ?
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Dear Mr. Malviya,
you should be more specific and at least refer to a mineral group or even mineral species. An answer can only be given on an all or nothing basis. Moreover the magmatic and metamorphic realm are so divers that even there a reference to a certain P-T interval should be given. I suggest to pondering my recommendation.
H.G.Dill
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Dear Community,
I'm searching the following paper, cause I've got no access to this journal!
could you please send me the pdf of this paper?
Rare earth element characteristics and K–Ar ages of the Band Ziarat ophiolite complex, southeastern Iran
A. A. Hassanipak, A. Mohamad Ghazi, J. M. Wampler
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Thank You!
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I am working on apatite REE chemistry.
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Rabah Kechiched Could you please tell me more about "artificially" positive Eu anomalies with Ba interferences? Could you give me some references about this? I have alkaline granites samples with higher values of Ba and Sr and Eu positive anomalies. Thank you!
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I have a solution that contains tributyl phosphate (TBP) and I need to digest it for ICP-OES. I will be looking at rare earth elements (REE). I do not have any experience with TBP and from everything I have read it looks like it may be acid resistant. I do not have access to a perchloric acid hood. Any other suggestions?
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Dear Shelley,
you can choice from more than one ways
1- as Amit anand advised you
2- using conc sulfuric acid
or
using stripping methods
1- acidified water (0.1 mol nitric acid ) / organic phase 1:1 by volume through 3-4 stages (known volumes)
2- hot distilled water ~55 C (131 F) 1:1 by volume through 3-4 stages (known volumes)
3- distilled water ~ 1:1 by volume through 4-5 stages (known volumes)
best wishes
Ebrahim
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How much REE in arctic aerosol and precipitation?
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After many years of research about synthesis of nanaparticles, it is good to ask a question about what is more promising in the future to guide our research work. My question is: do you think that we need to focus more on metal oxide or metal ferrite composites or we still need to work more on both? Is it better to dope metal oxides and metal ferrites by transition metal or rare earth elements?
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Ferrites are widely used in different applications due to their unique physical, chemical and electrical properties. They are used in gas sensors, energy storage, semiconductors, magnetic-based separation and catalysis.
However, and as indicated in the responses above, first you need decide on the targeted application.
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How to normalize the REEs to the the shale references (PAAS or NASC)? Is it as simple as dividing the REE value by the reference one?
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Exactly, Just divide the obtained values of REE by the reference values
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The occurrence of negative Y anomaly in the chondrite normalized REE patterns in carbonatite is unusual, as Y is isovalent and cannot readily fractionate from its twin Ho in magmatic processes. Rare examples of such Y signatures in carbonatite was reported from the Kalkfeld and Ondurakorume complexes (Bühn 2008).
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Hi guys,
I am kind of skeptical about de-coupling of Y and REE by F-bearing fluids. At least at T<350 C (may be up to 400 C) and at reasonable pH (we know not much about highly alkaline solutions). it turns out that at these conditions fluorine works like a "poison" for any kind of hydrothermal transport of REE. Because of extremely low solubility of solid REE fluorides. Our calcs show that as soon as a REE-bearing solution sees any F it gets immediately saturated with these guys and all REE drop down. Equilibrium concs in solutions go down to below 1 ppb. The only exception are highly acidic brines, but it seems it is irrelevant for you. Anselm Loges indeed showed that the chemistry of Y/F speciation differs a bit from the rest of REE, but it does not cancel the main problem - extremely low solubility of REE/F solid phses.
Cheers,
Artas
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Hi, All Professors and Researchers.
Unfortunately, there are not accurate analytical facilities in Iran and the budget of my department (Geology division of Urmia University) is frozen to support me for further and detailed analyses. Therefore, I'm looking for research collaborator to carry out ICP-MS, SEM, and EPMA analyses to investigate the behavior of ore-related trace and REE elements on powdered samples. My ph.D thesis is about Sediment hosted copper deposits of NW Iran. Thank you.
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Dear Khan chuban
I may help you in SEM analyses. please contact me. My phone number is 09143005391.
Good luck
Dr. Morovvat Faridazad (PhD in Petrology)
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The composition of the main elements, trace elements and rare earth elements contained in rocks certainly greatly affects the strength of the rock. Is there a relationship between the chemical composition of rocks exposed to geological structures and rocks that are not exposed to structures?
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Osama Rahil Shaltami : Thank you for the help and your suggestion
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A reviewer asked me to comment on why the REE are enriched in the magnesiocarbonatite relative to the calcite carbonatite, at Ngualla, Tanzania. My reading around the subject of REE and carbonatites suggest that REE are more concentrated in magnesiocarbonatites and ferrocarbonatites relative to calcite carbonatites, globally; not just at Ngualla. And yet, I have never read an explanation for this association. Can anybody point me in the right direction, please?
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Many thanks Wally. I remember you from the Key Center when I was a student. Best wishes Daniel
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I replace the iron ion with a rare earth ion of concentration between 0 and 0.2. The particle size decreased till a concentration 0.12 and then increased again for a concentration 0.2. The synthesis method used is co-precipitation.
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