Radio Propagation - Science topic

Wireless communication has become the primary means of electronic communication around the world. Particularly, we focus on the radio propagation conditions of a wireless sensor network (WSN), our case study, where common methods exist for measurements of WSN’s performance. However, these methods are expensive and not fully automated, and therefore...

Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) may significantly change the ionospheric properties in the region, which in turn affects the radio propagation process, especially on short-wave communication, satellite navigation and positioning. TIDs detection and propagation parameter calculation are essential foundations for ionospheric disturbance mon...

We introduce the Sparse pretrained Radio Transformer (SpaRTran), an unsupervised representation learning approach based on the concept of compressed sensing for radio channels. Our approach learns embeddings that focus on the physical properties of radio propagation, to create the optimal basis for fine-tuning on radio-based downstream tasks. SpaRT...

Indoor pathloss prediction is a fundamental task in wireless network planning, yet it remains challenging due to environmental complexity and data scarcity. In this work, we propose a deep learning-based approach utilizing a vision transformer (ViT) architecture with DINO-v2 pretrained weights to model indoor radio propagation. Our method processes...

The sporadic E layer (EsL), characterized by enhanced ionospheric electron density at around 100 km altitude, has been recognized as one of the prominent phenomena in the E region ionosphere and is known to influence radio wave propagation, particularly in the HF and VHF frequency range. This study explores the spatial structure and dynamical chara...

Traditional channel acquisition faces significant limitations due to ideal model assumptions and scalability challenges. A novel environment-aware paradigm, known as channel twinning, tackles these issues by constructing radio propagation environment semantics using a data-driven approach. In the spotlight of channel twinning technology, a radio ma...

In this paper, we characterize the adaptive multiple path loss exponent (AMPLE) radio propagation model under urban macrocell (UMa) and urban microcell (UMi) scenarios from 0.85-5 GHz using Ranplan Professional. We first enhance the original AMPLE model by introducing an additional frequency coefficient to support path loss prediction across multip...

For efficient radio network planning, empirical path loss (PL) prediction models are utilized to predict signal attenuation in different environments. Alternatively, machine learning (ML) models are proposed to predict path loss. While empirical models are transparent and require less computational capacity, their predictions are not able to genera...

Communication security has played a more and more important role in modern wireless communication systems, especially in Internet of Things (IoT) for its privacy data security requirement. However, the IoT faces severe security threats due to the broadcast nature of radio propagation in wireless communication network. Therefore, physical layer secu...

The Active Plasma and E-field Sounders (APES) mission concept aims to resolve orders-of-magnitude errors in modeling transionospheric radio propagation through the midlatitude trough, and to determine which physical mechanism(s) are responsible for generating plasma irregularities there. APES will observe ionospheric electron density profiles and s...

Meteorological variables such as water vapor, temperature and atmospheric pressure greatly influence radio signal transmission. In this study, the influence of air temperature variations of some selected locations in the South-Western part of Nigeria on specific attenuation, radio refractivity and water vapour were investigated using the weather pa...

To gain panoramic awareness of spectrum coverage in complex wireless environments, data-driven learning approaches have recently been introduced for radio map estimation (RME). While existing deep learning based methods conduct RME given spectrum measurements gathered from dispersed sensors in the region of interest, they rely on centralized data a...

Reliable data on radio propagation is required to suggest useful models for radio-climatic study. Computation of some secondary radio parameters across ten locations in Nigeria was done to deduce their effects on Line-of-Sight links. ERA-5 data obtained from the archive of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) comprising of surf...

Body Nano-Communication based on RF radio communication in the terahertz band supports health and fitness industry applications. Nano communications primary facilitate real-time monitoring of biological and chemical substances inside the human body, helping an early detection of stroke and heart attack risks. Monitoring small communication range in...

Enriching information of spectrum coverage, radiomap plays an important role in many wireless communication applications, such as resource allocation and network optimization. To enable real-time, distributed spectrum management, particularly in the scenarios with unstable and dynamic environments, the efficient transmission of spectrum coverage in...

Ray tracing method (RT) is a computational method for modeling light propagation and interaction, which can be used to simulate communication signal propagation, path loss, etc. in unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV). However, the ray tracing method may face some challenges in real-time simulation of multi-UAVs. In this paper, we propose a low-complexity...

The mining industry is undergoing a transformational shift driven by automation and digitalization, enabling the teleoperation of machinery, improving safety, and enhancing operational efficiency in challenging underground environments. However, achieving safe and efficient teleoperation requires meeting stringent wireless communication requirement...

Tropospheric ducts, characterized by anomalous positive vertical refractive index gradients, significantly influence radio wave propagation by enhancing signal strength and extending communication ranges. While beneficial in some contexts, these phenomena can disrupt communication systems, particularly in maritime and coastal regions where ducting...

Point clouds have been a recent interest for ray tracing-based radio channel characterization, as sensors such as RGB-D cameras and laser scanners can be utilized to generate an accurate virtual copy of a physical environment. In this paper, a novel ray launching algorithm is presented, which operates directly on noisy point clouds acquired from se...

In this letter, we propose a distance estimation method that accounts for molecular absorption (MA) delay in the THz frequency band. In radio propagation, the time of arrival (TOA) at the receiver from the transmitter is typically determined by the propagation delay, which is the distance divided by the speed of light in a line-of-sight (LoS) scena...

In the next generation of 6G mobile system, communication network will be extending to the underwater area. Underwater comprises of seawater and freshwater areas. Recently, the need of communication tools in freshwater are rising particularly in remote sensing, monitoring, aquaculture and surveillance operations in lakes and rivers. Previous studie...

A common problem in justice applications is localization of a user of a cellular network using a call detail record (CDR), which typically reveals only the base station and sector to which the user was connected. This precludes precise estimation of location. Instead, one is limited to estimating a region of plausible locations (RPL) using static i...

The 3GPP channel model for new radios, described in 3GPP TR 38.901, is one of the most widely used channel models in the cellular wireless community. Originally established at below-6GHz radio frequencies and gradually expanded to cover new frequencies, its applicability to the new frequencies has always been an interest of the community. Our compa...

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are expected to play a significant role in future Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems. However, the performance of multi-user communications in airborne ISAC systems relies significantly on the UAV position and flight trajectory, and accurate radio propagation channel model for the scene/environment a...

This letter proposes a novel RGB-Depth (RGB-D) sensor-aided radio map estimation framework using materials classification. Ray-tracing simulators for radio map estimation require expensive and detailed vector data and materials information for use indoors. Advances in image sensor (e.g., RGB-D, LiDAR)-based methods can reduce this cost but often ov...

The prediction and modeling of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) have consistently been a focal point for researchers, as it holds significant implications for satellite positioning, navigation, telemetry, control, and radio wave propagation. In this context, we propose a machine learning prediction model (PGVAE-label) using a labeled graph...

Modeling the indoor path loss is an essential part of wireless communication network planning. Indoor environments, particularly workstations, are always changing. Accurate path loss models are necessary for dependable network performance and coverage. Path loss is influenced by a number of elements, including the surrounding environment , construc...

Sub-Terahertz communication has broad application prospects for realizing ultra-broadband sixth generation (6G) system. One fundamental challenge when moving to new spectrum is to understand the science of radio propagation and propose an accurate and effective channel prediction method. In this paper, we first conduct extensive vector network anal...

Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs), which can dynamically control radio propagation, have attracted attention as devices for achieving non-line-of-sight communication under high-frequency bands. Channel estimation is required to control the IRSs, and the overhead of the estimation reduces the transmission efficiency. To remove channel estimatio...

We perform azimuth time tracking of multiple thunderstorm centers on the globe, which are sources of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves propagating in the spherical Earth‐ionosphere cavity. For observations made in September 2023 we identify azimuths of numerous global emission centers using our data sampled at 3 kHz at the Hylaty...

Precisely modeling radio propagation in complex environments has been a significant challenge, especially with the advent of 5G and beyond networks, where managing massive antenna arrays demands more detailed information. Traditional methods, such as empirical models and ray tracing, often fall short, either due to insufficient details or with chal...

The intensity of solar activity varies with the solar cycle of about 11 years, reaching a peak during the solar maximum. Solar activity can affect space weather in ionospheric states and conditions related to shortwave radio propagation or satellite communications, which brings challenges to space exploration, communications, and weather forecastin...

In this era of advanced communication technologies, many remote rural and hard-to-reach areas still lack Internet access due to technological, geographical, and economic challenges. The TV white space (TVWS) technology has proven to be effective and feasible in connecting these areas to Internet service in many parts of the world. The TVWS-based sy...

The devastating effects of rain-induced attenuation on communication links operating above 10 GHz during rainy events can significantly degrade signal quality, leading to interruptions in service and reduced data throughput. Understanding the spatial and seasonal distribution of rain heights is crucial for predicting these attenuation effects and f...

A Sybil attack, in which a malicious node uses multiple identities simultaneously to deceive other participants, poses a significant threat to Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). Traditional solutions used in conventional networks are often ineffective in VANET due to the network's dynamic nature and the strict timing constraints of safety-critical...

This paper presents detailed radio propagation measurements for an indoor factory (InF) environment at 6.75 GHz and 16.95 GHz using a 1 GHz bandwidth channel sounder. Conducted at the NYU MakerSpace in the NYU Tandon School of Engineering campus in Brooklyn, NY, USA, our measurement campaign characterizes a representative small factory with diverse...

This paper presents the first sub-Terahertz (THz) statistical channel model for the indoor factory (InF) scenario based on an extensive dataset of radio propagation characterization in factory buildings at 142 GHz. The dataset is built from the radio propagation measurements conducted at 142 GHz in four diverse factories during 2021 and 2022, inclu...

Radio propagation modeling is essential in telecommunication research, as radio channels result from complex interactions with environmental objects. Recently, Machine Learning has been attracting attention as a potential alternative to computationally demanding tools, like Ray Tracing, which can model these interactions in detail. However, existin...

Background. It is shown that it is necessary to study the effect of atmospheric turbulence on the spectral characteristics of a radio signal. Aim. The influence of atmospheric turbulence on the spectral fluctuations of the radio signal intensity and on the displacement of the spectral components of the radio signal has been studied. Methods. The re...

This present research aimed to identify the optimum model for predicting the rain-induced attenuation along the terrestrial and satellite communication networks and employed the time series forecasting models of Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and Seasonal Autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) to examine and contrast se...

The IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System) is an indigenously developed satellite system that provides round-the-clock, real-time navigational services over the Indian subcontinent. Ionospheric perturbations are the most severe threat to radio propagation. A parameter such as Total Electron Content (TEC) is a helpful indicator for unde...

With the increasing presence of dynamic scenarios, such as Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications, radio propagation modeling tools must adapt to the rapidly changing nature of the radio channel. Recently, both Differentiable and Dynamic Ray Tracing frameworks have emerged to address these challenges. However, there is often confusion about how these ap...

This paper applies a mathematical model for the optimal location of cellular signal transmission towers in a scenario different from the original scenario for which the model was developed. The proposed optimization aims to maximize the number of users served while maintaining a minimum signal quality standard. To validate the model, measurement ca...

In this letter, we investigate the radio propagation characteristics in an open outdoor place through a frequency‐domain channel measurement campaign at a frequency band of 2.1 GHz via asymmetric beam patterns. Specifically, we focus on the large‐scale fading characteristics and analyze the transceivers' separation‐dependent and boresight direction...

In wireless communications, electromagnetic theory and information theory constitute a pair of fundamental theories, bridged by antenna theory and wireless propagation channel modeling theory. Up to the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication networks, these four theories have been developing relatively independently. However, in sixth generat...

Extensive work has been carried out in the past year by various organizations in an effort to determine standardized statistical channel impulse response (CIR) parameters for the newly-released mid-band spectrum (7.25 GHz -- 24.25 GHz) [1]--[5]. In this work, we show that the wireless community currently lacks a unified method for presenting key pa...

Digital Twin has emerged as a promising paradigm for accurately representing wireless communication electromagnetic environments. The resulting virtual representation of reality facilitates comprehensive insights into the propagation environment, empowering multi-layer decision-making processes at the physical communication level. This paper invest...

Private fifth-generation (5G) networks are increasingly becoming the industrys' choice of wireless communication networks for accelerating production processes. In this context, the role of 5G in providing precise positioning services in indoor industrial scenarios has also been actively discussed. However, the achievable indoor positioning accurac...

This paper presents the description, measurements, and analysis of an investigation into the path loss channel characteristics of a complex building environment using the College of Engineering building of Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria as a case study. The study is conducted on the first floor of the building, which is compartmentaliz...

This paper proposes an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) assisted integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system operating in the millimeter-wave band. Specifically, the ISAC system consists of a radar subsystem and a communication subsystem to detect multiple targets and communicate with the users simultaneously. The IRS is used to configur...

One of the key parameters in radio link planning is the propagation path loss. Most of the existing methods for its prediction are not characterized by a good balance between accuracy, generality, and low computational complexity. To address this problem, a machine learning approach for path loss prediction is presented in this study. The novelty i...

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is susceptible to eavesdropping because of wireless signals' broadcast nature, and thus the enhancement of its security becomes of critical importance. In this paper, we investigate the use of active reconfig-urable intelligence surface (RIS) to realize covert communication in a millimeter-wave ISAC netwo...

Driven by the ever-increasing requirements of ultrahigh spectral efficiency, ultralow latency, and massive connectivity, the forefront of wireless research calls for the design of advanced next-generation multiple access schemes to facilitate the provisioning of these stringent demands. This inspires the embrace of nonorthogonal multiple access (NO...

The efficient deployment and operation of any wireless communication ecosystem rely on knowledge of the received signal quality over the target coverage area. This knowledge is typically acquired through radio propagation solvers, which however suffer from intrinsic and well-known performance limitations. This article provides a primer on how integ...

Plain Language Summary A lightning strike generates an electromagnetic impulse that propagates within Earth's atmosphere and eventually leaks out into the ionosphere. As it propagates through the ionosphere toward low‐Earth orbiting (LEO) satellites, it gets converted into a so‐called whistler, with high frequencies arriving earlier than low freque...

This letter presents a measurement campaign carried out in an FR2 urban outdoor environment in a live experimental network deployment. The radio propagation analysis from a physical perspective at 26 GHz is essential for the correct deployment and dimensioning of future communication networks. This study performs a walk test emulating realistic con...

This paper examines a fluid antenna (FA)-assisted simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system. Unlike traditional SWIPT systems with fixed-position antennas (FPAs), our FA-assisted system enables dynamic recon-figuration of the radio propagation environment by adjusting the positions of FAs. This capability enhances both ene...

Network availability and quality is vital for using robotics, real-time digital twins or augmented reality in construction. This paper explores using semantic web models to perform radio propagation calculations for construction sites. We have created an ontology describing and linking data to calculate how building element installation affects att...

Interest is rising in improving efficiency and productivity by increasing the received signal power, which is driven by the proliferation of wireless local area networks and the increasing use of portable computing devices such as laptops and PDAs. Waveguides comprising frequency selective surfaces are suggested for use in indoor wireless environme...

Ionospheric delay, as one of the largest error sources in radio propagation, can only be corrected for this error using the ionospheric delay correction model for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) single‐frequency users. In this paper, the 2021 geomagnetic storm event is selected, and based on the measured ionospheric data from the GNSS obs...

The subject of study known as radio propagation prediction refers to predicting the behaviour and characteristics of radio waves as they propagate through the atmosphere. It is a basic element of all wireless communication systems, including satellite communications, broadcasting and cellular networks. While there is no study covers all the techniq...

Railway wireless communications play an increasingly significant role in train control and signal transmission. Communication-based train control system (CBTC) can improve the safety, efficiency and reliability of train operations, and is widely used in subway wireless communication system. Therefore, radio propagation characterization and channel...

Ray Tracing (RT) is arguably one of the most prevalent methodologies in the field of radio propagation modeling. However, access to RT software is often constrained by its closed-source nature, licensing costs, or the requirement of high-performance computing resources. While this is typically acceptable for large-scale applications, it can present...

This paper presents an end-to-end wireless digital twin platform constructed using open-source software and open data to enhance the evaluation of mobile communication systems. The proposed open wireless digital twin (OWDT) integrates OpenAirInterface (OAI) for 5G NR protocol stack emulation and NVIDIA Sionna RT for high-resolution ray tracing base...

Electron density irregularities in the ionosphere can give rise to scintillations, affecting radio wave phase and amplitude. While scintillations in the cusp and polar cap regions are commonly associated with mesoscale density inhomogeneities and/or shearing, the auroral regions exhibit a strong correlation between scintillation and density structu...

The ever-growing demands from emerging industrial applications and services require revolutionary technology beyond fifth-generation (5G). The sixth-generation (6G) networks are the promising technology to satisfy the high data rate demands for future industrial applications. This paper examined wideband radio propagation characteristics at 28 GHz...

Low-frequency communication constitutes a vital component of essential communication systems, serving a pivotal role in remote radio communication, navigation, timing, and seismic analysis. To enhance the predictive precision of low-frequency skywave propagation and address the demands of engineering applications, we propose a high-precision predic...

Due to the uncontrolled and complex real-life radio propagation environments, Claude Shannon's information theory of communications describes fundamental limits to state-of-the-art 5G radio access network (RAN) capacity, with respect to fixed radio resource usage. Fortunately, recent research has found that a holographic metasurface-based new physi...

This paper aims to optimize the pathloss in 4G/LTE networks obtained by empirical Radio Frequency (RF) propagation models to enhance user access quality. The radio wave propagation models are mainly used to predict the pathloss which are necessary for planning and optimizing wireless communication systems. In this paper, we propose a parametric opt...

Empowered by the latest progress on innovative metamaterials/metasurfaces and advanced antenna technologies, holographic multiple-input multiple-output (H-MIMO) emerges as a promising technology to fulfill the ultimate goals of the sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. The antenna arrays utilized in H-MIMO comprise massive (possibly to an extrem...

Climate change poses several environmental threats like floods to urban environment; thus, effective and reliable communication of emergency information is needed during massive breakdown of network infrastructure. This paper presents a mobile adhoc network (MANETs) based effective information such as calls, image, and videos communication system t...

Wide bandwidth requirements for multi-Gbps communications have prompted the global telecommunications industry to consider new mid-band spectrum allocations in the 4–8 GHz FR1(C) and 7–24 GHz FR3 bands, above the crowded bands below 6 GHz. Allocations in the lower and upper mid-band aim to balance coverage and capacity, however, there is limited kn...

One sort of wireless ad-hoc network is called MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network), which is an autonomous network made up of wireless nodes and routers connected by wireless connections. Transmission of data in effective way is important. The DOF-MEN (Direction Oriented Forwarding through Minimum Number of Edge Nodes) protocol is the protocol which lesse...

An accurate modeling of the ionosphere electron density is pivotal to guarantee the effective operation of communication and navigation systems, particularly during Space Weather events. Despite the crucial contribution of empirical models like the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), their limitations in predicting ionospheric variability, es...

This paper empirically investigates the body induced electromagnetic (EM) effects, namely the human body blockage, by conducting indoor measurement campaigns in the unexplored sub-THz W-band (75-110 GHz) and G-band (170-260 GHz). The proposed analysis focuses on both the alterations of channel frequency response induced by body presence, fully or p...

Electromagnetic (EM) body models based on the scalar diffraction theory allow to predict the impact of subject motions on the radio propagation channel without requiring a time-consuming full-wave approach. On the other hand, they are less effective in complex environments characterized by significant multipath effects. Recently, emerging radio sen...

Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) have been gaining momentum as important pillars of the Internet of Things’ age. These networks are designed to provide coverage for long distances to end nodes, exploiting the license free frequency bands present in the telecommunication space. An extensive study using simulated models, and field trials within...

The Radio Map (RM) stands as a powerful tool in the field of wireless communication and radio regulation. Currently, several algorithms based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been proposed. However, due to the inherent limitations of vanilla convolutions, capturing distant-range information of the radio propagation environment becomes c...

Plain Language Summary Finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) has been widely used in electromagnetic waves propagation in plasma. FDTD method computation can be greatly accelerated by graphical processing unit (GPU). However, in magnetized plasma, the media information is described by a tensor, and the computing includes the complex matrix operation...

Industrial environments constitute a challenge in terms of radio propagation due to the presence of machinery and the mobility of the different agents, especially at mmWave bands. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of a FR2 5G network deployed in an operational factory scenario at 26 GHz. The experimental characterization, performed wit...

In traditional radio propagation, the arrival time of the signal at the receiver from the transmitter is the propagation delay, which is given by the distance divided by the light speed, in the line of sight (LoS) scenario. However, in THz, the observable arrival time would be more than the propagation delay, and the extra delay is denoted as a mol...

Effective radio network planning requires understanding an area's radio propagation characteristics. This investigation uses dependable techniques to examine the movement of wireless signals in Tanzania's rural locations. Propagation characteristics in selected rural Tanzanian communities (South Chunya) are examined as a case study, and recommendat...

The F2‐peak plasma frequency (foF2) and the height of the F2 peak (hmF2) are two of the most important parameters for any ionospheric model, as well as radio propagation studies and applications. In this study, we have developed empirical models to capture the most significant variations of foF2 and hmF2. The derived empirical models (referred to a...