Quaternary - Science topic

For sure you can create such 3D plot in GeoGebra - leading provider of dynamic mathematics software. It is important to know that GeoGebra is a free program.

GeoGebra: https://www.geogebra.org/

Hello,

To answer the first question, you can now make some tetrahedrons using VRML files. (see the TC online help with the keyword "tetrahedron"). But to do so, you will have to fix the temperature.

You can also fix the composition of the metals within the alloy and plot the phases at equilibrium as a function of C amount and T. In 304, approximately :

7 X more Fe than Ni,

2 X more Cr than Ni.

You will obtain a diagram with x axis : Temperature in K and y axis C activity (refered to Graphite). You can predict the equilibria between liquid, alloy (bcc, fcc) and carbides. See Example 1

Under the same condition and fixing the carbon amount (here 0.04% mass.), you can also plot the composition of the ferrite (bcc phase, in mass fraction). See example 2.

Regards

In my view, for a performance-based design, you may tend to combine existing methods.

Dear Noor Ul Ain, please have a look at the following recent review document and the references therein. My Regards

How about: humans are the greatest challenge? The idea that a capitalistic economy based on consumerism is the "best"? That we need to have the latest smartphone, buy "fast" fashion, eat meat, follow influencer, follow celebrities...to be humans? Human greed is the greatest challenge to Climate Change. Failure to be capable of being able to cope with less things and enjoy Life for what it is. But we all fear Death, don't we? And we fill this fear with meaningless things. If we were Penguins, we would Live and Die because this is how it is. We would not need more than we need. And we could live in a much better World.

Dear Mohsen,

Figs b,e,f,g,h no pollen, there are Testaceae. In Hungarian Upper part of the Serravallien layers are dominant.

Testaceae microplankton with large oval pylome (Amőba)

Best regards. Mária.

Yes I attend the affiliation of article

Dear Roger Davis thanks for the suggestion, I will take a look.

Kind regards,

Hi Sebastian,

You might want to check out McCalpin's textbook on Paleoseismology. It has sub-sections entitled "Distinguishing Creep Displacement from Episodic Displacement" in each of the three chapters dealing respectively with compressional, extensional and strike-slip regimes. They also refer to a number of useful papers which I'm sure will assist you further.

McCalpin, J.P. (ed) "Paleoseismology" International Geophysics Series Vol. 95. Academic Press (2009)

You can check the ISSN in these databases/portals:

I only have information about the elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) of Eemian in Minsk section. I'm sending it.

Please select "FULL MENU" (from the ChemStation Menu) and you will see ALL options in the software.

Jeffrey Paul Schaffer I strongly disagree. Geomorphology is not a belief system like Christianity. It is science.

Let me quote Tim Minchin here:

"Science adjusts its views based on what's observed. Faith is the denial of observation so that belief can be preserved."

What are the beliefs in Geomorphology that could not be overturned by observation?

Dear Muhammad,

welcome,

There are data about high electron mobility in the given link:

You may select a material from those given there which is suitable for your application in solar cells.

Best wishes

ThermoCalc

Milankovitch cyclicity in the solar radiation received by Earth is caused by the variation of Earth’ orbit due to the influence of the other planets on that orbit. Milankovitch cyclicity has undoubtedly been the control on glacial / interglacial cyclicity during the Late Cainozoic.

However, in order for Milankovitch variation in solar radiation to have that effect the configuration of the oceans and the continents needs to be favorable. If not ( eg during the Cretaceous) it will not give rise to glaciations.

Dear Mr. Liu,

there does not exist a philosopher´s stone neither for the Quaternary as the youngest era nor its particle size. I suggest a simple approach to be taken. Investigate your samples using all your techniques you can avail of yourself (from the settling tube, through the sieving method to the CAMSIZER) to cover the entire spectrum of grains. Have a look at their morphology and the clast orientation in the field or laquer peel; if this is not enough enter in the field of mineralogy etc.

The philosophical statement comes up at the very end not at the beginning. We are natural scientists not social scientists.

H.G.Dill

According to your summary of the minerals involved, I can only recommend to direct your thoughts to the K-bearing mica and make use of K/Ar or Ar/Ar dating techniques.

Kind regards

H.G.Dill

Dear Thomas Kennedy Wilding

If I understood correctly the process involved, the area presents geological faults related to the tectonic processes in this geological basin.

Over time, rock material reacomodations occur, often caused by non-tectonic stresses or by intraplate tectonics.

The largest expression of intraplate tectonics is currently called neotectonics. these processes are what sculpted and shaped these landscapes of his example.

I hope I have clarified my line of thought in relation to this landscape.

Best Regards

There are at least two ways to minimize matrix effect in order to get accurate quanttification of the method (by LCMS or GCMS). First clean the sample until the matrix disappear without losing the analyte. This is hard because we don’t exactly what they are. Secondly, use matrix-mateched standard to compensate the effect. However, we may not be able to get blankmatrix that has the exact match. If you are lucky to have IS that is similar to the analyte (same RT and structure) be available and affordable, then you can have std in solvent with IS to quantify the analyte in any samples in the set with minimum matrix effect. It is scientifically sound to develop an extraction/cleanup method to eliminate sample matrix as much as possible to minimize coelution, improve peak shape, keep the insturment/column clean and still have good recovery. However, if you are looking for analytes with different polarity, it is a bit harder. One easy way is to use the very sensitive instrument and inject the small amount iof sample (dilution/small injection volume).

An interface for generating various insolation datasets from the Laskar et al. (2004) solution is available at following link (accessed 14th April 2019):

The data for the Laskar et al. (2004) orbital solution are available on following website: http://vo.imcce.fr/insola/earth/online/earth/earth.html

Personally I do not see any good reason for using the older solutions.

Your email

Yes. In Florida, USA, due to destruction of wetlands there have been issues with sea water contaminating potable water as well as septic tank water getting into water tables. They are now working on reversing the trend by trying to restore wetlands to some extent as well as providing connectivity among bodies of fresh water.

Professor Preu was connected to the University of Augsburg, but died about 1991, shortly after this book chapter was published. Perhaps you can try to get a copy from the University? here is a link: https://bit.ly/2UqMp5B

Good luck!

This is a very simple problem which is often caused by the solenoid valve getting stuck in channel 'A'. It often occurs when the HPLC pump has: (1) been sitting around unused for long periods; (2) When the system is left in water, buffer or other inappropriate liquids over time or (3) when the MCGV is just worn out ('A' is often the most used channel).

BTW: One of the first things to check are the four (4) solvent pickup frits. You are replacing them at regular intervals, right? You are keeping them clean too? If one of them gets restriction, then can create a vacuum on the valve resulting in internal leakage and poor performance. Be sure to flush down the entire HPLC with fully degassed liquid before doing any troubleshooting.

OK, Options:

(A) Replace the MCGV. Is has a lifetime and it may be that it is over (your pump is 13 years old). You could run a formal gradient mixing test to check the operation of each channel to be sure. (B) Fill a beaker with HPLC grade IPA/Water (50/50). Place ALL FOUR of the clean solvent pickups in it. Open the prime purge valve. Flush, one-at-a-time, each channel in 100% IPA. Make sure you account for the delay volume in the low pressure tubing and degasser too (that could be 30+ mls per line if you have a G1322A!). Do this for 'A', 'B' and so on. Flush 50-100 mls of IPA at 2 mL/min to waste, per channel. Stop, set 'A' to 100% again, flow 1 mL/min, let some IPA run through it, then set flow to 0. Leave it sit in IPA for 1 hour. Later, return and flush all channels out with your own mobile phases and test the valve again. What happens is the seal inside of the valve hydrates from the alcohol and sometime reforms back into shape. Plus the IPA rinse washes away any particulate matter. This often works to restore a MCGV that has been ignored, abused or contaminated. If it fails, buy a new valve.

The absorption coefficient α is expressed from the Beer-Lambert law

α =2.303A/d

Where A is known as the absorbance, d is the thickness

Rodion Kopitzky thanks your your information.

Dear Falih,

Sorry for the late replaying! Respected the question here is " The Tajik Basin, nowadays with which kind of faced and what tectonics changes and which questions remained unresolved that would be examined in the future to determine the exact geological age and sedimentation" !

As far as the lower melting and freezing tendencies of DESs are conecerned, DESs contain large, nonsymmetric ions that have low lattice energy and hence low melting points. They are usually obtained by the complexation of a quaternary ammonium salt with a metal salt or hydrogen bond donor (HBD). The charge delocalization occurring through hydrogen bonding between for example a halide ion and the hydrogen-donor moiety is responsible for the decrease in the melting point of the mixture relative to the melting points of the individual components. I find this article of ACS helpful on this issue: Thanks

I suggest that consider "mesh" and "plotyy" commands in MATLAB. Using them, the desired graph can be plotted.

I believe Sigma Aldrich is the best trusted company to purchase lab chemicals worldwide.

This is their website/ Korea branch:

This is their contact info in Korea:

Hope this help

Dr Jérôme Juilleret additions to the photo nicely highlight the depositional and post-depositional events of this sequence. Although the oxidation can be caused by several processes, in profiles such as this, it has been my experience in the western U.S., southern Italy, Jordan and Iran, that they occur under conditions of fluctuating water table, and their location in a profile is often linked to zones of lateral movement of ground water across a sedimentary profile due to the presence of zones of increased grain size. These more permeable units allow more rapid movement ground water. When these units occur at the top of the ground water table, oxidation also commonly occurs. The variable occurrence of these units in your profile more than likely record different levels of your water table

Beta-cyclodextrin can complex with quaternary ammonium type compounds through the hydrophobic interactions of its cavity, so amphiphilic QAC such as alkyl or benzyl derivatives are found to form complexes. Interaction is produced by the hydrophobic tail and cavity.

I am adding a review that you can find useful.

Good luck!

Try to do drying in an inert environment/atmosphere or if possible, in an oxygen-deficient (<15%) environment or take help from the near-by lab expert/colleague or your Prof./research guide, etc.

I support Sigurður's answer. To determine the charge state, you should examine the isotope pattern (1 m/z unit between peaks for one charge, 0.5 for charge +2, etc.) with the complication of the presence of bromine, if any. I can't see if this determination is possible on the MALDI spectrum. In your case, if ESI gives the molecular ion @ +4, you may see C-13 isotope peaks with 0.25 m/z interval if your MS resolution is sufficient (R>5000, probably 10000 necessary). Using a spectrum simulator may be very helpful to visualize the shape of the isotope pattern, even if the resolution is not sufficient to observe separate separate peaks.

The presence of quaternary amonnium salt (bromine), with an ester group in the same compound, is not expected to affect the hydrolysis reaction of the ester negatively if a strong acid is used as a catalyst "in small amount". After refluxing with water , the ester will give the parent carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai is also having RBS .

Schiff base synthesis

There are many methods used to prepare the rules of Schiff and the most common method is amineatole condensation with carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones). Often, acetic acid is used in a few concentrations as a catalyst. These compounds are prepared in two steps. In the first step, A stable called carbinolamine quickly loses the water molecule to form the amines. The process of removing water from the reaction was facilitated by the use of drying solvents ...

Dear Mr. Shnizai,

apart from the cosmogenic methods used for dating geological processes during the most recent parts of earth history, there are biogenic ones using, e.g., lichens, pedological aspects , e.g., loess stratigraphy and last but not least human remains such as pottery or bones. They may be found within the fault structure itself or on both sides being displaced relative to each others.

With kind regards

H.G.Dill

In the Eastern part of Denmark we are used to groundwater samples similar to that you describe. CO₂ degas slowly even with moderate stirring. Soda water is a well known example. In Copenhagen we have tap water that has just been aerated for less than 1 h to remove the iron and it have enough CO₂ in the tap to push the pH down to about 7.5. If you leave it in a glass for 2 days it will increase to pH 8.2.

The excess CO₂ come from mineralisation of organic matter in the soil and further down in the underground. Once the water in underground the CO₂ doesn't escape and the solubility increase with the higher pressure underground.

Dear Nazim,

Metivier and colleagues have published a phenomenal article in 1999 about mass accumulation rates in Asian Basins. You might find it interesting. Here's a link:

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-246X.1999.00802.x/abstract

And I attach a pdf copy hereby.

Best wishes

no, only fragmentary materials are known, and to my knowledge, practically nothing was described, other than by Sickenberg 1975, and the only complete antler from Megalopolis that was preserved (but never depicted / described!), has recently been destroyed during the June 2017 earthquake on Lesvos, unfortunately (the museum was damaged).

@Dr. Lepage, Yes, the product is a six-member ring with the hemiaminal quaternary ion. So, that should compensate for some of the higher enthalpy, I guess. So far, I have tried heating it in different solvents (DCE, ACN, MeOH etc) but nothing happens. Tried with a Lewis acid, no progress. Will try with Bronsted acid, if no progress then will go forward with the de-methylation.

Thank you so much for your input. I really appreciate.

Hello Dr. Wahab, I should not share any of my research data, but I can answer all your questions. MS are same for two peaks. The peaks are very close - partially overlapped. I know amines can show multiple peaks - I have seen that many times. The sample was not overloaded (concentrations was low) and sample was prepared in 50% MeCN/H₂O (same solvent system as the mobile phase).

Sorry when Ga0.75Al0.25 As was supposed to write 75 and 25 are not 0.25 and 0.75,And we can do this for all percentage and also for low percentage and we can also make default with CPA (Coherent potential approximation (CPA))

Could you tell me what do you mean with order parameter for binary systems and why this is easy to determine by XRD? Thanks in advance... 

It takes two links to make the first joint.  Each additional link adds one joint.  If you imagine those same 4 links connected but not at the same point you will see that the 4 links have 3 connections or joints.

Your labels are not in the correct location.  The document refers to the four links that intersect at joint Q.  

Smaine:

Do have a look at this book to get a good insight about historical Gelogy principles:

Best

Syed

As for the latest link:

this is not early Holocene and then the question: is agriculture synonymous with civilization?

If you Google your question, you will find this:  http://u-of-o-nmr-facility.blogspot.com/2007/11/why-does-my-quaternary-alkyne-carbon.html

Dear Bogdan,

Besides the books which be mentioned above by others, I want to recommend the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Surely useful and up-to-date.

Regards,

well, formation of binary or ternary phase in quaternary system is called phase separation. There are two kinds of phase separation, one is in large scale more than micrometre while another is in nanoscale. Generally for the latter its effect on the physical properties is not so significant especially this happens in a scale of 10nm or less. One way to identify this is elemental mapping, e.g., two dimensional scanning of EDX measurement. In this case, you need to be careful to the spot size of x-ray beam since it can change from 50nm to 50um. Another way is to map the refractive index of the film using FilmTex. For example, typical laser beam in FilmTex could be 5um, then you map the refractive index, you can consider the elemental distribution is uniform if you cannot see any large change in refractive index, but remember such a uniform distribution is only proofed in the um scale. For the distribution in nanoscale, you need a EDX in TEM where the beam can be focused in the nanoscale saying 5nm. You still need to scan the sample in large area although this is time-consuming and sometimes impractical..  

This is the explanation why Pd(II) adsorps at higher pH, suggestion taken from the reference you attached. Could you provide the later reference?

Every case is different. The objective is to establish how the sediments accumulated as a function of time. It isn't an exercise in classification or fitting terminology. It is commonly the case, within a limited volume, that specific systems tracts are poorly developed or absent altogether.

Michael,

Perhaps try this paper. References may provide better information although the authors tend to focus primarily in the Pacific Northwest of the US.

link: Deformation of Quaternary strata and its relationship to crustal

folds and faults, south-central Puget Lowland, Washington State

If you need to find the type of vegetation, you may go for isotopic analysis that can easily distinguish different types.

Also you can see the papers of Dr Seema Singh: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Seema_Singh27

Another publication indicating noetectonics of the boredr of the west frican craton:

Geol. Mag. 151 (5), 2014, pp. 885–898. c Cambridge University Press 2013 885

doi:10.1017/S0016756813000939

Vertical movements along the northern border of the West African

Craton: the Reguibat Shield and adjacent basins

R. LEPRÊTRE∗†, J. BARBARAND∗, Y. MISSENARD∗, F. LEPARMENTIER‡

& D. FRIZON DE LAMOTTE‡§

∗

Université Paris-Sud, UMR UPS-CNRS 8148 IDES, F- 91405 Orsay, France

‡TOTAL EP, Projets Nouveaux, place Jean Millier, F92 400 Paris-La Défense, France

§Département Géosciences et Environnement, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy-Pontoise, France

best regards

Thanx !

I'll do it definitely.

Dear Gareth,

You might find this book helpful. Sarah E. Metcalfe and David J. Nash (2012) Quaternary Environmental Change in the Tropics

Forgot to send you this link, if you want to try it out. Ask for GIS expert help. They will know how to do that:

Hi, I have CT and X-ray. I have already split the core using a technique which was emailed to me. I froze the core and cut it with a diamond tipped saw. The end product was a split core with a polished surface and no apparent sediment disturbance. Thank you. 

Cremaschi, Mauro, and Andrea Zerboni. ‘Human Communities in a Drying Landscape: Holocene Climate Change and Cultural Response in the Central Sahara’. In Landscapes and Societies, edited by I. Peter Martini and Ward Chesworth, 67–89. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-9413-1_5.

There is a recent review paper here which probably contains the references you request:

Fitzsimmons, Kathryn E., Timothy J. Cohen, Paul P. Hesse, John Jansen, Gerald C. Nanson, Jan-Hendrik May, Timothy T. Barrows, et al. ‘Late Quaternary Palaeoenvironmental Change in the Australian Drylands’. Quaternary Science Reviews, Linking Southern Hemisphere records and past circulation patterns: the AUS-INTIMATE project, 74 (15 August 2013): 78–96. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.09.007.

There was a global cooling during the late Holocene, which has ended now we have entered the Anthropocene. The cooling occurred following the Holocene Thermal Maximum, which was mainly driven by orbitally related insolation forcing.

Renssen, H., H. Seppä, X. Crosta, H. Goosse, and D. M. Roche. ‘Global Characterization of the Holocene Thermal Maximum’. Quaternary Science Reviews 48 (10 August 2012): 7–19. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.05.022. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379112002168 

Renssen et al. (2012) blame the aridification on changes to the local monsoon,  which also seems to have occurred in Saharan Africa around the same time. I don't think it is yet clear whether these monsoon changes were natural, or the result of humans using destructive new agricultural techniques such as slash and burn agriculture.

It is always a good idea to browse the NOAA database:

You can also use the search function

to find data for Europe/ the 90,000 to 50,000 BP time slice.

Hello Shi-Yong Yu,

It looks to me like you are asking about the onset of the Quaternary glaciations in general, in which case I recommend you read Cane and Molnar (2001) (http://rainbow.ldgo.columbia.edu/papers/canemolnar.pdf). They concluded that the change resulted from diversion of West Pacific Warm Pool water following uplift of Halmahera. I think they are correct that the closure of the Indonesian Gateway was critical but their detailed model is inconsistent with Karas et al. (2009) (http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v2/n6/full/ngeo520.html). The timing and nature of events recorded by Karas is more consistent with a change caused by the uplift of Timor in the Banda Arc, which caused major changes in the regional oceanography.

Genevieve

Google: National Speleological Society

click on: the second listing

click on: Find a Grotto

click on: Georgia

there are several listed in Georgia, Alabama,

Tennessee,

Call and Ask questions

Cave exploration is not something you do alone.

For safety and a lot of other reasons, including

cold, wet, slippery , falls, Hypothermia, and

having fun, it is done in groups, and the groups

get you access to cavers, and professional people

that are interested in what you are interested in.

The Networking is very important.

Dear Tilak,

I have worked a lot in this issue. I have compiled references since geomorphological mapping starts to be used in geomorphologic surveys, data collection and results presentation. I have some reviews but mostly were published in portuguese language. Indeed the last publication on this matter (I didn´t agree with all the ideas in the book) belongs to Jan Otto and Mike Smith (eds.) published by Elsevier "Geomorphological mapping: methods and applications".

But what I can say to you is that there are no standard symbols and legends apply by everybody. That was the aim of the Subcommission on Geomorphological Mapping of the IGU, that started its activity in 1962. Although the work done, namely the publication of the "Manual of Detailed Geomorphological Mapping", edited by Demek, in 1972, establish the modern concept of geomorphologic mapping and represents in our point of view a sort of revolution in the way how geomorphologic studies are done, the "Project of the Unified Key to the Detailed Geomorphological Map of the World" for maps at 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 scales, failed completely its pourpose. The Unified Key was not applied by the different country researcher and we can say that, nowadays, are the objectives of each work, the habits of each researcher and personal conotations about graphic symbols, that prevail.

In my opinion, we are quite far from the adoption of commum methodologies and legends in the survey of landforms, deposits and processes. On the contrary, it seems that the prevailing tendency it's for the diversification of legends and procedures.

I'm working with a late-pleistocene archaeological site in Sudan. The ancient occupation level is composed within alluvial sediments (probably containing macrofossils). Currently I'm waiting for OSL dates (will be ready in November) so if You will be interested in, we can talk about cooperation. Taking samples is not a problem, but transport to Europe c.30kg load would generate some costs.

The third

Dear Michael,

Please check these papers also:

Bhagwat SA, Willis KJ: Species persistence in northerly glacial refugia of Europe: a matter of chance or biogeographical traits? J Biogeogr 2008, 35:464–482.;

Petit RJ, Brewer S, Borda´cs S, Burg K, Cheddadi R, et al. (2002) Identification of refugia and post-glacial colonisation routes of European white oaks based on chloroplast DNA and fossil pollen evidence. For Ecol Manage 156: 49–74.

Magri D, Vendramin GG, Comps B, Dupanloup I, Geburek T, Gomory D,

Latalowa M, Litt T, Paule L, Roure JM, Tantau I, van der Knaap WO, Petit RJ,

de Beaulieu JL: A new scenario for the Quaternary history of European

beech populations: palaeobotanical evidence and genetic

consequences. New Phytol 2006, 171:199–221.

Generally, you will get the direction of the arrows if you read both population genetic and pollen papers. Especially the Fagus and Pinus arrows should not originate from the Balkans, but from further north! See relevant publications.