Science method

Qualitative Research - Science method

Qualitative Research are research that derives data from observation, interviews, or verbal interactions and focuses on the meanings and interpretations of the participants (From Holloway and Wheeler, "Ethical issues in qualitative nursing research," Nursing Ethics, 1995 Sep; 2(3): 223-232).
Questions related to Qualitative Research
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
Me and my fellow student researchers are currently writing a paper on how engagement with online freedom walls may correlate with students' perception of their learning environment. Due to this, we have chosen an explanatory sequential research design, to further understand why our quantitative data is the way it is. However, we are quite unsure whether the qualitative phase of our study is phenomenological or narrative in nature. May someone please enlighten us? Thank you.
Relevant answer
Answer
One of the key terms regarding qualitative research at present is Mixed Methods Research. I suspect that this is what you are doing ... in a very Grounded Approach. I don't know that you need to 'define' your approach in such definitive terms ... you are combining approaches to interpret and represent your data as needed. Explain that and carry on.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
Qualitative research is a powerful tool in the social sciences, humanities, education and other disciplines. Unlike quantitative research which focuses on numbers and statistical analysis, qualitative research seeks to understand the deeper meanings, experiences and perspectives of individuals and groups. It provides rich, detailed insights that help researchers gain a holistic understanding of complex phenomena. This article explores the best practices for conducting qualitative research. These practices guide you in designing, collecting, analyzing and presenting qualitative data in a way that ensures rigor, reliability and ethical integrity.
Qualitative research is a method of inquiry that focuses on exploring phenomena from a subjective, in-depth perspective. It is often used to investigate complex social, cultural, psychological or behavioral issues that cannot be easily quantified. Unlike quantitative research which collects numerical data and uses statistical methods to test hypotheses, qualitative research deals with non-numerical data such as interviews, focus groups, observations and textual analysis.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is often used to explore new areas of study where little prior knowledge exists. It emphasizes understanding the context in which the research occurs, such as the cultural, social or historical backdrop. Qualitative research design is flexible as it allows researchers to adapt their approach as they collect and analyze data. It also focuses on personal experiences, meanings and interpretations. Common qualitative research methods include; interviews (structured, semi-structured, or unstructured), focus groups, observations, case studies, ethnography, content analysis and narrative analysis.
Best Practices in Qualitative Research
When designing and conducting qualitative studies, you need to consider the following key practices to ensure the quality and rigor of your qualitative research.
· Clear research objectives; before beginning any qualitative study, it is crucial to clearly define the research objectives. These objectives should address the research question or problem that you aim to explore. A focused and well-defined research question will guide the design, data collection and analysis stages of the research. Your research question should be open-ended and exploratory to allow for detailed responses.
For example: Instead of asking, "How many people use social media?" a qualitative question would be, "How do individuals experience social media use in their daily lives?"
Relevant answer
Answer
This discussion seems very brief. However, the discussion in itself is comprehensively elaborate and might even suffice for a qualitative research methods handbook to enable both novice and experienced researchers gain meaningful insights into this very important but invaluable research approach.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
As AI tools are quite prominent so experienced researchers can tell it . Whether it is ethical or not...
Relevant answer
Answer
In qualitative research, data visualization plays a crucial role in organizing, analyzing, and presenting complex textual, observational, or thematic data. Some of the most prominent data visualization tools used in qualitative research include NVivo, Atlas.ti, and MAXQDA, which offer features such as coding, thematic mapping, and network visualizations to identify patterns and relationships within qualitative data. Additionally, Dedoose is a popular choice for mixed-methods research, allowing researchers to combine qualitative and quantitative insights through visual analytics. For researchers focusing on discourse and textual analysis, Leximancer provides concept mapping and thematic clustering to highlight key themes in large text datasets. Beyond specialized qualitative research software, general data visualization tools like Tableau and Microsoft Power BI can be used to create visually appealing qualitative representations, such as word clouds, heat maps, and network diagrams. Similarly, tools like WordArt and Voyant Tools are effective for generating word frequency visualizations and textual patterns. Qualitative researchers also use Gephi and NodeXL to construct and analyze social networks, uncovering connections between entities in narrative data. These visualization tools enhance qualitative research by making complex relationships and emerging themes more interpretable, facilitating deeper analysis and more impactful presentations of findings.
Cheers!
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
In the rapidly evolving world of academic research, artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a transformative force. While AI has made its mark in industries like healthcare, finance and retail, its potential in research methodology is equally profound. Researchers in various fields are increasingly leveraging AI to enhance the efficiency, accuracy and scope of their research processes.
Research methodology refers to the techniques and processes used to collect, analyze and interpret data. Traditionally, this has involved manual processes, including designing experiments, conducting surveys and analyzing results. However, the advent of AI is reshaping these methods, offering new tools to automate tasks, uncover patterns and perform complex analyses that were previously time-consuming or impossible. This article explores how AI is being integrated into research methodology, focusing on its impact on data collection, analysis, hypothesis testing and overall research efficiency. It also discusses the benefits and challenges of incorporating AI into research practices.
AI in Data Collection
Automate data gathering; one of the most time-consuming aspects of research is data collection. Traditionally, researchers rely on manual data-gathering methods such as surveys, interviews and fieldwork. However, AI is revolutionizing this process by automating data collection, thereby saving time and reducing human error.
Web scraping and Text mining; AI-powered tools can now collect vast amounts of data from online sources in real time. Web scraping and text mining are common techniques used to extract useful data from websites, journals and other digital repositories. For instance, AI algorithms can scan academic databases and extract relevant research papers, articles and other scholarly content, significantly reducing the time spent searching for sources. Similarly, text mining can help researchers analyze large datasets of unstructured text. AI systems can automatically identify key themes, trends, and even sentiment from text-based data, making it easier to derive meaningful insights.
Surveys and questionnaires; AI can also be used to streamline the process of survey design and distribution. Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithms can assist in generating relevant questions for participants, automatically adjusting the complexity of language based on respondent demographics. Additionally, AI can analyze responses in real-time, identifying patterns and trends across diverse groups without manual coding.
Remote data collection; for fields that require real-time data, such as environmental studies or public health, AI-enabled IoT (Internet of Things) devices can continuously gather data from sensors placed in the field. This method ensures that data collection is consistent and accurate, reducing human error and increasing the scope of research.
AI in Data Analysis
Enhance quantitative and qualitative data analysis: Once data is collected, the next step is data analysis. AI has significantly improved both quantitative and qualitative data analysis, allowing researchers to work with much larger datasets and uncover patterns that were previously hidden.
Statistical analysis and predictive modeling: AI's ability to perform complex statistical analysis and predictive modeling has made it indispensable in quantitative research. Machine learning (ML) algorithms can be trained to identify correlations, predict outcomes, and provide insights that would be challenging to discern manually. For example, regression analysis, a common statistical method used to understand relationships between variables, can now be automated using AI tools, allowing researchers to model and predict trends faster and with greater precision. Moreover, predictive analytics can help researchers anticipate future outcomes based on historical data, making it a valuable tool in fields like economics, epidemiology, and climate science.
Data visualization: AI can also aid in data visualization, converting complex datasets into easily interpretable charts, graphs, and diagrams. By using AI-driven visualization tools, researchers can instantly generate visual representations of their data, helping to communicate findings more effectively to both academic and non-academic audiences.
Qualitative data analysis with NLP: For qualitative research, AI-powered Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithms are increasingly being used to analyze text-based data, such as interviews, focus group discussions, and open-ended survey responses. NLP algorithms can detect themes, emotions, and sentiments in textual data, enabling researchers to process large volumes of qualitative data efficiently. NLP also allows for the categorization of responses and the identification of key trends across multiple sources, which is especially useful in fields like social sciences, psychology, and humanities.
Automated coding and Thematic analysis: AI tools can assist researchers in coding qualitative data, a process that typically requires manual intervention. Automated coding software can identify and categorize patterns in text data, allowing researchers to organize and analyze large datasets with greater speed and consistency.
Relevant answer
Answer
It appears that your source for this posting was an AI. If so, you should have given it a reference, just as you would when quoting any other source.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
Hello, I am a novice researcher and I would like to do a qualitative study exploring barriers and facilitators. I had planned to use the theoretical. Domain framework consisting of 14 domains to guide to my questions. But due to the exploratory nature of qualitative research, I was going to use a funnel system going from broad to more specific questions related to my framework. However, I am now concerned that there would be too many questions in my focus group. Does anybody know what is the upper limit of questions within a focus group or how could I get around this issue. Thanks. Jim.
Relevant answer
Answer
Focus groups typically last 1 to 1.5 hours, though there can be a wide range depending on topic, number of participants, etc. 14 domains are a lot. Are you highly deductive? There's an easy rule: Less is more. 14 major questions in an hour probably gives 3 minutes per question, very difficult in a discussion. Try to stick to 6-8 questions (though easy opening/closing questions can be in addition) and think of the 1 major phenomenon to guide your inquiry. Read about Spradley and grand tour questions (plus mini-tours). David Morgan could provide references and guidance on the ins and outs of focus groups.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
Hello everyone,
I am exploring the use of Q methodology in education and have some questions regarding its application:
  1. As Q methodology leans towards a qualitative research approach, is it necessary to validate the reliability and validity of the questionnaires used, or can we directly adapt established questionnaires for our specific context?
  2. In Q methodology, the balance between positive and negative statements is typically aimed for. However, many questionnaires predominantly feature positive statements. How do you typically adjust the items to achieve a balanced distribution?
Relevant answer
Answer
1. In Q methodology, while established questionnaires can be adapted, it is essential to validate the reliability and validity of the Q-sample used. This involves ensuring content validity through expert review and pilot testing to reflect the participants’ perspectives accurately.
2. To achieve a balanced distribution of positive and negative statements in Q methodology, researchers can adjust items by rephrasing positive statements to include negative aspects or vice versa, ensuring that both types are represented equally in the Q-sample. This helps maintain a comprehensive perspective on the topic being studied.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
5 answers
I am a PhD student studying inclusion and teaching foreign languages to learners with special educational needs. A few months ago I started my research of inclusion in rural schools in Russia. I see it as a qualitative research with text analysis of several interviews of rural teachers. I thought that problems of rural schools are similar to a large extent in different countries, and it would be interesting to compare the results and write up an article together.
So if there is anyone who would like to participate in this research in other countries and work together at the article, please let me know.
Relevant answer
Answer
hllo am from kenya and am inerested
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
Data analysis is a fundamental aspect of academic research, enabling researchers to make sense of collected data, draw meaningful conclusions, and contribute to the body of knowledge in their field. This article examines the critical role of data analysis in academic research, discusses various data analysis techniques and their applications, and provides tips for interpreting and presenting data effectively. Overview of Data Analysis in Research Data analysis involves systematically applying statistical and logical techniques to describe, summarize, and evaluate data. It helps researchers identify patterns, relationships, and trends within the data, which are essential for testing hypotheses and making informed decisions. Effective data analysis ensures the reliability and validity of research findings, making it a cornerstone of academic research. Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics 1. Descriptive Statistics: • Purpose: Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the main features of a dataset. They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures. • Techniques: Common techniques include measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of variability (range, variance, standard deviation), and graphical representations (histograms, bar charts, scatter plots). • Applications: Descriptive statistics are used to present basic information about the dataset and to highlight potential patterns or anomalies. 2. Inferential Statistics: • Purpose: Inferential statistics allow researchers to make inferences and predictions about a population based on a sample of data. They help determine the probability that an observed difference or relationship is due to chance. • Techniques: Common techniques include hypothesis testing (t-tests, chi-square tests), confidence intervals, regression analysis, and ANOVA (analysis of variance). • Applications: Inferential statistics are used to test hypotheses, estimate population parameters, and make predictions about future trends. Qualitative Data Analysis Methods 1. Content Analysis: • Purpose: Content analysis involves systematically coding and categorizing textual or visual data to identify patterns, themes, and meanings. • Applications: Used in fields such as sociology, psychology, and media studies to analyze interview transcripts, open-ended survey responses, and media content. 2. Thematic Analysis: • Purpose: Thematic analysis focuses on identifying and analyzing themes or patterns within qualitative data. • Applications: Commonly used in social sciences to analyze interview data, focus group discussions, and qualitative survey responses. 3. Grounded Theory: • Purpose: Grounded theory involves generating theories based on data collected during the research process. It is an iterative process of data collection and analysis. • Applications: Used in fields such as sociology, education, and health sciences to develop new theories grounded in empirical data. 4. Narrative Analysis: • Purpose: Narrative analysis examines the stories or accounts provided by participants to understand how they make sense of their experiences. • Applications: Used in psychology, anthropology, and literary studies to analyze personal narratives, life histories, and case studies. Tools and Software for Data Analysis 1. Statistical Software: • SPSS: Widely used for statistical analysis in social sciences. It offers a range of statistical tests and data management tools. • R: A powerful open-source software for statistical computing and graphics. It is highly extensible and widely used in academia. • SAS: A comprehensive software suite for advanced analytics, multivariate analysis, and data management. 2. Qualitative Data Analysis Software: • NVivo: A popular software for qualitative data analysis, offering tools for coding, categorizing, and visualizing qualitative data. • ATLAS.ti: Another widely used software for qualitative research, providing tools for coding, memoing, and network visualization. 3. Data Visualization Tools: • Tableau: A powerful data visualization tool that helps create interactive and shareable dashboards. • Microsoft Power BI: A business analytics tool that provides interactive visualizations and business intelligence capabilities. Tips for Interpreting and Presenting Data 1. Understand Your Data: Before analyzing data, ensure you have a thorough understanding of its source, structure, and limitations. This helps in selecting appropriate analysis techniques and interpreting results accurately. 2. Use Clear Visualizations: Visual representations such as charts, graphs, and tables can make complex data more accessible and understandable. Choose the right type of visualization for your data and ensure it is clear and well-labelled. 3. Contextualize Findings: Interpret your data in the context of existing literature and theoretical frameworks. Discuss how your findings align with or differ from previous research. 4. Report Limitations: Be transparent about the limitations of your data and analysis. Discuss potential sources of bias, measurement errors, and the generalizability of your findings. 5. Communicate Clearly: Present your data and findings in a clear and concise manner. Avoid jargon and technical language that may confuse readers. Use straightforward language and provide explanations for complex concepts. In conclusion, data analysis plays a crucial role in academic research, enabling researchers to draw meaningful conclusions and contribute to their field. By understanding different data analysis techniques, utilizing appropriate tools, and following best practices for interpreting and presenting data, researchers can enhance the quality and impact of their work. #ResearchAdvice #WritingAdvice #AcademicHelp #ResearchHelp #WritingHelp #AcademicSupport #ResearchSupport #dataanalysis #datacollection #researchdata #WritingSupport #hamnicwriting #hamnicsolutions #AcademicResources #ResearchResources
Relevant answer
Answer
This is question or sermon?
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
as part of Qualitative Research?
Relevant answer
Answer
There have been so many systematic reviews of Delphi procedures, that there is now a systematic review of those systematic reviews.
Niederberger and Spranger (2020). Delphi Technique in Health Sciences: A Map. Frontiers in Public Health, 21. (Be sure to look at the Supplementary Materials, which are quite detailed.)
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
For both FGDs questions and in-depth interview questions.
Relevant answer
Answer
Reliability is a quantitative concept that generally means that there will be little variability from one data collection to the next. In qualitative research, we accept that context will often create different results. Even if two different researchers use "exactly the same" data collection and analysis procedures, they may well reach different conclusions.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
To keep it very precise, I would say: Qualitative Research explores the why and how, diving deep into emotions, opinions, and experiences. Quantitative Research focuses on the what and how much, giving us numbers, patterns, and trends.
You can also get some information here.
what are your insights on the topic?
Relevant answer
Answer
Qualitative research explores answers to “how”, “why” and “what” aspects of questions because it gives details of events and reasons of happenings. In the case of Quantitative research is concerned with quantification, replicability, objectivity which is tailored towards positivist idea of research.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
8 answers
Presenting themes effectively includes:
  • Writing a brief description of each theme.
  • Using direct quotes from stakeholders to support the themes (e.g., a principal might say, "We lack proper training in integrating health into our curriculum.").
  • Creating tables or diagrams to visually represent the relationships between themes.
  • Relating the themes back to your research questions and objectives. For example, if "Teacher Training Needs" is a theme, describe its significance and provide quotes or examples.
Citation: Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. SAGE Publications.
Relevant answer
Answer
For you to present your themes in a clear and engaging way you need to first understand your theme; ensure that you are aware of the major issues you want to communicate to readers. Note, a theme is a subject or key message by which your content is based on. In presenting your theme you need to consider choosing relevant examples or instances that readers will not have difficulty in understanding it; the examples can be based on individual experiences, events, trends,
storytelling etc. you can also support your themes with visuals such as images and charts in your presentation to make it more enjoyable and heightened the understanding of your readers. You need to make sure your themes are presented in a comprehensive, although brief and to the point.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
If I have done complete quantitative research, then complete qualitative research, then complete experimental research, and interpret all separately, then what will be my research design?
Relevant answer
Answer
What about multiple phase mix method experimental model?
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
Thematic analysis is a method for identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns (themes) in qualitative data. It’s widely used because it helps researchers make sense of large amounts of data by grouping similar ideas or topics. For example, if you interview school stakeholders about health promotion in schools, thematic analysis can help uncover common concerns like lack of awareness, infrastructure challenges, or the need for teacher training.
Citation: Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Relevant answer
Answer
Braun and Clarke in their 2022 book state that they consider their 2006 article to be out of date. Their personal recommendation is to follow their more recent development of Reflexive Thematic Analysis.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
Me ha ingresado la duda respecto a un proyecto de investigación cualitativa se le tiene que formular una hipótesis tal cual se hace en las investigaciones cuantitativas. Sé que son supuestos teóricos objetivos en las experimentales, sin embargo en las que corresponden en la investigación-acción son subjetivas, digamos creencias a partir de las experiencias y desde esos hechos se analizan y se establecen lógicas...
Relevant answer
Answer
Okay if you are looking at Qualitative research the hypothesis as an example might say, To what extent is land line user friendly compare to mobile phones in telecommunication networks?
While in quantitative research you will say How many people use Land line compare to mobile phones?
Therefore assuming theoretically what you will be expecting from correspondence, will be depending on your experimental research correspondence, and what you obtain from their feedback will show the result of the correspondence subject to it. In other words analyzed, logics established..
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
What are methods to create meaningful models and conclusion by perusing of essay. What these techniques are known as in research methodology subject
Relevant answer
Answer
No sir I am not talking of meta analysis.I am asking drawing conclusions from essays reports and phenomenological observations.It is qualitative
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
I'm working with biographical qualitative interviews and have a very intersting single case that would allow an in-depth investegation of the worldview and religiosity of an extreme-right individual. I was now wondering if there are journals in social science that publish qualitative research findings derived from a single case?
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Professor Afifi,
Thank you very much for your insightful answer to my question. Your suggestions are immensely helpful and I will also take a closer look at the literature your mentioned. Your suggestions are very helpful in making the presentation to the journal editor more compelling. So, thank you very much!
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
6 answers
I read with interest the answers provided in Q&A section. It has been observed that these answers run in higher number which is usually sufficient to be utilized as qualitative research participants. Could these answers be analyzed through discourse analysis, with NVivo or ATLAS.ti to highlight a phenomenon from epistemological and ontological perspective? I would be grateful for the kindness of the research community at ResearchGate towards their response.
Relevant answer
Answer
But watch out for responses that are from generative AIs rather than actual human beings. Sadly, these are becoming all too common.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
4 answers
How do conceptual frameworks support qualitative research differently than theoretical frameworks?
Relevant answer
Answer
There is quite a bit of controversy over integrating theoretical frameworks into qualitative research. For example, most versions of Grounded Theory recommend deferring any theoretical commitments until after data collection and analysis, the reason being that you want the data, rather than prior conceptions, to drive your conclusions.
I personally think that is a very strong position, but in general, the more exploratory your research is, the less you should rely on prior conceptions.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
What is the potential of artificial intelligence in qualitative research? Has anyone had successful experiences to share?
Relevant answer
Answer
The potential use of artificial intelligence programs such as a ChatGPT to analyze qualitative data raises any number of questions, most notably whether it is possible to produce similar results without the demanding process of manual coding. In addition, there are questions about both the simplicity of using ChatGPT for qualitative data analysis and the potential time savings that it might provide.
Regards,
Shafagat
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
School health researchers can reduce bias by having multiple team members review and code the interviews independently and cross check for the mistakes, we would have zoom calls for the same , using software tools like Atlas ti (The web version gave independence of sharing the files with all the research team or Invivo also helps for systematic analysis, and by verifying emerging themes with stakeholders where possible (Creswell & Poth, 2018).
All the above explained are good practices for team based research work, in my case since it was scholar work, had to slog a little for feedback from outsiders or friend circles who are working on qualitative research work.
Relevant answer
Answer
Qualitative research is always going to be subjective, so the word "validity" is seldom used. Instead, your suggestion to minimize bias is the preferred language, and working in teams is a good way to do this.
Going back to the participants with your tentative findings is known as "member checking," and the original source for this recommendation is Guba and Lincoln (1985), Naturalistic Inquiry. But do not take this a comparison between your researcher-generated interpretations and the "truth." Instead, it is up to you to reach your own conclusions, while certainly taking your participants' point of view into account.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
Researchers enhance rigor by applying strategies like triangulation, member checking, and maintaining an audit trail. Coding consistency and reflexivity also support credible, transferable, and confirmable findings.
CohenMiller, A., Saban, G.A. and Bayeta, R., 2022. Rigor in Qualitative Research. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in the Asian Context. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC, Melbourne: SAGE Publications, pp.327-343.
Relevant answer
Answer
HI- there really is no 'silver bullet' answer to this. I will try to give you a pragmatic answer rather than a text book answer and note, I am answering from primarily the perspective of collecting ‘interview data’- Starting at the beginning I believe that the interview questions should be aligned to the research questions/objectives/purpose of the study. This will ensure (or try to ensure) that the data derived from the interviews are relevant in the first instance. The actual conducting of the interviews per se must also be well balanced ensuring that respondents do not sway far away from the interview questions when answering. Hence, researcher interview skills are necessary. You may also ask questions that are double validation based (asking the same question but in a different way) to ensure validation of responses. Thereafter coding of the data is very important and in this case, it depends on how you choose to code and/or the software platform you use. Eg. Nvivo makes coding and analysis easier utilising various features within the program, but there are many more out there. You can also adopt a framework for coding and analysis. I generally adopt Braun and Clarke (which you can google and see the steps involved). Whilst analysis of qualitative data is inductive whereby the data predicts the themes, I do tend to align themes to the research question/objectives of the study. One should try their best to eliminate subjectivity and bias from the analysis. However, qualitative analysis is generally known to be subjective due to the nature of responses received and interpretation thereof.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
6 answers
Thematic analysis identifies and reports patterns within data without necessarily generating a new theory, while grounded theory aims to develop a theory grounded in the data through an iterative, inductive process.
O’Callaghan, C., Dwyer, J. and Schofield, P., 2024. Thematic analysis informed by grounded theory (TAG) in healthcare research: foundations and applications. Qualitative Research in Psychology, pp.1-28.
Relevant answer
Answer
Skipping over Johanes Okumu cut and paste from an AI, I would say that biggest difference is that GT emphasizes the simultaneous combination of data collection and data analysis, while TA consists only of data analysis procedures that occurs after the data collection is completed.
Beyond that, the "categories" generated by GT are not that different from the "themes" generated by TA.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
Do you have a questionnaire for qualitative research?
Relevant answer
Answer
To measure the impact of digital transformation on schools' competitive advantage, focus on key indicators like improved student outcomes (grades, retention, and graduation rates), enhanced teaching quality through digital tools, operational efficiency (e.g., automated processes, reduced administrative costs), and stakeholder satisfaction (parents, students, and staff). Additionally, evaluate the school’s ability to attract new students and partnerships, leveraging data analytics and online platforms to boost visibility and enrollment. Surveys, performance metrics, and benchmarking against other institutions can offer a comprehensive view of how digital initiatives translate into a sustainable competitive edge.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
Muñoz, Lucio, 2002.  Non-Traditional Research Methods and Regional Planning Needs in Developing Countries: Is There An Ideal Methodology?, In: THEOMAI, Issue 6, Second Semester, Argentina
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you Mohamad for sharing the link in redalyc
Respectfully yours;
Lucio
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
Done.
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you for this interest. No, My field is education in particular transnational education. It may be partly related to sociology.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
Hi everyone,
For a qualitative research study, we are scoping for potential transcription software to transcribe our interviews. We have the following criteria in mind:
  • We are looking for affordable software (maximum cost of $200 for 16 hours/960 minutes of transcripts).
  • Software should be good at transcribing East-African accents in English (specifically, Ugandan accents).
  • Software should have high data protection mechanisms in place. At minimum, it should be compliant with GDPR legislation.
I already came across Otter.ai, Trint, Sonix.ai, and Rev.com. I am wondering if you have used any of this software before and can provide feedback? Other suggestions for software that meets the aforementioned criteria are also welcome.
Thank you in advance for your responses!
Relevant answer
Answer
For transcription software suitable for research in Uganda, consider the following recommendations:
  1. Otter.ai: Offers real-time transcription and is user-friendly, with a free version available.
  2. Rev: Provides accurate transcription services, though it requires payment for human transcriptions.
  3. Sonix: An automated transcription service that supports multiple languages and offers a trial period.
  4. Descript: Combines audio editing with transcription and allows easy editing of audio based on text.
  5. Trint: An AI-powered transcription tool that provides editing features and collaboration options.
These tools can enhance transcription efficiency for research projects.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
I am undergoing a project work that is in marketing domain , understanding consumer behaviour . I have to do sentimental analysis for that I need tool so that i can use it on secondary data . I am using atlas.ti by now . I am in search of tool highly used by researchers for consumer behaviour basically for sentiment analysis , in order to extract meaningful information like factors that are influencing customers for adoption
Relevant answer
Answer
Aditya Kumar Singh To answer your question, I suggest an indirect approach.
Indirect approach, the researcher asks the participants to behave as naturally as possible and not have any obstacles for the research objectives.
The indirect method includes the following two techniques:
1) observation techniques
2) projective techniques
For example, in the projection technique, the goal is to discover the underlying motivations, beliefs, attitudes, or feelings about consumer behavior.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
10 answers
I am concucting a qualitative research for my PhD. I am nearing data completion and analysis. Can I write a paper based on my current research?
Can a phd student write and publish a paper on the thesis topic before submiting the thesis?
Relevant answer
Answer
It is hardly possible to do research in parallel to the work on the PhD thesis. Therefore, it is normal to publish results from the PhD work in papers. I did this myself. However, again you should check with your advisor, as Madelaine Lawrence suggested, or read the written rules for doctorates at your university. I guess these rules do not forbid to publish papers being based on the data you have collected for your PhD thesis.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
20 answers
Because quantitative research is rooted in the scientific method, specific terminology for determining the relationships between independent variables and dependent variables must be used. However, in qualitative research, the use and terminology can sometimes raise so many a question. In my case I am using cultural diplomacy of Morocco (cause) as an independent variable, promotion of national interests (outcome) as the dependent variable.
Your opinions about the use of this terminology and its application are highly appreciated.
Relevant answer
Answer
I prefer to keep a clear division between qualitative and quantitative where variables are used to count and measure concepts in quantitative research.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
7 answers
I am undertaking a structured literature review of qualitative research as part of my masters dissertation. I am using JBI checklist for qualitative research for assessing the quality of my included articles. Most of the nine articles I have identified through my search do not specify the philosophical and methodological perspective although I expect each has alluded to this. I have read many article to familiarise myself with the philosophical and methodological approaches used in qualitative research however I am still struggling to identify both in the articles I have in my review. Any help would be greatly appreciated!
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Professor David Morgan,
I think, The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist is a tool if I'm not wrong used for assessing the quality of research, particularly in systematic reviews and evidence-based healthcare. It focuses on various aspects of research, including study design, methodology, data analysis, and reporting. The absence of a philosophical discussion in an article does not necessarily result in losing a point according to the JBI checklist. Instead, the checklist evaluates the rigor and transparency of the study. Philosophical discussions are typically assessed in broader contexts, such as the clarity of the theoretical framework or rationale for the research, but their absence doesn't automatically reduce the article's quality based on JBI criteria.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
4 answers
Generative AI (GenAI) in qualitative research raises several ethical concerns, including the potential for bias amplification, challenges with informed consent, and risks to privacy and confidentiality. It also questions the authenticity and trustworthiness of AI-generated data, as well as the transparency and accountability of AI-driven analysis. Additionally, the use of GenAI may alter the researcher-participant relationship and reduce critical engagement, while also complicating issues of intellectual property and authorship. To address these concerns, researchers must ensure ethical practices by maintaining transparency, integrity, and respect for participants.
Relevant answer
I just want to give a note to your sentence "It also questions the authenticity and trustworthiness of AI-generated data": I found the following related paragraph in the "Turnitin":
"What does qualifying text mean?
Sometimes false positive (incorrectly flagging human-written text as AI generated), can include lists without a lot of structural variation, text that literally repeats itself, or text that has been paraphrased without developing new ideas.If our indicator shows a higher amount of AI writing in such text, we advise you to take that into consideration when looking at the percentage indicated."
وترجمة ذلك النص إلى اللغة العربية تقول
في بعض الأحيان، يمكن أن تتضمن الإيجابية الكاذبة قوائم لا تحتوي على الكثير من الاختلافات الهيكلية، أي الحُكم بوضع علامات غير صحيحة على النص المكتوب بواسطة البشر على أنه تم إنشاؤه بواسطة الذَّكَاء الْاِصْطِنَاعِيّ، أو وضع هذه العلامات على النص الذي يكرر نفسه حرفيًا، أو وضعها على النص الذي تمت إعادة صياغته دون تطوير أفكار جديدة. إذا أظهر مؤشر هذه البرمجية قدرًا أكبر من كتابة الذَّكَاء الْاِصْطِنَاعِيّ في مثل هذا النص، فننصحك بأخذ ذلك بعين الاعتبار عند النظر إلى النسبة المئوية المشار إليها.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
6 answers
Instead of data saturation I will prefer the sample quantity selection as we do selection in quantitative research. Thank you
Relevant answer
in qualitative research since you will be researching and evaluating peoples lived experiences through an interview perhaps, it would be helpful to look at past research with similar or even the same research question and aim to collect a similar sample size! if we are talking about a new research idea you could either find similar studies and recruit your own number of participants evidenced on previous literature or find multiple studies and calculate the mean number of participants they had and that will be your sample size.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
Employing a pragmatic inquiry research design, looking for published research using this method, employing qualitative research data collection methods of semi-structured interview and focus groups for example rather than mixed methods.
Relevant answer
Survey research is scientific work that relies on collecting and analyzing data to reach non-generalizable results. This type of research is considered the basis for progress in many fields, from the natural sciences to the social sciences and humanities.
Stages of designing practical survey research:
Defining the research problem:
Clarity of the problem: The research problem must be specific, specific and measurable.
Importance: The problem must be of scientific or practical importance.
Feasibility: The problem must be computer and real within the best framework available.
Formulating research hypotheses:
Hypothesis: It is a provisional answer to the research question.
Clarity of hypothesis: The hypothesis must be clear, specific, and testable.
Relationship between variables: The hypothesis must link two or more variables.
Choosing a research methodology:
Quantitative approach: It relies on collecting digital data and analyzing it statistically.
Qualitative approach: It relies on collecting descriptive data and analyzing it analytically.
Mixed approach: combines quantitative and qualitative approaches.
Determine the study population and sample:
Study population: It is the whole population to which we want to generalize the research results.
Sample: It is a part of the population that is selected for study.
Sample selection method: The sample selection method must be random or intentional depending on the nature of the study.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
I'm looking into doing qualitative research on the catalytic effect of life crisis on how we humans learn and live. I'm curious if there has been art- based / autoethnographic research done on life crises as rites of passage using indigenous research framework .
Relevant answer
Answer
Several insightful research papers and articles explore the concept of life crises as rites of passage through an Indigenous research framework. These works provide a rich understanding of how traditional practices and ceremonies are crucial in transitioning individuals through significant life stages, using methodologies rooted in Indigenous worldviews.
Indigenous Rites of Passage and Cultural Resurgence: One critical study discusses the role of rites of passage within Indigenous cultures, mainly focusing on how these rites serve as crucial mechanisms for cultural survival and identity formation. This research emphasizes the importance of traditional knowledge and ceremonies, which are vital to sustaining individual and community well-being. The rites of passage are deeply integrated with ecological knowledge and spiritual practices, essential for maintaining the social fabric and ensuring the continuity of Indigenous cultures. The study also examines how these rites are being revitalized and adapted in contemporary settings to address modern challenges, such as ecological crises and the loss of cultural practices​ (Global Diversity Foundation)​ (Ecology & Society).
Rites of Passage as a Tool for Transitioning Youth: Another paper looks at traditional African rites of passage, drawing parallels to North America's and other regions' Indigenous practices. It explores how these rites are designed to guide individuals, particularly youth, through adolescence to adulthood. The research underscores the transformative power of these rituals, which often involve symbolic death and rebirth, preparing individuals for new roles within their community. This work highlights the significance of these practices in addressing social issues such as identity formation, community cohesion, and the prevention of social ills like youth alienation​ (Youth Passageways).
Holistic Healing and Indigenous Youth: A more recent study addresses the intersection of mental health, homelessness, and rites of passage among Indigenous youth. This research is grounded in Indigenous knowledge systems and emphasizes the holistic nature of health, where spiritual, emotional, and physical well-being are interconnected. The study includes perspectives from Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers, illustrating how traditional rites of passage can provide a framework for healing and resilience among youth facing significant life challenges. This approach is contrasted with Western methods, showing the importance of culturally relevant practices in promoting mental health and well-being​ (MDPI).
Educational and Environmental Sustainability: Another intriguing exploration involves how rites of passage are being rediscovered and retooled to promote individual growth and ecological sustainability. This research advocates for integrating traditional Indigenous educational practices, which are inherently tied to the natural environment, into modern educational systems. It suggests that these rites of passage are crucial for fostering a deep connection to the land and community, essential for addressing global environmental challenges​ (Ecology & Society). These studies collectively provide a comprehensive look at how life crises and transitions are managed within Indigenous cultures through rites of passage and how these practices are adapted and maintained in contemporary contexts to address individual and societal needs. Indigenous research frameworks ensure that these practices are understood and respected in their full cultural and spiritual contexts. Suppose you're interested in diving deeper into these topics. In that case, I recommend exploring the full articles from the journals and reports referenced, as they offer detailed insights and case studies that could enrich your understanding of this subject.
I hope this helps. Dr. Milligan
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
17 answers
Dear colleagues,
I wonder if combining different research methods, namely literature review, semi-structured interviews and structured questionnaire survey will help to ensure validity and reliability of our qualitative study. This study is about studying the barriers and prospects for transition to renewables.
At the moment, I am not planning to statistically process the data gathered through questionnaire survey as I plan to use them in another article. I am planning to compare results received through literature review, interviews and questionnaire survey.
I am new in this area (qualitative research) and would appreciate your guidance very much. Am I on the right way or may be I need to choose a different direction. Thank you!
Relevant answer
Answer
Multisource, multimethods can be valuable in research. One must connect the purpose/aims to the results. Determining sample/sample size of each part of the study, when each stage will be conducted, and use of each stages results are decisions in design. Then how do results integrate? Start with a basic design.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
7 answers
Greetings!
I am looking for materials on quantitative and qualitative research. What are the methods of collecting information and the principles of their implementation?
I would like to make an assessment of the city's restaurant market.
Relevant answer
Answer
Shashi Kant Singh sure! 2 heads better =)
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
10 answers
My concerns about wasting data and the difficulty in finding interviewers for a pilot study.
Relevant answer
Answer
David C. Coker Thanks for the recommendation, your advice indeed seems valuable. I'll check out the article you shared
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
Employing a pragmatic inquiry research design, looking for published research using this method, employing qualitative research data collection methods of semi-structured interview and focus groups for example rather than mixed methods.
Relevant answer
Answer
I believe you are using Bowen's book and framework. With that said, qualitative research can involve multiple sources, such as interviews, focus groups, observations, field notes, screening instruments, etc. Though some researchers find "pragmatic inquiry research design" as a specific term from Bowen and some related work, look broadly at qualitative research using the sources you listed, BUT, always look at your purpose and aims to see if your design answers your question and provides data adequacy.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
Autonomous Language Learning can be implemented from primary to tertiary education. Practioners and students report on its effectiveness, however, there appears to be little quantitative or qualitative research on the results and benefits of this approach.
Relevant answer
Answer
Autonomous Language Learning (ALL) has a positive effect on both linguistic competence and communicative skills. It improves language abilities, encourages student autonomy, and enhances metacognition.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
I am writing about the Ph.D. pursuing research scholars in the HR domain regarding the problems faced in finding and publishing their research articles in Scopus Indexed Journals only.
I have decided that I am Pursuing Qualitative Research.
Since the "Publication Rate" is the norm the Researchers are bound by the Institutions.
Could anyone please provide me with your guidance, on whether it would be possible or not, and if yes what should I follow?
Relevant answer
Answer
Exploring the problems of research scholars can be both a human resource research and academic research, depending on the focus and approach.
Human Resource Research: If the focus is on understanding the challenges and problems faced by research scholars from a human resources perspective, such as analyzing the impact of stress, motivation, or workload on their well-being and productivity, then it would fall under the realm of Human Resource Research. This type of research aims to identify strategies to improve the working conditions, job satisfaction, and overall performance of research scholars.
Academic Research:On the other hand, if the focus is on exploring the problems of research scholars from an academic perspective, such as examining the theoretical underpinnings of research challenges or developing new methodologies to address these challenges, then it would be considered Academic Research. This type of research aims to advance our understanding of the research process, methodology, or epistemology.
In summary, while there may be some overlap between these two categories, Exploring the problems of research scholars can be both a human resource issue (concerning the welfare and productivity of researchers) or an academic issue (concerning the theoretical foundations and methodologies used in research)..
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
One of the most intriguing frontiers in contemporary research is the application of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) in qualitative research. This technological advance offers tools that can complement the work of researchers in generating data, developing simulations, and analyzing complex information. Imagine the ability to model interviews with avatars that learn and adapt in real time or to automatically generate codes and themes from vast qualitative narratives. Indicate what you think about these issues.
1. While GenAI can increase efficiency and reveal unexpected patterns, it also raises fundamental questions related to data authenticity and reliability. How can we ensure that the ‘voices’ created by GenAI accurately represent the perspectives of research participants?
2. What is the impact of GenAI on the interpretation and representation of human experiences?
3. What ethical implications does GenAI represent in qualitative research?
4. How do you and your research team use GenAI for qualitative research and what practical implications does it have?
5. How can we develop protocols and guidelines that ensure GenAI is applied ethically and responsibly?
6. It is essential to recognize and mitigate any bias built into GenAI algorithms that may distort or oversimplify the richness of human experiences. How can these biases be mitigated?
7. What will be the role of GenAI in qualitative research in the future?
Thanks in advance for your comments.
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Doctor
Go To
How Can Generative AI (GenAI) Enhance or Hinder Qualitative Studies? A Critical Appraisal from South Asia, Nepal
Niroj Dahal
The Qualitative Report, 29(3).
Year 2024
[Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is significantly reshaping the field of research, with qualitative research no exception. In recent trends, GenAI has been used in qualitative research for various purposes, such as automating data collection, coding, analysis, and generating insights. Using GenAI can result in fresh perspectives, a deeper comprehension of human behavior and experience, and cognitive and evaluative skills.
GenAI can boost researchers’ creativity and innovation and the quality and impact of their research findings. Next, GenAI or AI has the potential to automate various tasks in qualitative research, including data collection, coding, and analysis. This can allow researchers to dedicate their attention to the research process's more creative and strategic aspects.
Automating data collection is a valuable tool for gathering qualitative data from various sources, including social media platforms and other online forums. GenAI tools ChatGPT, Google Bard, and Bing Chat can assist researchers in efficiently and effortlessly collecting substantial amounts of data. GenAI or AI tools can help code and analyze qualitative studies and their associated data. These tools can assist researchers in identifying patterns and relationships in the data that would be challenging or impossible for humans to detect . Utilizing GenAI to generate insights is an additional aspect of qualitative data analysis. This can assist researchers in gaining new and innovative insights into human behavior and experience.]
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
Can the case writer be the protagonist or a character in the case while writing it as a practitioner and researcher? What qualitative research parameters must be followed for passing the reviewer/s decision or meeting the Journal guidelines?
Relevant answer
Answer
What you are describing sounds like it could be auto-ethnography. If so, you might consider the journal. The Qualitative Report.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
Hello esteemed colleagues,
I am reaching out to the research community to gather insights on the latest and emerging qualitative research topics in the field of supply chain management. As we all know, the supply chain domain is constantly evolving, driven by technological advancements, changing market dynamics, and global challenges. While quantitative research has traditionally dominated the field, qualitative research offers profound insights into the complex, contextual, and human aspects of supply chains.
I am particularly interested in understanding:
  1. Recent Trends and Innovations: What are the newest trends and innovations in supply chain management that are being explored through qualitative methodologies? This could include case studies, ethnographic research, grounded theory, or narrative analyses.
  2. Sustainability and Ethical Practices: How are qualitative researchers addressing sustainability, ethical practices, and corporate social responsibility within supply chains? Are there any groundbreaking studies or theories emerging in this area?
  3. Supply Chain Resilience and Risk Management: With the increasing frequency of disruptions (e.g., pandemics, geopolitical tensions, natural disasters), what qualitative research is being conducted to understand and improve supply chain resilience and risk management?
  4. Technological Impact: How are emerging technologies (e.g., blockchain, AI, IoT) being studied qualitatively in their application to supply chains? What human, organizational, and strategic dimensions are being uncovered?
  5. Integration and Collaboration: What insights are being gained about supply chain integration, collaboration, and relationship management from a qualitative perspective?
  6. Cultural and Behavioral Aspects: How are cultural, behavioral, and organizational factors influencing supply chain practices, and what qualitative research is shedding light on these dimensions?
  7. Policy and Regulation: Are there any notable qualitative studies exploring the impact of policies, regulations, and trade agreements on supply chains?
I would appreciate it if you could share any recent research papers, ongoing projects, or key conferences and journals that are highlighting these topics. Additionally, personal experiences or insights on promising areas for future qualitative research in supply chain management are highly welcome.
Thank you for your valuable contributions. Looking forward to a rich and engaging discussion.
Best regards,
Usman
Relevant answer
Answer
It is recommended to read the CALL FOR PAPERS” in top tier SCM journals. Although role of AI & service robots are in trend and you can go for short reviews but following topics / journals may help you Out:
1. Evolving Nature of Supplier Relationships:
- Exploration of how global supply chains are adapting supplier relationships post-pandemic.
- Example: "Reconfiguring Supplier Relationships in Global Supply Chains" in Journal of Supply Chain Management
2. Managing Supplier Risk and Resilience:
- Strategies and frameworks for enhancing supplier risk management and building resilience.
- Example: "Supplier Risk Management and Resilience Strategies" in Supply Chain Management: An International Journal
3. Digital Transformation in Procurement:
- Impact of digital tools and technologies on procurement processes and supplier interactions.
- Example: "Digital Procurement and Supplier Interaction" in Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management
4. *Sustainability and Ethics in Supplier Management:
- Ethical considerations and sustainability practices in supplier selection and relationship management.
- Example: "Sustainable Procurement Practices and Ethical Supplier Management" in Journal of Cleaner Production
5. Collaborative Innovation and Performance Improvement:
- Collaborative approaches between buyers and suppliers for innovation and performance enhancement.
- Example: "Collaborative Innovation in Supplier Relationships" in International Journal of Production Economics*.
6. Cultural and Organizational Factors:
- Influence of cultural and organizational factors on shaping supplier relationships.
- Example: "Cultural Dynamics in Supplier Relationship Management" in International Journal of Operations & Production Management
**Special Issue Call:**
- Journal of Supply Chain Management: Call for papers on "Digital Transformation and Supply Chain Resilience."
- International Journal of Production Economics: Special issue on "Sustainable and Ethical Procurement Practices."
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
Hello,
Currently, I am writing my master thesis proposal. I have been to provide a method paper for (question creation and interview evaluation). It's my first time planning to conduct interviews. I feel confused here.
Any tips how to write the method paper for (question creation and interview evaluation). I would appreciate if someone has a template or an example.
Thanks!
Relevant answer
Answer
Among the books that cover this subject, I prefer Rubin & Rubin, The Art of Hearing Data.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
Hi Guys
any Repository of Qualitative interview transcription??
Relevant answer
Answer
Are you looking for repositories that make qualitative data available for secondary analysis? If so, you might consider the Qualitative Data Repository at Syracuse University.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
11 answers
Researchers such as Jim Cummins (2001) or Bilge and Hill Collins (2020), among others, affirm the importance of linking practice with theory. As an educator, the self is an important part of practice and so it is normal for me to draw on personal experience to enrich my research. Does this make my writing subjective? Yes, but then again, is there really objectivity in qualitative research? Is this really a bad thing?
Relevant answer
Answer
There is a current trend towards including "positionality" statements in articles that used qualitative research. I have not see any consensus on where such statements should be placed, however.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
37 answers
Hi there,
at the moment I am doing a study on migrant worker in Singapore. During my research I met a return migrant who documented his journey with his camera and he gave me all his more than 900 photos for digitalization. It’s a real treasure for me because it gives me insight into the daily life of migrant workers 20 years ago. I would be interested in getting hints for interesting literature with a particular methodological focus how to analyze photos. What are the different steps? Is there may be a helpful software that can support to organize, tag and analyze photos?
Thank you very much for any hint or recommendation!  
Relevant answer
Answer
Photo and image analysis in qualitative research is a method for understanding human experiences through the examination of visual materials. This approach is distinguished by the use of techniques such as visual content analysis, which identifies and counts elements in an image; semiotic analysis, which explores signs and symbols; and visual discourse analysis, which examines the communication of messages. The process includes coding, for assigning labels to visual elements, and identifying recurring themes, making it easier to interpret the data to reveal insights into social, cultural or psychological phenomena. This method enriches qualitative understanding by adding a visual dimension to the analysis of human experiences and perceptions.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
I am a Tourism student i need a research design about south Cotabato Punta Isla Lake as a Qualitative research
Relevant answer
Answer
Identify first the variables (experiences, challenges, joys) you will study to decide which approach fits (Phenomenology, Case Study, etc.)
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
4 answers
I am working on Venezuelan migrants, a qualitative study for my doctoral dissertation. I am seeking raw data to analyze and create a new scientific investigation.
Relevant answer
Answer
You could look at The Qualitative Data Repository at Syracuse University.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
Reference Article: Learning the craft of organizational research by Richard L Daft (The Academy of Management Review, 1983)
Relevant answer
Answer
Nghiên cứu được chia thành hai loại chính: nghiên cứu định lượng và nghiên cứu định tính. Dưới đây là sự khác nhau giữa hai loại nghiên cứu này:
  1. Nghiên cứu định lượng: Đây là loại nghiên cứu mà dữ liệu được thu thập và phân tích bằng phương pháp số học, thống kê và các kỹ thuật định lượng khác. Nghiên cứu định lượng thường tập trung vào việc thu thập dữ liệu đo lường, đếm số lượng, hoặc xác định mức độ tương quan giữa các biến. Dữ liệu định lượng có thể được biểu thị bằng con số hoặc một thang đo có giá trị định lượng như độ dài, trọng lượng, thời gian, điểm số, hoặc tỷ lệ phần trăm. Nghiên cứu định lượng thường áp dụng các phương pháp phân tích số liệu như phân tích hồi quy, phân tích biến thiên, hoặc phân tích tương quan để rút ra kết luận từ dữ liệu đã thu thập.
  2. Nghiên cứu định tính: Đây là loại nghiên cứu mà dữ liệu được thu thập và phân tích bằng các phương pháp mô tả, diễn giải và phân tích nội dung. Nghiên cứu định tính tập trung vào việc hiểu và mô tả các khía cạnh chủ quan, như ý kiến, quan điểm, cảm xúc, giá trị, hoặc các đặc điểm không thể định lượng. Dữ liệu định tính thường được biểu thị bằng từ ngữ, câu chuyện, hình ảnh, hoặc các biểu đồ, và phân tích dựa trên quan sát, phân tích nội dung, hoặc phân tích nội dung tương tự. Nghiên cứu định tính thường nhấn mạnh vào sự hiểu và diễn giải ngữ cảnh, ý nghĩa và các mô hình phân loại hoặc thể hiện dữ liệu định tính.
Tuy hai loại nghiên cứu này có phương pháp thu thập và phân tích dữ liệu khác nhau, nhưng thực tế thường có sự kết hợp giữa các phương pháp và kỹ thuật của cả hai trong nhiều nghiên cứu. Sự lựa chọn giữa nghiên cứu định lượng và nghiên cứu định tính phụ thuộc vào mục tiêu nghiên cứu, câu hỏi nghiên cứu, và tính chất của dữ liệu được thu thập.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
within the past 5 years
Relevant answer
Answer
I will humbly offer my own book, Basic and Advanced Focus Groups (2019). Sage.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
As someone engaging in ethnographic research, are we expected to disclose transcribed data to the journal where we would like publish an article?
Relevant answer
Answer
It's not a common practice. What I do know is that you could be asked to attach the interview questions used to generate the data but not the transcripts. Perhaps during submission, you are asked to make your data available. There are ways to answer that questions by
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
I am conducting a study on qualitative research educator and professional identity in the age of generative AI. If you consider qualitative research educator to be a part of your professional identity, please consider participating in our study. Feel free to share this opportunity with your network or anyone you know that might be interested!
Please contact me directly beixi.li@wmich.edu if you have any questions!
🤖 Do you consider yourself a qualitative research educator? We're embarking on a fascinating study on how generative AI, like ChatGPT, is transforming the professional identity of educators.
🎙️ Share your journey, challenges, and triumphs in integrating AI tools into your teaching methods. As part of this innovative research, You will be asked to react to some future scenarios (generated by ChatGPT) where Generative AI is seamlessly integrated in teaching qualitative research.
🔍 Interested in participating? Click the link below to join the study: https://wmich.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_2aCQLEIoqerAdEy
Relevant answer
Answer
i would love to
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
I am using document analysis to explore how Christian philosophies of education are presented.
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you so much - very helpful.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
18 answers
To start the research, I'm looking for some good keywords to find a research idea. I prefer a qualitative research method to conduct this research.
Relevant answer
My very thanks to you Dear Dr. Seyyed Masih Rajaei Almousavi
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners
I would like to access this book, but only get Ch. 1.
Relevant answer
Answer
If you are trying to download the book from its publisher, Sage, they are only give you a sample chapter, rather than free copy of the whole book. But if you search the internet, you may well find a "pirated" copy -- which is, of course, illegal.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
Is every qualitative study a case study? After all, it is almost always a matter of researching a small number of people around a specific topic? For example, an evaluation study of a leadership program in which people who took part in it are interviewed, or a study of the reception of queer children's literature among kindergarteners, would it be correct to claim that the type is a case study?
If so, then when is qualitative research not a case study?
Relevant answer
Answer
Case report is qualitative study but every qualitative study is not case report
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
4 answers
How do you check the reliability and validity of qualitative research tools including semi-structure interview questions and self-report?
Thanks for sharing your useful information in advance.
Relevant answer
Answer
Qualitative Reliability
Reliability is more difficult to assess in qualitative research, because the goal of developing and describing categories, rather than counting behaviors in those categories, precludes rigorous measurement procedures. Although replication at a second data site might be considered to be like test-retest reliability, strict replication is generally considered impossible by ethnographers because of the lack of standardized controls and because the behavior of people is never static (LeCompte & Preissle, 1993, p. 332). In addition, each site studied to some extent is unique. Multiple sites produce different data sets, which may reveal much about the variability of behavior and the range of contexts but less about reliability.
The concern for convergence (reliability) within the quantitative paradigm can be contrasted with the desire for divergence (developing many categories and elaborating or refining them) within the qualitative paradigm. The empirical world is in constant flux, individuals within it are continually creating and recasting events experienced within ever-changing perceptual and conceptual frameworks (Blumer, 1969b, p. 23). Different persons--including different researchers-- construct the world in distinct ways, thus limiting inter-observer reliability; likewise, any one researcher can change constructions within a short time, decreasing intraobserver reliability--indeed, this is a goal of qualitative research. Reliability describes the consistency of the measuring instrument, and the instrument in qualitative research is the researcher. Likewise test-retest reliability can only be approximated because the test instrument--again, the researcher--is not exactly the same at two points in time (Lincoln & Guba, 1985, pp. 298-299).
A paradox of qualitative research is when the researcher is maximally changing ways of looking at things because of the data observed, reliability as traditionally understood is minimized. It is minimal not because observation is less trustworthy, but because observed data make a difference in how perceptions are conceptualized. It might even be argued that consistencies between observations are more likely to be due to consistent researcher bias rather than to the data being consistently observed. More important than reliability, therefore, is the issue of validity.
However, some qualitative researchers suggest that a degree of reliability is desirable. Reliability is fostered by using low-inference descriptors; comparing multiple observers viewing the same events, which is inter-rater reliability; using research assistants; asking peers to examine findings; or mechanically recording data (LeCompte & Preissle, 1993, pp. 338-340). Reliability could also be represented in terms of the consistency in sorting behaviors into categories or consistency in designating behaviors by function.
In my own dissertation study qualitative reliability is fostered both interpersonally and mechanically. My two sons developed and revised major categories of events and behaviors listed by children interviewed in my hallway study. In the process the boys and I discussed these categories at length, particularly in relation to what activities belonged to which categories. After numerous discussions and changes in categories, over several days' time, we eventually achieved complete agreement in categorizing the behaviors and events within categories.
In addition qualitative reliability is addressed mechanically through the use of videotaping observations and audiotaping interviews. These have not yet been analyzed for reliability through complete transcription; partial transcription procedures were used, but several transcriptions of the same tapes using multiple transcribers is anticipated in the future. Some qualitative methodologists suggest that strict measures of qualitative reliability are impossible and thus rely on indications of validity because the presence of validity implies reliability (Benson, 1994; Lincoln & Guba, 1985, p. 316). Lincoln and Guba (p. 317) also suggest that overlapping findings from different methods of research also indicate reliability, which is a procedure used occasionally in this research study. However, this is perhaps better understood as an indication of convergent validity rather than a measure of reliability, to be considered shortly.
Internal Validity
Internal validity is a major strength in qualitative research (LeCompte & Preissle, 1993, p. 341), evidenced in several ways. Lincoln and Guba (1985, pp. 301-304) emphasize the importance of a lengthy stay in a naturalistic setting, allowing for extended engagement with persons that can reveal the researcher's distortions and selective perceptions. An extended time in the field also allows patterns of behavior to stabilize, which is essential for reliability as well as validity. A lengthy stay also provides informants the opportunity to develop trust in the researcher, imperative for revelation of perspectives. Persistent observation in the research context also provides depth and focus, as more attention is given to multiple influences that surface and detailed analysis is given to those factors that are most relevant or salient while avoiding premature closure. Persistence takes place with an attitude of skepticism, as premature closure on an issue may result in the easy acceptance of deception or pretense to be socially acceptable. The depth resulting from persistent observation balances the breadth that a lengthy stay in the field produces, Lincoln and Guba emphasize. In addition to a lengthy stay with persistent observation, validity is enhanced by reliance on informant interviews for data and by the researcher's constant self-monitoring (LeCompte & Preissle, 1994, pp. 342-348).
I studied the school in my dissertation over a four month period, which can be considered a lengthy period of time. Throughout that time I continually monitored my perceptions and impressions through personal notes and theoretical notes, which are considered in detail in later chapters. This self- monitoring, as well as the extended period of observing allowed me to correct misconceptions and observe the many varieties of the social formations considered. Some of these misconceptions and self-corrections are considered in Chapter Five. I also note in several places my surprise at certain findings, another indication of self-monitoring and thus internal validity. In addition, the several sessions of interviews allowed time for trust to develop with children, evidenced by describing behavior in which they participated that was forbidden and punished; they would be unlikely to do so with other adults in the school due to lack of trust. The depth and breadth of the study are indicated by the description of findings in Chapters Five through Eleven of my dissertation (available on ResearchGate).
Triangulation also helps establish the validity of qualitative research. Triangulation involves obtaining multiple perspectives of the same event; when those perspectives coincide or are similar, this suggests some degree of validity. Several forms of triangulation for establishing validity have been suggested (Patton, 1990, pp. 464-470; Lincoln & Guba, 1985, pp. 305-307). When both qualitative and quantitative procedures produce equivalent results, this is a form of source triangulation. Within the quantitative paradigm, this might be considered convergent validity, without a coefficient, comparing multiple methods in the multitrait-multimethod approach to validity (see Crocker & Algina, 1986, pp. 232-235). Although Lincoln and Guba suggest that discrepant findings between qualitative and quantitative methods indicate the likelihood of error in one of the methods, Patton believes that discrepancies may reflect different kinds of questions being answered as well as the difficulties involved in determining convergence.
Source triangulation is evidenced by the use of both qualitative and quantitative procedures in my study. For example, my impression that phalanxes were more common than clusters, recorded in field notes during observations, was confirmed by quantitative measurement using videotapes. Other examples of convergence between qualitative and quantitative procedures are considered in later chapters on findings.
A second variety is method triangulation, comparing the results of different qualitative procedures. Again, Patton emphasizes that discrepant findings do not necessarily indicate invalid results; rather they may reflect the need to discover why and when those differences occur--different methods may capture different aspects of behavior. In addition multiple investigators or data analysts can be triangulated to determine consistencies, although this requires close communication so that both observers or analysts are studying the same thing.
Several interactive and non-interactive methods were used in my study, which converged occasionally. Many of the comments of children were consistent with what I had observed earlier, even though I purposefully framed questions to them that would not be leading. However, consistent with Patton's comment, there were also differences, particularly in that children described a wider variety of activities than what I observed. This underscored my preoccupation with social formations, which is consistent with my theoretical framework, but also indicated that I overlooked many specific hallway events, such as children sharing food with one another, while doing earlier observations. It is also likely that some of these activities children described were hidden from me during observations but willingly explicated after trust had developed during interviews.
During my research, I asked the undergraduate student who helped with videotaping to keep a record of trends she observed. I gave her no guidelines in this respect. She only jotted a few comments, but these underscored several trends I had observed earlier. Teacher comments during interviews at the conclusion of the study could also be considered multiple investigator triangulation, and convergence between these comments and my findings from observations and interviews of children are noted in later chapters. The videotapes and cassettes recorded potentially allow further triangulation by others in the future.
Lincoln and Guba do not favor the use of theoretical triangulation because they believe that multiple theories explaining the same phenomenon do not indicate evidence for the existence of the phenomenon. Patton, in contrast, emphasizes the value of theory triangulation because this process reveals how different premises and assumptions influence interpretation. I used a limited degree of theoretical triangulation by relating some findings to the two theories that framed the study, theories by Hall and Blumer.
Benson and Hagtvet (in preparation) use theory differently to establish validity. They suggest that multiple studies reflect different aspects of a given theory. These studies can produce results consistent with predictions by different aspects of the theory. The congruities between divergent theoretical predictions and empirical findings constitute a "nomological network" variety of construct validity. This nomological network can be conceptualized as triangulating multiple studies within different aspects of a theoretical framework. Benson and Hagtvet apply this form of validity analysis for quantitative data, but it might be adapted for qualitative validity as well, a possibility I wish to investigate in the future.
LeCompte and Preissle (1994, pp. 341-348) emphasize that qualitative validity is enhanced by the researcher who stays open by means of self-monitoring and the active search for negative cases; this is also emphasized by Lincoln and Guba (1985, pp. 309-313) and Patton (1990, pp. 463- 464). Mehan (1979, p. 20) notes that the search for negative cases helps accomplish the goal of accounting for all incidents, as he does in his three step analysis of teacher-student interaction. The search for negative cases was used in my data analysis, as detailed in Chapter Five of my dissertation, although I note that accounting for every case can be an ideal not always reached.
Interview data are likely to counteract preconceived notions, assuming interviews are open- ended and not unduly influenced by the researcher's constructs, suggest LeCompte and Preissle. My interviews were to some extent open-ended, as I allowed and sometimes encouraged students to discuss related and even tangential issues, and I attempted to avoid leading probes. I encouraged openness rather than premature closure; for example, several times a member of a group would make a comment, to which others agreed, and I would inject a discrepant comment made by a child in another group to encourage discussion of different viewpoints. Yet it is possible that I unconsciously encouraged some reactions by unconscious body language. Some of my questions were clearly related to what I had observed earlier and a-priori theoretical concerns, but I attempted to encourage children to contradict my views if they wished. To some extent the degree of open- endedness and researcher construct contamination may be evaluated by examining interview protocols in Appendix A and my interview approach described in Chapter Four of my dissertation.
Member checks, in which a sample of those studied and others who share the context of the study are asked to verify, dispute, or revise categories and other emergent findings, can also contribute to conclusions on validity, though this procedure is not without its difficulties (Lincoln & Guba, 1985, pp. 314-316). Blumer (1969b, p. 22) similarly speaks of those being studied "talking back" to the researcher, correcting unrealistic portrayals of their views. Member checks were used throughout interviews, as I sometimes paraphrased what one or more children had said previously, either within the group or from another group, and asked if my understanding was accurate. I also used summary member checks of both children and teachers at the conclusion of the study, and both convergent and divergent results are reported in later chapters.
Ultimately, concludes Patton (pp. 468-469), qualitative validity is established by evidence of believability of findings such as including sufficient raw data in the report, such as quotations from participants, and remaining open-ended so that readers are allowed to reach conclusions on their own and develop at least some of their own generalizations. I provide numerous citations of children in later chapters, raw data as evidence for my conclusions. I also encouraged children to make some generalizations during interviews, again evidenced by protocols in appendix A.
Another means of confirming the trustworthiness of qualitative research is through the use of an "audit trail" (Lincoln & Guba, 1985, pp. 319-320), which involves the researcher archiving research materials. These include raw data in the form of videotapes or handwritten field notes, the products of data reduction and analysis such as theoretical notes, indications of data synthesis and reconstruction such as reports and descriptions of category structure development, notes on the process of research such as methodological notes, documents that reflect dispositions and intentions such as personal notes and the research proposal, and information about instruments used such as forms and schedules. These can then be made available for an external audit. The "audit trail" is valuable for both qualitative and quantitative research, Lincoln and Guba claim. I have archived hundreds of pages of notes, as well as many hours of videotape and cassette tapes, which constitute an audit trail that can be examined. Some of these notes are included in later chapters, which constitute a partial audit trail.
In conclusion, it can be noted that internal validity is addressed in many different ways by qualitative researchers. Several of these are considered in my research. The establishment of internal validity involves the degree of confidence placed upon findings, not absolute determination.
External Validity
LeCompte and Preissle (1993, pp. 349) describe external validity as the degree to which a research site is typical, and the likelihood of generalizing results. The credibility of applying findings to alternate sites is affected by the selection of persons studied, the setting in which they are studied, the distinct historical background and situation at the time of the study, and the degree to which the constructs defined are shared across people, settings, and time.
Ethnographic researchers often perceive external validity differently than those scholars operating from the quantitative perspective. In qualitative research, establishing applicability to other sites is considered a joint venture of the researcher and the one making the application. It is important that researchers fulfill their obligations in establishing external validity by describing those studied, the context, and other aspects of the research process, but just as important is the task of the individual who wishes to apply findings to an alternate site. The qualitative researcher provides the data from which generalization is possible, but specific application to other contexts requires knowledge of the second context, which the researcher does not possess (Lincoln & Guba, 1985, p. 316).
I directly addressed external validity in my dissertation study to only a minor extent. This was done by comparing the lower elementary wing of Pellegrini elementary with the main site studied, the upper elementary wing of the same school. Convergent comparisons with other schools cited from the literature can also be considered a way of addressing external validity. More important, I describe in detail numerous aspects of the school environment and surrounding community in the next chapter, providing the basis for future attempts at generalization to other schools. Someone who wishes to make generalizations can compare these characteristics with those of the site to which findings are to be generalized to determine the degree of similarity and thus generalizability. In the next chapter I will make the case that a greater number and greater diversity of constructs emerge from an ideal site like Pellegrini elementary than would be found at a more typical site, thus the likelihood of generalizing certain constructs is greater at an ideal rather than typical site. Finally, I hope that other researchers will study additional sites that are very different from Pellegrini elementary to determine the commonalities across divergent contexts. Commonalities found across very different kinds of contexts suggest the likelihood of greater generalizability.
Summation
Validity and reliability are important in qualitative research, often discussed under the rubrics of credibility or trustworthiness. As noted, some of the qualitative validity issues raised here are more specifically addressed in later chapters on setting, participants, and methodology, although not always overtly linked with the topic of validity.
Although quantitative reliability is addressed in this study by using percentage of agreement and kappas, quantitative validity is not as well addressed in the dissertation as the qualitative equivalent. Because multiple sites have not been investigated and the sampling of quantitative data herein is quite limited and less than random, conclusions about quantitative data must remain suggestive and tentative. However, to the degree that those conclusions coincide with qualitative data, the possibility of validity can be inferred by considering triangulation to be a form of convergent validity between quantitative and qualitative approaches. Perhaps some of the hypotheses suggested will, with further study in other contexts, become theories that can be tested through the nomological network form of construct validity.
For full reference details, see my dissertation which is posted on ResearchGate.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
13 answers
Hello, RG family. My PhD dissertation is a phenomenological study on “Foreign market network and internationalization of Western businesses”. I intend to explore the common lived experiences of Western businesses as they build foreign market network for international expansion. But I’m confused about the research objectives:
Should I adapt my research objectives with similar research on this subject? What if there is no similar study relevant to my chosen research design?
How exactly can I craft research aims and objectives in a phenomenological qualitative study like this?
Your valuable inputs are very well appreciated as usual ✅✅💯💯 Thank you for your contribution.
Relevant answer
Answer
Edim Eka James I look forward to learning from the contributors here. Cheers.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
I have to do a qualitative research in project management. However, I haven’t found/defined a research question? Do you have any interesting topics (trends in project management) that you would recommend to me?
Kindly guide me in this.
Thanks/Regards,
Relevant answer
Answer
Have a look at this pepar and may be you'll be able to find one.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
8 answers
Any advantages of open-ended questions over interview in qualitative research as a tool?
Relevant answer
Answer
I am not sure what your questions is, because qualitative interviews are always composed of a series of open-ended questions. Can you tell us more about your research questions and goals?
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
Greetings scientists and the academic community!
I am looking for a couple of papers that explain the process of theory building during the development of qualitative research.
Especially, creation of theoretical contributions from our research (case studies, abductive, inductive and grounded theory research).
Thanks in advance!
Sabrina
Relevant answer
Answer
You will chapters on this in most of the major textbooks on grounded theory, such as Birks and Mills, Grounded Theory: A Practical Approach, and Charmaz, Constructing Grounded Theory.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
I am struggling, to find researchers, to answer to four questions (simple) for my Thesis. I have a feedback, only by one.
Must have a background to Artificial Intelligence.
Hopping for great interest.
Kopitsa K.P.
Relevant answer
Thank you Mr Barry, for your answer. I would like to send you three more...
1) How can we be sure, that the data, which is obtained, through complex algorithms, does not involve human error or human influence?
2)The Management of Crisis, usually works in the following ways: Rational Management. Emotional Management. Artificial Management (Rational + Emotional). Which way would you trust, and why?
3)Why is imperative, to have legislative regulation, in applications that use (AI)?
I appreciate your help.
With regards,
Kopitsa K.P.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
I need to finalize my research methodology. So, I need to find it. I thank you so much for your help.
Relevant answer
Answer
Hello
My expertise and field of activity is sociological issues in sports and I am working on a review article. If it helps you, I will send you the articles in the field of sports.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
1 answer
I am engaged in an explorative qualitative study on the psychological effects of lockdown and other restrictions in CHina on the mental state of people in China. This includes illness reaction like depression, anxiety disorder and so on and ALSO more specific non-pathological effects in ther sense of emotional disorders. This also includes the question why there is verly little qualitative research in CHina. Why is this so?
Thanks for your response
Relevant answer
Psychological effects of COVID -19 we studied in UK.
Frontline Healthcare Professional’s Acute Stress Disorder during Covid-19
  • November 2021
  • DOI:
  • 10.26420/austinjpsychiatrybehavsci.2021.1084
  • Lab:
  • Béatrice Marianne Ewalds-Kvist's Lab
  • 📷Michael El Boghdady
  • 📷S. Béatrice Marianne Ewalds-Kvist
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
27 answers
Hello RG Family! In my transition to qualitative research, I’m confronted with the challenge of validating qualitative interviews.
From my knowledge of quantitative research, I’m well aware that Principal Component Analysis and Cronbach’s Alpha methods are popular for validity and reliability of Likert-scaled questionnaires. But in the case of qualitative interviews, the arena is different. That’s why I need your help.
From your wealth of experience with qualitative research, please describe the most effective methods for carrying out validity and reliability of qualitative interviews. And which software is suitable for this procedure?
Your contributions will be immensely appreciated. Thank you.
Relevant answer
Answer
In quantitative research, reliability and validity apply to concerns about measurement, but in qualitative research we do not measure anything, so reliability and validity are not nearly as relevant. Indeed, many qualitative researchers refuse to accept this terminology and you may find yourself in trouble with reviewers if you do use it.
The basic reasoning behind this is that qualitative research is inherently subjective and interpretive, so there is no reason to expect another researcher to come to the same conclusions. Commonly used alternatives (especially to validity) are trustworthiness and credibility.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
4 answers
Our research adviser told us to use specified terms for validity and reliability in qualitative research, since he referred to these terms as specific for quantitative research. To my understanding, validity and reliability are also used for qualitative data, but are defined differently.
Relevant answer
Answer
There is quite a bit of debate about whether the terms reliability and validity are appropriate for qualitative research. ss far as I can tell, however, the majority opinion is that they are not.
For example, reliability in quantitative research is based on the idea that two different measurements of the same phenomenon should return equivalent results. But in qualitative research we do not measure things, and we recognize that the subjectivity of the researcher can often lead to different insights when examining any aspect of social life.
For validity, in quantitative research, one common formulation is that we measure what we intend to measure in a way that minimizes bias. But in qualitative research, we are far more likely to be exploratory, with a goal of describing something in a meaningful way, other than separating out "true scores" from sources of bias.
In terms of how these terms are replaced in qualitative research, one of the most influential treatments is in Lincoln and Guba's 1985 book, Naturalistic Inquiry. You can find a nice summary of their ideas at:
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
3 answers
If I want to assess the potential threat of cyber terrorism to the aviation industry of a state (consider 5 aspects: knowledge, awareness, vulnerabilities, response and impact) and have the officials (from the aviation industry) and experts (security experts) as my participants in hopes of providing a literature to contribute to helpjng decision-makers, policy makers to make policies or countermeasures to the threat of cyberterrorism in the future
What methodology can I use under a qualitative study?
I know this is something I should know already but I really need the opinion of other scholars.
Relevant answer
Answer
In addition to what David C. Coker suggests, you might consider dyadic interviews where you bring pairs of experts together to compare there experiences and perceptions. This can work especially well for online interviews.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
Many clinical trialists integrate qualitative and/or mixed methods research as part of their clinical trial projects. Could you please share your experiences and thoughts on the challenges in integrating these methodologies in clinical trials, and how to address them.
Relevant answer
Answer
This kind of design is sometimes referred to as "embedding" and I have attached an article that uses this approach. My personal opinion is that most of the designs I have seen with clinical trials fall into two of the classic categories in mixed methods, either exploratory sequential (qual --> QUAN) or explanatory sequential (QUAN --> qual). In the first case, qualitative methods are used to help create aspects of the trial. In the second case, aspects of the trial are followed by qualitative methods to help understand the outcomes of the trial.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
Hi,
I was wondering if some qualitative researcher can give me some advice on how to learn how to learn and use quantitative methods in a practical way?
Can you share your experiences? Recommend some course, boook, etc.?
Thanks a lot,
Ester
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Doctor
Go To
Quantitative and Qualitative Research: A View for Clarity
Catherine M. Castellan
International Journal of Education ISSN 1948-5476 2010, Vol. 2, No. 2: E1
"Shulman (1986) asserts that no single approach can capture the full set of educational events and implies that the insufficiencies of particular programs can be overcome through proper blending with the insufficiencies of other programs. It seems that maybe the results from a qualitative study can lead to the quantification of certain components in order to conduct a quantitative study for a better understanding and evaluation,, or a small component of a cause and effect quantitative study can be qualitatively studied to result in a better understanding of the cause and effect results of a quantitative study. A quantitative study can be conducted along with a qualitative study, or qualitative with quantitative, but each approach should not be analyzed and judged by the criteria associated with the other approach. There can be basketball or football, or football and basketball, but not football on a basketball court, nor basketball on a football field. The essence of the game would be lost just like the essence of a research study would be compromised if it were to be conducted outside its own context. "
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
2 answers
Qualitative research Frontiers.
Relevant answer
Answer
I have just published an article (attached) that examines the use of ChatGPT for qualitative data analysis. In my opinion it would be difficult to use this approach for what Braun and Clarke (2022) now call Reflexive Thematic Analysis, because they rely heavily on an initial process of open coding, whereas ChatGPT uses a query and response format that addresses the content of the data more generally.
If you could use AI strictly for coding, then I suspect it would be much less disruptive than using it to replace coding. For two attempts at this latter strategy, you can look at the contrasting implementations of ChatGPT in ATLAS.ti and MAXQDA.
ATLAS.ti attempts to automate the entire coding process by using a single command from ChatGPT to generate a complete set of codes. I have tried this, as have several of my colleagues, and all of us came away disappointed at best. The problem is that the program generates hundreds of codes which then need to be checked and categorized by hand.
MAXQDA takes a very different approach by using ChatGPT to summarize various aspects of the coded data, such as all the content associated with a given code. The obvious limitation here is that you have to have your data fully coded before you can apply ChatGPT.
Maybe someone will find a use for ChatGPT in the coding process, but so far I have not heard of it.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
4 answers
We are currently conducting a qualitative research on the effects of influencer marketing on purchase behavior. However, before that, our panel has suggested to conduct a pre-survey to (1) identify the products endorsed by influencer marketing that students mostly purchase, and (2)the social media platforms that students purchase influencer-endorsed products. The purpose of the pre-survey will help us narrow down our scope based on the results of the pre-survey by focusing on a specific social media platform and product.
Our question is how can we determine the sample size?
Thank you in advance!
Relevant answer
Answer
RV Krejcie and DW Morgan,Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1970,30:607-610, gave a table to choose sample size. Also MA Hertzog ,Research in zNursing and Health,2008,31:180-191. Suggested that sample sizes should be higher that 40. REGARDS.
  • asked a question related to Qualitative Research
Question
5 answers
Hi people,
Are there any potential challenges I should be aware of when transitioning from qualitative research in my thesis to a career as a professor in a university setting?
Regards,
Joane R.
Relevant answer
Answer
If you are indeed planning on shifting your methods, one of the key things I would highlight about quantitative research is that is typically much more expensive than qualitative research. In particular, survey research requires large, high quality samples that are difficult to gather without external funding.