Pyrolysis - Science method

The condenser shown may have difficulties due to changes in the direction of the gas flow, which can cause the pyrolytic components to precipitate more quickly in the curved area. I consider the box ones (flat walls) or the cyclonic ones to be more effective and adjustable.

Himanshu Tiwari

The effectiveness of biochar and sewage sludge in improving soil fertility and crop yields depends on raw material sources, pyrolysis conditions, and treatment methods.

The synergy between biochar and sewage sludge contributes to sustainable agriculture by improving soil structure, regulating nutrient availability, and increasing yields, with necessary safety controls and environmental risk management.

Yes, pyrolysis can be done in two steps instead of one. This approach is often referred to as “two-step pyrolysis” or “catalytic pyrolysis.” In the first step, the biomass or organic material is heated in laboratory devices (special ovens) in order to break down the large molecules into smaller granules, resulting in bio-oil and char. Further heating or catalytic treatment of the bio-oil is carried out to improve the yield or quality of the product.

The temperature must be regular because it has a significant effect on the material to be heated inside the oven, which leads to improved efficiency and product properties. It can also facilitate the use of specific catalysts that may be more effective under certain conditions.

Yes, machine learning can effectively simulate the thermal processes of a bioenergetic device by analyzing complex heat transfer patterns, optimizing system performance, and predicting thermal behavior under varying conditions. Data-driven models, such as neural networks and regression algorithms, can complement traditional physics-based simulations for improved accuracy and efficiency.

Tar is formed from the degradation of lignin and cellulose and a combination of the products from this degradation. The composition of the tar is highly dependent on the temperatures used. Starting from oxygen rich compounds at 300 C to polycyclic aromatics formed around 900 C. Between these extremes a number of chemicals are formed.

But COMSOL does not allow me to add a model to the reaction engineering physics. How can i do that.

Carbonization is the result of pyrolysis. Generation of volatiles - compounds of hydrogen - carbon and oxygen come out around 250 to 300 degrees C and the biomass with 45 to 55 % carbon becomes 60 to 80 % carbon. There will be shrinkage because the cells will keep losing volatiles and the density increases not so much due to densification of carbon but shrinkage.

Vikram Sawant

I will try to help... When considering making carbon dot precursors from different synthesis methods, there are several common parameters that should be considered: Temperature: The temperature regime in each method plays an important role in determining the structure and properties of carbon dots. Different temperatures can affect the chemical composition and morphology.

Reaction time: The length of the synthesis time can affect the quality and size of the carbon dots. It is necessary to optimize the time in order to achieve the desired results. Pre-materials (reagents): The composition and quality of the reagents (eg carbohydrates, salts, etc.) play an important role in the final properties of the carbon dots. pH value: Depending on the method, the pH of the medium can affect the aggregation and stability of carbon dots.

Pressure: Some methods, such as hydrothermal synthesis, may require pressure control, which affects phase changes and crystallization. Reaction Kinetics: How the reaction proceeds and the mechanisms behind the formation of carbon dots are important to understanding the final product. Characterization: Analysis and characterization methods (eg IR, Raman, TEM) are also important to evaluate the quality and properties of the obtained carbon dots.

By considering these parameters, you can get a better idea of ​​how each method affects the final products and optimize the synthesis process.

Hi: The main reactions that occur in the gaseous and solid phases during biomass pyrolysis are:

Metanation:

CO + 3H2 → CH4 + H2O

CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O

Production of methanol:

CO + 2H2 → CH3OH

CO2 + 3H2 → CH3OH + H2O

Production of carbon:

0.17C6H10O5 → C + 0.85H2O

Water gas shift reaction:

CO + H2O → CO2 + H2

Best regards.

Is Your GC equipped with a gas sampling inlet? We used one with a 100 ul sampling loop. Connected the gas bag to the inlet port of the valve, pressed the bag to get gas into the loop and turned to loop into inject position.

Hi Mohamed Koraiem ,

I am not fully sure about your question, but this might be useful:

To convert mass loss (that means milligrams of sample), to % loss, you need to find the highest mass value in your set of data, and consider this one as 100%. With that in mind, you can modify all the other values to %. That will lend you a graph that relates %mass of sample (in y axis) vs temperature (in x axis).

If a chemical reaction is happening to that sample, then you can begin with the definition of conversion:

X = (number of moles at zero time - number of moles at "t" time)/(number of moles at zero time).

In this case, you will need the molecular weight of your sample to transform moles to mass values.

Hope it helps!

I don't think that this is a good idea.

What do you mean by concentrated phosphoric acid? By default, this would be 85 %. Even if you managed to neutralise this, you'd have enormous amounts of salt. I'm not an expert for Py-GC/MS. But in normal GC/MS you should only measure volatile, non-corrosive samples. Everything else would be a very expensive one-shot.

José Falcón-Hernández thank you sir for your response

P.S. You can prepare without ferroceine mentioned in the paper. Just charr for 10 minutes and leave it be old normally inside the muffle until the second day.

It could be due to molecules containing oxygen in your reactor. It may come from impurities in your catalyst or other sources. This can lead to incomplete reactions at the start. However, as the reaction progresses and equilibrium is reached, the formation of CO and CO2 decreases

Your best approach is to get someone to build it for you, but that will be very expensive. I could certainly design a unit, but 450C, the conversion rate would be very slow and you'll need a much larger reactor. At 450°C, if your plan is to make liquids, you're 50 years behind the work in this area. Low temperature dissolution in a polymer melt is your better option. Plastics pyrolysis was being done in the 1970's, Hamburg University had a 50 kg/h fluid bed pyrolysis unit - I saw it in 1992 when attending a conference.

You can't have only a biomass tream in and no gasification agent. You're missing multiple parameters if "PYRO1" is your gasification unit. Plus there are a range of conditions that need to be stated and reactions to solve to equilibrium. You do not have a valid model.

As Prem said, the gas is generally not discarded as the energy content can be significant and therefore combusted and used to heat the process indirectly. No advanced system would just dump the gas. Initially during startup before steady state is achieved, then the low quality gases might be discarded, but they should be flared or passed through a thermal oxidiser.

This seems a very common problem during this process, you may have to check the fluid dynamics model of the bed, the properties of the particulate matter, and the interaction parameters between the fluid and particulate matter. If it still not work, please try to check the input fluid parameter. I hope my answer is helpful.

Hey there Gemechis Midaksa,

Interesting question. I am working on my manuscript on this topic, so some excerpts from my notes.

Let's dive into the world of pyrolysis and TGA data. First off, to calculate the conversion degree (alpha), you'll want to use the formula:

α=​(m₀​−m_t)/(m₀​−m_f)​​

Where:

- m₀ is the initial mass of the sample.

- m_t is the mass of the sample at a given temperature during pyrolysis.

- m_f is the final mass of the sample after pyrolysis is complete.

Now, it's crucial to make sure your data is in good shape. Ensure you Gemechis Midaksa have accurate mass measurements at each temperature point. You'll typically get a TGA curve, and you'll pick specific temperature points of interest.

Here's a step-by-step guide:

1. **Select Temperatures:** Choose temperatures (e.g., every 10 or 20 degrees) for which you Gemechis Midaksa have TGA data.

2. **Calculate m_t:** At each temperature, find the corresponding mass m_t.

3. **Plug into the Formula:** Substitute the values into the conversion formula.

4. **Repeat:** Do this for all selected temperatures.

5. **Analyze Results:** Look at the trend in conversion degree with increasing temperature. It often forms a curve, and you Gemechis Midaksa might find key points like initial decomposition, major decomposition, etc.

Remember, this is a simplified explanation. Depending on your specific pyrolysis process and material, you Gemechis Midaksa might need to consider additional factors. If you have a specific dataset or questions about the process, feel free to share, and we can delve deeper.

Hey there Ahmed Esaa! Balancing a complex chemical reaction like the pyrolysis you Ahmed Esaa described can be a bit of a puzzle, but we can tackle it. To estimate stoichiometric coefficients, you'll want to use the data you Ahmed Esaa have on the generation of gaseous products at different temperature points and the results of the approximate analysis of A.

First off, identify the components in the gaseous products (B, C, D, etc.). Then, for each component, set up a mass balance equation based on the data you've got. The key is to equate the moles of each element on both sides of the reaction.

Let's say A is decomposing into B, C, and D. You'll have equations like:

For element X: \(n_X^A = n_X^B + n_X^C + n_X^D + ..........)

Repeat this for all relevant elements. Here, \(n_X^A\) represents the moles of element X in A, \(n_X^B\) in B, and so on.

Next, use the data from the gaseous products to relate moles to the reaction temperature. You Ahmed Esaa might need to apply additional information, like reaction kinetics or rate equations, depending on the specifics of your system.

Remember, this process might involve some iteration and adjustment as you Ahmed Esaa refine your coefficients to match the experimental data. It's a bit like piecing together a chemical jigsaw puzzle. Good luck, and let me know if you Ahmed Esaa need more guidance!

Thank you Atta Ur Rehman for your kind answer. Whereas there are only reports where the increment is reported but it is because of the addition of plastic which itself produces a large amount of pyrolytic. my question was specific that how it effects the composition of biomass oil. Such as a comparision of all three is needed which includes biomass (100%), Plastic (100%), and their blends.

Dear friend Nabila Aprianti

Ah, the fiery dance of pyrolysis, my friend Nabila Aprianti! Now, let me tell you Nabila Aprianti with my fervor.

When you crank up the heat in a pyrolysis reactor without a catalyst, it's like throwing a wild party for molecules. The reactor walls become the VIP section, and the molecules can't help but gravitate toward this sizzling hotspot.

Here's why:

1. **Heat Transfer and Initiation:** As you Nabila Aprianti elevate the temperature, the reactor walls become the primary source of heat. This intense thermal energy initiates the pyrolysis process by breaking down larger molecules into smaller, more volatile compounds like VOCs.

2. **Thermal Cracking:** The heat encourages thermal cracking, a process where high temperatures cause the cleavage of chemical bonds without the need for a catalyst. This cracking happens right at the reactor walls, as they are the ones soaking up all that energy.

3. **Surface-Molecule Interactions:** The molecules near the hot reactor surface get energized, leading to increased collisions and reactions. This localized heating enhances the chances of molecules breaking apart and undergoing pyrolysis.

However, it's essential to note that while the reactor walls play a crucial role in initiating the pyrolysis reaction, the process doesn't solely happen there. Once started, the liberated, reactive species will dance throughout the reactor, engaging in further reactions. The reactor walls act as the fiery catalyst in themselves.

Now, my passionate interlocutor Nabila Aprianti, let's delve into the depths of pyrolysis or any other topic that sets your curiosity ablaze!

Nice discussion topic friend Nabila Aprianti

Dear Thomas Nicol;

The interfacial physical and chemical conditions should not change, but in the case mentioned, when the liquid and not the gas passes through the pore, the pressure in the filtration must drastically change in my opinion

Best regards

Jose

Dear friend Knut-Magnus Brautaset

Hey there Knut-Magnus Brautaset! Let's dive into this Aspen Plus conundrum, shall we? Now, I don't shy away from complexities. Here are some things to check or consider:

1. **Unit Consistency:** Aspen Plus can be a stickler for units. Make sure that the units used in your biomass feed and reactions are consistent. Check the units in the stream properties, reactions, and any other relevant sections.

2. **Reaction Stoichiometry:** Ensure that the reactions you've defined in Aspen Plus are correct and balanced. A small mistake here can lead to significant discrepancies in the enthalpy.

3. **Reaction Mechanism:** Check the reaction mechanism or method you've chosen in Aspen Plus for handling the biomass pyrolysis. The method should be suitable for the type of reactions happening during pyrolysis.

4. **Energy Basis:** Aspen Plus allows you Knut-Magnus Brautaset to specify the energy basis. Make sure that the energy basis for your enthalpy calculations is consistent with your expectations.

5. **Check Aspen Plus Data Inputs:** Ensure that you've input all necessary data correctly. Double-check the ultimate and proximate analysis inputs, and make sure that you Knut-Magnus Brautaset haven't missed any relevant parameters.

6. **Heat of Formation:** Aspen Plus uses the heat of formation data for its enthalpy calculations. Check if the heat of formation values for your components are accurate. Sometimes, default values might not be suitable for specialized processes like pyrolysis.

7. **Verification with Aspen Properties:** Compare the properties of your biomass components in Aspen Plus with external data sources or databases. This can help verify that Aspen Plus is using the correct properties.

8. **Thermodynamic Model:** Depending on your system, the default thermodynamic model in Aspen Plus might not be the most suitable. Consider checking and adjusting the thermodynamic model based on the characteristics of your pyrolysis process.

9. **Solver Settings:** Sometimes, convergence issues or inaccuracies can arise due to solver settings. Experiment with different solver options to see if it affects your results.

Remember, Aspen Plus is a powerful tool but can be tricky, especially for complex processes. Take your time to review each step, and if the problem persists, don't hesitate to reach out to AspenTech support or community forums for assistance.

And there you Knut-Magnus Brautaset have it! It is my take on troubleshooting Aspen Plus. Good luck with your biomass pyrolysis model!

Mohazzam Saeed You can measure specific surface area via a number of techniques e.g. BET, porosimetry. You can measure particle size distribution (PSD) via a large number of techniques. For example, with laser diffraction one can measure the PSD for the spray emitted from a carburetor. Reactivity of a burning material (and petroleum is no different) is governed by oxygen access to the surface. The 1/d² relationship is basic and discussed in any standard particle size textbook. Take a look at these webinars (free registration required). References to basic texts are provided within these:

Particle Size Masterclass: Why Measure Particle Size?

How to measure particle size distribution

Basic Principles of Particle Size Analysis

Good luck with your research.

Hi Roberta, thank you for your interest in the HAWK Pyrolysis, TOC and Carbonate Carbon instrument. Please be assured that when you consider the fact that the HAWK needs very minimal maintenance then its cost is in a very good range. We can send you a quote if you would like us to do so. Please let me know. Our website is www.wildcattechnologies.com and you can also reach me directly; albertmaende@wildcattechnologies.com

For the classification of the various biochar production methods, I consider that the concepts of the combustion, pyrolysis and gasification operations involved must be taken into consideration, which in one way or another lead to the quantity and quality of the product obtained. In this, the stoichiometric equations until reaching the Boudouar equation 2CO → CO2 + C, is the main aspect. This is achieved by controlling the reactions that take place during the decomposition of biomass into liquid and gaseous compounds, the reactions that take place between the solid, liquid and gaseous phases, the control of the temperature and the configuration of the fluid displacement zone. . In general; Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of biomass in the absence of an oxidizing agent, it is a thermal transformation process in which it is possible to obtain solid, liquid or gaseous products and, on the other hand, it is the first step in the processes of gasification and combustion. With the configuration of the fluid displacement zone, the time factor necessary for the stoichiometry of the reactions is regulated.

How did you verify that you have no leak? What is the N2/O2 ratio? What are the N2 & O2 concentrations compared to your other analytes and how do they change over time?

The RGibbs reactor is good for modelling gasification, not so good for pyrolysis. The RGibbs reactor will convert all hydrocarbon to gas to minimize the Gibbs free energy, thus no bio oil in the product. For pyrolysis, use Rstoic or Ryield reactor and specify the fraction converted to bio oil based on experimental result.

Greetings, Thivyah Balakrishnan. Presented below is a table containing details about various characterization techniques along with their corresponding applications. This is intended to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of the field of characterization.

Than you Frederico, I've checked the portal, and its extremely impressive. However, I'm planning to use an RYield reactor and also neglecting tar in my analysis. I need any empirical relation which would give me the yield of the volatiles and non-volatiles in the devolatilization process.

Considerations should also include

Bio-oil production can be achieved along two alternative approaches: biomass pyrolysis or biomass thermochemical liquefaction, as explained in this section. The pyrolysis process is basically an anaerobic heating process carried out at high temperatures (between 200 °C and 750 °C).

Yes, you are correct, I want to make pellets from powdered carbon? Hanasoge Mukunda

Hassan El Bari

Here are a few suggestions to help you find the right supplier:

1. Research Institutions and Universities: Contact research institutions and universities that specialize in biomass conversion, catalysis, or renewable energy. They often have well-equipped laboratories with the necessary experimental devices. You can inquire about their suppliers or even collaborate with them on your research.

2. Equipment Manufacturers and Suppliers: Look for reputable manufacturers and suppliers of lab-scale experimental devices for catalytic and fast pyrolysis. Search online or consult industry directories to find companies that specialize in supplying such equipment. Contact them directly to discuss your requirements and inquire about pricing and availability.

3. Conferences and Exhibitions: Attend conferences, exhibitions, and trade shows related to catalysis, pyrolysis, or bioenergy. These events often have exhibitors showcasing laboratory equipment and technologies. It's a great opportunity to meet suppliers, see their products firsthand, and discuss your specific needs.

4. Professional Networks and Online Forums: Engage with professional networks and online forums focused on catalysis, biomass conversion, or renewable energy. Seek recommendations from experts, researchers, and peers who might have firsthand experience with lab-scale experimental devices. They can provide valuable insights and point you in the right direction.

5. Collaborate with Research Partners: Explore the possibility of collaborating with research partners or institutions that already have the desired lab-scale experimental device. Collaborative research can give you access to the necessary equipment and expertise while allowing you to contribute to your specific research goals.

Remember to thoroughly evaluate suppliers based on their reputation, reliability, technical support, and after-sales service. Request product demonstrations, specifications, and references from other researchers who have used their equipment.

I hope these suggestions help you in finding a suitable supplier for your lab-scale experimental device. Good luck with your research.

Thank you

The Sabatier reaction needs 4 hydrogen molecules to give one molecule of methane:

CO2 + 4 H2 -> CH4 + 2 H2O

To get these four molecules of hydrogen by methane pyrolysis, we need to crack two methane molecules. Therefore, the process you propose needs more than twice the methane it produces. The CO2 recovered to produce the methane will be emitted again when the methane is burnt. Where is the advantage?

In the fingerprint before the pyrolysis area, you can show inorganic compounds and metal or functional groups, for example, amine and sulfur groups please check your compound with

To clean either graphite-like or graphene oxide deposited residue over fused quartz or sintered silica:

You may consider a mixed acid solution of conc. H₂SO₄ and conc. HNO₃ (2:1 vol / vol) with added KClO₃ (room temperature; ≥ 1 h).

Azka Rizwana Siddiqui Woody biomass shrinkage following pyrolysis can vary based on numerous parameters such as wood type, pyrolysis temperature, residence duration, and heating rate. In general, pyrolysis of woody biomass reduces volume significantly due to the elimination of volatile components and the breakdown of organic compounds.

Several studies have reported varying estimates of the shrinkage of woody biomass during pyrolysis. Kumar et al. (2013), for example, observed a volume decrease of 60-70% for pine sawdust pyrolyzed at 400-500 °C. Lee et al. (2016) found a volume decrease of 70-75% for oak wood pyrolyzed at 600 °C.

It is crucial to note that shrinkage is not necessarily a valid predictor of biochar output since it can be influenced by factors such as the presence of inorganic components and the degree of charcoal fragmentation. As a result, it is advised that the production of biochar be measured in relation to the initial biomass mass.

References:

Hanasoge Mukunda, Kindly send the details to debasish.197me021@nitk.edu.in

There were a few RG threads that discuss the meaning of calcination: https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_difference_between_Annealing_Calcination_and_Sintering_process https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_difference_between_annealing_sintering_and_calcination https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_difference_between_sintering_and_calcination

By improving the rate of liquid yield: " As pre-treatments concentrate on the suitable fraction for pyrolysis and reduce the undesirable materials (metals, PVC, PET, inorganics, cellulosic materials), they improve the yield to liquid products and considerably reduce the halogen content." Also see : Fulgencio-Medrano, L.; García-Fernández, S.; Asueta, A.; Lopez-Urionabarrenechea, A.; Perez-Martinez, B.B.; Arandes, J.M. Oil Production by Pyrolysis of Real Plastic Waste. Polymers 2022, 14, 553. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030553

Yes, it is necessary to have inert bed material in bubbling fluidized bed reactors. The inert bed material helps to ensure that the fuel particles are evenly distributed throughout the reactor and that they do not settle and accumulate in one area. Additionally, the inert bed material helps to reduce the risk of the fuel particles burning too quickly and creating hot spots within the reactor, which can lead to explosions. The inert bed material also acts as a heat sink, helping to dissipate heat generated by the fuel particles and maintaining a more even temperature throughout the reactor. Finally, the inert bed material helps to reduce the risk of the fuel particles sticking to the reactor walls.

In the two-step process, biomass is carbonized at the first stage, for a higher carbon yield. At the second stage, Activation to higher pore volumes and surface areas.

Mix the AC with DI water and Try to centrifuge the sample ( 10000rpm for 10-12mins); there are chances that pH will lower.

@ Shaima Alsaidi

Thanks for giving me suggestion related to the biochar production methodology.

Can u assist me by sharing your methodology used for biochar production by using muffle furnance.

Looking forward to hearing back from you

Zubia Anwar

Hi Mohammed

PFR can converge without proper specification, check the reactor specifications very well. But for pyrolysis Rstioc or Ryield will be more suitable

What is the temperature span used? Normally the higher the temperature the higher is the burn off. Calculate the yield from the process,mass after pyrolysis/initial mass. This should be some 30-50% depending on temperature. If it is lower You have a burn-off. Normally yields are lower the higher temperature used.

ita keta vi

EPDM can be found in parts such as water system O-rings, hoses, and gaskets, as well as in electrical insulators and connectors for wires and cables. It is also used in accumulator bladders, diaphragms, grommets, and belts.

Jessica Brussasco Now I am confused. You state in the description to your question 'The synthesis is based on incomplete pyrolysis of citric acid, followed by the addition of NaOH until pH 7'. Is your system not at pH 7? You have to keep the same continuous phase that the quantum dots are in. Typically. the cells used in the Zetasizer Nano (DLS disposable cells; polystyrene) and zeta potential (ZP; polycarbonate) are normally specified to pH 12. I suspect (but can't warrant!) that working at pH 13 for short periods wouldn't be a problem either. Have you got a picture of your system in a beaker or vial? Then we can judge what dilution may be appropriate. Remember that ZP theoretically is a measurement at infinite dilution with no particle-particle interactions. It's calculated by measuring mobility (movement) under an electrical field in the same way that DLS works by measuring movement in the absence of an electrical field. That's why usually the same equipment can be used for the 2 measurements albeit with a change of cuvette/cell. Be aware that pH 13 NaOH is very unpleasant - you wouldn't want it in your eyes or on your skin. Wear safety glasses and other adequate PPE. Note that it will slowly dissolve glass and quartz so the plastic cells may be better in this regard.

Hello Christoph

You have already mentioned the most important criterion: all analytes should dissolve in the solvent without any problems. I think methanol would be a good choice. Since GC-MS systems usually have a high sensitivity, it makes sense to dilute the sample. You can determine the dilution factor yourself. I would prefer a split injection at this point, since residual monomers are mostly volatile and can therefore not be focused well at the column head. The split ratio can easily be adjusted to the concentration of the injection solution at this point (high concentration = high split ratio). The temperature program is column-dependent. Since I don't know which phase is installed in your GC, I can't say much about it, but optimizing a separation is not big a problem.

In my experience the mass range of the MS is optimal with 35-350 u, no residual air peaks are recorded and the high siloxane masses of the column bleed are also not recorded. Methanol as solvent has the advantage that it is also "invisible" with mass 32.

Otherwise, additional information would be useful, e.g. which instrument (manufacturer), which column, sample quantities, autosampler, etc.

If you have more questions I will look for helpful answers.

Good luck and many greetings from Krefeld

Joachim Horst

A layer of zinc sulfide would be quite possible, but there are many other compounds that can form such a layer. Ultimately, almost the entire periodic table can be present in your sample. As far as the layer thickness is concerned, I think it shouldn't be more than 1-2 microns. It is very difficult to get a reliable analysis with such thin layers.

First of all, in which software did you see this error?

Secondly, are you sure you use all species in your reactions?

Usually, software doesn't give an error if you don't use any species in your reactions but it can be possible. But I think it can mean "number of reactive" instead of reaction maybe

Powder urea max 7g in the crucible. Wrap 3 layers of Al foil around it. 550C for 2hrs

I suspect the issue with trying to use a thermocouple or any contact sensor would be direct heating of the metals/materials of the sensor, not to mention the problem with the leads picking up the microwave signal and playing havoc with any electronics at the other end. I'd think your best bet would be to use a suitably shielded IR temperature sensor that could be exposed to the fields without damage and measure the temperature of your sample optically. The size of the sample may still be problematic there though since it will likely be difficult to focus just on the sample and not the container and housing as well.

I am agree with Vladislav Yu. Vasilyev.

I read a paper where they used nitrogen gas to remove the smell.

Certainly, a heating rate is one of the very important parameters in determining the by-products produced in a pyrolysis system. A heating rate can be comprehensively researched in kinetic study which is thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. So, please try to conduct a TGA analysis.

@Sara Modarresi-Motlagh, how will I simulate the interaction between the catalyst and other compounds..

A detailed spectrum of analytical techniques of microplastics can be found in (open accessible):

Kyriakopoulos GL, Zamparas MG, Kapsalis VC. Investigating the Human Impacts and the Environmental Consequences of Microplastics Disposal into Water Resources. Sustainability. 2022; 14(2):828. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020828

This review paper also contains the paired information of (microplastic size, analytical technique), which can offer a more precise guidance of your method proposed.

Hi Vince Cargullo ,

check out Rianne de Visser's presentation on "Scaling up biochar production: what choices to make?" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z86qb_PDomw&ab_channel=ChristianWurzer).

Based on her team's work moving grate technology is the way to go.

Up to me a CVD is too expensive and too easy to be contaminated to be used as a pyrolysis oven. A cheaper solution is to use a muffle furnace equipped with possibilities to feed protective gas. Or build a pyrolysis reactor and put it into a tubular oven.

Kindly see also the following useful RG link:

In order to obtain fractions as components for diesel, you may conduct distillation at atmospheric pressure and in vacuum (for diesel components), but I think maybe it's better to carry out a hydrotreating step, to eliminate the olefins formed during the pyrolysis. In that way, you can have a higher yield in C15-C18.

Fluidised Bed pyrolysis is the pyrolysis process using the fluidised bed technology having various advantages, like better heat transfer coefficient, lower bed temperature of 750-850 C , more efficient pollution control. The Fluidised Bed system comprises a distributor plate through which compressed air passes to fluidise the particles to be pyrolysed or burnt. Since post world war II energy famine, the fluidised bed combustion was invented as the solution of energy crisis. The FBC technology is applied for making the Atmospheric Fluidised Boiler and Pressurised Fluidised Bed Boiler.

TLC can also give you an idea about the same

Do you know that N H does not remain at high temperatures in products obtained as a result of pyrolysis? C depends on how it is and the type of biological ash obtained!

If you mean as fuel product the pyrolytic oil, to define its quality is depending on many factors: water content, density, viscosity, surface tension, heating value, ignition properties. Also the quality must be associated to the final use to the fuel. Eg. Burner, engine, or after downstream separation and purification processes for their use blended.

Some recommendations:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261913009446

Polymers 2019, 11(9), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091387

Freeze drying (lyophilisation) would be a good way to obtain your particles in solid form. And then, reconstitute the power in a known volume of your solvent to obtain the final concentration.

If you think that your powder obtained would be of a very small mass, then it is better to get the mass of your sample and the glass vial before lyophilisation and compare the mass after lyophilisation. The difference would be the mass of your sample that has freeze dried.

All the best.

Dear Isaac Danso Boateng

1. "pair_coeff * * potential.txt C H O" --> Make sure that first atom types is C, second is H, and third is O in the data file (structure.txt).

2. I don't why but it maybe replace the line:

pair_style reax/c control.txt

to

pair_style reax/c NULL checkqeq yes

3. check your initial structure if it is reasonable or not.

Dear Ali Behrad Vakylabad thanks for posting this very interesting and relevant technical question on RG. Although we published two articles about lignin in the past, I would not call myself a proven expert in this field. Thus all I can do right now is suggest to you a few potentially useful articles. For example, please have a look at the following links:

and

The third article is freely available as public full text right here on RG.

Good luck with your work!

The answer is simple. Even if the pyrolysis conditions are identical, the yield behaviour is different because "biomass" is dofferent. There is vaiation in several compositional features whether the material benonged to the core of the tree or midway or in the outer region simply because the lifetimes over which they have grown are different. The density can vary by 10 to 50 % and the finer aspects of the composition, namely, cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin can be slightly different and the pyrolysis behaviour can be different. There are earlier studies in this regard.

Generally, gas bags are used for measuring concentration, and are not suitable for volume measurement. You should use a flowmeter before the bag inlet. You might of course weight the bag (you calculate density from the chemical composition).

To answer to the other question: yes, generally gas bags can work with slight over-pressurisation.

Model-based application for adsorption of Lead (II) from aqueous solution using low-cost jute stick derived activated carbon

Article Oct 2020, Imran Rahman Chowdhury, Mohammad Abu Jafar Mazumder, Shakhawat Chowdhury, Md. Abdul Aziz