Public Private Partnership - Science topic

I have answered

Kaveesha Sanjani This is a puzzle that requires the intervention of education experts in Sri Lanka. The TBLT is largely inductive while the PPP is undoubtedly deductive. The comparative studies conducted around the two teaching approaches ought to be geographically defined and determined. This is because what turns out to be a therapy in a society might be considered a venom elsewhere. This is suggested in order to avoid over-generalization.

It offers a legal structure for gathering critical mass and pooling resources, allowing for a scale of effort that individual businesses would not be able to reach despite substantial support for firm innovation. For shared investments, the partners share the risk, profit, and obligation.

It can be difficult to find the right balance between user fees (per gallon fees for water) and access fees (fees based upon land value uplift). But this balance is essential to ensure water conservation (from the per-gallon fee) and full utilization of valuable infrastructure (from the land value access fee). And, if the right balance is achieved, payments are equitable because beneficiaries are paying in proportion to the benefits received.

Thank You again, Milan, your offer is precious, I'll search who or what institution in Africa may be in a position to come up with meaningful ideas or more (!) to make renewable energy an efficient approach.

Dear Fang Yafei!

You should add calcium chloride or calcium gluconate. It can resolve your problem.

Sincerely yours,

Artem

Hello

In Spain we have both, Nederland no, you have to pay insurence

Best regards

Ph.D. Ingrid del Valle García Carreno

Try these settings:

inpfrq = 1 % the number of processing frequencies

ionoopt = 3 %(0:off 1:brdc 2:IF12 3:UC1 4:UC12 5:ion-tec)

ionopnoise = 1 %(0: static 1: random walk 2: random walk (new) 3:white noise)

ionconstraint = 1 %(0:off 1:on)

Since most public extension systems have suffered drastic budget cuts over the past decades (a tendency likely to continue), the principal advantages include a broader outreach and impact through third-party privately financed extension agents. However, in many cases, if not in most, the messages and recommendations delivered by privately funded extension agents or initiatives tend to be geared, or even dominated, by business interests of the involved companies. And, unfortunately, these interests are often not aligned with the needs of protecting human and environmental health, which should be universal common goods. For the effective long-term protection of the common goods, public funding will likely remain the principal pillar.

Obviously, agreed with Deepti Agrawal. Depending on the strain, utilization of different carbon sources maybe (1) simultaneous or (2) sequential with more preference to one carbon source than the other/s, carbon catabolite repression. Fore instance, many studies on E. coli have confirmed that the presence of glucose in the medium represses consumption of other sugars including xylose. Therefore, you may search for some relevant papers regarding this issue specifically to Candida tropicalis or conduct additional experiments. Good luck!

The issue is not the GDP, the issue is the distribution of the GDP. We have to look into development rather than growth

Investment Models for UPSC Mains Exam : Money for investing in productive assets can be from Public Sources (Government), Private Sources (Corporate) or Combined Sources (Public Private Partnership or PPP). Thus one the basis of who invests in assets for increasing production, there are three major investment models.

Thanks. It is nice to read you after long time.

The Regulation 1107/2009 has been an effort to harmonize the system among all the countries of the European Union.

However, some grey zones still remain and I have tried to highlight them in the three questions for discussion.

For example, it is true that each MS has its peculiarities and different agricultures; however, it is also true that INSIDE each MS, there are peculiarities and a different agriculture and this is not an obstacle to have a unique national level. For example, in Spain there is only a national authorization and not several Autonomous communities authorizations, although they have very different climatic and agricultural condition (e.g. Galicia and Andalusia).

This means that it would be possible manage all the peculiarities and different agricultures at higher levels, with better harmonization and faster procedures.

Other question is the full harmonization of pesticide (and food/feed residues), for example with the Codex Alimentarius or other approaches, avoiding trade disputes.

There are rooms for many discussions, as also Jacques Drolet pointed out.

Dear Szymon,

I recommend you the site of World Bank Group Public-Private Partnership Legal Resource Center.

Here is the link:

Best regards,

Andrea

Public Private sectors shearing are a very good thinking about country development because some time the individual are struck their limited resources so used the scare resources in efficient way with other partner advice.So it could be used in all type business fields

FDI is not a measure of capital generation for production, but a measure of foreign participation in capital. As a consequence, FDI includes financial movements that by no means increase the capital amount in the domestic economy. FDI might increase GDP (specially if it is greenfield investment) but it might not (specially if it is merger and acquisitions), FDI statistics usually aren't disclosed enough to say. There are several papers with empirical data about it. In the case of GNI (which relation with GDP is also disputable), I find difficult to use it as an instrumental variable. I'm just warning.

HI,

It is true that every country invests really huge in S&T projects. the major reason is that these projects are written in such a way that they promise to deliver a lot to humanity. But, these promises (majority of the times) remain only on papers. In my opinion, the funding agencies must take stringent action on such projects, which do not meet their stated objectives. It will motivate the researchers to work on projects, which reach the population soon.

@ Emmanuel, it seems so sure.

Moh Abduh public private partnership contracts

Dear Koli,

Various authors demonstrate in their studies the influence of the institutional framework on public-private partnerships (Delhi et al., 2010), by means of regulatory instruments, referred to by Mahalingam et al. (2011) "institutional capacities": "legitimacy, trust and capacity". Through this grouping, a delimitation of the institutional environment is achieved and the institutional capacities favorable for PPP development are highlighted. "Legitimacy is the perception or generalized assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper or appropriate, within a social system of norms, values, beliefs and definitions" (Suchman, 1995). The willingness of public and private actors to engage in PPP is encouraged by formal formal relationships. It is a PPP feature as private sector actors are involved in delivering services provided by the public sector. (Jooste et al., 2010). Mahalingam (2011) shows how governments can ensure legitimacy: - clear reasons for concluding public-private partnership agreements; - orienting the political will to encourage the formation of PPPs; - Government's formulation of effective communication strategies to ensure that all stakeholders are informed.

"Trust refers to the disposition and attitude of willingness to rely on the actions of other actors, under social and contractual obligations, with a perspective of collaboration." (Smyth & amp; Pryke, 2008). Sitkin (1995) and Zucker (1986) note the mutual consolidation of trust and formal relationships that influence cooperation in a partnership.

"The ability to undertake PPP will strengthen the capacity to structure and manage PPP projects, being essential for PPP development" (Mahalingam, 2011). It calls on the public partner, the adoption of new roles, the acquisition of experience and qualification in many areas, focusing on the directions of government policies, namely: • Building the capacity of the public sector to know the internal structure of PPP; providing professional training programs such as workshops; knowledge of the project; providing an orientation guide;

• ensuring risk-allocation procedures and funding for the efficient management of PPP projects; • increasing the potential of the private sector by conducting competitive bidding and cooperation. In order for a public-private partnership to be successful, it is important to have an appropriate and stable institutional framework that avoids unforeseen risks for private investors in partnership projects.

The conclusions are obvious.

Unless you have access to data, it would be difficult to make any meaningful contribution in that area. Systematic review is always useful project for masters level students.

In Brazil it is possible as long as the limits of the project are redefined, with the specifications due for the opening of a partnership call. More or less like a public competition .

You're welcome Mourtadha Sarhan Sachit ,

I'm pretty sure DD will achieve better results than PPP.

Generally each country has its densified network of continuous GNSS tracking stations with adjusted coordinates (or known coordinates), i.e., an official geodetic reference system.

IGS network stations are really scarce, when you want to work with a short baseline and reduce tracking time.

One suggestion is to track a vertex (Base) for a longer time (for example, 4 hours) and simultaneously track other vertices for 15 min (Semi kinematic Method - Stop and Go), with baselines smaller than 20 km. With this method you can achieve accuracy better of a few centimeters.

If the Base has known coordinates, then you can apply directly the DD method, but if it is not known (which happens in most cases), you should perform static relative processing with the closest stations of the geodetic network in your region.

It's a little complicated to explain everything with a few words, but I hope you have understood the main idea.

I suggest consulting the following book:

Satellite Geodesy, 2nd Ed. Günter Seeber

It covers very well all these methods of positioning.

Try (1) WRP Consulting engineers (pty)-South Africa, (2) Metito Utilities (3) Suez (4) HP Gauff (5) NALDEO Strategies-Didier Canon

Dear Vijay

I am interested in this as a topic for a number of reasons, both from a creativity perspective and also from a skills perspective. I see in your original post /question that you say "...on the next page" which leads me to think that this post is actually an abstract from a paper /conference or similar(?) As such it is hard to see what it is you want to discuss /debate, or what question you are posing as this seems a statement of fact.

If you can ellaborate further what it is you are looking to discuss, in particular, then I am sure that the RG community will oblige.

Best Wishes

David

It refers to cooperation agreements between the state and the private sector for the provision of public services. By combining the social function of the state and the profit motivation of the private sector, it provides rapid implementation of a large number of projects in the public interest. Corruption is the most discussed issue about this cooperation.

Private companies can act in management of innovative enterprises or in Research & Technology management. In Brazil, the states have public organizations for this purpose, but in one of them, this organization is private, and has excellent performance. New laws in the country are aligned with increased private sector participation in R & D management.

The Ugandan experience brings out the problem of epistemology of development. Whether or not development is facilitated by huge investments in current and capital projects is dependent on the state of economies in particular, on the relationships between and among the sectors. Development economists and political scientists need to investigate the implications of the investments on present and future governance programmes and how the latter in turn impact on political stability as a measure of the extent to which citizens participate in affairs that affect their social existence.

Capacity - that's a challenge, Sand. However, we must start by detecting the false claims. Look out for the transaction hype. After, we need rigorous analysis knitting the state, society and the budding market. The universities are critical.

Thanks for your answers

After three years, do you have stronger insight into the question? You might have realised that placing demand risk on the state poses many challenges of distributive justice. There are no deterministic answers. Rather, we must appreciate that PPP is a dynamical space. Actions must be incremental and reflexive:

Thank you.

I think the focus of research and pracitce serves better when enculturing exceeds curing.

there is very good open source GAMP software . I am using it for multi-signals, Its free

For more information about these issues you can also look at my new eBook: "PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AND CONCESSIONS IN SERBIA – Manual"

https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=node%3D154606011&field-keywords=public-private+partnerships+and+concessions+in+Serbia&rh=n%3A133140011%2Cn%3A154606011%2Ck%3Apublic-private+partnerships+and+concessions+in+Serbia

The question is who are the shareholders of the SOE?

For a private company, shareholders are individuals, groups or other companies and the private company must deliver shareholder value (I.e return on investment).

For an SOE, the shareholders are typically Ministers on behalf of government and so must deliver public value, which is a different proposition to shareholde value.

I'm maybe a bit late :)

These days PLCs are most likely based on one or more μCs. So some μC is one of the blocks to build a PLC.

The PLC is simply more than the bare-metal μC:

So PLCs are not some opponent of the μC but a "higher-order" system.

BTW: IIRC some Siemens S5 was based on one or more 8051 derivative(s).

@Javier and @Sudarshan thank you very-much for your valuable advice. 

This will help me in my research. 

We recently published an article in Health Promotion International which examined a bunch of SROI and SAA (Social Accounting and Audit) reports. There is a full literature review in that paper from which you can glean additional references:

Macaulay, B., Roy, M. J., Donaldson, C., Teasdale, S., & Kay, A. (2017). Conceptualizing the Health and Well-Being Impacts of Social Enterprise: A UK-Based Study. Health Promotion International. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dax009

There is some nice critique of SROI and social impact analysis generally by Malin Arvidson and various colleagues, including by Fergus (Lyon) and Kelly (Hall):

Arvidson, M., & Lyon, F. (2014). Social Impact Measurement and Non-profit Organisations: Compliance, Resistance, and Promotion. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 25(4), 869–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9373-6

Arvidson, M., Lyon, F., McKay, S., & Moro, D. (2013). Valuing the Social? The Nature and Controversies of Measuring Social Return on Investment (SROI). Voluntary Sector Review, 4(1), 3–18.

Hall, K., & Arvidson, M. (2014). How Do We Know If Social Enterprise Works? Tools for Assessing Social Enterprise Performance. In S. Denny & F. Seddon (Eds.), Social Enterprise: Accountability and Evaluation around the World (pp. 141–159). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

I think my good friend Prof Barraket (above) also has a chapter in the latter book, so it might be a useful investment.

Hope this helps!

I hope you find something in my article as attached. I will be very glad to have your feedback accordingly. Rgds

Please refer to the article at:

Modern developments of microfluidic devices to handle small volumes of fluids have discovered numerous applications in areas of science and engineering. In automotive industries, the most potential application of micropump are accurate fuel injection system and cooling of electronic devices.

Discretionary accruals measures the earnings management. high levels (negative or positive) of earnings management among the sample firms can be taken as aggressive earnings management.

Dear Dr.

I agree with Dr.Jerry Decker

When town planning is done purely by market forces, the outcome can be efficient, but there are externalities, both spatial and environmental.

If the job is done by planner, mistakes can be common and they will lead to some inefficiency in using space.

I think that the best way is regulated market, but it depends how perfect are its laws for an environment of a particular town.

Dear Naveed,

I have no data but a general opinion to share with you.

At one time, Public-Private partnership was considered important for Urban Development. The United States had a program called UDAG—Urban Development Action Grant. When the Housing and Urban Development (HUD) agency’s secretary, Jack Kemp, came on board during the 1980s under the Regan Administration, he did not fund the project, leading to its death. The reason was that it did not generate the impact on the local economic base that was expected in terms of job creation, and recapture of fund for secondary impacts.

UDAG was operated under a “But For” condition. If the project was not financially feasible under private market conditions, a gap in financing existed, and the public sector will pick up the slack. I can see that this kind a financing will be popular in undeveloped countries, given their sparse sources of funds.

PPP as you called it is again contemplated under the Trump administration for infrastructure investment. We have to wait and see if it will work.

Hi,

IMF introduces a broad based financial development index:, see https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2016/wp1605.pdf

Dear Dima

Edinburgh trams immediately comes to mind. There should be newspaper articles (e.g. the use of material not suitable) but I am not aware of academic research. Potentially the Scottish Government or the Edinburgh City Council might be of help as well as Lothian Buses (Transport for Edinburgh).

Kind Regards

Roland

Dear Muawya,

You should consider different types of insurance to find different multipliers of insurance premium to GDP. Please, look at insurance premium, not at insurers' net profits. In most cases you will find the negative multipliers -- the lower the insurance premium, the higher is the growth of GDP. This is applicable to social insurance premium, marine insurance etc. Thus, do not use DEA and other similar methods, look how insurance makes cheaper the inputs, not how profits increase outputs.

You need to also factor in issues related to corruption because some of these PPP agreements are basically avenues of handing over public utilities to coronies to enrich themselves and Monitoring of implementation is often weak or nonexistent.

The impact is crucial, so much so that "public traffic managers" and "logistic service providers" should collaborate to produce a joint design proposal for the total system configuration.  Problems arise in such systems when different sub-systems are designed separately, and then "thrown together" after design decisions have been completed.  This is both foolish and dangerous.  Any part of a system whose impact on the whole will effect functionality, should be included in developing the design for the systems parameters and operations.

Have you considered reading a Biochemistry (and Microbiology) text book?

While PEP is incentive approach and PPP is an organizational approach, ERG is just grants provided for any investments in any project on ecosystem resilience. So ERG is a financing of projects by Government or private entities. You might consider other tools that communities use for financing ecosystem services projects like Ecotourism, comanagement frameworks for wildlife refuges, and microfinancing. 

Edwards, P., & Bowen, P. (2003). Risk perception and communication in public-private partnerships. Public-Private Partnerships–Managing Risks and Opportunities.

Koppenjan, J. (2008). 10. Public–private partnership and mega-projects. Decision-making on mega-projects, 189.

Chung, D., Hensher, D. A., & Rose, J. M. (2010). Toward the betterment of risk allocation: Investigating risk perceptions of Australian stakeholder groups to public–private-partnership tollroad projects. Research in Transportation Economics, 30(1), 43-58.

Yang, J., Shen, G. Q., Ho, M., Drew, D. S., & Xue, X. (2011). Stakeholder management in construction: An empirical study to address research gaps in previous studies. International Journal of Project Management, 29(7), 900-910.

Atkin, B., & Skitmore, M. (2008). Editorial: stakeholder management in construction. Construction Management and Economics, 26(6), 549-552.

Hi,

"the world real GDP" is not just one objective number like the distance between moon and earth. The world real GDP is a summary statistics created to capture the production of various goods in various countries. Therefore, there is no one perfect way how to calculate it, because it depends on the purpose. For some purposes you might want to sum the real PPP GDP, whereas for other purposes you do not want adjustment for the PPP. Example: you want to explain countries' contribution to international trade. One of the explanatory variables would be GDP. In this particular case, GDP not adjusted for the PPP would be more relevant explanatory variable then GDP adjusted for PPP.

The following links might give you good reading PPP framework for assessing infrastructure development:

1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2012.11.001 (a paper published by sciencedirect)

2. https://www.oecd.org/dac/evaluation/IOBstudy378publicprivatepartnershipsindevelopingcountries.pdf (A systematic literature review on PPP in developing countries by OECD)

3. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/773541448296707678/Disclosure-in-PPPs-Framework.pdf (by World bank)

4. http://www.undp.org/content/dam/uganda/img/Research%20and%20Publications/PPP%20Guidelines%20Final.pdf (by UNDP)

5. http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2016/wp148_2016.pdf (by United Nations)

I've read few papers mentioning that PPP Kinematic too can be used for moving receiver processing with few decimeters accuracy. Is this mode acceptable in giving truth value since the commonly used is Kinematic?

OK，thank you  for your advice, I have found some papers, one  more question, I just want to know how the pension funds invest in PPPs, does it invest in projects directly or invest some infrastructure fund for PPPs. 

You know the PPPs is more and more popular in China, but the source of the PPP projects' capital, the pension funds may be the appropriate investor, but in which way is a problem worth thinking, the pension funds is different  from other funds, it sets higher requirements to preserve or increase the value. so I try to select some feasible ways from Canada and Australia.

Good day Dagmawi, the role of PPP partnership is very important for implementing sustainability programs, specially those than can be geared to helping populations to meet their basic needs, which requires systematic planning.

You may find the ideas in these paper interesting as food for thoughts Ithink:

a) the paper below can help you see where PPP partnership can be placed to help with the decarbonization of the atmostphere:

The Carbonisation and Decarbonisation of the Atmosphere: Systematically Linking Sustainable Development, Decarbonisation, and Adaptation Programs Using Qualitative Comparative Means

b) The paper below make the case of the need for  public/private sector

pro-sustainability partnership especially to meet basic needs:

The Urgent Need to Start Building the Basic Foundations of Global Sustainability

Hope you find the ideas useful.

Respectfully yours;

Lucio

Dear Mohsen Mazaheri Asad 

The book that I mentioned in last comment, is available in Persian language.

It is interesting topic of research. My e-mail address : arjun_pangannavar@yahoo.in.

Let me know your conditions, if any.

Interesting discussion!. In my opinion output specification is important document in advising the client requirements and hence should advocate inclusion of sustainability.  

If you want an overall look of the project financing as a financial instrument in Italian health sector, you can read the document at this link: http://static.luiss.it/siti/media/1/20100901-Lepore%20modello%20pdf.pdf

Both the two models have advantage and disadvantage and there one size fit for all model. So it is better to see deeply before we decide the PPP model for developing countries. However, to express my stand the concession model is fair to share the risks.

 Please find the attached file as requested.

thanku for the answers. i got a clarity now.

I propose new indexes to make better decisions. You can read about it in my articles.

Thanks dear Aon Waqas Awan and N.A. Bello.

 PPPs are typically principal-agent relationships, so that, rather than a single optimization, there may be several (at least two ) optimizations going one at once. The real problem is thus  to find a contract structure with optimal characteristics, in the sense that it serves best the collective welfare through an appropriate structure of incentives for the two parties. I used this approach  in the attached paper on concessions, which also looks at the added complication of risk sharing, itself a key characteristic of PPPs. .  

Khaled,

As (like Stefan) I too am unfamiliar with this theory, could you suggest some texts/articles on readiness theory that I might read prior to considering your question? 

I can recommend the article on TOPSIS method: "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257404310_A_state-of_the-art_survey_of_TOPSIS_applications?ev=srch_pub"

There you can find a lot of papers for strategic investments, but not only TOPSIS can be used. For example, you can use AHP or ANP developed by T.L. Saaty.

The ELCTRE family methods are used to this aim also. For instance, Norese MF. 2006. ELECTRE III as a support for participatory decision-making on the localisation of waste-treatment plants, Land Use Policy 23(1): 76-85. Each of this method has some shortcomings and advantages.

I am waiting in your answers

In India, PPP is a substitute for govt operations in areas where the govt has withered away either by deliberate intention or by the inefficiency of that wing of govt. However, since the user had been used to almost free access of whatever skeleton service that wing of govt was providing, there is a general reluctance by the user to pay for the service which the private party charges. Besides there is lack of authentic data collection before the project is taken up. That makes a number of assumptions on which the PPP was based invalid. Then pvt party loses interest and abandon project or makes unsustainable claim. So ultimately, it boils down to the ultra price sensitivity of Indians either as a user or as a contractor.

Yes, there is a lot of emphasis on recent policies for PPP Housing; However, despite emphasis, very few PPPs have come forth.

And the proper link to the survey:)

to have private sector invest on green urban mobility you have to make their investment worthwhile...

-he have to be positive in terms of brand image (so he will divert a part of his marketing budget to the green mobility project, if he can manage to acquire some positive visibility from it (like his logo on all the bike/car/stations/etc)

-he also can invest if public power grant him something worthy, special autorisation , attached contract, tax incentive, etc....

-and at last you can use Sponsorship to gather fund, but i doubt that this can be a serious part of the project funding

I don't think it is the industries making the choice, but governments - and hence, it is these industries which governments want ?need to invest into, and hence - try to create incentives for private investors - to contribute to large investment projects. These will be potentially all public sector industries, infrastructure and large facilities of critical national interest.

Usually the PPPs differ not so much by the sector, but by the type of Stakeholders - assembled as part of the PPP, and very often stakeholder management substitute for effective management of the partnership.