Public Policy Analysis - Science topic

Considero que lamentablemente la distribución de la riqueza de un país no son bien dirigidas y esto genera todo tipo de conflictos no solo es educar si no hacer que el pueblo sienta que el Estado piensa y genera acciones importantes para el pueblo ya que se ve tantas cosas que no hacen bien a la sociedad mucha desigualdad social muchos prejuicios sociales y discriminación en todo nivel

Improves efficiency and speed of decision-making activities.

Increases the control, competitiveness and capability of futuristic decision-making of the organization.

Facilitates interpersonal communication.

Encourages learning or training.

Since it is mostly used in non-programmed decisions, it reveals new approaches and sets up new evidences for an unusual decision.

Helps automate managerial processes.

A responsible government will prioritize citizens' inclusiveness in policy formulation and implementation.

Given that who benefits from a subsystem have an interest in maintaining a certain status quo, these systems of limited participation are considered to be highly resistant to change (Cobb & Elder, 1983).

But yes the significance of punctuation is an United States Supreme Court case in the development of American administrative law: FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp in 2000. The Court ruled that the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act did not give the Food and Drug Administration the authority to regulate tobacco products as "DRUGS".

Regulation of tobacco by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration began in 2009 with the passage of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act by the United States Congress. With this statute, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given the ability to regulate tobacco products.

Sheer label of DRUGS is apparent choice of the buyer and an illustration of punctuation.

Still one perspective of the American Tobacco Industry. A Big Tobacco firm operating across 180 populations, with Net Annual revenues of roughly $8.056 trillion and spending no less than $8.2 billion on advertising is in violation of Section 307 of the US Tariff Act of 1930 ; when leaf cultivation in the exporting country occupies a tremendously vulnerable age group between 6 and 18. A factual deprivation and unfair practice cloaked in cultural distortions that ultimately perpetuate poverty—compels for the abolition of child labour across NTA tobacco contract farming as a structural reform, beginning with PMI.

In principle, you could use it. The reason for the application you mentions has to do with the number of treated units. The SCM can reach situations where the rest of the methods are not adequate (e.g., a single treated unit). This is often the case of state-level policies vs firm-level events (we usually have many observations and treated units in the latter case).

You can have a look at Cunningham's Causal inferente: the mitxtape (https://mixtape.scunning.com/), which can be of some help here.

All the best,

José-Ignacio

Semiotics is a social or community phenomenon and culture is a sign of a relationship between the government and the community in measuring the performance of local government, it can be approached in the form of text documents or works or regulations that are meaningful for a common goal.

Cluster analysis.

The

It is recommended to follow one quite useful part of complex systems modelling methodology: agent based modelling. There might be different types of agents, some in a few copies like politicians, other in larger numbers like society cliques. There might be defined engagement rules among different types of agents.

Dirk Helping is definitely having research on societal interactions. The seminal book on agent based modelling is by Illachinski: Artificial War. There is explained how to program agents to achieve their desired behavior.

Entropy measures can be used to classify the mode of behavior of the system. Each system undergoing a phase transition express it in changes of entropy even when globally there is nothing substantial to observe!

Multiplier impact: consumption

Dear Dr. Dariusz Prokopowicz ,

today 18 March is World Recycling Day.

World Recycling Day was established in 2018 by the Global Recycling Foundation.

The anniversary of 18 March celebrates the importance of recycling and at the same time aims to raise awareness of citizens and institutions in protecting the environment. The correct differentiation of waste makes them come back to life, with the mission of safeguarding our Earth.

An anniversary, therefore, dedicated to celebrating the importance of correct waste separation in order to create a circular economy that enhances resources and protects the future of the planet. A green goal strongly reaffirmed also by the constraint placed by the European Union in the Next Generation EU. In fact, a large portion of the post-Covid-19 funds to be distributed to individual states is bound to policies and economic choices aimed at the ecological transition, at a strongly and truly sustainable change.

For more details, please see at: https://www.globalrecyclingfoundation.org/

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

Growth as it aims to impact Aggregate Demand

Much has changed in the economy over the past few months due to the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic. Construction industry companies received financial public aid. Therefore, the construction investments started in previous years could be completed in 2020. Consequently, the construction sector was one of those sectors where many jobs were saved despite the economic crisis.

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Dear Kidanemariam Gebregziabher Gebrehiwot,

Thank you for the kind words and the positive recommendation of the topic taken on the RG discussion forum. You have added to our discussion important issues and examples of activating investments as part of pro-development socio-economic policy implemented in Ethiopia. The examples given by you perfectly match the issues of anti-crisis and pro-development programs of motivating the private sector to investments through specific financial instruments of the public sector discussed in this discussion.

Have a nice day, Stay healthy! Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

It's an interesting question, Nabaraj, probably already treated exhaustively on RG - probably!! But the point is this: Such LDCs need to shun public sector corruption. Some of the funds accruing from the previous attempts to attract international finance into the putatively needy countries, were easily siphoned back to the sources of the funds for safekeeping by sleazy public sector operators. Who is deceiving who? Indeed, such international funding, can only meaningfully be channeled through private sector (overt business) collaboration.

To stop vast emigration from Your country in general, and to stop vast emigration of intellectuals too. Of course, this refers only to those countries, which suffer from vast brain emigration (as many developing countries and such countries as Lithuania and Latvia in the Baltics).

But it is easy to recommend, difficult to implement.

Work-based policy should be implemented in universities where students gain marks through internship say 60% and 40% written exam which include theory, presentation and research.

The topic is a complex one and related to the political economy rather than state finance or macroeconomics. Relying on the developing or underdeveloped countries' experience, I would recall the "domestic political will" as a key determinant to the success of tax reforms. I clearly remember a quote from the president of Georgia, Mikheil Saakashvili: "the most difficult thing to do was to force the citizens to pay the taxes". Tax is a concept that is usually associated with political and institutional endowments of a country. The rulers of the country might not be interested in the collection of taxes for several reasons: maybe they made a deal with certain shadow interest groups that are involved in big "games"; maybe there is a huge revenue stream into the country and nobody is interested in the alternative revenue sources, simply their marginal utility is low. The measurement of the success of tax reforms is simple. If the tax revenues of the state budget are increasing and the government expenditures towards the social needs are in an increasing trend, then we might have an initial stepping stone to argue about the certain measurement of it.

Vardan Atoyan, Welcome.

Investment in Education in Switzerland.

I think some of the key issues are

- availability of big data

- availability of analytic tools that allow data to be used

- ability of think tanks to work virtually with web conferencing world wide and for workers to work remotely

- use of digital platforms to collect stakeholder and public views including public participation in creating and testing solutions

- connected to this greater ability to use international as well as national learning

- increased competition in the space occupied by think tanks means brand value and quality/perceived quality of the agency will be critical to ensuring stakeholders listen

- distrust of experts

- need for visible leadership that is tech savvy but also credible

- need to tailor messaging precisely to the target audience and deliver in the correct medium

- need for leaders at various levels in think tanks that are credible with different audiences and adept with digital and analogue channels

- ability to deliver quick, timely, analysis to meet stakeholder needs

- ability to work in partnership and share platforms with other credible stakeholders

Am in line with Arvydas Guogis

Maybe have a look at this paper?

Hope it helps!

Great question. I wonder if we should't reframe it slightly. Isn't poverty dependent at least in part on property rights and on access to the equity in those rights to fund application of mere ideas into funded (financed) innovation? Disruptive innovation a la Clayton Christensen may actually assume the presence surrounding it of a system of financing that makes the ideas have access to investors seeking to maximize their future earnings. Is the same system available or present surrounding innovation in Africa? Furthermore, is it feasible that the finance through Venture Capital system available in the West may actually hold innovators hostage to their dependence upon having to fund their idea inside that system? In contrast, could it rather be that in Africa a different system altogether may emerge or has already been emerging, one that is verified in innovation and inventions across humankind's history already? If we take solely the Selden v Ford patent infringement case which ultimately Henry Ford won (for an analysis from an IP law perspective see here ), did poverty impact Ford's invention abilities at all? What did Ford do to start his Ford Motor Company, attempting to convince banks to give him loans several times and failing? He tried to finance his vision building an enterprise based on bank loans that were initially refused. The system is based on the funding of applied ideas by financial asset holders with the goal of maximizing reproduction of invested capital. We are trying to point to the many failures in the West. Understanding those thoroughly may help answer little by little the Africa question by inductive and deductive reasoning combined. A great start by far predating a Clayton Christensen framework of innovation is in a great classic article here

and subsequent improvements and on Grieco's timeless piece. My immediate take is that local capital formation in Africa shall fuel innovation there much better than the dependency trap fueled by continued purchasing there of Western products and services. In support of my argument I use anecdotal evidence on the disruptive patent on cone over cone continuous variable transmission for automobiles (1923, by Aurel Persu) and how the West was interested to buy the patent to simply kill its use. That in effect led to the technology not being developed commercially and fully implemented for several decades. Thus I'm willing to bet that poverty is _not_ an independent variable in the original question. It may be a dependent variable after all, based essentially on a willingness to maintain dependency by those benefitting from it from outside Africa. I'm interested to see where this question is going further.

I don't know if it could fit your question, but an alternative approach to ACF is the discourse coalitions framework (refer to the work of Martin Hajer and following development). This framework surely follows a critical approach, whereas in concerned with power and hegemonic practices, but it rely on a constructivistic, rather than realistic, ontology.

I personally do not like distinctions between deserving and undeserving poor as they try to suggest that poverty is self selected. I think that poverty has structural causes and not everybody who wish to work is able to find employment. In the USA there is also the phenomena of the working poor, meaning that at times an income does not take people out of poverty. Not sure, if it is correct, but I heard of cases where people need at least two jobs to escape poverty. Maybe those who are more familiar to conditions in the USA can contribute....

yes, It is possible but with limitations

If we start from this assumption, that efficiency is desirable is a core value judgment in economics, so, if we can judge that from a point view of gains, than your question will be treated in depth, specialy, in valuating normative economics.

Paulo Krischke thanks for the recommendation. I'll look it up.

I don't hear about that type of PhD

Marcos Cintra Cavalcanti de Albuquerque thanks you sir for your reply. the total revenue your are talking about, is it the total revenue of the central government or only total tax revenue ?

i have gone through various literature but the concrete definition and theoretical justification for measuring gross effective tax rate is not found. Any suggestions and literature is highly appreciable.

Dear Fred

If you need more references please le me know. i could also try and retrieve my Leeds University lecture PPTs which I used for teaching a Leeds

Best wishes

Colin Barnes

I agree that visitation is a key privilege within the correctional setting. The opportunity of visitation between parents and children, if properly vented (ensuring the parent/child relationship is positive for both) is beneficial.

You can also use USE THIS approach . I am attaching a document for your reference.

Dear Solange

You may like to study the model of participatory governance from CostaRica in Central American region. I guess in all parameters of UNDP on sustainability , Human Development and environmental governance, it has outsmarted many of the big democracies.Their Payment for Environmental Services Programme (PESP) is worth replicating as a public policy on environmental governance based on people's participation.

Public participation , has its own intrinsic merit , in planning process and for a vibrant democracy. It has a value in engaging the actual stakeholders. But , it shouldn't be romanticized too much. While, the people at the grassroots should be consulted to get their inputs, their concerns and priorities, it should be actually factored in the planning and budgeting process.It shouldn't be mere tokenism. Or else, people will lose their faith in the planning process. I guess local self-governing units have important roles to play and there should be healthy dialogue between the votaries of bottom-up and top-down approaches.Ultimately, there should be continuous engagement in this dialogue so that the feedback loop remains open to correct the deviations and distortions.

Thank you Dr Shapira for your kind response. I deeply value your insight from your works in the field. I will buy the book authored by you -"Mismanagement, "Jumpers"and morality :Covertly " from Amazon. It is certainly insightful as you have shown from your work at Kibbutz in Israel.

Our so-called experts don't know when to say "No, I don't know ". This arrogance of power is one of the bane in effective partnership .

Hello,

I am not sure whether it fits your needs, but this paper is about the Chinese domestic context. The discussion in China has largely revolved around the best practices adopted abroad, particularly in the European Union (EU), where the Water Framework Directive (WFD) has introduced an integrated management model based on the core concept of unity of the water cycle. May be the EU comparison can help your research:

regards

Paolo

Local knowledge can be seen from different perspectives and embedded in different discourses. The word 'local' puts it in the immediate space for which plans are drafted. As such a local Urban Planner, who lives since long time in the respective city has such local knowledge, at least more of it than an urban planner who has been hired from far away. However, and some of the contributions argue in this direction, local can also mean people's knowledge in comparison to scientific knowledge.

Other expressions that at times appear in the discourses are 'traditional knowledge' and 'indigenous knowledge'. Of course there are slight, but very meaningful differences between all of these expressions, but what they might have in common is the assumption that beyond the scientific way of conceptualizing things there are also other qualities, which can add perspectives to the scientific view that are essential.

I just came back two week ago from doing research about 'traditional cyclone shelters in Vanuatu'. These shelters, which have survived the strongest cyclones ever are the result of 'local' knowledge. Aren't they? E.G. an important way o9f putting wooden logs together is by tying them together with wild vines instead of using nails. This flexibility provides stability as logs fixed by nails would disconnect soon when the power of heavy winds would slowly but surely loosen the connection.

Indeed I came across a similar principle many years ago in South India, where fishermen built boats by stitching the wooden planks together with coir. Also here the flexibility enhanced the stability when the boat went through the surf of the ocean.

‘Local knowledge’ here might be the knowledge which is built from experience, from being practically attached to something instead of reflecting and researching things.

Stein, D. S. (2002). Creating local knowledge through learning in community: A case study. New directions for adult and continuing education, 2002(95), 27-40.

Bishop, B. W. (2011). Location‐based questions and local knowledge. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 62(8), 1594-1603.

Aveling, E. L. (2011). Mediating between international knowledge and local knowledge: the critical role of local field officers in an HIV prevention intervention. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 21(2), 95-110.

Mammo, T. (1999). The paradox of Africa's poverty: the role of indigenous knowledge, traditional practices and local institutions--the case of Ethiopia. The Red Sea Press.

Sekhar, N. U. (2004). Local versus expert knowledge in forest management in a semi‐arid part of India. Land Degradation & Development, 15(2), 133-142.

Thomas, D. S. G., & Twyman, C. (2004). Good or bad rangeland? Hybrid knowledge, science, and local understandings of vegetation dynamics in the Kalahari. Land Degradation & Development, 15(3), 215-231.

Gerhardinger, L. C., Godoy, E. A., & Jones, P. J. (2009). Local ecological knowledge and the management of marine protected areas in Brazil. Ocean & Coastal Management, 52(3), 154-165.

Šūmane, S., Kunda, I., Knickel, K., Strauss, A., Tisenkopfs, T., des Ios Rios, I., ... & Ashkenazy, A. (2017). Local and farmers' knowledge matters! How integrating informal and formal knowledge enhances sustainable and resilient agriculture. Journal of Rural Studies.

Benham, C. F. (2017). Aligning public participation with local environmental knowledge in complex marine social-ecological systems. Marine Policy, 82, 16-24.

Shearmur, R., & Doloreux, D. (2008). Urban hierarchy or local buzz? High-order producer service and (or) knowledge-intensive business service location in Canada, 1991–2001. The Professional Geographer, 60(3), 333-355.

Yigitcanlar, T., O’connor, K., & Westerman, C. (2008). The making of knowledge cities: Melbourne’s knowledge-based urban development experience. Cities, 25(2), 63-72.

Yigitcanlar, T., & Velibeyoglu, K. (2008). Knowledge-based urban development: The local economic development path of Brisbane, Australia. Local Economy, 23(3), 195-207.

Skytt-Larsen, C. B., & Winther, L. (2015). Knowledge production, urban locations and the importance of local networks. European Planning Studies, 23(9), 1895-1917.

Pineda-Zumaran, J. (2016). Learning and knowledge generation in local decision making in the South: The case of urban infrastructure provision in Arequipa, Peru. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 36(1), 60-75.

Lau, U., & Seedat, M. (2015). The community story, relationality and process: Bridging tools for researching local knowledge in a peri‐urban township. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 25(5), 369-383.

Dear Prof. Yeray,

Thank you so much for your insightful comment and the article that says it all. I appreciate it so much. All the best.

Dickson Adom

 There are some other reasons why SP fails;

budget and strategy is not compatible,

feature public services,

Unspecifying targets,

political interventions,

lack of evaluation,

nit including cultural values,

unrealistic targets

Interesting question as this is common anywhere in the globe. See our experiences in Sri Lanka.

Dear Gayani,

Thank you for your interest in the study.

This is still ongoing and hoping to complete so soon.. Pleasure to share the information once it's completed.

Regards

Actually there's a very big difference between "Economical Policies" and "Political Economy".

In my opinion I believe that the "Politics" is "How to perform" a thing like economy while "Economics" is "Management of the resources" like policy.

Economical policies are pointed "how to perform relevant economy" while the Political economies are pointed to the "Exclusive resources which cause to make the others as dependent".

Mr. Kumar: I'm just going to jump in to support Marcel on this question, and to add some additional thoughts.

Your question: How does law enforcement learn of potential cases to investigate" is dependent upon the jurisdiction, the scope or remit of the law enforcement agency, their relationship with the community and NGO's as well as the scope of their ancillary investigations.

I will provide you some examples that I'm familiar with.

Drug trafficking investigations.  Having identified frontline dealers, Drug Officers undertake wiretap and surveillance operations to move "up=stream", during observations on the target at a motel, they notice large numbers of young women and middle aged males moving in and out of the same rooms. The investigation moves from just drugs, to drugs and human trafficking.  Following awareness of the crime, the investigative team moves into the reactive/intelligence model that Marcel has detailed above.

Money laundering and fraud: A series of banks have been defrauded in the region, all the suspects are young women who come into the bank with a relative (cousin) who help them apply for a bank account and credit card.  Large amounts of purchases are made and the "suspect" disappears. Bank video shows that the accompanying male is the same person for a number of "suspects". Fraud investigators along with Surveillance officers identify the target, who is using trafficking victims as fraud "fronts" as well.  The money laundering and fraud investigation moves to include human trafficking. Another reactive/intelligence led example.

Labour dispute: A member of the public witnesses an assault on a male office cleaner in a building and police attend. The victim is evasive, the assault suspect reports that it was just a disagreement in the workplace.  Officers concerns are raised and they ask detectives to attend.  The victim has limited English language skills, so an interpreter is brought in.  The victim doesn't have any identification documentation, can't provide details about their abode, their arrival, their employment agreement.  Additional workers are interviewed and a pattern starts to emerge.  The assault suspect and "company" owners are brought in for investigation. This falls into the reactive investigative model.

Sex Trafficking/Forced Prostitution:  Organized Crime investigators have been made aware of a criminal enterprise that is utilizing trafficking victims through a "Strip" club and local hotel.  Undercover officers are gathering evidence, but have identified trafficking victims that look like that have been violently assaulted.  Members of the criminal organization have a history of violence, and investigators are concerned that the months of surveillance required to gather sufficient evidence may result in serious harm to the victims.  The investigative team contacts the municipal licencing office, the national tax enforcement agency, and the regional labour regulatory agency and the liquor regulatory agency. All of these agencies are coordinated with the police investigations and undertake an immediate series of investigations on the location, resulting in a suspension of the liquor service permit, a suspension of the business licence, and labour "cease and desist" order.  As a result, the criminal organization is disrupted, investigators and NGO's work with victims to secure their recovery and the business is closed.  However, insufficient evidence is gathered to criminally prosecute the suspects, however, they are subject to a series of fines from other agencies and their business enterprise is closed.  This is an example of the disruptive investigative model.

While these are some examples that I've seen, human trafficking investigations can stem from a broad range of occurrences; simple assaults, labour disputes, frauds, domestic violence, overdose, weapons offences, drug trafficking, etc.  In some jurisdictions, human trafficking awareness has escalated to the point where citizens may see the signs of trafficking in an interpersonal interaction and notify the police; in some cases that victim has reached the point where they are willing to report it to the police; and yet in others, the police uncover the crime through the investigation of another offence.

I hope that has some value in your inquiry.

Thank you Arthur. We are better off understanding the 'political economy' constraints in African countries' value chains.

The rule of law, government effectiveness and respect for all human beings.

In the NGO world, American Rivers is doing some amazing work in the U.S. Here's the link: https://www.americanrivers.org/

Good luck.

Which kind of "path" do you mean?  In general there are a very large number of possible paths, so you should always specify exactly what kind of path you mean. If you mean entry-exit paths, it is possible to achieve ee-path coverage without condition coverage, and to achieve condition coverage without ee-path coverage. Several detailed analysis of this were developed about 30 years ago - look at papers on "subsumes" and those by Elaine Weyuker.

I agree with the other answers. The notions of "private" and "community" are both in my view too broad. For example, "private" includes profits, non-profits, charities, friendly societies, coops etc all with a very different approach. And where to do faith communities sit as they straddle state, private and community in many countries?  Community includes formal and informal networks but also shared values and assumptions and normative behaviours, as mentioned above. So I would go for a more sophisticated breakdown. Virtual communities also manage some commons now. The concept of "management" is also perhaps unhelpful as commons are maintained, curated, built, re-built, nurtured, destroyed and re-created not just managed. Intangibles are very important and relate to health and well-being in profound ways e.g. loneliness and its links to disease and its sustenance through networks or even just behaviours (saying hello). I think the issue is in fact too big for over-arching analysis and generalisation and that would be my fundamental criticism of much work and thinking. Commons often thrive at the micro and meso levels whereas thinking is often misdirected to the macro.

Dear sir

Pl check it

Hi Angel,

Recommending to read the book written by Gary Dessler. It is very useful in which you can find the information which affect investigative tools and approaches used by law enforcement in the U.S.

Rgds

Complements to Suresh K Malhotra Sir for the answer. Very few works have been reported on Indigofera species. The following links may also be seen (especially the review part):

This is the transport policy of South Africa. Go through it to get some Idea about the transport management. 

You may get some inputs in the following paper:

Sharma, Radha, R. & Sharma, NP (2016)."Opening the gender diversity black box: causality of perceived gender equity and locus of control and mediation of work engagement in employee well-being"

I think the main drivers of the global economy are conditioned by climate change. Any conventional adaptation mechanism takes longer than is available to suit the drivers of climate change and there is still not enough awareness of the need to adapt.

I am not sure if a legal document - of global scope - can work better than the existing ones on health, human rights, water or the environment.

However, ongoing with the question, one way of integrating these elements I think will be about the main global public policies on health, natural resources, the environment and energy.

Hi Tinnaphop. From what you describe, governmentality and technologies of the self sound like an appropriate theoretical frame to apply, if you are able to trace how aid recipients 'internalise' governmental power. Other potential conceptual frames for this situation stem from the broad suite of ideas captured in institutional theory - legitimacy theory, institutional logics, and isomorphism. Best of luck with your research

As to the possibility of public participation, I think one important factor is whether or not people are organized.  Many have shown that individuals are less interested in or less likely to participate in planning activities such as public hearings than their organizations such as NGOs or homeowners associations (HOA).  When there are homeowners associations in the local area, they are more active in local planning activities.  Then, a question remains open: how will the renters' interests be represented in public particiaption in planning?  Should they be represented given their much higher mobility?  Should they rely more on "exit" than on "voice"?  Public participation is certainly a method for people to "voice" their preferences or knowledge on local affairs.

I think this text should be very good for the beginners, and its concentrated on public policies (tax policies as well):

Hi Adam,

I am working on acceptance of information security rules and I would suggest that behavioral theories may be useful in your case, too. TRA/TPB, General Deterrence Theory (GDT), and Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) are frequently used in information security studies. These theories also provide well established variables. I hope this helps, good luck with the study.  

I suggest that you email Leon Terrill (University of New South Wales). He has just published an excellent critical account of land tenure reform in the context of Aboriginal Australian land rights. His knowledge of the theory is likely to be relevant to the particularities of Asian projects of land tenure reform. leon.terrill@unsw.edu.au

Thanks for the references!

Look into Graham Smith book Democratic Innovations and Archon Fung & Erik Olin & Rebecca Neaera book Deepening Democracy, Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance. There you will find a lot of resources 

LCDA are not recognised and listed in the 1999 Constitution. Rather, they are created by various state governments for administrative convenience and pursuit of developmental objectives. They are often perceived at some quarters as objects of partisan politics of the state governments that created them.

Thanks for sharing Jorge, I know the work of Rocío Londoño. If you have worked on the topic I would like to read the publications, they would be very useful in my research project. Thanks again and I hope to see you soon

no.

In Italy O,8% of the income tax can be donated to some religious institutions, and o,5% to a long list of charities and research bodies

I wrote this paper to explore the relationship between the sharing economy and urban property rights. I think parking space is an important "durable good" that could be shared by people living in downtowns. It will be interesting to analyze its effects on urban economy.