Public Policy - Science topic

je vous conseille de lire ce livre: The Welfare State: a general theory Paul Spicker (2000)

Considero que lamentablemente la distribución de la riqueza de un país no son bien dirigidas y esto genera todo tipo de conflictos no solo es educar si no hacer que el pueblo sienta que el Estado piensa y genera acciones importantes para el pueblo ya que se ve tantas cosas que no hacen bien a la sociedad mucha desigualdad social muchos prejuicios sociales y discriminación en todo nivel

Embora esta questão seja multifacetada e completamente afetada pela perspetiva pessoal de cada individuo, esta é a minha opinião:

Pessoalmente, acredito que a imagem generalizada da profissão de docente é positiva. Embora a imagem esteja algo danifica em comparação direta com as gerações mais antigas, as quais demonstram um maior respeito perante a profissão, as gerações mais jovens tendem a ter uma imagem positiva, mesmo quando esta não é demonstrada no contexto de sala de aula.

Em linhas gerais, diria que sim. Considero pessoalmente que a maioria da população jovem entende minimamente os desafios aliados à profissão de docente (largas horas, cansaço, pressão sobre resultados, influência dos pais, etc.). Ou seja, creio que grande parte do prestígio associado a esta profissão está aliado ao entendimento das dificuldades da mesma.

Desde o primeiro momento, creio que se prende à falta de influência dos próprios docentes em motivar os alunos para tal. Creio que posso falar por todos que já experienciámos docentes no passado a desmotivar atingir a sua posição, principalmente devido à falta de remuneração, devido reconhecimento do seu cargo ou a distância promovida pelas colocações.

Primeiramente, uma possível reforma educacional, principalmente através de avaliações de professores ou reformas curriculares. Adicionalmente, a introdução de uma maior adaptação às tecnologias é fundamental. Por último, uma reforma dos modelos de aprendizagem, os quais se devem focar mais na compreensão e análise crítica e não em "decorar" métodos e aprendizagens, método este atual que tende a ser ineficaz a longo prazo.

Thank you for your response. I appreciate your suggestion that unstructured reviews are beneficial because they do not restrict or specify sources.

Dear Job,

I want to respond to your discussion in a way that will keep colleagues focused and activist to work on solutions for how to make open access pieces relevant to those who will use them. Your discussion is already starting to turn academic but we need to improve the open access that we have because it is not having the impact it could.

I'll suggest a few solutions of how we can work together and invite colleagues to do so, and then I will discuss some of the background.

I. We still only have a couple of open access book publishers and they are not policy focused or really open. We need to start a few where we have bases. I'm happy to join boards of places doing this and have several works that fit.

II. Open access journals do not last long and even places that say they support them are now putting political pressures on them. Like other journals, they deteriorate into just promoting self interest or narrow ideologies. So we need to work together in the same way as I, above, or we just become meaningless.

III. Getting results still means being seen on the Internet through search engines and monied interests are able to promote their works better. We need better advocacy with what we have. For example:

a) ResearchGate used to allow us to put our work in categories but they have eliminated this. Rather than improve the ability to categorize works (really we should be able to in multiple categories, with key words) so that it is easier to find a cluster of works that are related, by an author, in a cluster of certain policies, they eliminated this. After they did this, I noticed that access to my works dropped about 40%. Before, you could find my works by categories like "indicators for development/ sustainable development" or "cultural heritage policy" or by country.

b) I notice that those articles that people have mentioned on Wikipedia are those that get the most reads. Those are not my most important or best articles but Wikipedia won't allow authors to enter their own discoveries. Oranizations pay Wikipedia to promote their work for influence. We need to help each other to highlight our important works in places like that.

This is what we need to do to ensure that this great new tool that we have of open access can meet its potential with the audiences in which we have an advantage: (1) professionals who are outside university libraries but use the internet, (2) scholars in the Global South or in small universities who do not have access to large libraries and use the Internet, and (3) the general public (who are the REAL decision-makers who need to force governments to act; not the paid or narrowly influenced decision-makers who have no incentive to promote progress on those issues that you list) and who may do Internet searches for pieces useful to them.

If you look at my ResearchGate site, you can see that in the last few years I have been trying to publish almost entirely open access and to make sure that my research pieces include more TOOLS that can be used by researchers, the public and decisionmakers directly for policy benefits: tools like INDICATORS and measurements to hold government actors accountable; designs of projects that can achieve results; and social scientific pieces that are not just long academic journalism but show how systems work and don't work so we know where to focus resources for change and where not to be distracted just by slogans. But it is still very hard to get materials into a debate.

Two other quick comments on your post:

- I think you have a typo and mean DECREASED social mobility, and not "increased";

- I think you need to recognize the importance of the public and of democratic pressure to improve policy. "Policy makers" are often appointed to oppose change and have no interest in appropriate information or new approaches. For most of the problems we face today, there were solutions decades ago and most of what is written as solutions just repeats what we have known for decades. Most of the solutions are in the literature but they are buried so that they cannot be found. Scholars and researchers work to divert attention to them. So what we often need to do is uncover and promote what already exists. Open access can do that if we are effective with some of the focus that I suggest and that others can add to.

Best,

David Lempert, Ph.D., J.D., M.B.A., E.D. (Hon.)

The Artificial Intelligence for Business (AIB) initiative at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania is focused on investigating AI. The initiative focuses on helping students expand their knowledge and application of machine learning and understand the business and societal implications of AI

In addition to what other scholars have said, political order can be produced in complex society through: people's centred leadership and people's oriented policy making process and impactful developmental projects. Human capital development, Human rights and human security protection including economic security, food security, political security, community security, personal security, health security and environmental security. All of which good governance holds.

I posted this question after reading the fascinating account of Dilke's career by Roy Jenkins, Sir Charles Dilke: A Victorian Tragedy, because I saw that a number of researchers on RG had posted material about Dilke. Is there no current interest in the Dilke issue?

Hi Thalita Laua Reis Campos! Thank you very much for participating in this discussion. I believe that TBL is essential for the development of solid waste management. In my vision, I suggested that it should be an indirect action because it doesn't directly operationalize waste treatment and disposal, but with actions that could improve its impacts on the environmental level (as in the case of developing awareness campaigns), social level (as in campaigns that encourage the exchange of waste for food), and economic level (encouraging the structure of the commercialization of recyclable items, so that the collectors can have better profit margins and can dedicate themselves to the activity because they are key players in the reduction of waste). In the case of Environmental Solution, I classified it as direct, because this pillar deals directly with the operationalization of waste management, such as thermal or biological treatment plants or the use of waste to produce renewable energy. But anyway, this is just an opinion in which I am analyzing its consistency, and the insights that you are providing me are very important. Best regards!

A responsible government will prioritize citizens' inclusiveness in policy formulation and implementation.

Yes , women empowerment in politics. Is highly important.

United Nations (2015) has developed its five- component intermingled SD paradigm, as in Figure 5 (5Ps: People, Partnership, Peace, Planet and Prosperity), from which the goals of SD emerge.

I am Agree with comments of Prof. Dr. Dariusz Prokopowicz, the housing policy of the state reflect the development of real estate sector and improvement of public life and infrastructure, boost of the economy such as construction sector boost more than thirty industries, which is an important factor of the socio-economic policy of the state.

your topics are very different ones... I think the 1st one is much more promising...I think getting some data would be way easier than the 2nd one..

*Begin with a good contextual appreciation with relevance to the case (education, health, agriculture, crime, etc) with solid facts and figures of the status quo as the baseline.

*Take the theory of change to analyze the impact of that policy to the desired change or condition; identify your indicators of that change

*Work backward tracing the links of the desired change to the status quo; examine the relevance of the impact of policy using your indicators

*You can work forwards if that is easier for you

Cheers!

Dear Qhayiya Mayinje,

In terms of public policy, I propose the following topic for the thesis: The impact of internationally operating factors affecting economic processes, including the impact of certain new risk categories (e.g. the SARS-CoV-2 Covid-19 coronavirus pandemic, an increase in the scale of instability in international financial markets, rising energy commodity prices, rising inflation despite increased interest rates, international trade wars, etc.) generating domestic economic and financial crises, changes in the socio-economic policy and the effects of the diagnosed correlations on the state's public finance system and shaping public policy. In terms of this issue, it is also possible to examine the effectiveness of individual anti-crisis instruments of fiscal, budgetary, sectoral and social policy, as well as anti-crisis, soft monetary policy. The analysis can also cover the issue of changes in the level of indebtedness of the state's public finance system correlated with the applied changes in the field of interventionist, anti-crisis socio-economic policy and the defined public policy. In terms of the research carried out on the above-mentioned issues, it is also possible to define the key determinants of shaping an effective, pro-social public policy. In addition, you can also take into account the implementation of the principles of sustainable development in order to develop a model system of sustainable public policy.

Best regards,

Dariusz

Given that who benefits from a subsystem have an interest in maintaining a certain status quo, these systems of limited participation are considered to be highly resistant to change (Cobb & Elder, 1983).

But yes the significance of punctuation is an United States Supreme Court case in the development of American administrative law: FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp in 2000. The Court ruled that the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act did not give the Food and Drug Administration the authority to regulate tobacco products as "DRUGS".

Regulation of tobacco by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration began in 2009 with the passage of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act by the United States Congress. With this statute, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given the ability to regulate tobacco products.

Sheer label of DRUGS is apparent choice of the buyer and an illustration of punctuation.

Still one perspective of the American Tobacco Industry. A Big Tobacco firm operating across 180 populations, with Net Annual revenues of roughly $8.056 trillion and spending no less than $8.2 billion on advertising is in violation of Section 307 of the US Tariff Act of 1930 ; when leaf cultivation in the exporting country occupies a tremendously vulnerable age group between 6 and 18. A factual deprivation and unfair practice cloaked in cultural distortions that ultimately perpetuate poverty—compels for the abolition of child labour across NTA tobacco contract farming as a structural reform, beginning with PMI.

The Case Study could be either Quantitative or Qualitative research in general.

Case study will help the researchers who are on the Qualitative measurements through the Checklist from the Focus Group Discussion and Key Informants Interview to collect the quality aspect.

It is important to highlight the real advantage of using the case study could help to triangulate with quantitative data in order to measure the validity of the research.

Regarding the policy issue can differentiate the usage of the stakeholders directed by the respective institutions.

tax application policies for the digital economy. as an example of an online sales application, the operator is in one country, but they enjoy the benefits in different countries that use the digital sales application. How to formulate tax policy in a country?

It has increased already during pandemic, but if it remains after pandemic, is an open question. Some measures are surely only during pandemic.

Dear Roman Bohdan Hołyński,

Thank you for your response. Yes, of course population growth has been going fast for hundreds of years. This issue has been pointed out since the beginning of the first industrial revolution in the 17th and 18th centuries. We now have the fourth technological revolution, the problem is many times larger and still the same questions. Until now, technological progress, including in the field of new technologies increasing the efficiency of agricultural production, has solved the problem of feeding the rapidly growing population. On the other hand, however, in the least developed countries, the scale of poverty and food shortage is becoming a rapidly growing problem. In addition, climate change causing droughts, forest fires, soil barrenness, pest infestations etc. exacerbate these problems. Until recently, technological progress seemed to solve the key problems of the development of civilization. However, in recent years there has been more and more evidence to challenge this thesis. If the process of global warming accelerates in the next decades, the above problems will quickly worsen and the technological progress will become insufficient to solve them. Therefore, our view on this issue is very similar.

Thank you very much,

Best regards, Greetings,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In some countries, property prices continued to rise despite the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic and the 2020 economic crisis. In such a situation, the housing construction sector played the role of an anti-crisis buffer. The question arises whether, in such a situation, the additional support under anti-crisis shields under public aid programs offered to enterprises implementing construction projects could significantly mitigate the scale of the economic recession? What do you think about it?

I invite everyone to the discussion,

Thank you, Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Dear Badar Latif,

Yes, during the economic crisis caused in 2020 by the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic, the importance of improving interventionist, anti-crisis state aid instruments, one of the goals of which is to support the development of entrepreneurship and innovation, prevent the rise in unemployment and the development of economic recession.

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Gioacchino de Candia You are right, but not all dogs are the same.

The Public Policy will cover the general public should have got minimum standards of facilities to have safest life.

The citizens are entitled to get the basic privileges sanctioned by the Government of the respective country

The developing countries have to fulfill the basic minimum coverage for all citizens.

For example if the citizens are poor are eligible to get the facilities from the Government as per the rules of the constitution.

The concept of Public Policy will vary country to country but the baseline survey will demarcate the beneficiaries according to their socio-economic background.

What about middle income group and higher status group that they have to pay the taxes to the Government.

There must be different colours of Identity Card to indicate the economic categories of the people.

The

The development of renewable energy sources is now a key element of the pro-environmental transformation of the energy sector, implementation of the sustainable development goals, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, implementation of the green economy concept, etc.

I invite you to the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Hi Dr Roberto - Minadeo . The most important themes including:

Free education, free medical treatment, support for poor families, and allocations from the state to provide a decent life for the individuals.

I do agree with Arcelan. Sometimes the governments are the era of inequalitues especially in non-democratic countries.

During the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic, anti-crisis, interventionist measures, fiscal and budget policy instruments were used, including mainly public financial aid instruments for business entities. A significant part of the funds for these purposes came from the direct purchase of treasury bonds by the central bank. However, with the large-scale use of this practice of introducing additional, anti-crisis money to the economy, which activates consumption and economic activity, there may be an increase in inflation, a decrease in the value of the domestic currency and additional risk factors for destabilizing the financial system.

I invite you to the discussion, Greetings,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

All the literature relevant to your research should be cited. The literature review should include all the relevant research that describes similar or contrasting findings. You can definitely cite other literature to back up your observations.

When evaluating the effect of public policy think about the direct effect (stated objective of the policy) and possible short run and long run indirect effects. Next, list down the measurable indicators (like health status/ education, etc.) that you wish to examine. Then using appropriate qualitative and quantitative approaches one can evaluate the effectiveness of the policy.

Housing policy may constitute an important segment of pro-development, anti-crisis socio-economic policy, which may help counteract rising unemployment and a decline in economic growth in the event of an economic crisis. This type of interventionist solution could be used, inter alia, in during the economic crisis and recession triggered in 2020 by the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic. However, in the situation of low interest rates and the implementation of large economic projects in the construction sector co-financed from the public finance system, it is important that the improvement in the construction industry does not lead to a speculative increase in real estate prices. An important issue is to control the scale of crediting new construction investments. This control should be carried out, inter alia, by the central bank and commercial banks and banking supervision institutions that grant economic, housing and mortgage loans. This control should also include the analysis of the level of systemic credit risk in order to avoid a potential deterioration in the quality of the mortgage loan portfolio and the emergence of a financial crisis in a situation where, after a recovery in other sectors of the economy, interest rates would be raised significantly and commercial banks would increase potential borrowers, which would lead to a rapid reduction in the scale of loans granted.

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Great to share interesting question! I think there is not only single factor of as mentioned in the question as religious extremism or deviation in the behavior of some people or policies leading to terrorism. There may be multiple factors depending on the situations and ecology of the area such as local area, boundings, affiliations, familial background, personals choices and options, situations, community factors, socio-cultural factors, sociolizational factors, peer influence and many more. similarly, it also vary from person to person, area to area, culture to culture, community to community, and region to region. Hence, religious extremism may be one of them but not for all.

Dr Shoaib

Ana Maria Arias Castaño Gracias por tu respuesta y tu interés en la pregunta. Ciertamente considero la pregunta que mencionaste sobre el contexto del PP. Hay contextos que son transversales a cualquier política, como considerar el territorio y el componente geográfico de los datos. Esta es una forma de facilitar el acceso a los datos y hacer transparente la formulación, implementación y evaluación del PP. Es un debate interesante. Muchas gracias por su respuesta.

It is recommended to follow one quite useful part of complex systems modelling methodology: agent based modelling. There might be different types of agents, some in a few copies like politicians, other in larger numbers like society cliques. There might be defined engagement rules among different types of agents.

Dirk Helping is definitely having research on societal interactions. The seminal book on agent based modelling is by Illachinski: Artificial War. There is explained how to program agents to achieve their desired behavior.

Entropy measures can be used to classify the mode of behavior of the system. Each system undergoing a phase transition express it in changes of entropy even when globally there is nothing substantial to observe!

Multiplier impact: consumption

SMEs are the engine of the economy. These companies need more attention.

Dear Carmem Fruhauf de Oliveira,

Your research idea is very interesting. I am sharing my thoughts on it. As mentioned in your question, I consider a game between the government and a potential teacher and it proceeds as follows.

Suppose the government arranges for training and the teachers decide to participate. Now the government must choose the amount of investment. This will create a level of teaching skill which, along with teacher's effort, will become input to produce a particular quality of a good, say 'teaching'. This good will have public good characteristics for the students. On the other hand, a teacher will get a fixed income but only after completion of the training period i.e. in future period. So he will discount his future utility to obtain utility in the present period. But if he does not participate in training, he can still get a job (may be as a contractual teacher) instantaneously but at a lower salary and will produce a low quality public good.

If the government does not invest in training then it will spend that amount in some other development projects which will yield some level of social benefits. In that situation, if a teacher opts for teaching job he will get a lower salary (compared to what he would be getting as a trained teacher) and will produce an inferior quality of the public good (teaching service).

The government, being a social planner, will take decision through maximizing social welfare which will include the payoffs of all the agents, whereas, a teacher will decide by maximizing his own utility.

This is merely a draft of what I thought. You can build a model considering suitable functions and solve it.

With regards,

Tilak Sanyal

The lockdowns introduced to specific industries and sectors of the economy, mainly to enterprises and companies operating in the tourist services sector, were aimed at slowing down the development of the pandemic, i.e. social transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus, reducing the scale of the number of infections of citizens with Coronavirus and reducing the number of people seriously ill with Covid-19 disease. In this way, the risk of failure of health care institutions was reduced, i.e. the risk of a situation in which there would be a shortage of beds in hospitals, ventilators, oxygen, etc., was reduced. On the other hand, the lockdowns introduced significantly increased the scale of the recession in the economy, which occurred to the greatest extent in the 2nd quarter of 2020. In addition, as part of the nationwide quarantine and the implementation of various anti-pandemic measures and instruments, certain restrictions were imposed chaotically without thorough research and analysis of the impact of specific anti-pandemic security instruments on the scale of the pandemic development. For example, during the first wave of the pandemic, i.e. in April 2020, together with other anti-pandemic safety measures and instruments, as part of crisis management during the first national quarantine, a ban was also introduced to enter city parks and forests. Citizens very quickly criticized such a solution on social networks, pointing out that instead of improving the pandemic situation, such a solution may have the opposite effect, i.e. a decrease in the overall resistance of the body to various external factors in a situation of long-term stay at home without the possibility of active rest and / or physical activity outdoors, including in city parks and / or forests. Due to strong criticism of this type of government actions by citizens, such anti-pandemic restrictions were quickly lifted. Criticism from citizens appeared mainly on social networks. It was a substantive, sarcastic and mocking criticism, and consequently effective. However, on the other hand, the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic on the scale of 2020 appeared for the first time. At the beginning of the 1st wave of the pandemic, it was not known what the scale of the global economy recession would be. The first forecasts of a decline in the economic growth rate, which appeared at that time, forecasted a recession of a dozen or so percent in the economy for 2020. Therefore, in the framework of the first such large-scale instruments of anti-pandemic security and crisis management, errors could occur, which were usually not repeated during subsequent anti-pandemic restrictions introduced during subsequent national quarantines introduced during subsequent pandemic waves.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Dear Vladimir Fagundes,

Thank you for answering the question:

How to increase the efficiency of state delivery of public goods?

You indicated the key factors of improving institutional solutions for creating and offering public goods to citizens and the important factors of developing cooperation between institutions of the public and private sector.

Thank you, Greetings,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Dear Dariusz Prokopowicz Environmental degradation, ecological imbalances, and loss of biodiversity have occurred throughout the world. There is intense pressure on natural resources. One way is to alleviate such pressure. The second approach relates to implementation and adoption of government supported participatory community approach; this will enhance effectiveness of programs related to protection of environment, ecosystem and biodiversity.

Best regards, AKC

In 2019, the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development adopted a new set of evaluation criteria for development projects and programs. The six evaluation criteria are (a) relevance (Is the intervention doing the right things?); (b) coherence (How ell does the intervention fit?); (c) effectiveness (Is the intervention achieving its objectives?); (d) efficiency (How well are resources being used?); (e) impact (What difference does the intervention make?); and (f) sustainability (Will the benefits last?). The OECD-DAC criteria (rather than the "models" this query alludes to) are eminently appropriate to measure the effectiveness of public programs (and are used as a matter of routine to evaluate development projects and programs around the world).

welfare...Zeilinger, B., & Reiner, C. (2020). Trajectories of Reforming European Welfare State Policies under the Post-2008 Socio-Economic Governance Regime. In The State of the European Union (pp. 215-256). Springer VS, Wiesbaden.

Dear Dr. Dariusz Prokopowicz ,

today 18 March is World Recycling Day.

World Recycling Day was established in 2018 by the Global Recycling Foundation.

The anniversary of 18 March celebrates the importance of recycling and at the same time aims to raise awareness of citizens and institutions in protecting the environment. The correct differentiation of waste makes them come back to life, with the mission of safeguarding our Earth.

An anniversary, therefore, dedicated to celebrating the importance of correct waste separation in order to create a circular economy that enhances resources and protects the future of the planet. A green goal strongly reaffirmed also by the constraint placed by the European Union in the Next Generation EU. In fact, a large portion of the post-Covid-19 funds to be distributed to individual states is bound to policies and economic choices aimed at the ecological transition, at a strongly and truly sustainable change.

For more details, please see at: https://www.globalrecyclingfoundation.org/

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

Growth as it aims to impact Aggregate Demand

In my opinion, within the framework of a specific public policy, it is possible to direct economic development in a specific direction. Through a specific interventionist socio-economic policy, it is possible to direct the development of the economic system to obtain the character of a more sustainable economic development, taking into account more pro-environmental goals of sustainable development. The issue of changes in the level and structure of consumption, this is the issue of influencing the change in the purchasing habits of consumers and the lifestyle of citizens, etc. Among other things, it is, for example, influencing citizens through social campaigns to purchase pro-ecological products, food products produced from organically produced agricultural products products packed in biodegradable plastic substitutes so that they use electricity generated from renewable energy sources, so that they choose electromobile vehicles instead of those powered by internal combustion engines, etc. specific pro-ecological socio-economic policies. Thanks to the pro-environmental state intervention conducted in this way, in the future there will be changes in lifestyle and changes in the purchasing behavior of citizens. However, the scale of these pro-ecological economic reform processes and the scale of the pro-environmental intervention implemented by the state, including those allocated for the development of pro-ecological policies from the state finances, is still too small. Due to the still growing scale of environmental pollution, the still high level of greenhouse gas emissions, declining green areas, including forests, unfavorable changes in natural ecosystems, unfavorable climate changes and their effects, etc., it is necessary in the next few years to significantly increase the scale of the pro-environmental state intervention. However, for this to happen, it is necessary to increase the pro-environmental, general social awareness of citizens.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In order for the pro-ecological transformation of the traditional brown economy to a sustainable green economy / circular economy to run smoothly, it is necessary to increase the scale of implementing the principles of sustainable development, develop social environmental (ecological) responsibility, carry out pro-environmental reforms, create and implement eco-innovations in economic processes, etc. in various sectors. and economic sectors. In addition, the process of achieving the sustainable development goals should be carried out in the formula of integrated, correlated pro-environmental processes of implementing green business ventures and investment projects implemented in various industries and sectors of the economy. It is necessary to develop pro-environmental state intervention, under which the state should inspire, co-finance, motivate and integrate the implementation of green economic ventures.

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Much has changed in the economy over the past few months due to the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic. Construction industry companies received financial public aid. Therefore, the construction investments started in previous years could be completed in 2020. Consequently, the construction sector was one of those sectors where many jobs were saved despite the economic crisis.

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I think it is timelessly relevant because fragile post-partheid blance of forces. There is the misconception that the ruling party is a party of the poor but in truth it is a party of the elite ant the middle class whose strategy is to occasionally placate the poor. As a result, It's hold on power relies on co-opting the middle class and using it as a shield against the aspirations of the poor. i.e The more people who enter the middle class, the less people with a material interest in a change of power

Susanne: I think it would be helpful to those of us who receive this request if you clarified your research question and also the goals of your research. There are different studies on how international law is adapted in domestic contexts and why as well as on the enforceability of international law, studies on how "legal culture" and formal law interact with each other, as well as institutional studies of bureaucracies and how they implement/distort policy, as well as basic political science studies on the sources of policy and hurdles/barriers to implementation based on multiple factors including problems in legal drafting, ideologies, etc.. Each of these is an entire subfield. Attached are titles of a couple of pieces of mine that you can find at their source or on my Research Gate site that you might find interesting that offer some examples; one on the conflict between the UN's SDGs and actual international law, one on how to create accountability for international development law where none exists, and another on the discipline of economics and how an entire discipline today is in conflict with international law. Each of these three also has solutions.

“Testing the Global Community’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Against Professional Standards and International Law,” Consilience, Spring 2017.

On line at: https://consiliencejournal.org/article/testing-the-global-communitys-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-against-professional-standards-and-international-law/

“Is Economics in Violation of International Law?: Remaking Economics as a Social Science,” Catalyst: A Social Justice Forum, 2018, Vol. 8, Issue 1, Article 6 , pages 95 – 260 (90,000 words) Available at: http://trace.tennessee.edu/catalyst/vol8/iss1/6

“We Now Have the Tools and Infrastructure to Hold Donors and NGOs in International

Development to their Own Standards,” Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Evaluation,

2018, Volume 14, Issue 31, pages 61-83. On line at:

http://journals.sfu.ca/jmde/index.php/jmde_1/article/view/506/459

Dear Kidanemariam Gebregziabher Gebrehiwot,

Thank you for the kind words and the positive recommendation of the topic taken on the RG discussion forum. You have added to our discussion important issues and examples of activating investments as part of pro-development socio-economic policy implemented in Ethiopia. The examples given by you perfectly match the issues of anti-crisis and pro-development programs of motivating the private sector to investments through specific financial instruments of the public sector discussed in this discussion.

Have a nice day, Stay healthy! Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Olá, meu portugues no e o melhor, eu estive no Brazil meio ano, e foi bolsista da CAPES, mais escrever fica complicado para mi agora. Eu vou responder vc em espanol, ta bom?

Entiendo perfectamente su punto de vista sobre seguridad ciudadana y democracia. En relación al tema de vulnerabilidades, estamos trabajado la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica local, y los factores que la inducen a ella, para el diseño de polítias públicas que los mitiguen.

Estamos empleando para ello los mapas conceptuales neutrosóficos y los números neutrosóficos. Ya hemos avanzado en ello, pronto saldrá una publicación al respecto.

Estás haciendo el doctorado, y dónde?. En lo que pueda ayudarte, aquí estoy. Mi correo personal sfortezarojas@gmail.com

Saludos

Dear Catherine,

I enclose two articles in which there is a relationship between public policies and social economy.

You will find that they are written in Spanish so in case you need any help do not hesitate to let me know.

Latin America is a region that is progressing every day in the empowerment of female household leaders through microcredits and this trend is in line with the objective of reducing poverty.

I hope the material can be useful.

Interesting, associated with the special issue of any journal?

Anna, for your convenience, I added the file. Best regards, Imre

That is comforting. Thanks. I should imagine budget plays a big part in it.

Perhaps if you could lobby other members to work together to approach their own home institutions to coordinate a funding of the work needed, it would then happen. Individually it could cost each of them very little in the way of a donation... perhaps supplemented by a per institution periodic charge to cover operational, maintenance and admin costs allocated to the facility and for any additional product licence fees specifically incurred by RG in creating the facility.

Additionally, you could speak to your IT colleagues, and then enter a question along the lines of:

"Given what you know about the IT environment upon which RG relies, what would be the technical requirements to implement a RG UI that provided individual institutions, and their registered RG users, with the capacity, on-demand, to draw out statistics about their own institution's use of RG, at the aggregated levels for instance of endogenous labs, research groups and institutes?"

Dear Dr Dimitar Ognyanski , interesting question. I do not think civic activities can be brought through certain platforms. Few activities are absorbed by people voluntarily without any force but few other activities need little force/pressure- in the interest of the entire society. Warm regards Yoganandan G