Psychology - Science topic

Certainly, providing references to support your decision to use self-esteem as the sole measure of the psychological dimension of women's empowerment can strengthen your research rationale. Here are some references and key studies that you can use to support your choice:

By referencing these key studies, you can build a strong argument for using self-esteem as a measure of the psychological dimension of women's empowerment and demonstrate that your approach is grounded in existing literature and research practices.

Provided, the research is within my institution policy, i am willing to collaborate.

Can i have more info please?

And, i am an occupational therapist.

@ Dr. Chen, Thank you for consulting with AI bot on behalf of me. It's interesting!

It's great to hear that you're interested in Indian Psychology! It's a fascinating field that combines traditional Indian wisdom with modern psychological theories. Here are some recent advancements, book recommendations, and information on universities offering courses in Indian Psychology:

Remember that the field of Indian Psychology is evolving, so staying updated with current literature and engaging with experts and researchers in the field will help you further your understanding. Also, consider reaching out to universities and professors specializing in Indian Psychology for more specific guidance and recommendations.

Rashika Shukla please check our journal- however it is interdisciplinary. https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJBS/index

The long-term effect and trauma of experienced poverty (lack of basic life resources) in early childhood (pre-school) on the mental health of adults.

Nutan kanth Kanth

In the marketing research we have done, we analyzed the reactions of consumers to the stimuli measuring their BIS/BAS index based on our patented method of EEG signal processing.

In well-prepared studies, I believe one can associate the "feeling right" state with a BAS reaction associated with arousal.

Thank you Antonio, very helpful.

To be honest, these are questions that you should address with your supervisor. The n-back task is not optimal for isolating updating, because a lot of things are happening at the same time when you have to update the target in WM (e.g., you also have to remove the previous target, etc.). Yoav Kessler has developed a more elaborate version, called the "reference-back task", which can disentangle a number of processes related to updating working memory content.

Hi,

Treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy can lead to cognitive decline, memory issues and emotional changes. Quality of life can be improved through cognitive rehabilitation, psychological support and symptom management.

Hope this helps.

See attached

See "How do I edit my research item's details?" in https://explore.researchgate.net/display/support/Reviewing%2C+featuring%2C+and+editing+your+research for instructions.

To compare the qualitative results of psychological barriers to students speaking before and after an experiment and show the impact of a tool, you can follow these steps:

Pre-experiment qualitative assessment: Before implementing the specific approach, conduct a qualitative assessment to understand the psychological barriers that students face when speaking in English. This assessment can involve interviewing students, conducting focus groups, or using surveys to gather their perspectives and experiences.

Implement the specific approach: Implement the specific approach designed to address the psychological barriers. This could involve various strategies such as providing language support, creating a supportive learning environment, or offering additional practice opportunities.

Post-experiment qualitative assessment: After the implementation of the specific approach, conduct a post-experiment qualitative assessment to evaluate the impact of the tool on the students' ability to overcome psychological barriers and become more confident in their English-speaking abilities. This assessment should include similar methods as the pre-experiment assessment to gather students' feedback and experiences.

Compare and analyze the results: Compare the qualitative data collected before and after the experiment. Look for patterns, themes, and changes in students' perspectives, experiences, and self-perceived confidence in English-speaking. Analyze the data to identify any shifts, improvements, or differences that can be attributed to the specific approach implemented.

Present the findings: Present the findings of the qualitative analysis, highlighting the impact of the specific approach on addressing psychological barriers and improving students' English-speaking abilities. Use quotes or anecdotes from student interviews or focus groups to illustrate the changes observed. Discuss the implications of the findings and how they support the effectiveness of the tool in overcoming psychological barriers.

Note: Qualitative assessments and analyses are subjective in nature and rely on interpretations of participants' experiences. It is important to ensure the validity and reliability of the data collection methods and to consider any potential biases in the analysis process.

Prof Stephen David Edwards is correct in my opinion, normally women are more empathic an compassionate. Therefore mind has gender as I wrote the article below: 18TH CENTURY ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT'S FALSE CLAIM THAT "MIND HAS NO GENDER"

Rigby won’t comment on the telescope’s name. But her support for LGBTQ+ astronomers is clear. Rigby was a founding member of the AAS Committee for Sexual-Orientation and Gender Minorities in Astronomy, which works to promote equality for LGBTQ+ astronomers within the field; has co-organized conferences on making astronomy more inclusive; and authored a recent white paper urging the astronomy community to address diversity, inclusion and harassment. A current priority is making sure trans people feel safe and welcome.

Rigby doesn’t want to be pigeonholed as “the gay astronomer.” She knows her contributions to astronomy extend far beyond any particular group. But she says the leadership skills, resilience and ability to shift her perspective that she has learned through living and organizing as a member of the LGBTQ+ community have made her a better astronomer. They’re skills she transfers to her role as a leader at NASA...

What is the best definition of creativity?

Creativity is defined as the tendency to generate or recognize ideas, alternatives, or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems, communicating with others, and entertaining ourselves and others

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Every coin has to side. . so is with creativity. but the objective is to see positive side and make positve impact. it is human psychology to use it for different purpose that may be harmful and termed as dark side of creativity.

There is another perspective of it that may be stated as : Variously referred to as malevolent or negative, dark creativity uses the creative process to do something socially unappealing and guided by self-interest. You might not intend to harm someone else, yet harm is often a byproduct of your actions.\

Few psychological traits are as desirable as creativity — the ability to come up with ideas that are both novel and useful. Yet it is also true that creativity has been associated with a wide range of counterproductive, rarely discussed qualities. Being aware of these tendencies is important for anyone trying to better understand their own creativity, or that of other people.

First, research has established a link between creativity and negative moods. You don’t have to be depressed to be creative — and it’s important to note that crippling depression is more destructive than generative — but it is true that there is some empirical backing for the stereotype that artists tend to be depressive or suffer from mood swings. As Nietzsche once noted: “One must have chaos in oneself to be able to give birth to a dancing star.” On average, people who are very emotionally stable may be too happy to feel the need to create. After all, if the status quo is fine, why change it?

Second, the very thinking patterns that define the creative process and help lead to original thinking can have a maladaptive side. For example, creativity requires the inability to suppress irrelevant thoughts and inappropriate ideas. And creative thinkers also tend to have poorer impulse-control.

YOU AND YOUR TEAM

More recently, creativity has also been associated with dishonesty, presumably because it enables individuals to creatively distort reality. That is not to say that creative people are necessarily unethical. Rather, their lower tolerance for boredom and conventionality, and their more vivid imaginations, equip them with more sophisticated mental tools to both self-deceive and deceive others.

It should be noted that this ability can often be deployed in the service of others. Outstanding entrepreneurs may be able to use such skills to convince others of their vision. (Remember Steve Jobs’s famous “reality distortion field”?) Perhaps entrepreneurial talent requires a certain ability to see something that isn’t there — something for which there’s no evidence yet — and turn it into a compelling vision, as well as products and services, for others.

Research has also found that creative individuals are often more narcissistic, and that narcissism can actually boost creative achievements. This makes intuitive sense. Narcissistic people are focused on themselves, and naturally spend more time focused on developing their own ideas and less time worrying about pleasing other people. However, it’s important to note that narcissists tend to think that they are more creative than they actually are, and most people are unable to evaluate creativity accurately — so it could also be that observers are just more easily deceived by individuals who seem more confident and enthusiastic about their own ideas. In line, research shows that even when narcissistic individuals are not more creative, they are better able to sell their ideas to others, creating, in effect, a self-fulfilling prophecy. (This is consistent with the finding that narcissism often correlates with leadership, including when leaders are visionary or entrepreneurial.)

Even seemingly desirable creative qualities often present more problems than opportunities for the person who incarnates them. For example, take nonconformity – a necessary prerequisite of creativity. We may idolize rebels in popular culture, but in daily life we pressure these disruptive misfits to get with the program. Likewise, although the idea of embracing risk and tolerating failure seems cool and sexy, the natural human tendency is to preserve the status quo and make our environments as predictable and familiar as possible. Truly creative people are therefore often perceived as a threat.

Of course, the bright side of creativity tends to eclipse its dark side. At the individual level, creativity has been linked to a wide range of positive emotions, such as flow, engagement, and subjective wellbeing. When people are assigned to meaningful jobs and given autonomy over their work, they will unleash their creativity and enjoy all its benefits. At the team level, coordinated group behavior and interpersonal synergies turn creativity into actual innovation, the practical side of creativity. And at the organizational and societal levels, creativity provides the seeds of change and progress. Without creativity, we would be still living in the dark ages.

But if creativity were as uniformly desirable and attractive as most writings on the subject suggest, it would happen more often, and without adverse consequences for creative minds. Too many of us simply want to “boost our creativity” without acknowledging the dark places it often comes from — or the challenging places it may take us. The reality is that creativity is both taxing and complicated. as quoted by by

The disciplines in accounting and finance that examine how psychology affects accounting and finance phenomena are:

1. Behavioural Accounting

2. Behavioural Finance

Some academic journals publish good research on the intersection of psychology with accounting and finance

They are professional, praxeological or applied sciences, where ethical principles and proper, professional practice are more relevant. Errors may have life and death implications. Therefore, practitioners stay closer to the concrete and the empirical, to minimize mistakes and optimize safe practice, protect themselves from litigation as well as their own malpractice and most importantly prevent illness and promote health.

Interesting! What research, which population?

Psychological Capital is defined as “an individual’s positive psychological state of development” (Fred Luthans, et al., 2007) which is characterized by having high levels of HERO; the four elements of Hope, (Self-)Efficacy, Resilience, and Optimism.

Education requires special qualifications that are not available to everyone

Yes, I have designed several tests.

And this is based on the well-known test of Prof. Dr. Nosrat Pesseschkian, founder of Positive Transcultural Psychotherapy.

There are several Excel based and programmed questionnaires with a graphical result.

E.g.: the life tree (childhood situation and consequences); 2) life situation today with strengths and challenges; 3) Emotional Intelligence; 4) Resilience skills: 5)Archetypes of the non-adult man (or woman); 6)Archetypes of the woman according to the 6 Greek Goddesses; 7) Autonomia; 8) Balance Model; 9)The 49 Love Qualities; 10)The 9 First Values of four hundred (in priority); 11)The 11 Thought Types and the 6 Feeling Types; 12)The Personality Diamond; 13)Messages of Feelings.

This test can be ordered with pleasure with me.

Preston Guynn wrote: "By his statement, Einstein ignored everything about mass and gravity likely because he so badly wanted the equivalence of inertial and gravitational action that his hypothesis depended on. Further, Einstein wrote "Masses which are sufficiently far from each other and from other bodies are then , with respect to K, free from acceleration", which again is horrendously wrong." My question is, How do you define the word "acceleration"? In my interpretation of Einstein, he uses the word "acceleration" to refer to the fact that the planetary bodies are displaying what Newton refers to as "inertial motion," which simply means that they are neither speeding up nor slowing down in their respective orbital patterns. Both Newton and Einstein focus on the cosmos of the solar system, moreover; therefore, it would appear to me to be premature to ascribe to their theoretical formulations applicability to distant galaxies, or, indeed, even to our Milky Way. Here, interpretation is of the essence.

No offense to Brandon Thomas, but I would not use Hergenhahn. His book is too prone to errors. See attached article for a few examples and I could add others. Now, the attached is somewhat dated, but editions after he might have corrected some of the errors he had not done so. Also, I retired from teaching years ago, and the only textbook I have seen in recent years, which I do recommend, is Fancher and Rutherford's Pioneers in Psychology (5th Edition, 2017). Fancher (older male) is a long-established historian of psychology and Rutherford (younger female) is a rising star whose specialty is history and theory of psychology. I will close by saying I have many publications in HoP broadly defined to include behavioral neuroscience, and I taught gradate-level HoP for 18 years and at the undergraduate level, maybe, 5-7 times. All my publications, if anyone wants any, are listed at:

Email any requests or questions to rkthomas@uga.edu

I might be wrong, but I think parents overshadow their children now. When I was a child, we used to go out as a group and no-one at home really knew where we were or what we were up to!

I went to boarding school at the age of 11 and was able to stick up for myself, from what I remember.

When we think, we may unconsciously speak in our minds, which makes people mistakenly think that the thinking process is language, but in fact, whether it is the thinking process or other psychological processes, It's physicochemical, it's electronic pulse, biochemical reaction, the mental process is not language, we just express it in language. Language and thought processes are often tied together, and they are difficult to separate, but they are not the same thing. Just like we have a name, but the name itself is not us, it's just our representation, it just represents our language.

Can scientists retake epistemology?

If there is anyone here with substantive thoughts on this subject, I would like to hear from you.

But please do not feed the troll. It will just prolong his stay.

There are actually two answers to this question (at least). If by psychology we mean "clinical psychology" - which these days essentially boils down to evidence-based therapies such as CBT, then there will be a certain need for it in so far as professional practitioners are required to stand as bulwarks against charlatan therapies. As for the effectiveness of clinical psychology, that is an unknown. It depends more on the clients, whether they are susceptible to non-pharmacological (or other direct medical) interventions. As for "psychology" in the broader sense, understanding who we are as human beings, ranging from the behavioral to the metaphysical, psychology in the traditional sense will probably become subsumed under the broader field of neuroscience, where neuroscience approximately ranges from physiology to cognitive behavior.

Yes, it is. So are hair color, body build, VO2max, lactose tolerance, degree of near- vs. far-sightedness, and any other 'variable' you care to name.

„Life is not always a matter of holding good cards, but sometimes, playing a poor hand well.“ — Jack London

Jil Ullenboom Thank you for providing this article!

Dear Ilan,

Thank you very much for taking your time on the question and sharing your thoughts.

I have read them with great interest. Do I get it right that your main point is doomers reduces energy and motivation for activating change management?

What do you think about Bendell's approach of almost total annihilating doomers, but opening the door to deep adaption as climate mitigation in his view is futile? Cherish your input.

Dear Dr. Wahid Khan

Could it be today the "Happiness Economy" that would lead a Country to the podium of being the happiest? Or it could not be a Country but a Region of a certain Country with initiatives of “Economy of Happiness? We are facing a new Global scenario, it is no longer the time of our parents or our past time. Today we are much more "active" in many things that did not even cross our minds before, we know that it is not convenient to pursue development and economic growth if production and consumption increase at the cost of reducing the well-being and happiness of being human beings and we know that crises and conflicts worsen any goal, we also know that pleasure or the wealth of the world should not be confused with true happiness and that additional income does not contribute to giving us more happiness. Today the happiness indices of many countries are compared by also examining the Happiness Economy and the current situation of the Happiness Economy as well as its prospects for the future are always on the table as well as the measures that can be adopted to improve happiness indices in the Society. The common denominators are well-being and good living and for this the ideal would be to have high income, relatively low levels of "economic inequality" and high levels of trust and respect because the different dimensions of well-being or happiness need safer means and environments in the personal and economic within human performance and one of those components is also physical and mental health "mens sana in corpore sano". It is also true that any interpersonal relationship in the political, economic and social spheres based on the logic of competition can trigger "human anxiety" and "human distrust" for this reason it is desired that all interpersonal relationships be "more horizontal", mutually respect and recognition because this is how happiness and well-being are promoted, but it is convenient to start by applying all this to people we consider "nearby" because they are supposed to give us more security in life.

https://twitter.com/Ab_O_Atash/status/1638277052473442304/photo/1

perhaps, one should reduce the emphasis that has empowered the category of neuroscience as if it were THE science approaching what are human beings as compared to animals...

Under this focus, the psychologist will merely be the scientist aiming at understanding humans through knowledge of brain activity. Obviouslyit is merely a part of the question... unable to define any representant of psychological science.

A question of specific definition, once again...

So how do you study " common psychology"? Do you think psychology should be divided into "common psychology" and " individuality psychology"?

Religious freedom belongs to our sphere of personal jurisdiction in the sense that it is up to us to choose our religious orientation. Or, as Dr. António José Rodrigues Rebelo says, "religious freedom is a fundamental right that allows each individual to choose their own beliefs and practice their religion according to their conscience." Religious freedom is a hallmark of all countries where the political power and the religious power have nothing to do with each other. This is mainly typical of democratic and secular regimes. If political regimes imposes on their citizens a given religious orientation, then they are appealing to brainwashing and indoctrination, which is a sad reality in many countries across the world.

The psychological assessment is a very complex process and many internal and extraneous variables influence the output. It is impossible to control these variables but we need to optimize upto certain

extent to find consistent results. Controlling these variables are called fair assessment. Some of them are time of assessment, environment in which assessment is carried out, mental condition, sample breefing to the participant etc are few one...

Pietro Barbetta

OF course you don't (I would guess that -- for most). Read a lot of ME (my writngs, ALL here on researchgate) TO FIND THE WAY to understand.

A consensus among persons of a NOT-science community (a "consensus" which is actually a very crude, superficial, vague set of "agreements") means NOTHING to me. I have written over 1000 pages in Articles, papers, and essays on the details of my perspective and approach; and ALL of these are available on RG . Psychology is a largely a pretend science, worse than a pseudo-science -- because they hide the facts that their views and approaches have mere beliefs as their bases.

Debates that are had are superficial and facile AND continuing "questions" and "questioning" largely about unreasonable approaches (and thus, the "questions" are unanswerable). YET these are simply, in effect, the "bread and butter" of psych. professors (and of the students they allow to survive). Reminds me more of religion, than science. In short: most psychology is just claim, claim,. and more claims

(My answer translated by ChatGPT):

Porque busca establecer la confiabilidad de sus mediciones. Esto es cierto, ya sea que se use una metodología cualitativa o cuantitativa. Solo cuando se ha establecido la confiabilidad, se pueden obtener datos válidos.

S. Béatrice Marianne Ewalds-Kvist Thank you very much, God bless you

In Finland they are supposed to be 3 to 5%

Beatrice: Insightful response. Thanks.

Behaviour and expected behaviour of 'sufferer'. how they deal with life, their productivity.

But your question seems about who decides. Experiences can be understood through a wide spectrum but psychiatry understands it through a limited arc. Diagnosis creates the illness.

Grounded Theory. Develops based on data.

Nonparametric regression techniques, including kernel and local regression, can be used in psychology research. While they may not be as commonly employed as other regression methods in psychology, they can be valuable in certain contexts where the assumptions of parametric regression models may not hold or when researchers are interested in exploring non-linear relationships.

Kernel regression, also known as kernel smoothing or kernel density estimation, is a nonparametric method that estimates the conditional expectation of a dependent variable given an independent variable. It can be particularly useful when the relationship between variables is not expected to be linear and no specific functional form is assumed. Kernel regression uses a kernel function to weight the data points around the target point, producing a smoothed estimate.

Local regression, often referred to as locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) or LOESS, is another nonparametric regression technique that allows for the flexible modeling of relationships. It fits a separate regression model to each data point by giving more weight to nearby points and less weight to distant points. Local regression can capture non-linear patterns and is suitable for situations where the relationship between variables may change across the range of the independent variable.

While there may be less literature specifically focused on the application of kernel regression and local regression in psychology research compared to parametric methods, it does not necessarily mean they are not useful. The choice of regression technique often depends on the specific research question, the nature of the data, and the assumptions that can be reasonably made. Parametric regression models, such as linear regression or generalized linear models, are more commonly used in psychology due to their simplicity and interpretability. However, nonparametric regression techniques can be valuable when exploring complex relationships or when assumptions of parametric models are not met.

It's worth noting that the application of nonparametric regression techniques in psychology research may be influenced by factors such as the availability of specialized software, the familiarity of researchers with these methods, and the specific research traditions within the field. Nonetheless, when appropriate, nonparametric regression approaches can offer valuable insights into relationships that may not be captured by parametric models.

Traveling while having an open mind allows to see new perspectives, get new concepts and have a deeper understanding of human society. Its very rewarding for the ones seeking the truth to go to places where everything is different, that sort of shock is highly rewarding. Conditioning exists at all levels.

Mr Bhogaraju Anand sorry i have one question more, is job crafting suitable for banking? because as we know banking is very strict with regards to regulations. What can be crafted in banking? maybe you have references. Thank you

Achievement Goal Theory is a psychological framework that aims to explain how individuals' goals and motivations influence their behavior and performance in achievement settings. The theory suggests that individuals adopt different goal orientations or achievement goal orientations, which shape their behavior and responses to achievement-related situations.

Students with a mastery goal orientation are primarily focused on developing their skills, mastering new knowledge, and improving themselves. While students with a performance goal orientation are primarily focused on demonstrating their competence and outperforming others.

Developed by John Nicholls and Carol Dweck in the 1980s and has been widely studied in the context of education, particularly regarding academic achievement among students.

Hello Christof,

Path analysis is a common way of evaluating models such as the one you describe. Do note that, the moderating effect can be proposed to act on the IV-mediator relationship, or on the mediator-DV relationship.

Here's a link that explains the approach pretty clearly: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1404&context=pare

The fact that both the IV and proposed moderator are dichotomous has no impact on using path/regression estimation. The real question has to do with whether you consider your intent variable to be of interval strength or just ordinal strength, as is the case also for the proposed moderator, given that these are based on responses to one or more Likert-type response scales. If you ultimately decide that ordinal is the better characterization, then you'll need to analyze via a method which allows for that. Programs such as the commercial Mplus, or the freely available R system library, lavaan, are two examples which could be used.

Good luck with your work.

Interesting question !

The impact of AI on human creativity is a subject of ongoing discussion and research. While AI can assist and augment human creativity in certain ways, it is also argued that it might have some negative impacts on the human capacity for creativity. Here are a few perspectives on this topic:

While these concerns exist, it is important to note that AI can also be a valuable tool for inspiration, collaboration, and exploration in creative fields. It can provide new insights, generate novel ideas, and assist with mundane tasks, freeing up human creators to focus on higher-level creative thinking. Striking a balance between human creativity and AI assistance is crucial to leverage the benefits of both and foster a vibrant creative ecosystem.

yes. if you can construct and deliver a subjective well-formed question accurately to a test subject, and then measure eye movements for the "appropriate" timespan, a number could be generated.

Hello there! The questionnaire is an 7-item Likert scale (see pages 146 & 147 ) of the dissertation you are referencing. 1 represents "lehne deutlich ab," which translates to strongly disagree. 4 represents "weder noch," which translates to neither agree nor disagree. And 7 represents "stimme deutlich zu," which means strongly agree.

See https://www.amazon.com/Modern-Psychometrics-R-Use/dp/331993175X/ref=sr_1_1 and https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/Psychometrics.html .

Hello Dr. Tahan, I am interested in working with you but this topic is very new to me. currently, I am working on Adverse Childhood Experiences and Career maturity. If you are interested we can collaborate in our projects.

Weiner's attribution theory explains how people explain the reasons behind their behavior and others' behavior. There are two things that influence these explanations: 1) whether the cause is seen as being within a person's control or not, and 2) whether the cause is seen as being consistent or changing over time. Weiner's theory doesn't have a third element that's between controllable and uncontrollable, but it's worth noting that the controllability dimension can be divided into personal control (how much control the person feels they have) and external control (how much the person thinks the behavior is influenced by factors outside of their control).

Adopting a research tools means choose the instrument or scale adequate with context ..

Adapting means modify this scale according ton the environment or situation ..

They exist in complementarity . . . Art is Science, and Science is an Art, in my viewpoint.

Fascinating tidbit about Seligman above. I was not aware that's where the positive psychology movement originally comes from. It shines an interesting light on the movement itself because the anecdote about Seligman seems very sad. Perhaps the positive psychology framework can in part be understood as a form of personal struggle against depression, but also the process of pathologization more broadly. The roots of the movement certainly seem to bear a connexion with the 70's humanistic and post-modern/critical lines of thinking.

A supervisor of mine, Dr Allen Surkis, used to say that beneath every symptom there is the seed of health. I am guessing that in this sense, very few therapists out there do NOT make at least some use of positive psychology in their work. Perhaps symptoms/suffering and positivity/resilience should be viewed as a duality, or at least not as a binary.

It is not unusual that projective assessment material reflects attempts by the person to keep depression or distress at bay, via the use of manic/hypomanic or pollyannaish defenses. Those can be seen as "symptoms" I suppose but I think more productively as markers of internal struggle that can be made sense of (reflected, interpreted), perhaps even channeled in the direction of health. That being said, I share Dr Joy's concern regarding the more superficial nature (e.g., self-report) of the assessments in the field of positive psychology.

Your best bet is to take a standard measure that has been widely translated and translate it. The reason why I would aim for a widely-translated one is that this will make cross-cultural comparisons more likely.

Translating a measurement scale is a multi-stage process, involving multiple translators, focus groups etc. That's enough work in itself!

I would say from the USA standpoint it probably differs across universities to some extent. You can search ("PhD program timeline" AND "your university of choice here") and should find some sources that show the program requirements, qualifying exam, and dissertation requirements. Here is an example from University of Nevada (https://www.unr.edu/social-psychology/phd/program-details).

Statistics are necessary for detecting reliable trends in human thought, feelings, and behaviors. Thus, they are necessary for psychology when trying understand how humans function at various times and in varous contexts.

However, when seeking to help or understand an individual (either self or another), statistics may not be useful. This is because the individual is unique in a unique time and in a unique context. Statistical findings applied to a specific individual may become stereotypes.

Jerry waese

Thank you very much I have my own views & in this line I have expressed my publication which have been appreciated by well many for which I have no comment .

For your contribution I respect you .

Thanks

Thinking is our lifetime memory & we keep the same as a loving passage of our life journey . In this line some years back I have expressed my views in this respect which I submit herewith for your kind information

''When we start our morning our thinking starts suddenly as if the way of our life .It is the thinking area of our performance which may help to start our life for our action . But it not merely the thinking process as it has its roots in our mind.'

This is my personal opinion

Psychological distress or stress is a precursor to PTSD. Can you explain the word pre-displacement stressors. According to Mayo clinic the following are riskfactors: If I understand your word pre-displaced then it is a trauma and females are more vulnerable to PTSD than men.

" Experiencing intense or long-lasting trauma

Yes, there is research on the correlation between age and satisfaction with remote work. According to a study1, telework satisfaction was higher for middle-aged individuals compared to younger and older individuals. Another study2 confirms that age is a factor affecting the evaluation of telework. As for gender, a study3 found that 56% of female teleworkers had a positive perception of home-based telework compared to 45% of male teleworkers. Gender inequality in telework perception and preference was also observed in the study.

1- Analysis of teleworkers’ experiences, adoption evolution and activity patterns through the pandemic.

2- Perception and Preference for Home-Based Telework in the COVID-19 Era: A Gender-Based Analysis in Hanoi, Vietnam. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063179.

3- Sensitive Men and Hardy Women: How Do Millennials, Xennials and Gen X Manage to Work from Home?doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7020106.

Best Regards

Hello Ravisha,

If cases are randomly assigned to treatment condition, there's no reason that post-only design results should be considered uninformative.

Designs with pre-post measures can offer the added benefits of: (a) allowing for estimation of change (though unless scores are completely reliable, the change scores will be less reliable than either the pre- or post- score by itself); or (b) pre-scores can be used as a covariate, to adjust for randomly occurring differences across groups.

One noted threat to pre-post designs is that if the interval separating them is too short, the post-results, and therefore group comparisons, can be biased, especially with measures of affect.

Ultimately, the answer depends on what your target ES might be: If it is post-treatment differences across groups/conditions, then either design can contribute. You could estimate ES separately by study type to see whether inclusion of pre-test appears to account for differences.

If it is strictly pre-post change, then post-only designs can't contribute (again, though, note the caveats above).

Good luck with your work.

Hello Dr Yumna Ali

There are many journals which might fit with your criteria. I strongly suggest you need to be clear with your work/topic and that it matches the scope of a potential journal. As we both know - and also known to most future contributors to this discussion - there are many sub-areas of psychology, so it makes it even important to get the choice right.

The significant t-test for the interaction term in your model shows that the slopes of the two lines differ significantly. But at the 3 values of X that are shown in your results (x=-.856, x=0, x=.856), fitted values on the two lines do not differ significantly.

I suspect your output is from Hayes' PROCESS macro, and that -.856 and .856 correspond to the mean ± one SD. Is that right?

Why does it matter if the fitted values on the two lines do not differ significantly at those particular values of X? Your main question is whether the slopes differ significantly, is it not?

Yes I am interested c