Production Systems - Science topic

To reduce the impact of infectious diseases and predators on smallholder poultry production systems, a multifaceted approach is necessary. This includes implementing strict biosecurity measures to prevent disease introduction and spread, such as controlling farm access and practicing proper hygiene. Vaccination programs and disease monitoring are crucial for protecting poultry and detecting outbreaks early. Improving housing and infrastructure, such as constructing predator-proof facilities, helps mitigate predator threats. Diversifying farm activities through integrated farming systems provides alternative income sources and enhances resilience. Training and education on poultry management, vaccination, and hygiene are essential for farmers and communities. Access to veterinary services and extension support must be improved, along with providing financial support and risk management strategies to help farmers cope with losses. By implementing these strategies holistically, smallholder poultry farmers can safeguard their production systems and enhance their livelihoods.

You have posted 10(!) questions one after one. For each question you are supposed to express your own opinion for discussion. Instead you posted very general questions.

There are several modern production systems that are widely applied in factories around the world.

1. Lean Manufacturing: Lean manufacturing, also known as the Toyota Production System (TPS), focuses on reducing waste and optimizing production processes. It emphasizes continuous improvement, efficiency, and eliminating non-value-added activities. Techniques such as Just-in-Time (JIT) production, Kanban systems, and Kaizen events are commonly used in lean manufacturing.

2. Six Sigma: Six Sigma is a data-driven approach that aims to minimize defects and variation in manufacturing processes. It uses statistical analysis and quality management principles to improve process performance and reduce errors. The methodology typically involves defining, measuring, analyzing, improving, and controlling processes (DMAIC).

3. Agile Manufacturing: Agile manufacturing is a flexible and adaptive production approach that enables rapid response to changing customer demands. It emphasizes collaboration, quick decision-making, and efficient resource allocation. Agile manufacturing often involves modular production, cross-training of employees, and the use of advanced technologies to enhance responsiveness.

It's important to note that the selection and implementation of production systems depend on various factors such as the industry, product type, company size, and specific goals and requirements. Therefore, the "best" system can vary based on these factors, and it's crucial to assess and tailor the approach to the specific context and needs of each factory.

My dear friend Prof. Leandro Lima,

There will be no energy future for humanity in use of energy dependent on nature.

Humanity's only hope for maintaining consumption and development is with use of nuclear energy. In beginning based on nuclear fission until first sustainable reactors based on nuclear fusion are in full operation.

Without this, it will not be possible to dream of a promising future for humans on Earth.

Thanks for question,

Prof. Wiltgen

Hi,

I suggest you see the links on the topic.

Best regards

Dear Santanu Das ,

This journal is (used to be?) published by “ImperialOpen Publishing” and it seems that the whole website https://imperialopen.com/index.php/JPSMS/index is no longer functioning. Suspiciously little can be found about them. I think I found the owner https://www.zoominfo.com/p/Murat-Sarikaya/2645327288

He is present here at RG https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Murat-Sarikaya-2 and one of his projects is called https://www.researchgate.net/project/Journal-of-Production-Systems-and-Manufacturing-Science

Perhaps you can contact him to clarify the matter.

Best regards.

The meridian (chakra) is a chord expression form of life and self (Atman), involving the essence of life and self (Atman).

Dear Nafisa,

I think this may refer to better-known impact assessment methods in the phase of LCIA (Recipe, CML, Traci...) or normalization/weighting methods. By the way, I use Gabi, but that's how I feel. To my knowledge, OpenLCA uses 43 different LCIA methods. Best wishes, Viktoria

You might try deleting the current product system and make new flows, processes and product system. Seems like some mistake has been made in previous steps.

Thanks for your question on Rusitec. Before you start any practical application on using Rumen simulation technology, you will need to clearly understand how it works and the dynamics involved. These include; the nutrients required in the media, maintenance of anaerobic and the operation of continuous batch culture. Some scientists have tried using large scale batch fermentation simulating the rumen environment in the production of single cell protein (SCP) (similar to microbial protein synthesis) as a substitute of conventional protein sources such as beef and lamb but have encountered a lot of challenges due to the fact that SCP has a high proportion of nucleic acid material which has to be digested and metabolized through the Xanthine, Hypoxanthine, uric acid and allantoin pathway. With high levels of uric acid as intermediate metabolite you the risk of precipitating gout which crystallizes in the human body to sharp crystals that cause unbearable pain in the body. In the meantime, here are some good references from extensive work/review that was done by Czerkawski .

Czerkawski, J.W. 1976. Chemical composition of microbial matter in the rumen. Journal of the Science of Food Agriculture, 27:621-632.

Czerkawski, J.W. 1986a. An Introduction to Rumen Studies, Pergamon Press, Sydney.

Czerkawski, J.W. 1986b. Degradation of solid feeds in the rumen: Spatial distribution of microbial activity and its consequences. In: Control of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants. L.P. Milligan, W.L. Grovum and A. Dobson (eds), Prentice-Hall, New York, USA. pp 158-172.

Thank you for your response. In countries with low labor costs, the transformation process will be lagging behind in developed countries. In my country, we currently have a shortage not only of specialists, but of people to work in general. Covid is also a factor that influences the decision making to accelerate the transformation process. The fiscal policy of the state may also contribute to the situation that the cost of human labor exceeds the costs of robotic systems.

I'm afraid that there is some misunderstanding. There are two methodologies in Six Sigma: DFSS (Design for Six Sigma) for R&D projects (i.e. for new products/processes/technologies) and DMAIC (Define/Measure/Analyze/Improve/Control) for Engineering/Manufacturing/QC/Maintenance projects (i.e. for existing products/processes/technologies improvement).

Repeat attached search and see the relevant entries. D. Booth

Bernardo Villalba there may not be the direct effects and might be many indirect effects on the livestock.....

… Clearly, increasing resource productivity is the way to resolve conflicts between future development and heavy resource burdens … The primary requirement for long‐term resource productivity development is increased income levels leading to higher resource productivity …Gan, Y., Zhang, T., Liang, S., Zhao, Z., & Li, N. (2013). How to deal with resource productivity: Relationships between socioeconomic factors and resource productivity. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 17(3), 440-451.

mass production, manual assembly line.

Good day! I am just studying the influence of various fuels on the operation of a gas turbine, it would be interesting to look at the composition of your biogas. You can jointly write an article in a magazine on the operation of a gas turbine on your train

Depends on what you want to focus on, you may want to check the production text books, reservoir handbooks, and/or drilling books.

Thanks

Many businesses operating in sectors where sales revenue has decreased due to the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic, will report either financial losses or small gains in 2020 reports. The scale of the losses will be correlated with many factors. Among others, with the following factors:

1. The scale of correlation between the development of the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic and the consumption of specific types of products and services by citizens.

2. Possibilities of developing sales for citizens of particular types of products and services via the Internet.

3. The scope of time and the level of rigors for the introduced lockdown of the economy, i.e. the legally required temporary closure of shopping centers, service plants, restaurants, hotels, cinemas, museums, city parks, schools, kindergartens, offices, etc.

4. Scale of citizens' compliance with state-established anti-pandemic and sanitary safety instruments (eg wearing face masks, home quarantine, restrictions on the movement of citizens in public places, etc.).

5. Information policy shaped by public institutions and central states dealing with the sphere of public safety and health, and information on the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic disseminated socially through citizens on social media portals.

6. The level of financial support for enterprises operating commercially by the state, from the state's public finance system, in order to maintain their continuity of operation during the pandemic, despite the real decline in the scale of economic activity (as part of the interventionist socio-economic policy and the so-called Anti-Crisis Shields).

7. The period of the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic, the scale of the pandemic development rate, the number of new coronavirus infections and deaths caused by severe Covid-19 disease. Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

If you have the water quantity say 0ne grams, then you can first calculate the number of H2 molecules contained in the one gram mole of water= Avogadros number = one gram mole of hydrogen = 2.016 g/mol,

one gram mole of water= 18.01528 grams

So the ratio between H2 and water is

H2:water= 1/9

So, you can easily calculate either quantities if you have the other.

To produce one kg of H2 you need 9 kg of water.

To get one molecule of hydrogen you need two electronic charges 2q

The charge Q required to get one kilograms= 2qx no. of moles in one kilograms

= 2q x (1000/ 2.016 )x Avogadro number

with q= 1,6x10^-19 As and Avogadro number= 6.0221409e+23

Also every molecule needs a voltage to split it say Vsplit

The electrical energy required to produce one kilogram hydrogen= Q x Vsplit.

Vsplit minimum = 1.229 V

Practically one needs more than 1,229 V to split the water and the overvoltage required causes a conversion efficiency less than one.

Best wishes

You can review about ABB sensors to be put in some parts of the machinery to learn about its condition and also there are a lo of kind of sensors that can be used to monitor the process condition and review the variables of the process these sensors are then monitorized by a SCADA system and if you want to go further can be presented in a DCS system in order to convert the continuous signals into discrete one and to get a total monitoring and tendences to predict the system behaivour taking decition before a failure ocurs

Hello Oussama!

I advise you to use dynamic Bayesian networks. I think it is a very suitable method for dynamic systems.

Good luck

For example,

one could lessen the need of pepole contact to paper work by simply applying remote readers for 2D par codes and to get paper documents to work force tablets. Similarly, Near Field or RFID technologies could use to achieve the same.

Automated store and retrieval systems to lessen the need for workers to touch the containers the materials are stored into and so on:

And using of WMS to improve pandemic safety (this is one feature which is not too common, based on our previous literature findings on what one can find in WMS as functions and features):

Even sustainability issues are better in shape in WMS solutions at the moment:

For future work on considering on selecting the WMS solutions, pandemic safety should be one issue to look into too:

B.R.,

Ari

+1 Anju. "It is certainly not as simple as multiplying numbers."

The list could go on with 'technical uniqueness' - 'regional technical specificity', inconsistent time horizon, inconsistent allocation choices, etc.

But what is your goal ?

If I may Matteo, I invite you to read ILCD's handbook (more accessible than ISO, i.e. it's free to download and clearly specify the limits between ISO and ILCD). Even at this stage you may be able to understand inconsistencies within LCA's methodology. (Yeah, it's a deliberate profile photo). If you want to experience with modelling, OpenLCA may 'answer' this need (also free to download and use, but it comes without a database... again a lot of debates on data sources...)

As an engineer, I shared the same enthusiasm and was quickly disappointed when I realized I've been deceived about what we take for the 'most advance assessment methodology' during my thesis.

Hope it doesn't discourage you to try to understand the consequences of the products you design.

One strategy is to define variables as time intervals - if the time interval is used for something, then a variable is set to one, and you then pay the fee - or whatever - for this use. By starting with long time intervals the production planning problem may be easy to solve, as the number of variables is small. You then use that solution as a starting point for a new problem, in which the time-steps are, say, 1/2 or even 1/10th of the previous time interval; your previous solution is feasible in the new problems, which will help the solver to quickly find an optimum to the problem. If you re-iterate like this until you have as small a time interval that you want, your optimum will be the solution of the last problem. (This is a very simple way of performing a discretization procedure.)

My suggestion is to study the barriers,

to understand basis of the bigger picture in here :-)

B.R.,

Ari

The G´s in the 1st/2nd/3rd/ are preferred, but T7RNA-pol can also do its job without G´s in this position Although with a reduced yield (depending on the template/sequence). How long is your RNA? How much transcript do you need?

Sometimes it is cheaper to synthesize/order the RNA from a company.

OPT can be used to schedule bottleneck capacity in an efficient way. This schedule is the master for the demand placed on other capacities. In a nutshell when we try to crash a project or when the stem is procrastinated a lot we go for OPT techniques. It’s most commonly used in Job shop productions.

Welcome,

I think so. Now everything can be. Technology knows no restrictions.

Regards

Joanna

Keerthivasan Balakrishnan Here is some links for data

Note: all this data might not be clean. You might have to do a lot of processing

Dear Flavio,

That’s quite an ambitious and not that easy to answer question. However what comes up in my mind when it comes to food innovations (combined to agricultural innovations):

The so-called Food Valley in the Netherlands:

And France, this country has a strong history and reputation as well. See for example the following research centres:

INRA : National institute of Agronomic Research

CIRAD : Centre for International Cooperation in Agronomic Research for Development

IRSTEA : National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture

CNRS : French National Centre for Scientific Research (dedicated to fundamental research)

There are interesting examples of companies that focus on sustainability and have experience with (the acquisition of) start-up companies (like Soliance). See for example:

Dear Karun

My gross and personal definition of job scheduling, is:

The activity to organize people managing equipment, including type of equipment used, working either in line or in parallel for different products, with the same or different sequence, with different machine usage, different times and different volumes, in order to get the most efficient use of machinery which implies reduced idle time and rejects in each station, fastest speed of the production line, and good quality of final products

Hi Fitsum,

I'll have a look and see if I can find an alternative.

Regards

Martin

Thanks for your response

This is essentially the same problem addressed in mu paper "Adaptive submodel selection in hybrid models" doi: 10.3389/fenvs.201500058

The paper describes a strategy for changing the mix of submodels used to represent a complex system in response to the efficiencies and needs of the current components.

This extends the work described in the paper "Increasing model efficiency by changing model representations", which is availabe on researchgate. A mathemarical structure is developed in the supplementary data which might help (also on RG).

The best preparation is "Engaging". Graduate Engineering students have to be engaged in other to conceive. Innovative thinking can be harnessed when you put yourself in the environment that demands your effort or something new. New products or systems, be it sustaining or disruptive, solve one problem or the other, which can be detected by engaging. But engineers who only stay in classrooms and do not engage, find it difficult to think outside the box.

Oliver Hickman what we use the mainly the BRDU incorporation as a reporter. alternatively you can use EDU.

If you are looking for an easy, cheap and rapid system to make virtually any type of recombinant antibodies then its plant-based systems. The entry barriers in terms of skill and cost are super low. Here are some recent reviews / papers that you may find interesting.

Let me know if you are interested in this technology, i am happy to discuss ways for collaborations to get you started.

Cheers Markus

Presentation detailing basic premise of both and comparisons.

Thanks

There are a lot of studies around the globe on this particular topic, You may can google and find a lot of related stuff.

I would say that for herbivorous animals, the integration of pasture is a good way to reach a certain level of sustainability. If you develop grasslands in a good manner, you can store carbon (especially if the cattle effluent go directly in the soils), enhance biodiversity, potentially reduce GHG emissions. The matter is that it has to insure the cattle feeding resource also, to maintain a good level of productivity (in milk and meat). There exist many ways to develop grassland management skills and technics in order to reach a good level of productivity with pasture. Moreover, it can reduce the global costs for the breeder, compare to other aliments and breeding in buildings etc (effluent storage costs especially). By the way, pasture can be adopted partially, while keeping conventional sources of feeding also (silage forages, complementary aliments). Lots of things can be done

Dear Asmaa Laarif

I am interested on.

Today we participated on a conference animated by a ministry member to expose how to subscribe in the PRIMA call. It seems that it is interesting.

Regards.

You can try OpenLCA which is available here http://www.openlca.org/

You can export the results to excel. OpenLCA also provide the databases (free and paid), but you can always use your own data.

Regards,

Dhani

This is a very interesting question because this problem was universal one so that developing countries take this issue in consideration and planned seriously for what to do in the following years to face it ,here is i am putting a pending file related with this issue:

The main disadvantage of using foam fluid for fracturing is its stability and controlled rheology over time beyond a particular temperature. Due to increase in temperature, the foam present in the HF fluid system undergoes expansion and finally bursts, leading to unstable system, in addition to those mentioned by Ma Zhaoyang . For this, application of foam fracturing fluid is mostly limited to low temperature and water sensitive reservoirs.

I hope these two articles help you, and look for johnson's rule as well.

Nice

Dear Mr Kaushal

Achieving sustainability is usually the effect of creating large or small ecosystems that provide appropriate support for sustainable development. There is however no established definitions of "eco-systems", neither as natural systems nor as technological or business-oriented systems. Policy-makers and researchers are frequently using the term for many contexts, which may be confusing. WIth regards to sustainability definitions the UN goals from the Paris agreement give a better guidance than Brundtland's three perspectives of sustainability.

In the 5GEM project, radically increased connectivity provides sensor-equipped machines as well as iPhone-equipped machine operators with 5G (i.e. close to real-time = a few milliseconds latency) communication capabilities. The technological advances enable smarter work-place design as well as radically improved control mechanisms for machines. This allows for measurable increases in social as well as environmental sustainability.

During the last 7 years, Chalmers University of Technology has run a cross-disciplinary initiative for sustainable production which involves more than 250 Chalmers researchers and PhD students. Feel free to explore our website for inspiration on sustainable production/manufacturing. We always try to avoid loose sustainability definitions, but the UN goals really provide great challenges for the whole manufacturing research and industry community. Please feel free to interact with us regarding the 5GEM project or other ideas.

Kind regards,

Professor Johan Stahre, 5GEM project coordinator and former codirector of Chalmers Production Area of Advance

 First define your constraint within the process. Once you have your constraint identified then define the buffer that you want to maintain at or just before the constraint. That buffer will set the drum beat for the release of new jobs to the line. As the buffer goes down it should signal a release.

 It sounds like you are working in a high mix situation. Managing your bottleneck still will yield the best throughput results. 

Contract farming is better than collective farming for smallholder farmers. It address the price volatility problem as collective action mostly ex-post issues.

Dear Anna,

Achieving consistent and acceptable cost structures to satisfy all retailers is a great problem to the alliance. More so, satisfying all demands without backlogging poses a great challenge; especially for items with demand uncertainty.

Thank you José Vasconcelos-Raposo for your answer. Can you provide any sources, especially in the framework of the SPSS and Cobb-Douglas function?

A.J. I agree with you. I think agricultural subsidies or incentives will help. Even though the EU has reduced Cu and Zn levels, i don't think they are the only trace elements. Therefore if your idea is taken up, it will really do some good; provided there's no interference from the people who started the project in the first place.

Hope attached one is useful for you. Regards

Hi Armando,

Questions like yours get asked quite often on RG, and responses quickly go to specific technical suggestion of data types and algorithms. It is worthwhile first to think a bit more about what you are after, and clearly define your objectives. For that you first need to be clear on what land use is, including how it differs from land cover. Remote sensing is natively suited to determine land cover (water, soil, grass, etc.). Going from there to land use is already a big step (e.g., is a forest a natural forest or a production forest, or is a patch of water a natural pond or similar, or some artificial water body with a specific purpose). Hence you need some form of contextual analysis to go from cover to use, such as object-based image analysis (OBIA), though there are also many other techniques.

Now, your questions even goes beyond the above. What is “level of intensity”, specifically? Well, first of all, this will differ for different land use types. It could mean that if you have an agricultural land some form of crop rotation can be used – e.g., plant a different crop every year for 3 years, then leave it fallow for one year. This could be seen as intense use, and if you had 4 yearly satellite images taken at the right time in the phonological cycle (not in winter, for example), you could detect this. If, for example, you found that the field is not left fallow in the 4th year, maybe you could say that the use is too intense. However, if you had a system where 2 crops are planted on a field per year, you would already have to get more images to detect that dual use per year. Point is that you need a clear concept and definition of the types of land use in question, and what defines “intense” use. Only then can you determine the type of imagery you need (do you need RGB, or also NIR, what spatial resolution, etc.).

In sum, establish a clear concept and definition first!

Good luck, Norman

The following link may be helpful:

http://theinnovativeeducator.blogspot.com.tr/2011/09/25-incredible-assistive-technologies.html 

Dear Colleague.

At first, I suggest that you evaluate all the variables you have in such called dynamic system. Have you got the cause-effect process within each one those? What effect do you want to manage? Are there people's actions involved on such variables? How often do you want to evaluate them? May be you, by yourself, can model your process.

So, what are the effects that must managed? And what are de variables related to these effects?

Besides smooth flow of information, the process includes smooth flow of materials from suppliers, smooth production and smooth delivery to end customers.

4D Printing can be used in lean manufacturing since materials should be programmed to adapt in respond to environment situations. The rest should not be much different from 3D Printing 

Thank You Mr Hs Guruprasad.. Can you give me more details? How to do that ? Specially for creating different types of workload such as CPU intensive, I/O intensive and N/W intensive workloads.

You can study  the PROMETHEE for   multi-criteria decision making . It will help you.

Hi Ilaria,

Kassu already send you an extended lists of possible sources.

From a Quality point of view, I do like very much the APQP Automotive Industry Methodology: QFD, Product FMEA, Process FMEA; MSA, Process Capability Study/SPC study, Control Plan. It should assure that your process in under statistical control and has a good process capability to deliver quality product to the customers (a bit heavy methodology for many organizations, but …).

Environmental speaking, there is an ISO standard for this purpose: ISO 14044, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines. However, in my view, many times you do not need to do a full LCA, a simple consideration of the life cycle stages which can be controlled or influenced by the organization might be sufficient. For this purpose the organization may obtain this information directly or seek it from the supplier of the products and services. Information already developed for regulatory or other purposes may be used in this process. Typical stages of a product life cycle can include, for example, extraction of raw materials, design, production, transportation, use, and end-of-life treatment. The life cycle stages that are applicable will vary depending on the activity, product or service.

SA8000, available for download at Social Accountability International web site (http://www.sa-intl.org/) might be of interesting to you for social impact and they have good lines on how to interpret and apply it.

And if you want to make it really summarized, why not use CANVAS strategic model (1 page, available at http://www.canvaslms.eu/).

I used a model to research the influence of Sustainability/CSR programs in Organizational success (mediated by stakeholders satisfaction) for my PhD Thesis (framed on Stakeholder Theory and RBV) but looking back, it is a very heavy and quantitative demanding approach and is written in … Portuguese.

I wish you the Best.

Luis Fonseca

Make a model for each  country and compare fit of statistics.

Hi Guilherme, in my opinion such importance in the study of ANN is related to the cost of the variable prediction. As Ali told, nowadays there are a lot of applications of ANN, but results have to be proven (at least, models are coming rapidly and trying to predict interesting behaviors).  Perhaps some research on the area can help you! Cheers, M

Aim: to predict the success rate of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) using Artificial Neural Network (ANN).

Application: to assess the possible success rate of the treatment which could help the gynecologist to suggest the infertility patients who undergo fertility treatment for baby.

Aim: to investigate the potential of two types of intelligent learning methods, artificial neural networks and neuro-fuzzy systems.

Application: to estimate breeding values (EBV) of Iranian dairy cattle.

Aim: to assess the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba's (GB) extract against chemotherapeutic-induced reproductive toxicity using Neural Network Clustering (NNC) on two types of data: biochemical & fertility indicators and Texture Analysis (TA) parameters.

Strongly i agree.

Growing corporate power in agriculture has led to steadily rising prices for staples like meat, milk and eggs, while the farmer’s share of the consumer grocery dollar has fallen. F

As more consumers consider the environmental, health and social consequences of industrial food production, demand for sustainably raised foods is growing. According to the USDA, farmers are dedicating more and more land to organic production G in response to consumer demand, with total organic acreage increasing at a rate of 15 percent annually. F

Farmers' markets, food cooperatives, and community supported agriculture (CSA G) programs continue to grow in popularity, making local, sustainably produced food more available. These programs offer consumers the opportunity to put their dollars directly into farmers' pockets, cutting out cooperate middlemen and strengthening a regional food system. 

Intranet technology is already adopted by most of the system suppliers. The new trend is to use Enterprise Content Management Systems for sharing not only of documents but sharing of real-time dynamic production data. A good approach is to extend the existing functionality of existing CMS (like SharePoint) with additional Manufacturing Operations Management (MOM) functionality, such as ISA 95 objects, OPC, BAPI, etc.  

Any multi-objective problem consists of objective space, decision space and given parameters. If parameters are fixed, you can find optimal solutions. For any change of parameters, optimal solutions are changing, too. Therefore, some adaptive control of system behaviour, depending on parameters change, can be employed if the system should follow parameters change optimally.

See also work of the same authors in CIRP and ICAD conference in Korea