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Product Design and Development - Science topic

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I want to know your thoughts, experience and suggested literature on the topic of the best way to develop a new electronics product in today's world.
1. What are the steps a designer should take in the process of developing a new electronics product? Why? How?
2. What should he strive to accomplish in each development step? What should the results be?
3. What tools should he use to enchance his work?
4. Where can he learn more about the suggested development process?
Thank you all in advance for helping all the young and aspiring engineers with your knowledge
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A major key is to understand basic electronic fundamentals. This would provide a foundation for new products.
The YouTube video clips about electronics, labeled NDAcademy, provide that foundation.
The website "Electronics.FoxPing.com" provides links to those YouTube video clips.
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I want to know your thoughts, experience and suggested literature on the topic of the best way to develop a new electronics product in today's world.
1. What are the steps a designer should take in the process of developing a new electronics product? Why? How?
2. What should he strive to accomplish in each development step? What should the results be?
3. What tools should he use to enchance his work?
4. Where can he learn more about the suggested development process?
Thank you all in advance for helping all the young and aspiring engineers with your knowledge
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The standard for develoment is the ADDIE Model- Analysis, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate.
However, the "best" methodology would require you to use each step to its highest potential with assistance from the "best" people for each area as your resources.
For instance...
Analysis Phase. The purpose of this phase is to determine the need. To do this, you need to identify:
  • the problem you are creating this for (what problem are you solving for/trying to change? What are the key issues that prompt you to intervene?),
  • the impact of your solution/product (what specific productivity issues do you see? How this this problem impact your consumer?), and
  • what success looks like (how will you know when you are successful?)
This is basically the gap analysis.
Then, once you have these sorted, you will have to relate them to the target audience in a bit more detail by identifying the specific Target Audience(s) your product is intended for and how your solution/product will influence them.
For this, you will need to identify...
Target Audience. Who will use it specifically? This about positions, roles, responsibilities, basic demographics, etc.
Improvements. Where are they currently and where do you want them to be (be very specific)? If it's training you're creating, this could be their related knowledge, skills, and abilities (current KSAs and target KSAs). If it's a product you are developing, list what the target audience is doing currently (and inefficiently) compared to how they will be doing this through your improvement/solution.
This summarizes your task/needs analysis.
For the last part, design your plan for how you will get your audience to the desired outcome by creating categories. These will be your objectives.
Objectives. Objectives will act as waypoints for the journey. It is recommended to use SMART objectives here as that will provide the most detail. This is one of the most vital areas because it focuses your design phase, giving it targets to reach.
Measurement. Next, how will you measure success? Think about the tools you could use to measure phases of implementation and what that measurement looks like. How accurate/to what degree is considered successful? What timing is involved. (Side note, a good SMART objectives will already have this information).
Obstacles. And lastly, list any obstacles that could get in the way of your proposed solution. Your obstacles will generally fall under two main categories (the target audience and your development) with multiple subcategories. For the former, think about pre-requisite knowledge/skills the target must have and their accessibility to your solution. For the latter, think about your content/product development and what could inhibit you.
Once all of this is complete you are ready for the next phase- Design.
Sounds like a lot, right? But don't worry. With the right Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) involved to help you with the need and content, you can pretty much design anything in any field. I've personally created solutions for areas as varied as Ford, the Girl Scouts of America, Amazon, Fulton Financial, Mircale Ear, and other major institutions in education, corporate tax, manufacturing, fashion, and small business. Each one used this process; each one was successful.
If you have any questions or need some resources to help get you started, please don't hesitate to reach out.
-Shawn
Shawn R. Lowe, PhD
Instructional Technology
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As we know in this pandemic, everything seems quite hard to control. I hope the researches could discuss and share their thoughts for researching at this time. Especially related in Industrial Engineering.
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As we all know that " Necessity is the mother of invention" . During World War II , whole world was facing scarcity in each and every field. then OPERATIONS RESEARCH taken birth. Like that COVID-19 , created disruption in all the functions of industries. So, each and every functions of industries can be tackle by Industrial Engineers and provide remedy through analytical approach.
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Research strategies in many institutions require to carefully investigating the future trends in disciplines. Other plans such as hiring researchers, establishing new labs, … are based on the how we look to the future of research and our understanding what others working in. I hope that researchers discuss this important issue and exchange the related experiences and knowledge.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI), operations research (OR) and modelling, supply chain (SC), robotics and renewable energy (RE).
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The focus would be to potentially use DSM to explore the dependencies and interactions between subsystems, where a subsystem may have several technology options available for Product Design/Development (PD).
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Mohsen - I was asking a question about SBD and not an answer on the human condition. I’m an engineer and not a designer. Good luck with your research.
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other than AutoCAD and Photoshop...
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Hi Maryam,
It depends on the type of packaging component being designed (material, manufacturing process, printing method, etc.) and the development phase (early concepts, refinement, control documentation, etc.). For example:
- Rhinoceros (for concept exploration and dielines)
- SolidWorks, Catia, Inventor (for assemblies and part design refinement)
- KeyShot (for rendering)
- Esko Suite
- ArtiosCAD (for dielines)
- Studio (for rendering)
- CAPE (for palletization, truck load, etc)
- Adobe CC (Illustrator, Photoshop) (for artwork and mapping)
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Arduino supposed to be utilized for prototyping smart ideas like as wearables, however, seems they are narrowing down to certain similar ideas... I guess it can lead to Design Fixation... What's your opinion?
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Design fixation is intrinsic to the designer's personality, capabilities, propensities, etc. and is independent of the immediate and present external world. All tools at some point become limited (and limiting) and they are eventually extended by the demands of those designers who are not anchored by them in their design creativity. In contrast to the "tool extenders" others may be trapped by comfort and success in using a specific tool, and often channel their creative trajectory by what the tool affords them. For example, following Koen Van Turnhout's example, most instructors in product design challenge students to keep sketching with the assumption that sketching is less limiting then CAD, at least in the morphological aspects. It is not always the case, but mostly true, at least with students at earlier stages. Same with Arduino, Fritzing may be more liberating, but then at some point someone will run out of canvas there and will need to extend to another tool (e.g. VHDL equivalent).
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Post to be removed
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I am at Department of Industrial Product Design and we have studying on technology effect on product and designer. If you have any field similar to us we can connect and do some survey or project together.
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Dear colleagues,
First of all thank you very much for your interest. When I quickly glanced at your profiles, I saw that you had a great engineering background, which will provide a very important contribution and richness for our possible collaborative works. From a broad perspective, we investigate the fundamental influences of technological developments on the field of product design in terms of the final product, design process and designer’s approach.
The basic question we are asking is that:
Is it possible to ensure that technological developments (in such fields as production, materials, microelectronics, CAD, CAM, AR-VR, etc.) make the new product development process more designer-centered, or not?
We have a prospect that the dominance of the designer in NPD will increase with technology and we have some ongoing studies in this direction such as product performance pre-testing with the CAD softwares that allows basic stress analysis before production, the influence of using CAD tools in early stages of product design process on designers’ creativity and productivity, using rapid prototyping as a means of decision making, the effects of cloud computing on design profession. We would be pleased to construct new areas of research together with a similar perspective we have.
Best regards.
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Am currently looking for new research areas in the Engineering management field, at the moment am considering lean and green engineering, but would appreciate any  additions or new area of opening.
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I think that you can work in "The seven losses". Little time ago appears an eighth losses about the human resources losses. This concepts are very interesting for work.
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In Asia
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Not directly working on space suites but a simulation to test ergonomic and usability factors is run by the Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Applied Aviation Sciences Department, as the previous commentator suggested: https://daytonabeach.erau.edu/about/labs/suborbital-operations-science/index.html
As it says on their website, potential research topics are e.g. astronaut spatial and temporal perception, mission control operations and communications, pressure suit ergonomics, safety processes and procedures, and suborbital flight energy management. 
Dava Newman (MIT) is working on space suits as well (http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/people/dnewman/bio.html) with interesting experiments on : http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/people/dnewman/bio.html
A project documentation of a space suit project by the PTC Creativity Lab – probably a student project – can be found here: http://www.ptc.com/File%20Library/Community/Academic%20Program/PTC_Creativity_Lab_Spacesuit_Project_Explore_Guide.pdf
8 years ago Texas Engineering Experiment Station (TEES) of the Texas A&M University System startet in a collaborative project about space suits, but I do not know if they still do: http://orbitaloutfitters.com/orbital-outfitters-selected-for-nasa-space-suit-work/
If you are not eager to work or study in one of the universities or research centres, but more interested in designing and developing concepts for space suites you could also have a look at experimental setups and simulations as well as smart textiles. 
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In general many products looks good at the design phase but the final products fail to perform according to the design specifications. What are the main draw backs in the design process? What are the methods to avoid this phenomenon?
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Wow!!! techie's such a wealth of answers. I embrace you all. Thank you.
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Day today life products small to big
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Thanks very much madam
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Our research is something like what we had when our Forefathers were involved in developing the products that we have in our corporate methods for acquiring ways and means that foster the development of something that must become a thing that will be novel, such as, that invented by Alan Mathison Turing.  We will begin our research in the manner of Turing who did solve the Enigma problem, associated with mechanical components of the Enigma Machine.
Unfortunately, we must protect our resources where there is some doubt regarding how we can obtain the types of services that will enable all of us to benefit from our developments in this genre of novelty.
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I tried to measure the corporate environment in terms of innovativeness in concrete sector. Look at the paper
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Writing my thesis on "Right Brained" Project Management. Currently reading "Good to Great" by Jim Collins and "Unmanaging" by Theodore Taptiklis. I'm very intrigued by the "Hedgehog Concept." Will include many Daniel H. Pink books, Malcolm Gladwell, "Freakonomics and more! I have been interviewing many project managers. I hope to create a product, system, and service!
The product may be a "Play book" the system may be a "call managing system" like heat call manager or "salesforce" "efficy" Not sure yet. The service will be a PM with a heavy focus on "CRS."
There may be some mention of differences between Waterfall and Agile PM Methodologies.
Suggestions?
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Please  let me share a simple technique I have applied successfully in the writing of project proposals.
Project plans are written to address needs according to the level necessity.
Having 3 pressing needs means 3 project plans, within which new ideas are journaled  hoping for future use.
You can hence, research for information, concentrate on the more important and then focus one with the highest projected output.  for satisfaction.
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Hi, all.
Wondering about Enterprise Performance Perspectives (such as postulated by BSC), each Perspective reveals an expectation expressed by stakeholders and managers, and it also may regard such as an "aggregation" of Performance Indicators(PI).
1. Please, what is your point of view about different expectations about PI values, in several Perspectives, keeping in mind the same organization and collect moment?
2. This situation would not be a conflicting aspect, revealing a conflict in Perspectives's Definition previously ?
For instance, in this hypothetical scenario:
  • Perspective-A, with PI-1 expected LOW;
  • Perspective-B, with PI-1 too, but expected HIGH;
  • Perspective-C, with PI-1 too, but expected not present.
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Thank you, Prof. Fitsilis.
On this specific case , we have confirmed the possibility of a conflict about PI role and different expectation about it by stakeholders.
What can we do to solve PI's conflicted objectives, which are not solved by strategist through a decision method and consultive approaches? This scenario reveals a deadlock.
This is my investigation point.
For a while, I wonder about the possibility to define an individual meaning of these PIs in each perspective (so called, abstraction), then after, constructing (or translating) in a concrete representation in each Perspective.
Regards!
AC
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There is a short explanation in media about these 4 levels yet the meaning is still ambiguous; Is there any reference or introduction of the quattro in product design?
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Definetely,  I agree with the suggestions . Also you can see some examples of  interactive and supra-active research in the website of my lab. www.hitlabnz.org
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For me, I am studying on China products attitude, and will develop a scale, but there are some questions about EFA and CFA. so I need to study some related files. please recommend related information! thanks!
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As digital techniques, methods, process play a vital in production technology for creating a product, virtual product creation helps to digitalized the complete product creation process.
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The publication below (Vision, Trends, Gaps) may add some further perspective on the enabling role of methods and tools of virtual product creation for the product life cycle.
In the 2030 Agenda of sustainable development that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly of September 2015, the relevant goal is #SDG12 - Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns under which also policy initiatives regarding circular economy fit (see the link to a wiki page).
Regarding innovation, it is useful to distinguish incremental, architectural, modular and radical "modes" (as explained under the third tab in the link about knowledge conversion).
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I have two different commercial products- one a viscous fluid, and the other a structured semi-solid but their fingerprint on rheology is very similar, is this possible?
Can oscillatory tests (amplitude sweeps and frequency sweeps) be used to differentiate between two commercial products? Can these tests be used to conclude that a product in development is the same as a commercial product by using rheology? Thanks in advance
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Dynamic oscillatory tests can certainly be used to differentiate between two commercial products.  If the fingerprint (narrow range) is similar, it is important to establish whether the footprint (broader range) is similar as well or in other words, whether the two products are similar no matter what measurement conditions are used.  One way would be to take dynamic oscillatory frequency sweep data covering a wide range of frequencies at different temperatures and then creating a master curve using the time-temperature superposition principle.  A method to develop unified curves based on the Melt Flow Index (MFI) of polymer melts has been described in the books A. V. Shenoy and D. R. Saini, Thermoplastic Melt Rheology and Processing, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York (1996) and Aroon V. Shenoy, Rheology of Filled Polymer Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands (1999). This may prove useful to show the differences between the two commercial products.  It may happen that the rheological data is similar in some narrow ranges under specific conditions but do not match when broader ranges and conditions are considered.
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Such as cost effectiveness, time on market, safety, reliability
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Dear Ms. Keemei, I am afraid I should say that your question cannot be answered without knowing about the context of designing a product. Even planning a product and designing a product are very different activities .... Kind regards, I.H.
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I am doing a research on Lead User Method case studies. And I found the term "Stakeholder Theory" appears to be in similar to the Lead User Method.
I wonder whether if we can assume they are in similarity in term of the input and outcome, but the process is different?  
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Everything said by Muammed Ozer
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  • I want to know specifically of problems in a tabloid chair for left-handed users and I want to know what are the solutions that have been done to overcome this problem for the tabloid chair for those left-handed users. The new design of tabloid chair for left-handed
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Thank you so much Napoleon and Mark for the feedback. Really appreciate and it helps me a lot :D God bless...
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the concept of morphological analysis is central to language studies, how can we use it with respect to the design of new types of products and communications, overcoming the classic approach of structuralism semiotics
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Morphology is used in two ways: (1) as an analytical tool to investigate the composition of an existing product, and (2) as a creative and synthesizing tool for designing a new product. Designing has two major divisions: (a) for artistic designing, with emphasis on appearance and ergonomics, and (b) for engineering designing, with emphasis on the (internal and cross-boundary) workings of a technical product, ref Eder W.E. US-China Educational Review A, April 2013, Vol. 3, No. 4, p. 259-280. Prescriptive design methods are mainly applicable to synthesizing engineering products (2b), often include use of a morphological matrix, and are most useful for novel products, or when an intuitive approach does not yield a good solution, refs Eder, W.E. and Hosnedl, S., Design Engineering: A Manual for Enhanced Creativity, Boca Raton: CRC-Press, 2007, and Eder, W.E. and Hosnedl, S., Introduction to Design Engineering: Systematic Creativity and Management, Leiden, NL: CRC Press/Balkema, 2010. The working group around Vladimir Hubka has published 23 case examples of worked conceptual designing, each including an application of a morphological matrix for synthesizing an engineering product (2b), see ref Eder, W.E., ‘Case Example of Systematic Design Engineering – Linear Friction Test Equipment’, paper 1002, in Proc 3rd International Conference on Design Engineering and Science – ICDES 2014, Japan Society for Design Engineering, 31 Aug - 3 Sept 2014, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
Yes, Norris and Zwicky did pioneering work on this subject. Many others have contributed, but I think that our approach is the one based on scientific logic, and a (complete as possible) Theory of Technical Systems, ref Hubka and Eder, Theory of Technical Systems, Berlin/Heidelberg and New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988. Hope my comments help.
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I am associated with a research work related to product-line strategies of fast-moving consumer goods in Nepal and South Asia. I will appreciate your support in advising good works in this topic.
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Dear Arhan,
These papers may be helpful:
1- Bilgen, B., & Günther, H. O. (2010). Integrated production and distribution planning in the fast moving consumer goods industry: a block planning application. Or Spectrum, 32(4), 927-955.
2- Francis, M. (2006). Stage model research in the UK fast moving consumer goods industry. International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, 9(4), 351-368.
3- Grant, D. B., & Banomyong, R. (2010). Design of closed-loop supply chain and product recovery management for fast-moving consumer goods: the case of a single-use camera. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 22(2), 232-246.
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The Samsung SUR 40 is a multitouch device. It is mounted on a table and supports various kinds of interactions. We are planning to develop an application for product service design for this device. The problem is that most of the applications for this system are aiming at promotion of products not of their development.
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You can get the similar or apropriate answer by searching the keyword in the GOOGLE SCHOLAR page. Usually you will get the first paper similar to your keyword.
From my experience, this way will help you a lot. If you still have a problem, do not hasitate to let me know.
Kind regards, Dr ZOL BAHRI - Universiti Malaysia Perlis, MALAYSIA
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I am curious on what measurements have been used for evaluating the quality of new product ideas. Feasibility, novelty and customer benefit are often used as dimensions for measuring the quality of a new product idea, but there should be more.
Links for literature is appreciated!
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Apart from being feasible, novel and beneficial to customer, the evaluation of new products must consider how profitable and well aligned with organizational strategy the new product is. The quality evaluation of new products should also consider the cost of creating such quality and how beneficial it is to the organization. The following areas are significant additions
1. Alignment with organizational strategy in terms of vision and mission
2. Value addition to overall business in terms of profitability
3. Product life cycle
4. Market perception
5. Aesthetics / Branding possibilities
6. Product Shelf life
For sure there will be many more factors to measure for proper decision on what the results of new product evaluation methods should be. However, the appropriate method will determine on the organization concerned.
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I want to perform reverse engineer on a compiled and running *.apk file, but could not find the right way to do it, can anyone help me to guide.
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An APK file is just a zip file of the Android application package, which includes some XML files, various resources (e.g. images for buttons/icons etc.) and the compiled Dalvik VM executable image, classes.dex. The file format for this is documented here:
You *can* decompile the bytecode into a fairly decent approximation of the original Java code; see the discussion here:
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I am working on a design method based on CBR and TRIZ, and I want to improve the efficiency of cases searching, then what should I do?
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Try looking at BS7000.
Some Triz curses also teach how to apply the Triz methodology, in my view this is another name for case based reasoning.
Regards
Paul
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There is a wide range of social media/Web 2.0 tools available on the market. Social media tools seem to be more promising in product design and development contexts in order to keep pace with ever changing trends and styles. Where do you use (or see major benefits of) these tools?
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YOUR RESEARCH DIMENSION IS NOT CLEAR YET HOWEVERY, I have recommended the Jouke Casper suggestion
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During the different stages of npd decisions on outsourcing are made based on level of availability of data at that stage. With reference to data i.e. standard data, evaluation and detailed data (differentiated by Pahl et al. 2007, p. 133) how is decision-making differentiated at strategic, tactical and operational level
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I agree all elements of decision making such as strategic, tactical and operational are important during the different stages of new product development. The question is what to use and when to use it during a life-cycle development of a product.
I have shed some light on the latter question in this paper. Let me know what do you think?
Brian
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I would like to know more about product development. I am doing research on this
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I am not sure what product development works in UK, But in USA, I have found the e-Manuafcturing strategies very useful.
Details can be found an downloaded from the following link
Conference Paper: Knowledge-based Enterprising (KBE) Strategy for Lean Product Development (LPD)
Brian Prasad
[Show abstract]
Keynote Talk at The 27th International Conference on CAD/CAM, Robotics and Factories of the Future Conference (CARS & FoOF 2014), �22-24 July 2014, London, UK, Middlesex University’s London campus at Hendon; 07/2014
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In this session, it is required to invoke an important issue from my point of view. This issue is the utilization efficiency of the products. Is the utilization efficiency systematically taken into consideration in the conception, design and manufacturing phases of a product?
I give examples. the private car and the water tap. I believe in their present form, they have very low utilization efficiency. I think many products must be reconcepted and redesigned to increase the utilization efficiency and save our depleted and limited resources.
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Thank you Axel for your very good contributions. Really, this answer was in my mind but you coined your answer first. I admire your systematic way of thinking on the problems. You are a model for the young scientists. Wish you success.
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Well-fitted garments are significant for the comfort of a human being. Adequate fitting requirements are ensured by appropriate garment pattern design and specific physical and mechanical properties of textiles. This is especially important for people with paraplegia state, which is characterized by the immobility of lower body limbs. The movements of people with paraplegia are limited to movements that can be carried out in a sitting position in a wheelchair. Therefore, their clothes need to be adapted in a way that they provide comfort when wearing garments and that they do not cause additional health problems. We are looking for experiences related to the development of parametric body models in a sitting position to be used for construction and visualisation of different types of garments.
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Hi Zoran,
in Germany 3D simulation is a very popular research topic. In the last years a lot of tests regarding the optimization of measurements template and simulation of clothes using 3D body models were put into execution. The Hohenstein Institute is the most important institution in this field in Germany. They took measurements of 13.000 men, women and children using the 3D-body-scanner technology in a standing and sitting position in the “Size Germany Project” and created a large database of measurements and 3D-body models. Another research topic is the perfect fit of garments considering special target groups like wheelchair user.
I put a few articles together.
They could be an interesting partner in this research.
Best regards
Melanie
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Since few years the work on Fully Depleted SOI (FDSOI) device technology have been interestingly increased due to few Semiconductor Companies believed to have a reliable and cost-effective production with FDSOI in compare with FinFETs/bulk-CMOS (e.g. ST-Mircoelectronics co. in conjunction with CMP is already in production phase of FDSOI tech.).
1. So, if anyone could suggest the freely available predictive technology model (PTM) and/or Product Design Kit (PDK) either charge or surface potential based ; will be highly appreciable.
2. Is it even possible to have "charge-based" SOI/PD-SOI/FD-SOI technology models. Or all the companies are using "surface potential - based" such as PSP based models.
Thanks.
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Hi laurent, Thanks for your reply.
However, PTM(s) by Arizona state univ. with above links only provides MOSFETs and FinFETs but not FDSOI PTM/PDK. Anyways, I have done some research on finding FDSOI PTMs and would like to share here which probably be beneficial for others as well who are looking for it.
There are three PTMs available for FDSOI:
1) BSIM-IMG (University of California at Berkeley):
Comments:
a). Believed to have FDSOI PTM models based on BSIM group latest publications.
b). Not sure if it is Charge based or Surface-potential based
2) HiSIM (Hiroshima University)
Comments:
a) FDSOI and is PSP based model
3) PSP-SOI (Arizona State University)
Comments:
a) FDSOI and is PSP based model
--
Usman
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In human factors and ergonomics, for example, identified trends include usability, universal design, user-centered design, collaborative design, trans-cultural design, customer-centered design and experience-based design. Within these trends / categories many methods can be classified.
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Sure. You can look at this from a chronological perspective as well as a philosophical perspective. The challenge is that many of the terms used never had solid definitions, i.e. not everybody meaning the same thing used the same term, and not everybody using the same term meant the same thing. However, you could say that in design there was first a development to focus on environmental aspects dominantly (up to mid 1990s), an approach often termed 'design for environment'. Next step was to balance environment with economic considerations, often termed ecodesign. Next step was also including social issues (roughly from 2000 on-wards) resulting in 'Design for sustainability'. All three are basically resulting from an ideal to 'do more with less', i.e. eco-efficiency, which was the industry response to the Brundtland definition of sustainable development. Parallel to the eco-efficiency development there were different philosophical developments, such as the natural step, cradle-to-cradle and biomimicry. At the moment the momentum seems to be with 'circular economy' which aims to combine many of these earlier approaches and insights.
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Engineers often like to use "best practices" (data, information, knowledge, wisdom) during product development. Some of the data/information come from their experiences working on the job. Others (best practices) are derived from analytical, functional, logical or physical phenomena.
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Hello,
our research team has experiences from industry cases. Most successful cases are when the workshops are facilitated. We use cause-effect mapping capturing the most important product parameters and how they interact.These are connected to customer needs.
The engineering knowledge changes from tacit to explicit in these sessions also. This enables the company to validate the design reasoning for their products. Then the company has better ability to manage the design and the properties of the artefact i.e. the product.
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I am doing dissertation on Product Development and I would like to know some answers from industry experts.
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Mainly, you will find two key strategies: developing engineering and product development marketing. Another perspective that tries to balance appears, is the action of industrial design (design), which should summarize the objectives from within (materials and technologies) and from outside the industry (and consumer markets).
In short, we will be publishing a paper that takes this reality or assumptions.
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Would be nice to meet colleagues working in this field.
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Hi! I just started to work in this field.
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Since it runs on electrically charged battery, is it economically preferable?
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In Germany it is the same - even though we do not have speed limit. The reason is the range and the peak power the battery can stand over longer time
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There is a difference between invention (educational research leading to new knowledge) and innovation (application of the knowledge for socio-economic benefit). I want to build a development model/process that brings these two worlds together.
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Well there is a benchmark for industry,government and acadameia and is relative to what exactly are we talking about, for example the big 3 universities Stanford, Harvard adn MIT account for almost 100 billion dollar businesses or more perhaps.They are quite powerful. Beyond innovation framewroks there is lobbying it its peak and that is due to the image as well as potential at these places.Industry too thrives here and well government is in favour when there so much money making , it cant deny.
Just to give you an example i have attached a document to show you the power of Stanford University in Business as such.
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The often repeated and cited claim is that 80% of a product's environmental impact over its life cycle is determined during the design phase (with the connected assumption that that 80% is within the power of the designer to control). But where did this claim originate, and what is the actual empirical evidence, both for the percentage of the impact determined by decisions in the design phase, and for the percentage that is actually within the power of a designer to influence?
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Important project is the institutional framework.
Probably dependency 80:20 (Pareto) can be found in all social processes.
In my research I measured the 20:80 (ex ante) : (ex post) cost.
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Useful products from polythene.
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There is good news, though!
I found a chemical engineering student who is helping me combine polythene and some chemicals with sawdust to create a composite we hope to develop for other applications.
More suggestions are welcome as we keep our fingers crossed on these.
Thanks again, everyone.
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I need an android application for dwg and 3D file formats?
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I have AutoCAD WS also, but is it possible to open for example .itp, .stp, .catpart with some kind of application?