Priming - Science method

Article type: Cucumber is widely cultivated worldwide, occupying significant agricultural acreage. The present research aims to evaluate the seed priming potential of Vegetal Protein Hydrolysate (VPH) to improve early seedling growth and seed germination of cucumber. We assessed two concentrations of VPH (2 and 4 mL L-1) under normal and salt stres...

Lexical tone is an important phonological property in tonal languages, but its encoding process in speech production remains unclear. We conducted two electroencephalographic (EEG) experiments to investigate the time course of tonal encoding relative to that of syllabic encoding in Mandarin Chinese disyllabic and monosyllabic word production respec...

Priming of dwarf pea seeds with microalgal strains significantly enhanced plant growth Rhizosphere health also improved upon priming of seeds with microalgal strains Microalgae boost soil health, C/N content, EPS, IAA, and DHA in soils Plant growth and rhizosphere health improvements due to priming are soil-specific Microalgae play a key role as pr...

This paper presents a novel method for exploring Goldbach's Conjecture , which asserts that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers. The proposed approach involves organizing all natural numbers within a binary tree structure, enabling the identification of intricate relationships between even numbers and...

This study reports new evidence that young people in Mainland China are now bicultural. We followed the established method of testing biculturalism by priming participants with images from two different cultures and measuring whether those images activate different thought styles. First, we replicated findings from 25 years ago that college student...

The Riemann Hypothesis (RH) stands as one of the most profound and elusive problems in mathematics, proposing that all non-trivial zeros of the Riemann Zeta function lie on the critical line Re(s)=1/2. This conjecture, deeply connected to the distribution of prime numbers, encapsulates a delicate balance between randomness and order. In parallel, t...

Exploratory theory given hypergeometric convergence in Ricci primes, a value sum signature vis a vis Canadian subcontinent.-CS We explore a set of real valued prime signatures in continued frctions called Ricci primes with least residuals approach in Ricci primes and states w/wo ergodic operators beyond braket sums. We then explore this to the euro...

number theory, analysis of Andrica, Goldbach, Erastotenes, vma method to generate some primes, vma mood method.

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The Chabauty–Kim method and its refined variant by Betts and Dogra aim to cut out the S-integral points \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$X(\mathbb {Z}_S)...

This article comments on: Maleki FA, Seidl-Adams I, Felton GW, Kersch-Becker MF, Tumlinson JH. 2024. Stomata: gatekeepers of uptake and defense signaling by green leaf volatiles in maize. Journal of Experimental Botany 75, 6872–6887. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erae401.

Variability inherent to handwriting has been suggested to help establish more robust letter representations than other methods (e.g., typing). The present study tests whether encoding letter strings from a novel alphabet becomes more resistant to distortion when trained with variable input. Over 5 days, participants learned an 11-character artifici...

Structural priming effects are stronger if there is lexical overlap between prime and target, the so-called lexical boost effect to structural priming. While abstract structural priming is long-lasting and seems to reflect implicit learning, the lexical boost effect decays quickly and might be induced by residual activation or explicit memory. A re...

A function for analyzing properties of zeta function zeros using inflecton points is derived. This function is also applied to a function for estimating the number of primes less than a given amount.

The contemporary urban system in the United States is characterized by the historic dominance of a few metropolitan regions often termed ‘superstar cities’, while the national political environment is increasingly polarized along urban–rural lines. Furthermore, both inter‐urban and intra‐urban difference in the US are deeply racialized, a fact that...

For a set of primes $\pi$, denote by $E_\pi$ the class of finite groups containing a Hall $\pi$-subgroup. We establish that $E_{\pi_1}\cap E_{\pi_2}$ is contained in $E_{\pi_1\cap\pi_2}$. As a corollary, we prove that if $\pi$ is a set of primes, $l$ is an integer such that $2\leqslant l<|\pi|$ and $G$ is a finite group that contains a Hall $\rho$-...

The goal of the current study was to investigate the effects of seed priming with salicylic acid (SA) on seed germination parameters, seedling growth traits, nutritional element mobilization, and oxidative stress status in two barley species that were subjected to various salt treatments. The findings demonstrated that salinity reduced a number of...

Humor in Computers and Science Victor Raskin is a linguist, and linguists tend to deal with one sentence at a time. But Rasin used Script Model Grammar to deal with longer utterances. Script Model Grammar allows linguists to deal with larger texts. Raskin talks about the structure of a joke by saying that everything in the set-up of the joke is amb...

The nuclear matrix, a proteinaceous gel composed of proteins and RNA, is an important nuclear structure that supports chromatin architecture, but its role in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has not been described. Here we show that by disrupting heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (HNRNPU) or the nuclear matrix protein, Matrin-3, primed...

We prove that the set of large values of the trigonometric polynomial over a subset of density of the primes has some additive structure, similarly to what happens for subsets of densities in $\mathbb{Z}/{N}\mathbb{Z}$ but in a weaker form. To do so, we prove large sieve inequalities for \emph{dissociate sets} $\mathcal{X}$ of circle points and fun...

Background Many individuals with health problems and/or disabilities are largely dependent on the help of an informal caregiver, most often a family member with whom they live (CDC Report, 2018). A recent report by the Alzheimer’s Association (2023) found that, compared with caregivers of people without dementia, twice as many caregivers of those w...

For some people the experience of visual imagery is lacking, a condition recently referred to as aphantasia. So far, most of the studies on aphantasia rely on subjective reports, leaving the question of whether mental images can exist without reaching consciousness unresolved. In the present study, the formation of mental images was estimated in in...

We identify pairs of positive integers $(t, d)$ with the property that the integer sequence with general term $\lfloor{n^t/d\rfloor}$ contains at most finitely many primes.

A study investigating the responses of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) to biopriming with Azotobacter, incorporation of vermicompost and their comparative analysis was performed in 2024 Rabi season in new alluvial zone at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia district, West Bengal. The research involved ten genotypes of Indian mustard and fo...

Cet article explore la nature de l'espace en tant que modèle géométrique tridi-mensionnel, utilisant les nombres complexes pour représenter les points et transitions. Nous proposons une modélisation du transfert d'énergie et analysons son lien avec les travaux primés du Prix Nobel 2022 en physique, en utilisant des simulations illustratives pour dé...

Objective This study compared the effects of two different warm-up protocols (normal vs. priming) on the oxygen plateau (V˙O2pl) incidence rate during a ramp test. It also compared the cardiopulmonary responses during the ramp test and subsequent verification phase. Methods Eleven recreational cyclists performed two experimental visits. The first...

Parental experiences can alter offspring phenotypes via transgenerational plasticity (TGP), which may prime offspring to adaptively respond to novel stressors, including novel predators. However, we know little about the types of sensory cues (e.g. visual, olfactory) that parents use to recognize novel predators and the consequences for offspring....

The process by which neocortical neurons and circuits amplify their response to an unexpected change in stimulus, often referred to as deviance detection (DD), has long been thought to be the product of specialized cell types and/or routing between mesoscopic brain areas. Here, we explore a different theory, whereby DD emerges from local network-le...

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can break symmetry and differentiate along different lineages, even when exposed to a seemingly identical environment. It is thought that this priming of cells towards different lineages is due to cell-cell variation, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To address this, we exploit the tractability o...

Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) create massive protein sequence variation (up to 10³⁰)¹ in ecologically diverse microorganisms. A recent survey identified around 31,000 DGRs from more than 1,500 bacterial and archaeal genera, constituting more than 90 environment types². DGRs are especially enriched in the human gut microbiome2,3 and nano...

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been known to infect humans for eons. It is an airborne infectious disease transmitted through droplet nuclei of 1 to 5 µm in diameter. Historically, tuberculosis (TB) was considered a distinct condition characterized by TB infection and active TB disease. However, recently, the concept of a dynamic spectrum of infect...

Adverse early-life experiences alter the regulation of major stress systems such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Low early-life maternal care (MC) has repeatedly been related to blunted cortisol stress responses. Likewise, an acutely increased awareness of mortality (mortality salience [MS]) also has been shown to blunt cortisol r...

Stiffening of tissue is a hallmark of cancer progression, driving invasive phenotypes through complex interactions between cells and their extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the mechanisms linking mechanical cues to ECM remodelling and invasion remain incompletely understood. Here, using an in-situ stiffening model that allows for modulation of E...

Hydro-priming is a seed pre-treatment technique, explored as a potential factor influencing the early seedling development of different maize cultivars. This study investigates germination rates, seedling vigor, and other growth factors in a planned way to help researchers identify the best hydro-priming times for different types of maize. This wil...

This paper reviews the experimental literature on fraud detection by external auditors. We conduct a systematic literature review that includes 37 experimental studies on fraud detection from the JSTOR, EBSCO, and WoS (Web of Science) databases and from SSRN. We present a theoretical background on fraud models and common fraud detection methods. Ou...

Emotional mimicry—the imitation of others’ emotions—is an empathic response that helps to navigate social interactions. Mimicry is absent when participants’ task does not involve engaging with the expressers’ emotions. This may be because task-irrelevant faces (i.e., faces that participants were instructed to ignore) are not processed. To assess wh...

The Beyond Reality Image Collection (BRIC) is a set of 648 photos, some painted by an artist and some generated by artificial intelligence. Unlike previous photosets, the BRIC focused on nonrealistic visuals. This collection includes abstract and non-abstract paintings and nonrealistic photographs depicting objects, scenes, animals, humans, and fan...

Mesenchymal stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles (MSC EVs) are an attractive therapeutic option for regenerative medicine applications due to their inherently pro‐angiogenic and anti‐inflammatory properties. However, reproducible and cost‐effective production of highly potent therapeutic MSC EVs is challenging, limiting their translational pote...

Research on unconscious processing has been a valuable source of evidence in psycholinguistics for shedding light on the cognitive architecture of language. The automaticity of syntactic processing, in particular, has long been debated. One strategy to establish this automaticity involves detecting significant syntactic priming effects in tasks tha...

Let $H(n) = \prod_{p|n}\frac{p}{p-1}$ where $p$ ranges over the primes which divide $n$. It is well known that if $n$ is a primitive non-deficient number, then $H(n) > 2$. We examine inequalities of the form $H(n)> 2 + f(n)$ for various functions $f(n)$ where $n$ is assumed to be primitive non-deficient and connect these inequalities to applying th...

Does a black-and-white contrast background lead to more extreme moral judgments? Zarkadi and Schnall (2013) found in their Study 1 (N = 111) that, indeed, exposing English-speaking participants to a black-and-white (versus two other-colored conditions) background polarized participants' judgments in a moral dilemma task. This study supported a mora...

This study aims to explore the long-term follow-up needs and motivations of childhood and adolescent cancer survivors and their parents to attend follow-up care in Germany, given the inconsistent adherence to national follow-up guidelines. We developed interview guidelines based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and the stereotype priming model to...

Inflammation and a metabolic shift from oxidative metabolism to glycolysis are common in the ischemic heart, the latter partly controlled by pyruvate kinase (muscle, PKM). We previously identified alternative splicing promoting the PKM2 isoform after myocardial infarction (MI). We examined the role of PKM2 physiological upregulation after MI, model...

Background/Objectives: Effectively targeting treatment-resistant tumor cells, particularly cancer stem cells (CSCs) involved in tumor recurrence, remains a major challenge in immunotherapy. This study examines the potential of combining mechanical high-intensity focused ultrasound (M-HIFU) with dendritic cell (DC) vaccines to enhance immune respons...

Objective Successfully educating urgent care patients on appropriate use and risks of antibiotics can be challenging. We assessed the conscious and subconscious impact various educational materials (informational handout, priming poster, and commitment poster) had on urgent care patients’ knowledge and expectations regarding antibiotics. Design St...

Let x be a large real number, d(n) be the Dirichlet divisor function and Δ(x)=∑n⩽xd(n)−xlogx−(2γ−1)x. In this paper, we consider a weighted form of the three primes theorem: S(N;k1,k2,k3):=∑p1+p2+p3=NΔk1(p1)Δk2(p2)Δk3(p3), where p1,p2,p3 run over primes, k1,k2,k3∈{1,2,⋯,9}, and N is an large odd integer. For the case ki∈{2,3,⋯,9}(i=1,2,3), the othe...

Deficiency of micronutrient is a major limitation to crop productivity. Agronomic practices such as nutrient seed priming could significantly improve crop establishment in poor infertile soil. However, effectiveness of this practice depends on the efficacy of priming procedures. To address the issue of low maize yield, an experiment to highlight th...

Populations that face abrupt environmental change reducing their fitness can recover by adaptive genetic evolution over tens to hundreds of generations, but their immediate responses often involve non-genetic mechanisms. When such non-genetic responses span multiple generations, their dynamics may be difficult to distinguish from those of genetic e...

The dissociation between conscious and unconscious perception is one of the most relevant issues in the study of human cognition. While there is evidence suggesting that some stimuli might be unconsciously processed up to its meaning (e.g., high-level stimulus processing), some authors claim that most results on the processing of subliminal stimuli...

Background Accelerated concern over chemical pesticides—due to health hazards, ecological pollution, and development of resistance-breaking pathotypes—has created markets for biopesticide products worldwide. Entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) products have recently attained major developments in their use, but their markets are still mostly confined t...

The famous Goldbach conjecture remains open for nearly three centuries. Recently Goldbach graphs are introduced to relate the problem with the literature of Graph Theory. It is shown that the connectedness of the graphs is equivalent to the affirmative answer of the conjecture. Some modified version of the graphs, say, near Goldbach graphs are show...

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) serves as a crucial intervention for patients with severe pulmonary dysfunction by facilitating oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal. While traditional ECMO systems are effective, their large priming volumes and significant blood-contacting surface areas can lead to complications, particularly in neonate...

The γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC) is a structural template for controlled nucleation of microtubules from α/β-tubulin heterodimers. At the cytoplasmic side of the yeast spindle pole body, the CM1-containing receptor protein Spc72 promotes γ-TuRC assembly from seven γ-tubulin small complexes (γ-TuSCs) and recruits the microtubule polymerase Stu2,...

Let $P,M$ be a two primes such that $(P,M)=1$. Let $\Pi$ be a normalized Hecke-Maa\ss\ form on $\text{GL(4)}$ of level $P$, and $\chi$ a primitive Dirichlet character modulo $M$. In this paper, we study the hybrid subconvexity problem for $L(s, \Pi\otimes \chi)$ simultaneously in the level and conductor aspects. Among other things, we prove a hybri...

Abstract: This paper uses the prime number theorem as its logical foundation and theoretical basis, explores two applications of the segmented method, uncovering the relationship between the number of primes within N and N!, as well as the relationship with the sum of the reciprocals of the natural logarithms of integers (excluding 1). Two new form...

The zero-divisor graph of a commutative ring \(\mathfrak{R}\) with a nonzero identity, denoted by \(\Gamma(\mathfrak{R})\), is an undirected graph where the vertex set \(Z(\mathfrak{R})^*\) consists of all nonzero zero-divisors of \(\mathfrak{R}\). Two distinct vertices \(a\) and \(b\) in \(\Gamma(\mathfrak{R})\) are adjacent if and only if \(ab =...

Rationale Clinical literature indicates there may be a therapeutic use of cannabidiol (CBD) for stress-related disorders. Preclinical literature remains conflicted regarding the underlying neurobehavioral mechanisms, reporting mixed effects of CBD (increased, decreased, or no effect) on anxiety- and fear-related behaviors. Preclinical data demonstr...

Inflammasomes are crucial mediators of both antimicrobial host defense and inflammatory pathology, requiring stringent regulation at multiple levels. This review explores the pivotal role of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in modulating inflammasome activation through various regulatory mechanisms. We detail recent advances in und...

Background Abnormal brain inflammation is an important feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is highly related to immune cell activation. Homeostasis of immune cell activity regulation is crucial for CNS autoimmune response. Our previous study found that the expression of immune checkpoint PD‐L1/PD‐1 on T ce...

The causal effects of one’s socioeconomic status (SES) on outcomes are typically examined by experimentally manipulating SES self-perceptions based on one of three SES dimensions—absolute resource, relative resource, and general social position. We investigated the efficacy of these manipulations by systematically meta-analyzing their effects on SE...

Background Lexical access refers to the generation or retrieval of conceptual representation. Representation of concepts or semantic knowledge involves the organization of concepts in an associative manner building up the mental lexicon. Several studies have pointed out an early presence of lexical access failure in Alzheimer’s Disease(AD). While l...

Background Microglia play an important role in immune memory. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers immune memory and primes microglia, resulting in brain pathologies and brain dysfunction following a second stimulus (1, 2). An increase in the C1q/ PSD95 expressions within microglia and excessively synaptic pruning were observed in mouse model of Alzhe...

Combination immune checkpoint inhibitors (nivolumab and ipilimumab) are currently a first-line treatment for mesothelioma; however, not all patients respond. The efficacy of treatment is influenced by the tumor microenvironment. Murine mesothelioma tumors were irritated with various radiotherapy doses. Radiotherapy induced vasculature changes were...

Background Estrogens, such as 17β‐estradiol, are the primary female sex hormones predominantly synthesized by mature ovarian follicular cells. The natural exhaustion of ovarian follicular cells during menopause causes a rapid decline in endogenous estrogen levels. This decline in estrogen levels is associated with an increase in chronic, age‐relate...

Seed priming is an essential pre-sowing treatment that enhances the germination rate, uniformity, and early seedling growth across a range of crops. This chapter explores various seed priming techniques, including hydropriming, osmopriming, halopriming, hormonal priming, nutripriming, matrix priming, thermopriming, and hydrothermal priming. These m...

Z-curve’s encoding and decoding algorithms are primely important in many Z-curve-based applications. The bit interleaving algorithm is the current state-of-the-art algorithm for encoding and decoding Z-curve. Although simple, its efficiency is hindered by the step-by-step coordinate shifting and bitwise operations. To tackle this problem, we first...

Let L=Q(n^1/3) be a pure cubic field with normal closure k=Q(n^1/3,zeta), where n>1 denotes a cube free integer, and zeta is a primitive cube root of unity. Suppose k possesses an elementary bicyclic 3-class group Cl_3(k), and the conductor of k/Q(zeta) has the shape f in { pq_1q_2,3pq,9pq } where p congruent 1(mod 9) and q,q_1,q_2 congruent 2,5(mo...

Genome organization recapitulates function, yet ciliates like Oxytricha trifallax possess highly-specialized germline genomes, which are largely transcriptionally silent. During post-zygotic development, Oxytricha's germline undergoes large-scale genome editing, rearranging precursor genome elements into a transcriptionally-active genome with thous...

Background/Objectives: The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children and adults. With nearly everyone infected by the age of five, there is an opportunity to develop booster vaccines that enhance B-cell immunity, promoting potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies. One potential approach i...

The dilemma of diabetic infectious wound healing lies in inhibiting the pathogenic colonization and regulating the hyperglycemia. The pivotal anti‐pathogenic efficiency is focused on the confined and gradually weaken reactive oxygen species (ROS) yield in the peculiar micromilieu owing to the materials transformation/dissolution. There, the type‐tr...

The study aims to investigate to what extent Chinese EFL learners’ language use is influenced by English textbooks. Such influence may suggest the existence of lexical priming effects. Based on detailed and systematic analysis of a learner English corpus, in comparison with a textbook corpus, the present study revealed striking similarities of the...

Hormonal priming has recently emerged as a powerful strategy to increase seed germination and early seedling growth, especially in challenging abiotic stress environments. This study explored the impact of gibberellic acid (GA) and salicylic acid (SA) priming on the germination performance of Stevia rebaudiana seeds under saline conditions. Stevia...

Some individuals, even when heavily exposed to an infectious tuberculosis patient, do not develop a specific T-cell response as measured by interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). This could be explained by an IFN-γ-independent adaptive immune response, or an effective innate host response clearing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) without adaptive i...

The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein’s membrane-binding domain bridges the viral and host cell membrane, a critical step in triggering membrane fusion. Here, we investigate how the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with host cell membranes, focusing on a membrane-binding peptide (MBP) located near the TMPRSS2 cleavage site. Through in vitro and computatio...

Task-irrelevant sounds that are semantically congruent with the target can facilitate performance in visual search tasks, resulting in faster search times. In three experiments, we tested the underlying processes of this effect. Participants were presented with auditory primes that were semantically congruent, neutral, or incongruent to the visual...