Primatology - Science topic

Postings on social media on Twitter (now X), BioAnthropology News (Facebook), and other venues, as well as recent publications in prominent journals, show that primatologists, ecologists, and other researchers are questioning the terms "Old World" and "New World" due to their colonial implications and history. The terms are offensive if they result...

Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and is especially fatal for neotropical primates. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health is responsible for national epizootic surveillance, but some diseases are still neglected. Here, we present an integrated investigation of an outbreak that occurred during the fi...

This paper offers a descriptive account of the transition in evolutionary ethics with reference to some major works from ethics, sociobiology, moral psychology, and primatology. The causes and nature of the transition are discussed by making a distinction between traditional and recent trends in evolutionary ethics enabling us to understand the sig...

Understanding the amount of space required by animals to fulfill their biological needs is essential for comprehending their behavior, their ecological role within their community, and for effective conservation planning and resource management. The space-use patterns of habituated primates often are studied by using handheld GPS devices, which pro...

Humans have an irresistible inclination to coordinate actions with others, leading to species-unique forms of cooperation. According to the highly influential Shared Intentionality Theory (SITh), human cooperation is made possible by shared intentionality (SI), typically defined as a suite of socio-cognitive and motivational traits for sharing psyc...

Biological structures are defined by elements like bones and cartilage, and elastic elements like muscles and membranes. Computer vision advances have enabled automatic tracking of moving animal skeletal poses. Such developments put us on the verge of gaining insights in complex dynamics otherwise studied in more static terms (e.g., images). Howeve...

Pseudoreplication is the statistical error of collecting numerous datapoints from a single unit (such as an individual), which are not independent, and applying statistical methods that assume independence of data. Importantly, pseudoreplication increases the chances of Type 1 errors (i.e., false positives), bringing findings and conclusions based...

As exemplified by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, infectious diseases may emerge and spread rapidly, often causing serious economic losses and public health concerns. In fact, disease outbreaks have become increasingly common, especially those of zoonotic origin. The Brazilian Ministry of Health is responsible for national epizoot...

The latest advances in artificial intelligence technology have opened doors to the video analysis of complex behaviours. In light of this, ethologists are actively exploring the potential of these innovations to streamline the time-intensive behavioural analysis process using video data. Several tools have been developed for this purpose in primato...

This article is devoted to substantiating the cognitive-evolutionary theory of language within the framework of cognitive linguistics. The main principle of cognitive linguistics, “explanation,” serves as the foundation for this theory. It is argued that the need for this theory arises from negative trends in modern cognitive linguistics, such as a...

While early evolutionary accounts of female sexuality insisted on coyness and monogamous tendencies, evidence from the field of primatology started challenging those assumptions in the 1970s. Decades later, there exists many competing and overlapping hypotheses stressing the potential fitness benefits of female short-term and extra-pair mating. Fem...

The primate fauna of Paraguay consists of just five species (two of which are globally Threatened) and has been largely overlooked by the international primatological community. Paraguay has the second highest deforestation rate in Latin America and the threats facing primates are as severe as anywhere on the continent. Fundación Para La Tierra (PL...

The current state of human evolutionary studies owe much to the generations of committed researchers whose field expeditions to African Stone Age sites have produced groundbreaking findings. The research practices that characterize today’s archaeological fieldwork in Africa have come a long way since the pioneering era. Before the 1950s, most field...

Leontopithecus chrysomelas, the Golden-headed Lion Tamarin (GHLT), is an endangered and endemic Neotropical primate from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil that has suffered a reduction of its habitat and population size in the wild. Ex situ populations have been established as a relevant alternative to safeguard the species and retain its genetic diver...

"Of Primates and Men: Exploring human interconnections with non-human primates" offers a glimpse into ethnoprimatology using the intertwining realms of anthropology, primatology, and zoology, providing a unique perspective on the rich tapestry of our relationship with our primate cousins. From the majestic baboons of ancient Egypt to the revered mo...

Humans are one of the most successful species in the planet as we inhabit almost every ecosystem on Earth. This success has been attributed to our cultural proficiency, which allows us to store in the collective minds of our populations complex knowledge that no single individual could innovate on its own. In this way, we acquire most of our behavi...

The primate fauna of Paraguay consists of just five species (Sapajus cay, Alouatta caraya, Aotus azarae, Plecturocebus pallescens and Mico melanurus) and has been largely overlooked by the international primatological community. Notwithstanding , Paraguay currently has the second highest deforestation rate in Latin America and the threats facing Pa...

Where are the observations in psychology ? Recurrent criticisms have been addressed to psychology for its excessive focus on hypothesis testing, and its disregard for the descriptive, exploratory and observational approaches commonly found in the other natural sciences (e.g., zoology, ethology, behavioral ecology, behavioral biology, primatology)....

Cognitive flexibility is an executive function that allows us to switch from one cognitive operation to another. This ability is important for problem-solving in the physical and social worlds. The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether there is a link between individual cognitive flexibility abilities in baboons and their social position. T...

The tongue is one of the organs most central to human speech. Here, the evolution and species-unique properties of the human tongue is traced, via reference to the apparent articulatory behavior of extant non-human great apes, and fossil findings from early hominids-from a point of view of articulatory phonetics, the science of human speech product...

Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are two principal threats to most terrestrial biodiversity across ecosystems and geographies. Gibbons are a particularly vulnerable group of primates inhabiting the forests of South and Southeast Asia. Of the 20 gibbon species – all threatened, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature or...

A view continues to gain momentum that regards investigation of the cognition of great apes in captive settings as affording us a model for human cognitive evolution. Researchers from disciplines such as comparative psychology, anthropology, and even archaeology, seem eager to put their theories to the test by using great apes as their chosen exper...

In this article, we integrate cultural evolutionary theory with empirical research from developmental psychology, cultural anthropology, and primatology to explore the role of peer learning in the development of complex instrumental skills and behavioral norms. We show that instrumental imitation, contingent teaching, generative collaboration, and...

Aerts, R. (1997). Nitrogen partitioning between resorption and decomposition pathways: a trade-off between nitrogen use efficiency and litter decomposability? Oikos, 80(3), 603−406. Ahmedna, M., Marshall, W. E. & Rao, R. O. (2000). Granular Activated Carbons from Agricultural By-Products: Preparation, Properties, and Application in Cane Sugar Refin...

This article is a review of the book “The chimpanzees of Rubonbo island” by Msindai and Sommer. The authors trace the history of the first introduction of captive chimpanzees into the wild in the 60’s. During the last 50 years, these chimpanzees have attracted many researchers, resulting in a range of published works. I provide a summary of the boo...

Primatology tells that about seven million years ago a split began in primate evolution, a split that led to chimpanzee and human lineages (the pan-homo split). During these millions of years our human lineage has developed performances that our chimpanzee cousins do not possess, like reflective self-consciousness and language. We present here an e...

Where are the observations in psychology ? Recurrent criticisms have been addressed to psychology for its excessive focus on hypothesis testing, and its disregard for the descriptive, exploratory and observational approaches commonly found in the other natural sciences (e.g., zoology, ethology, behavioral ecology, behavioral biology, primatology)....

Although antibiotic resistance is a major issue for both human and animal health, very few studies have investigated the role of the bacterial host spectrum in its dissemination within natural ecosystems. Here, we assessed the prevalence of methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from humans, non-human primates (NHPs), mi...

Artikel ini ditulis oleh primatologist Ibu Erie Kolya Nasution yang telah meninggal dunia dan untuk mengenang jasa serta kontribusi ilmu pengetahuan beliau di bidang Primatologi dan Konservasi, artikel ini saya cantumkan dalam profil pribadi Research Gate saya agar memudahkan perluasan ilmu pengetahuan dalam artikel ini. -------------- In memoriam...

(Chinese Title: 中国东部灵长类及其他常见兽类的分布变迁：1573~1949——基于地方志与 GIS 技术的量化分析. The final version was submitted to Sun Yat-sen University Library and The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China on December 22, 2022.) Background: Primatology is an important branch of biological anthropology, and it is a cross-disciplinary area with biology, psyc...

In March 2021, as the COVID-19 pandemic raged, two of us decided to organise a virtual symposium on canopy bridges for the American Society of Primatology and Smithsonian's Earth Optimism initiative. Afterall, canopy bridges are a conservation solution that invites optimism in the face of all the challenges confronting the natural world. We were as...

“Friendship” is regularly used to describe relationships in primates. Is this appropriate? Twenty years ago, Joan Silk argued that it is, and she gave a careful definition of friendship that could be used across animals [Silk, 2002, Behaviour 139: 421-446]. One problem Silk identified was that her definition relied on the English languge and “Weste...

This article deals with the role played by Adelmar Coimbra-Filho in the development of the science of primatology and at the nature conservation in Brazil. Based on primary sources - personal records, scientific articles, and newsletters - and secondary sources - bibliography on primatology and nature conservation, it was concluded that this scient...

In 2017–2019, Brazil recorded its most severe outbreak of yellow fever due to the spread of the virus (YFV) in the country’s southeast. Here, we investigated mosquito fauna and the spatial distribution of species in a primatology center in the Atlantic Forest bioregion in Rio de Janeiro state to evaluate the risk of YFV transmission in distinct env...

Purpose of Review In Argentina, there are five non-human primate (NHP) species: Sapajus nigritus cucullatus, Sapajus cay, Alouatta caraya, Alouatta guariba clamitans, and Aotus azarae. All of them inhabit protected and non-protected areas and face severe threats due anthropization. We aim to summarize the information available about parasites and i...

This chapter examines the relationship between justice and health and safety in the workplace. However, this chapter also intends to contribute by taking a larger look at justice than would normally be addressed in an organizational setting. As part of this handbook’s overall goal, this chapter updates the reader on current streams of research and...

In this paper I recall some of the significant moments of my career as a primatologist, including some of the intellectual conflicts I encountered between anthropology, sociology and zoology. From an initial interest in ethics and evolution, I undertook research on rhesus monkeys in captivity and then on chimpanzees in the wild. Influenced by Japan...

Illuminating the nature of leadership and followership requires insights into not only how leaders and followers behave, but also the different cognitions that underpin these social relationships. We argue that the roots of leader and follower roles and status asymmetries often lie in basic mental processes such as attention and visual perception....

Introduction. In the article the life of a female orangutan named "Phryne" is described. Phryne lived in the Moscow Zoo in 1927–1937. Now her body, preserved by taxidermy, is kept in the Museum of Anthropology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. The experience of keeping monkeys and apes in captivity can explain the influence of nutrition, re...

The neuronal recycling hypothesis posits that cultural inventions invade evolutionarily adapted neural circuitry and facilitate predictable neurological development in humans. I present an account of phonological development as derived from that same set of proposed principles. So applied, the hypothesis predicts (1) observable neural biases and ab...

We present here the 11th edition of The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates, this one for 2022–2023. The consultation for this list was held in an open meeting on the evening of 12 January 2022, during the IPS-SLAPrim Joint Meeting (XXVIII Congress of the International Primatological Society - IPS and IV Congress of the Latin American Society of Pr...

Toxoplasma gondii was isolated in mice from different tissues of a captive black-and-gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) kept in a colony at the Primatology Center of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and it was genotypically characterized based on using PCR-RFLP and Microsatellite Analysis (MS), later on. T. gondii was successfully isolated from inoc...

Note. This is an updated and expanded version of Harrod (2021). This version3 adds a section on the Olduvai Gorge Oldowan DK site stone circle; updates with new findings on the role of different tree species in the chimpanzee ritual (Kalan, et al., 2019); adds still images and links for several Kühl, et al. (2016) movies of chimpanzees performing t...

[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-09206-0] This book explores the evolutionary and cognitive foundations of human communication, focusing on narrative as its distinctive dimension. Within a framework of continuity with both the communication of our hominin predecessors and that of non-human animals, the book is about a twofold propo...

Archaeoprimatology intertwines archaeology and primatology to understand the ancient liminal relationships between humans and nonhuman primates. During the last decade, novel studies have boosted this discipline. This edited volume is the first compendium of archaeoprimatological studies ever produced. Written by a culturally diverse group of schol...

Archaeoprimatology intertwines archaeology and primatology to understand the ancient liminal relationships between humans and nonhuman primates. During the last decade, novel studies have boosted this discipline. This edited volume is the first compendium of archaeoprimatological studies ever produced. Written by a culturally diverse group of schol...

Assessments of whether closely related species should be classified into more than one genus have been a longstanding source of controversy in primatology. For example, researchers hold differing opinions about whether cebine species should be classified into one or two genera. In this study, we investigated whether craniofacial shape is a reliable...

The evolution of human language has been unknown for decades and thus researchers have started to study primate linguistics with the hope of understanding how human language evolved. Rich data in primatology has made it possible for linguists to apply the theories of contemporary linguistics in explaining monkey communication. However, it is still...

Primate research and conservation may inadvertently reproduce neocolonial dynamics when primatologists from affluent, imperialist nations conduct studies in primate habitat countries. Here, we consider how interrogating the positionality of both foreign researchers and range-country collaborators can strengthen primatology. Such consideration may h...

Non-invasive health monitoring is advantageous for wild and captive primate populations because it reduces the need for traditional invasive techniques (i.e., anesthetization) that can be stressful and potentially harmful for individuals. The biomarker neopterin is an emerging tool in primatology to measure immune activation and immunosenescence, h...

Recent years have witnessed major advances in the ability of computerized systems to track the positions of animals as they move through large and unconstrained environments. These systems have so far been a great boon in the fields of primatology, psychology, neuroscience, and biomedicine. Here, we discuss the promise of these technologies for ani...

Clarifying the scientific identity of ancient biological names in historical archives is essential to understand traditional knowledge and literary metaphors of animals in human culture. Adopting a cross-disciplinary (Primatology, Linguistics, Historiography, Historical Sociology) analysis, we developed a theoretical framework for studies of the sc...

Recent years have witnessed major advances in the ability of computerized systems to track the positions of animals as they move through large and unconstrained environments. These systems have so far been a great boon in the fields of primatology, psychology, neuroscience, and biomedicine. Here, we discuss the promise of these technologies for ani...

Introduction. Taking into account the particular importance of the assurance of the safety of antiviral vaccines containing, albeit attenuated, but live viruses, that can possibly retain the residual neurovirulence, it is important to develop additional tests to confirm the stability of attenuation using modern methods of laboratory diagnostics. Th...

Comparative study of the social systems of macaques has revealed correlated variations between species in multiple social traits such as the asymmetry of dominance relationships, preferential treatment of kin, patterns of aggression and reconciliation, modes of socialization, and access to food resources. Macaques can be classified on a scale of fo...

Primate cognition research is reliant on access to members of the study sp ecies and logistical infrastructures to conduct observations and experiments. Historically founded in research centers and private collections, and spreading to modern zoos, sanctuaries, and the field, primate cognition has been investigated in diverse settings, each with be...

Photo by Ricky Kharawala on Unsplash INTRODUCTION When people think of biomedical research, they often envision rats kept in cages with scientists in white coats and blue gloves checking on them, taking notes, and injecting them with substances. The images make some people uncomfortable, evoking a twinge of guilt as they think of the rats sufferi...

The study of multimodal communication in primatology has increased only recently. At present, we are not aware of any on-going investigations of multimodal communication in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), despite the body of research on this species. This study investigated how different sensory modes of L. catta inter-individual multimodal commu...

Computed Tomography (CT), mostly used in the medical field, has also recently been involved in Cultural Heritage studies, thanks to its efficiency and total non-invasiveness. Due to the large variety of sizes and compositions typical of Cultural Heritage objects, different X-ray sources, detectors, and setups are necessary to meet the different nee...

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed an urgent need for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary understanding of how healthcare systems respond successfully to infectious pathogens –and how they fail. This paper contributes a novel perspective that focuses on the selective pressures that shape healthcare systems over evolutionary time. We use a comparativ...

Nonhuman primates are facing an impending extinction crisis with over 65% of species listed as Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered, and 93% characterized by declining populations. Primary drivers of primate population decline include deforestation, principally for industrial agriculture and the production of food and nonfood commoditie...

The Colobines are a group of Afroeurasian monkeys that exhibit extraordinary behavioural and ecological diversity. With long tails and diverse colourations, they are medium-sized primates, mostly arboreal, that are found in many different habitats, from rain forests and mountain forests to mangroves and savannah. Over the last two decades, our unde...

Approximately 65% of primate species are facing extinction, with threats including the impacts of linear infrastructures such as roads, railways, and power lines, associated with habitat loss and fragmentation, direct and indirect mortality, and changes in animal behavioral patterns. Nevertheless, this is an often-overlooked topic in primatology, a...

This volume concerns emotional development and includes contributions from leading experts in the fields of psychology, neuroscience, sociology, primatology, philosophy, history, cognitive science, computer science, and education. This is the first volume of its kind to include such a multidisciplinary group of experts to consider emotional develop...

Abstract. In this article we propose an extended approach in terms of Cognitive Pragmatics (CP) to the explanation of the development of the higher cognitive processes. Therefore, we explain in terms of CP how linguistic and pre-linguistic social practices shape the mind. CP, as we understand it here presents a broader transdisciplinary position co...

In psychological research, there are often assumptions about the conditions that children expect to encounter during their development. These assumptions shape prevailing ideas about the experiences that children are capable of adjusting to, and whether their responses are viewed as impairments or adaptations. Specifically, the expected childhood i...

To date, the use of positive reinforcement techniques to study locomotion in non-human primates remains poorly developed. However, using cooperative animals that can freely move in experimental setup allows us to collect valuable and relevant data and makes these repeatable and comparable between species. Based on the current knowledge and our expe...

The scientific role of zoological gardens has received scanty attention even in cases, such as Italian Primatology, where they seemed to have played a considerable role, especially in the field of behavioral studies. Notably, the relationship between zoos and primatology in Italy is much longer than the 40 years of life of official Primatology. The...

It has been hypothesized that key aspects of human male upper limb and facial morphology evolved through selective pressures related to fistfighting. Based on the primatological, archaeological, and ethnographic evidence, I argue these proposals are misguided. An important trend during recent hominin evolution was a decline in upper body strength a...

Primatology was initiated in Japan in 1948 by Kinji Imanishi and his colleagues. A distinctive feature of Japanese primatology is adopting the technique of ‘anthropomorphising’ non-human primates and establishing friendly relationships with them through feeding and other means. Following the anthropomorphic stance of primatology in Japan, yielding...

The positional repertoire of primates changes with age, from a diversified form combining several modes in infancy to a more stereotyped form in adults. It is assumed that mechanical stresses imposed by locomotion influence the cortical structure of limb bones. Biomechanical properties of the bones through age should thus change in parallel with th...

In the past four decades, the term social tolerance has been utilized to describe, explain, and predict many different aspects of primates' sociality and has been measured with a large range of traits and behaviors. To date, however, there has been little discussion on whether these different phenomena all reflect one and the same construct. This p...

Female baboons, some with infants, were observed and counts made of interactions in which females interacted with the infants of other females (so-called infant-handling). Independent of these observations, each baboon is assigned a dominance rank of "low," "medium,"or "high." Re-searchers hypothesized that females tend to handle infants of females...

This article aims at defining the field of literary primatology and illustrating the main forms it has taken in Anglophone literatures in the twenty-first century. The article is organized around five sections. The first one introduces the term literary primatology. The second portrays the cultural background against which this field emerged. The t...

The problem of taxonomic differentiation in the order Primates is one of the important problems of evolutionary anthropology and primatology. The systematics of primates reflects their evolutionary relationships and allows to reconstruct the possible ways of formation of particular groups. Clarification of primate taxonomy involves a wide range of...

The problem of taxonomic differentiation in the order Primates is one of the important problems of evolutionary anthropology and primatology. The systematics of primates reflects their evolutionary relationships and allows to reconstruct the possible ways of formation of particular groups. Clarification of primate taxonomy involves a wide range of...

Primatologi adalah salah satu cabang ilmu Biologi berbasis taksa yang khusus mempelajari seluk beluk tentang Ordo Primata. Primatologi adalah satu-satunya cabang ilmu biologi yang mempelajari makhluk hidup pada tingkatan ordo, sementara cabang biologi yang lain mempelajari makhluk hidup pada tingkatan taksa yang lebih tinggi yaitu kelas, filum, ata...

The key innovations of pragmatism are rooted in reflections on the interaction between organisms and their physical and social environments. In this chapter, I outline the pragmatist conception of interaction as it can be found in the writings of its founders – especially John Dewey and George Herbert Mead. Moreover, I illustrate how the pragmatist...

One Health is increasingly being used as a tool in ecosystem protection. The Orangutan Veterinary Advisory Group (OVAG) is working to address One Health concerns in Pongo spp. (orangutan) welfare and conservation. Orangutans are vital contributors to the ecosystem health of their range areas. Strengthening national capacity is crucial to make a las...

The continuity of social life observed between non-human primates and humans is fundamental for understanding the formation of human society in the course of evolution as well as its further social evolution. This paper aims specifically at studying dominance styles and variability of social relationships in non-human primates and humans. The stati...

Conversations in Human Evolution is an ongoing science communication initiative seeking to explore the breadth and interdisciplinarity of human evolution studies. This volume reports another twenty interviews (referred to as ‘conversations’ as they are informal in style) with scholars at the forefront of human evolution research, covering the broad...

Oesophagostomosis is a zoonotic disease caused by nematodes of the genus Oesophagostomum in the intestinal walls of many species, including ruminants, pigs, humans, and nonhuman primates. Although great apes appear to tolerate the parasite in the wild, they can develop a clinical form that can lead to death in captivity and the natural environment....

Captive chimpanzees living in confined environments like sanctuaries or primatology centers are frequently affected by gastrointestinal parasites. Some of these are likely to be transmitted to humans and may seriously affect public health. However little information is currently available on the gastrointestinal parasites of primates living in such...

In the last two decades, a large number of anthropological papers have been focused on digital copies of pa-laeoanthropological materials rather than original skeletal remains. According to some foreign scholars, “virtual anthropology” has taken a shape of a separate field of anthropological science. One of the main advantages of “virtual anthropol...

With just five species, the Paraguayan primate fauna is less diverse than its neighbours and, perhaps as a result of this, few biologists have chosen the country for their primate studies. Consequently, the ecological data available for three of the five species that occur in the country is scant, and most of what we know about the other two is bas...