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Obturator reflex or adductor spasm can cause bladder perforation leading to morbidity in the post operative period especially if the tumor is located at the lateral wall of urinary bladder as the nerve traverses near to it.
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We use either GA with muscle relaxants or just spinal anaesthesia
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It is cost effective and far more practical to treat with Viamin D supplements across population/ communities to have larger positive impact on health. Countries with resource constraints can't test Vitamin D deficiency in their entire population because of high costs.
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Typically, only people with certain conditions, including but not limited to osteoporosis, kidney and liver disease, malabsorption syndromes, bone disorders and certain endocrine conditions, are candidates for testing. Older adults and some pregnant or lactating women also can expect to have their doctors recommend vitamin D
Regards
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When dealing with result base management (RBM)?
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Results Chain helps us ….. Think more analytically about cause and effect, and _ identify relationships among program components (consider relationships internal to the program)
Clarify program objectives and long term goals,
Identify key indicators for M&E,
Identify key assumptions underlying the program,
Develop our questions for evaluation,
Visualize a program in context (consider factors
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We implement projects/programs to pursue certain objectives
· Projects use inputs and activities which result in
· Outputs, which allow to obtain certain
· Outcomes
· In the longer term, outcomes will be reflected in Impacts
· This is called the Results Chain
· This is applicable to projects and programs
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Pre/post test questions after educational session regarding implementing COWS screening tool during treatment for opioid addiction using Buprenorphine
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My entire response did not post.
I found a Cochran review (haven't read it yet) that may contain useful references.
Davoli, M., Amato, L., Clark, N., Farrell, M., Hickman, M., Hill, S., Magrini, N., Poznyak, V., and Schünemann, H. J. (2015), The role of Cochrane reviews in informing international guidelines: a case study of using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system to develop World Health Organization guidelines for the psychosocially assisted pharmacological treatment of opioid dependence. Addiction, 110, 891–898. doi: 10.1111/add.12788.
Hope me this is useful.
Regards,
Christopher
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As per literature search, I found that most of the systematic reviews on corticosteroid therapy in prevention of pre-term birth complications are conducted in high economic countries. I am interested to do a systematic review on corticosteroid therapy in prevention of pre-term birth complications in middle and low economic countries, where there is a high infant mortality rate due to pre term delivery. Iam completely new to this concept. Your contribution, suggestions and support is required to design, conduct and publish this study. I hope any one who are expertise in this area can help me. 
Thank you
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Hi Narayana
A word of advice about your review, don't forget to consult with or better yet, add a librarian to your review team.  Many librarians have developed special skills in crafting comprehensive search strategies and we also know how to work the different search interfaces. Both Cochran and the IOM (or rather, its new name) recommend working with a librarian for systematic reviews.  There is much more to searching than most clinicians and researchers realize.  Without the search specialist on your team, it is quite likely that you will miss some pertinent stuff.
Good luck on your review.
Karen
the librarian
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The question is I need to know if there is any difference or improvement in 10 patients when comparing their history of doctor visits, emergency department visits, behavior health visits and rehab visits before and after the treatment regime.
Note: treatment regime is to help patients get off from narcotic use.
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My Dear Anne
answer of my  colleague is very good and complete you can use SPSS  to run this analysis .
With Best Wishes
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hospital personel must follow and evaluate prehospital care and join to prehospital EMS
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Regardless of the care setting we talk about an old but still valid approach to evaluation. These are structure (inputs), process (procedures and activities) and outcome (intermediate or ultimate). In my view these can be applied in the context of the question. Prehospital care must be first defined. Is it related to normal ambulatory care or emergency care?  then each of the above mentioned approaches may be used. Indicators are available for each and can be found in literature.
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This case just brought to our attention (patient's report with pictures attached). Patient urgently seeking consultation by a local dermatologist who is willing to prove/disprove the alleged etiology. Needed for liability and for adequate medical documentation for publishing the case in a scholarly journal.
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Dear Theodor,
Were you able to find a Toronto-based dermatologist to help with the case? The way the system works in Canada is that this patient could see a family doctor, and then get referred to her local dermatologist.
It seems like an interesting cause of chronic dermatitis. A few biopsies may help - and I wonder if the material is polarizable? Also, I wonder if tape stripping could be used to make the diagnosis (like in fiberglass dermatitis). I would agree with Marko in that the photos really look like self-induced excoriations without a primary dermatosis. However, you must rule out all other causes before jumping directly to that.
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Nikola Bradic MD
Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine
Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesiology and Cardiac Intensive Medicine
University Hospital Dubrava
10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Dear Nikola, in our Institution we have a busy ECMO programme both for vv and va support. In my ICU we mainly deal with va patients. The vast majority of patients is supported for refractory cardiac arrest (both IHCA and OHCA) and cardiogenic shock.
Besides the clinical aspect, we are also investigating a number of aspects pertaining to ECMO, cardiac arrest and neurological prognostication. If you have any specific interest or question please feel free to contact me: docsanga@gmail.com
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I ask for  Arabic Version of Roe Anginal questionnaire
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We are in our country Saudi Arabia translate the English Questionnaire to Arabic, then 2 or 3 consultants in the same specialty review it, then the Arabic version translated again to English by neutral person ( prefer official translation office ) to ensure exact translation.       
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This is because I have seen three variations:
 1.one level teaspoon of salt plus eight level teaspoons of sugar plus one litre of clean drinking or boiled water  
2. six level teaspoons of sugar and one-half level teaspoon of salt in one liter of (clean) water.  
3.1 level teaspoonful (3ml) of salt plus 10 level teaspoonful or 5 cubes of sugar in 600mls of clean water  No 3. Seems more popular in Nigeria.   I.
ANY DIFFERENCE IN THE OUTCOME 
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You may be seeing different "recipes" as the standards changed in 2003 and some other modifications have arisen informally from time to time. There was the original WHO, listed directly below and then the lower osmolality released in 2003. Some of the confusion is that, in 2003, WHO and UNICEF  recommended that the osmolarity of ORS be reduced from 311 to 245 mOsm/L
The old WHO formula  ingredients:
Six (6) level teaspoons of Sugar.
Half (1/2) level teaspoon of Salt.
One Litre of clean drinking or boiled water and then cooled - 5 cupfuls (each cup about 200 ml.)
Why ORS at all? Water doesn't absorb very well across the gut. The body won’t absorb water alone very well since the intestines (the place where most of the water we drink is absorbed) have a co-transporter that requires sodium and glucose (aka. sugar) to absorb water  
Below in BOLD is Original WHO Standard Composition vs in ITALIC WHO 2003 Reduced Newer Composition
Composition of oral rehydration solutions versus
Reduced Composition- Standard Composition osmolarity WHO-ORS†
ORS*
Glucose (mmol/L) 75     111
Sodium (mmol/L) 75      90
Potassium (mmol/L) 20  20
Chloride (mmol/L) 65     80
Citrate (mmol/L) 10       10
Osmolarity (mmol/L) 245 311
So many millions of lives have been saved by use of ORS. Let me know if I can help any further. I am in InternationalTravel and Wilderness medicine so my perspective may not be that helpful. 
Warmly, Marybeth Lambe MD FAAFP
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During  our  Post  graduate  training we  had  been  under  the  impression that  Fever  is  the  Most  difficult symptom  to  solve  and  fever  does  not  kill  the  patients  but  it  can  kill  a  Doctors  reputation,  But  here  the  story  comes :  In  early  2k,  I  was  on  duty  as  Assistant  Professor in  Medical  wards  of  a  reputed  Medical  college - Govt. Stanley  Medical  College,  in  Chennai - India. At  about  4  pm  my  Post  graduate in  Medicine  admitted  an  Young  27  years  old  female  with  an  history  of  fever  since 2  days.  She  delivered a baby  about  a  week  ago (  Full term  natural  delivery  and  smooth  ante-natal history). She  was  breast  feeding  the  baby. History  and  physical  examination  were  unremarkable.  I  was  angry  with  the  post  graduate  for  hospitalising  a recent puerperal mother  for  a  short  acute  febrile  illness without any  significant  physical  findings. About  an  hour  later  I received a  call from  the  post  graduate that  She  became seriously  ill  gasping  for  breath  and  rapidly  desaturating  in  the  ECG  room  while  an  ECG  was  recorded .  I  became  very  furious  towards  the  attitude  of  that  postgraduate  for  sending  the  patient  for  an  ECG,  which  I  thought  was  an  unwarranted  test  in  a  febrile  patient.  She  was  shifted  to  M-ICU  intubated  and  cardiac  resuscitation  was  attempted. In  vain.  She succumbed  to  the  undiagnosed  Acute  short  febrile  illness.  But  the ECG  was  very  diagnostic  in  determining  the  cause  of  death. Following  this  experience  until  now,  I  order  an  ECG  for  every  febrile  patients.
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Dear Muralidharan R.s.,
It is really a very sad story.
Since the topic is so interesting I have copied some important text to shed light on this kind of illness:
Acute febrile illness is the medical term used to describe a sudden fever or elevation in body temperature. This happens when the body is invaded by a pathogen and the immune system is activated to fight it off. Read more to learn about the symptoms and treatment options.
What Is Acute Febrile Illness?
When the body is invaded by a foreign pathogen like a virus or bacteria, the immune system kicks into gear and tries to fight the infection before it has a chance to spread. When this happens, the body's temperature is elevated to try to kill off the pathogen, and this results in what we call a fever. Acute febrile illness is when a fever develops suddenly; specifically, the body temperature rises above 37.5 degrees Celsius (99.5 degrees Fahrenheit).
Causes
If you've ever been sick, you've probably experienced having a fever, and you know how hard it can be to determine the underlying cause. Acute febrile illness can occur whenever the body is invaded by some type of infectious disease, but it is especially worrisome in tropical and sub-tropical regions where serious diseases loom. These can include malaria, dengue, typhoid, chikungunya, Leptospirosis, scrub typhus, influenza, encephalitis, histoplasmosis, enteric fever, rickettsiosis, Hantavirus, and many, many others. Specifically, the hypothalamus is the part of the brain responsible for regulating body temperature, and it may 'decide' to elevate body temperature in response to an infection.
Symptoms
In addition to causing elevated body temperature, acute febrile illness can be accompanied by headaches, dizziness, sweats, chills, muscle pain, joint pain, and weakness. Sometimes it's also affiliated with respiratory symptoms like coughing or wheezing. A fever in itself isn't necessarily cause for alarm; however, it becomes problematic when the body temperature gets too high or lasts for an extended amount of time.
In infants or very young children, fever may be accompanied by seizures (called febrile seizures). These are generally harmless (although they can be very scary to witness), though it's recommended to take children to the doctor the first time they experience a febrile seizure. They can be recurring, so it's best to make sure they aren't indicative of a more serious cause.
Rafik
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I would like to analize which is the answers rate of GP\FM on web-based survey that they received.
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@leonardoFerreiraFontenelle I runned a web-based survey in a GP population and I would like to compare my experience with others like that. Of course the survey that I used it is different then others but I would like to looking for some data about this issues. Thank you for your suggestion
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I would like to come up with an indicator of frailty for community living seniors using administrative data from diagnosis made by family physicians, specialists, during hospitalization or medication use. Who would have attempted this or know about any research on this? Thank you :-))
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Dear Edeltraut:
You may find these two papers useful, based on work done by your fellow countrywo/men.
Hoover et al. Validation of an index to estimate the prevalence of frailty among community-dwelling seniors. Health Reports. 2013;24(9):10-17.
Kim and Schneeweiss. Measuring frailty using claims data for pharmacoepidemiologic studies of mortality in older adults: evidence and recommendations. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2014;doi:10.1002/pds.
Best wishes, Paul
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A local health service has recently introduced a, add on service to assist GPs in offering better service to people with chronic mental illness, after four years, there is need to determine whether that service is having desired outcomes.
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And thank you Sheila, I will look at Alastair's paper. Much appreciated.
Interesting take on this, Ariel's suggestion above was to consider an objective measure, my initial take was Clinician's self-report (not so objective) and your suggestion adds in the consumer preference.
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In France, the prescription of benzodiazepines (BZD ) is a problem . Care for patients with chronic use is difficult. In terms of public health, it is particularly relevant to avoid this situation by prescribing these treatments wisely. A thesis carried out in 2012 resulted in the design of two brief first prescription of BZD guides , one to complaints for anxiety and the other for insomnia.
How would it be possible to assess the relevance of these guides, in actual practice conditions of general practice (GP) , knowing that the conditions of research in MG do not allow a large-scale intervention study ?
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I love this discussion because it's so important. I spent the 70's (my first decade in private practice) getting people OFF benzos. My "decision support" is simple: NEVER use these drugs (always remember never to say always or never). UNLESS you have no choice. I never, prescribe them EXCEPT in a few circumstances: EtOH withdrawal, certain phobic reactions (such as flying, and only for the duration, w/ the caveats of memory loss, DVT etc), and those who have already become addicted by other physicians' unwise (in my opinion) prescribing.  Now that we know that several if not most of the antidepressants are also excellent for anxiety, we can use other means, including NON-DRUG therapy, which also works very well. We certainly DO want to alleviate crippling anxiety or insomnia, but we'll never do it with benzos, though they "work" at first.  Also, now that the "powers that be" have begun to agree w/ me (I've been saying & doing this for YEARS), touting how the elderly (& all the rest of us) have more falls, more depression, more cognitive impairment w/ these drugs, it's much easier to reason with patients. I know this is a research site -- but it's really difficult to research Common Sense and the Art of Medicine.
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Interested in improved glycemic control RCTs and Meta-Analysis looking at MDI or glargine injections versus CSII pump administration
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Hi. The CIPP (context, input, process, and product evaluation) evaluation approach has been proposed for healthcare programs (1).
I am looking for examples/references of this approach in a multidisiplinary primary care program setting.
Thanks, David
1. Kennedy-Malone L. Evaluation strategies for CNSs: application of an evaluation model... context, input, process, and product (CIPP) evaluation model developed by Stufflebeam. Clin Nurse Spec. 1996;10:195–198.
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Yes. You can also apply PRECEDE PROCEED model as well as other planning models. 
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Looking for a model/theory/framework/ classic paper or systematic review that provides an overview on what factors influence a patient's decisions, in general and specific to treatment decisions?
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Chris, we are writing up a proposal and we were looking at different factors that influence patient's decisions as one factor: it seems as if most people keep directing to 'shared decision making' ideas however there must be other factors that influence a patient's decision. I am surprised that there is no overarching model or review on different factors ranging from socio-economic to shared-decision making to motivation....
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which fluids are relevant? are antibiotics relevant?
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Infection is common among hospitalized patients with traumatic brain injury.A severe infection has been associated with an increased risk of physical disability, permanent organ damage even death.Patients with TBI who spent more than 7 days in an ICU had an increased risk for infection as compared to those who were not admitted or spent ≤7 days in an ICU.A. very interesting systematic review and meta-analysis is this article from Brittney et al. which is attached below.
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Hi everyone! My name is Mandy. At the moment, I'm currently involved with a research study at UCSF, where we're doing a survey on how we can reduce suicide rates in primary care settings. According to the CDC, suicide rates in America are steadily increasing, becoming even higher than the rates of homicide. In fact, suicide is now the 10th leading cause of death, surpassing chronic liver disease.
If you are a physician, nurse practitioner, or a physician assistant in the United States, it'll be great if you can help us fill out this 5-10 min survey! We already have about 120 responses for this study, but we're hoping to get more participants for a more extensive study. Here is the link! http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/1607736/PCP-Perceptions-in-Clinical-Care
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I believe the best way to reduce the statistics of completed suicide (and even suicide attempts) is to completely revolutionize the way we understand suicidality.  The current models being followed are largely based on the works of Durkheim and Shneidman.  I do not believe these these models are correct for all of the cases of suicidality.  We need to start looking at suicidality in the same way we look at other disorders - based on phenomenology.  Doing so may lead to creating a classification system for suicidality disorders which may allow specific anti-suicidality treatments (not just anti-depressants or other treatments like CBT or DBT) to be found to help the people experiencing suicidality.  Without a classification system for different types of suicidality the results of any research will be muddled (just as the results would be muddled if you tested a treatment on a group of people with 'mood disorders' without specifically targeting those with Major Depressive Disorder).  Until then, researchers are kind of stuck because the likelihood of one treatment being effective for all types of suicidality is not very high (just as one treatment isn't effective for all mood disorders).
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Multiple studies have shown that inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system have been effective in reducing microalbuminuria among patients with diabetic nephropathy. Despite their usage, prevalence of CKD/ESRD persists (even becoming more prevalent). I have 2 questions: (1) How much renoprotection do ACEIs and/or ARBs provide to this population group? (or how much is the prevalence of CKD/ESRD related to ACEIs and/or ARBs usage?) (2) Are there any studies that predict the occurrence of CKD and/or ESRD among patients being treated with ACEIs and/or ARBs for the purpose of renoprotection, especially among paints with diabetic nephropathy?
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ACEI & ARB'S are excellent reno-protective drugs , as they delay progression of CKD & also protect from cardiovascular complications . But , there are situations , when caution should be exercised in initiating ACEI / ARB , such as in 1) DN with hyperkalemia ( K.> 5 Meq /l ) due to type 4 RTA . 2) In DN without proteinuria due to macrovascular bilateral renovascular disease ( Ischemic nephropathy  ) . If ACEI / ARB's are initiated , a rapid rise of creatinine of > 0.5 mg / dl due to AKI & should lead to rapid discontinuation of these drugs .
  In addition , ACEI / ARB's should not be combined with NSAID'S , should be discontinued before contrast studies ,  pre-operatively before surgery  & in volume depleted states caused by diuretics , diarrhea & sepsis . In all these conditions , the development of AKI can lead to progression of renal disease & also increase mortality .
 These factors should be considered in evaluating the side effects of ACEI /ARB's , as in addition ,multiple drugs such as Beta - blockers & spironolctone may cause hyperkalemia , with increase in mortality . 
 Therefore , the development of AKI & Hyperkalemia due to various factors should be considered , in assessing the prognosis of CKD in DN . The primary care doctors should be aware of these side effects & should monitor their patients by checking serum creatinine & K levels frequently in such situations . The syndrome of Rapid Onset ESRD ( SORO-ESRD ) due to AKI on CKD should be kept in mind .
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Borderline Personality Disorder is not a diagnostic label usually used by primary care physicians in Spain. I'm not sure if this is a shortcoming or appropriate. Will more knowledge and use of the label BPD lead to better clinical management of BPD patients in primary care?
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I think Jose Nunes makes very good point.
I find it hard to believe that doctors/psychiatrists make this diagnosis (of course with care) to insult the patient (as some colleagues have suggested) and cause them harm)
I can share with colleagues the relief numerous patients of mine have expressed when this diagnostic possibility is carefully and sensitively discussed (making sure the patient does not feel guilty and having positive approach).
Indeed, we need to have some understanding of what we are communicating about (the patient and the doctor) and using a diagnostic label usually helps.
As for the prejudice and stigma, to conquer this, we need to work on our own minds and on the minds of fellow members of society.
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A young woman loses her husband in a car crash. She has no history of psychiatric disorders. She is grief-stricken and has to take time off work. Because of the removal of the bereavement exclusion, after 2 weeks, she clinically fulfills the ‘new’ criteria for major depression, She consults her primary care doctor...
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Labels, labels everywhere. Instead of focusing on labels, focus on the patient. I start with the simple stuff. We now know that diet plays a key role in enhancing brain function so I would encourage her to focus on eating a healthy diet. Exercise is another great way to counter anxiety and stress. I would hold off on any medications at this point. As Peter Gotzsche points out in his new book "Deadly Medicines and Organized Crime" many psychotropic medications seem to cause more harm than good.
I suspect the "new" criteria for major depression were strongly influenced by those who have financial ties to drug companies.
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It has been observed that countries with a strong focus on primary health care and primary care have better health outcomes.
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Not necessarily, but when you consider that 85% of health problems are simple problems that do not require sophisticated technological structure as hospitas and specialty health centers, primary care is the most effective at the lowest cost. Therefore primary care is an appropriate choice.
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In Italy primary care physicians, called "medico di base", do not have and do not use this important diagnostic tool. Consequently, Department of emergency and acceptation (DEA), known as ER in USA/ Pronto soccorso in italy, are always full and overcrowded.
Do you think that could be a good idea to provide medical studies with ecographs and to update physicians about its use?
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In my country (Spain) primary care physicians do not have this tool in their clinics. It´s non invasive, cost-effective, and easy to handle. I totally agree with you.
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I have performed a little experiment by applying the ASRS of 6 items to a sample of 400 consecutive attenders in nine primary care facilities. I was surprised because the proportion of positive screenings was around 20%. Adjusting this data by known sensitivity and specificity (see Ramos-Quiroga) the estimated 'true prevalence' was around 12%. However no patients in the sample (nor positive nor negative screening) has a diagnosis nor a treatment for ADHD.
Dear colleagues, what do you think about this findings?
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This is the usual rate of positive screens with the 6-item ASRS. The transcultural validity has never been assessed and Kessler et al. acknowledged that this is just one of all the possible set of 6 items among the 18 items of the full ASRS. The one was chosen because it performed slightly better in a sample of 154 US adults with ADHD (taken from the NCS-R study). In the same paper, Kessler et al. proposed a two stage scoring algorithm. Using the latter, I found a prevalence of 3% in the French general population much closer than the prevalence rate in clinical settings.
Hope this helps.
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