Preventive Medicine - Science topic

You can employ a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of various factors influencing acceptance of HPV vaccine. It's best to seek support from a statistician in order to design your study in the most approriate way to answer you study objective.

If it’s finance account; look for account head and apply all rules for manage finance account. An organisation have so many account head, identify which one you going to handle or you are responsible for all.

For patient management account: it’s completely patient health outcome from facility. It's services accountability.

Take YOUR one.

Thank you, @ ,Beth Ann Fiedler ,Beth Ann Fiedler your information on this life-threatening emergency in developed and developing countries is apt. The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries and upsurge of patients with pneumonia, UTI, malnutrition, immunodeficiency related diseases just to mention but a few coming down with sepsis is alarming. Sepsis is an important public health challenge, therefore creation of massive awareness Campaign on sepsis, and partnership with public health professionals, clinical experts, patient's advocacy groups and the public will cause more people to survive sepsis or avoid it entirely.

Theoretically that could happen. However most weights are negative So it would require many indicators to be at highest healthy category and one of the others to be not at highest but with a positive weight to get a score above the constant..

The development of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic (causing Covid-19 disease) has caused many people to become more aware of healthy lifestyles to strengthen the body's immune system. Therefore, the role of dietitians in the current pandemic situation may be increasing nutrition education about role of nutrition to enhance immunity aspecialy micronutrient and development of healthy eating diets, which should have the potential to strengthen the body's immune system and improve

overall health.

Nature has given us such a medicinal foods such as Vegetables are highly nutritious, with vitamins, minerals and fibre. Fruits are less good, because of the fructose content, although they also have vitamins, minerals and fibre.

There is no established correlation between the variations in temperature and spread of coronavirus (COVID-19).

Add indole -3 -butyric acid for in vitro rooting, also add phluoroglucinol to the cultures and keep your cultures in dark conditions for continuous rooting. If your aim is to production of secondary metabolites from root cultures, You can opt hairy root cultures with the help of Agrobaceriun rhizogenes and do precursore feeding of various amino acids like Tryptophae . To prevent decay to roots please add antioxidants such as citric acid, ascorbic acid, PVP etc, many researchers also reported the application of silver thiosulphate. Regards: Mafat

Extra calcium will be deposited almost every tissues in the body and damages considerably but most dangerous is renal (kidney) calcinosis which progresses almost without any sign and symptom until terminal kidney failure.

Gulzar - the answer is 'of course'. This has been the case for several decades. The paradigm change has been called for - for decades. Acute, medical services are often reactive, expensive and, while benefiting the individual, often do little for community health and development overall. The Ottawa Charter's main aim of 're-orientating health services' has championed this reform and change in direction since the mid-80s - but this has not occurred wholesale. The problem being is that health promotion is at the behest of political agendas. Public health and its underpinning health policy (aligned to preventative healthcare) requires long-term planning and resourcing - and evaluation of success is often the same. Political parties are reluctant to commit to long-term planning and resourcing (let's say 10-year plans) because they may only be in power for a few years. They are far more inclined towards shorter-term outcomes i.e. acute, medical care outcomes i.e. reduced waiting times in hospitals - that are supported by short-term medical research measurements. Compounding this is that there are different forms of public health i.e. highly medicalised that are little different to acute services - through to chronic health models (self-management) through to 'up-streaming' population health.

I asked a question on RG 6-years ago on the difference between health promotion and health education. It is still an active thread - and has had over 530 answers and over 43,000 reads. Much of the content covers this 'tension' around reactive and preventative health reform.

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_difference_between_health_promotion_and_health_education

Amen. Discovery, especially self-discovery adds zest to life and food.

Thank you so much. I will try that and keep you posted. The trouble with proceeding with the dosage files is that I cannot manage to perform any quality filtering on them using plink. I use plink 1.9 and most of the quality filters like (maf/hwe/geno) do not work on a dosage file input. They need a .ped file as the input. My work around was to first convert my imputed vcf to a plink ped file, perform the filtering and then reconvert to a .vcf file format and run the dosage convertor tool. But then it showed the R2 column missing errror. But I think if I regenerate the .vcf files with the --recode-INFO-all option it will allow me to run them through the dosage convertor. Thank you for all your help. I really appreciate it.

Dnyanada

No, there is no need to test ayurvedic medicines scientifically as Ayurveda is a 5,000 year old science.

Maybe this link could be interesting and useful for you.

Dear Joshua,

A mixture of ash and soap may not produce the lather that is required to clean hands whereas a mixture of sand and soap may act well in removing dirt and probably germs...it has been used in Kenya for cleaning of hands among the mechanics/those who repair motor vehicles specifically to remove oil and grease from their hands. i am not sure about the scientific benefit of the same but you may test its efficacy. Soapy water ( a mixture of powdered soap+ water) is very common in Kenya and has been promoted as an alternative to sustaining soap provision in schools. you can read the following article for more information;

No experiance 

Since aging is a life process that we cannot avoid, yes we can delay it. The most important thing to understand that is one need to implement the delaying acts while one is still young, so as to stay younger for longer. The following are the most effective ways of delaying the effects of aging:

1. Ensure that you eat nutritious diet that has less sugar, less fat and more protein

2. Moderate regular exercise. Do not strain your body

3. Strive to increase your knowledge. Learning something new keeps your mind active just as the exercise does to your body. Read a book or read it to some one.

4. As you get older try to be as independent as possible. Do things for yourself, this will increase your sense of self worth.

5. Interact with people that are positive and can bring the best in you. You also need to stay positive. Go out with friends 

6. Play games that are mind stimulating, such as chess, 30 seconds, scrabble etc. Pay attention to everything in your day, and in the evening try to recall what happened in the morning during the day and so forth.

All this can be applied to nursing an old person.

You can look in Social Science/Science Citation Index to find out who has cited this paper.  You can also do a bibliographic search for each author to find out if they have done anything further.

It would be helpful to briefly describe the survey methodology you are trying to improve as well as how you will use the data.  There many good survey methods for assessing nutrition depending on what you want to know.  You can use diaries, frequency questions, pictorial scales, etc. 

Do you mean that the effect of the donated drugs on individuals who received them should have been measured?  Or do you mean there should have been a laboratory experiment with donated drugs?  Or do you mean that there should have been a measure of whether the drugs were actually used?

Juan, caro, permítame compartir con usted algunos enlaces que nos han guiado acá en Brasil sobre el tema:

I am working in preventive health care. I need to write a journal article. I have no stats skills myself or in any team member.

Policy makers worth their salt would be able to MAKE SENSE  out of the SO CALLED ambiguity and variability in existing literature on the magnitude of socio-economic inequality in self-reported morbidities ; also THE constitutional obligation of the govt. concerned would also guide policy making ( as also will the political compulsions)

Kaell,

Thanks for the resources. It is a good starting point.

Please see my attachment. Thank you.

If food is medicine, then healthy food, exercise and fresh clean air and water may be regarded as 'medicine' in that they contribute to health.  I am reminded 'Let thy food be thy medicine.'

there is no test to prevent falls. there are plenty to differentiate fallers from non fallers. but you have exercises and rehab technics to reduce the risk of falling. and finally the best one is still to exercise regularly for general population. Falls according to some specific condition is a different situation which needs some disease driven therapy by physiotherapist.

According to the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, CVS affects approximately 90% of the people who spent three hours or more at day looking at a computer. The lighting, air quality, and the time spent focusing on a screen are the main factors that could bring about CVS. Taking breaks by closing your eyes or focusing on objects far away could help give the overused muscles a necessary time out. If giving your eyes a little breather is hard to remember you could set a reminder or timer. Some other variables to consider that could contribute to eyestrain is the environment.  If the room is really bright you could consider tinted glasses or maybe a certain pair of glasses just for computer use. If there is a lot of airflow that is drying out your eyes, some lubricating eye drops might help. Also make sure your settings are so that the font and screen lighting can be read with ease.

Dear Harriet, 

There are many resources available for individuals which are deaf under the IDEA legislation. ,I would recommend reviewing the legislation to determine what accommodations health care facilities have related to individuals which are deaf.  It is important to remember they are  hearing impaired and not blind so they can still read and understood the content of what is being stated.  I would recommend looking at the policies and then interviewing a couple of health care provided to determine what is in place.  You might want to visit http://www.ncdhhs.gov/dsdhh/

Michele

Juan, you can find the SCORE charts with HDL-C at the ESC website: HeartScoreW. The interactive tool for predicting and managing the risk of heart attack and stroke [Internet]. European Society of Cardiology. Available at: http://www.heartscore.org/Pages/welcome.aspx

The following paper has used and cites these charts: Brotons C, et al. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2014;67(2):94–100.

Best wishes,

Emilio Ros

yes dear pankaj they can very well lay eggs on wet filter papers. i have used wet sterile whatman filter paper no 1 for egg laying by gravid anopheline females in test tubes or small bowls. you can try it but keep the tubes in a dark room and use loose cotton plugs to block the entrance of test tubes.

Citric acid is the best remedy to lower Uric acid levels. I have tried this on many patients and there were best results. For the purpose, a person suffering higher levels of uric acid may take lime juice in warm water frequently during the acute problem, regular intake will help in chronic situation also.

In response to Nidal, I would suggest more contemporary models than the Health Belief Model, which has largely fallen out of usage in favour of models which consider other additional factors and their inter-relationships.

Find e.g. in Poland (Polish/English):

Sure, for example spicy food can aggravate peptic ulcer disease.

Did you check the relevant literature first? I made some research in the past (sytematic Medline search) and I have not found any relationship of desynchronised circadian rhythm on cardiovascular risk. There was some evidence of risk of breast cancer or even obesity. That was 2 years ago though and I searched only Medline, systematically, but still.

This new July 31, 2013 U.S. Gallup poll may be of interest to you, Dipesh. It looks at successful recovery from the the ex-smoker's perspective. It does so by asking the open-ended question, "Trying to be as specific as possible, what strategies or methods for quitting smoking were most effective for you?" While nearly half credit cold turkey, another 25 percent or so provide responses that fall within the historic yet evolving definition of "cold turkey," abrupt and complete drug cessation, without resort to cessation products or procedures.

Link to Gallup article: http://www.gallup.com/poll/163763/smokers-quit-tried-multiple-times.aspx

Link to extracted Gallup table showing effective strategies: http://whyquit.com/studies/Gallup_Poll_July_2013.html

GSK, Pfizer and J&J would love for you to build your program around approved quitting products, GSK has spent billions over the past 39 years marketing and using its influence to make Nicorette a cornerstone of U.S. cessation policy yet, Yet, according to this poll only 1 percent of successful quitters credit nicotine gum for their success. I'm left wondering the percentage of that 1 percent who were still hooked on the cure, and whether any smoker has ever arrested their brain's dependence upon nicotine by continuing to replace it.

"Group pharma think" will encourage you to recommend costly approved products having 8-12 week treatment periods before product use ends and your program's participants attempt to adjust to natural brain dopamine pathway stimulation. The beauty of abrupt cessation education, counseling and support programs is that within 72 hours of ending use, participants both inhabit nicotine-free bodies and move beyond peak withdrawal.

Effective abrupt cessation programs provide intense up-front education and support during those first 3 critical days, keeping every participant on the exact same recovery page (ending all use at the first session). Joel Spitzer's 13 day programs always started on a Tuesday, with the first two-hour group session running a bit long. Participants returned for additional 2 hour sessions on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday and Monday, with graduation the following Monday (day 13). It allowed them to move beyond peak withdrawal prior to the weekend, with greater likelihood of alcohol use. It also forces almost immediate extinction of work related use cues,

Providing telephone support between sessions, with program content as presented in Joel's Library (http://whyquit.com/joel/) , at a very minimum you should expect at least 50 percent of participants to remain 100 percent nicotine free and graduate on day 13. Six month continuous cessation rates (not one puff) should never fall below 30 percent. If your budget allows, Joel discovered that regular follow-up reinforcement letters mailed after graduation, with periodic follow-up telephone calls, can substantially enhance six-month cessation rates (50% is not unusual, again, depending on the quality and intensity of follow-up). This link is to the collection of follow-up letters shared by Joel: http://whyquit.com/joel/#articles Again, if a not-for-profit program you're free to use and share them.

A few lessons I learned the hard way. If any participant relapses, as cold as this sounds, they cannot be permitted to remain in the group, but can attend a future group. Allowing them back will undercut the "same page" recovery and healing dynamics, as the group's focus will turn to the perpetual withdrawal and still complaining user. Also, no breaks during sessions, especially the first. And don't forget to collect all cigarettes at the end of the first session. Make them leave as new ex-smokers.

That first session is the most critical. There, I provide motivation by devoting at least half my time (normally more) to educating them as to how each puff further damages the body, why they need to quit and dependency basics. Accepting that their brain wanting disorder is no different from the wanting felt by other drug addicts greatly simplifies recovery's rules: that one is too many, while thousands never enough.

The second hour is devoted to destruction of false use rationalizations (the biggest being the fraud of "just one" and that nicotine is a stress-buster) and to how to quit. This short video by Spitzer presents his basic tips. At a minimum, each should be briefly reviewed: http://youtu.be/l27zWo7hbcY If desired, you can play any portion of any of Spitzer's nearly 200 videos via a laptop that ties the Internet to a wall projector. YouTube allows you to create links to the exact minute and second of any video that you wish to jump to. You could have pre-established links to every question or concern imaginable. After a few programs the facilitator will likely grow comfortable in sharing the answer themselves.

For example, this link jumps to the 12 minute and 49 second mark of Sptizer's video entitled "Why do smokers smoke?" There, he explains stress induced urine acidification and why smokers falsely believe that smoking is a stress-buster: http://youtu.be/S9AmZiI3rNI?t=12m49s

Dipesh, I sincerely hope you follow through with your dream of helping smokers quit, as the reach of a high quality program pumping out the most dependency recovery savvy ex-smokers your nation has ever seen is no different from the influence of any high quality university.

Again, I'm here and will gladly assist in anyway possible.

Regards,

John

Nowadays, EDX is a pilot program of Harvard University, MIT and Berkerly to explore online education.

We have just finished an excellent course of Biostatistics and Epidemiology directed by Marcello Pagano and Francis Cook (Harvard University).

You can register for free and get another course, wait until this beautiful course (Health in Numbers) is available again, or in two more days will begin a course in Basic Statistic of Berkerley.

I hope this information help you.

They do focus on welfare. There r many wonderful things that they do. One of which is they run some of world,s most top notch journals. Isnt that a great service?

Using appropriate (i.e easily understood) visual aids, taking the time to explain to patients what hypertension is all about, how it affects them and their functionality and what the drugs do once inside their bodies. Demystifying hypertension and other chronic conditions empowers patients and is the key to participation in their own healthcare.

I agree with what has been said. Although one feels that Vit D tretament is essential in many different clinical conditions there are not many definitive e vidence of its efficacy. The following is some of the literature published on this topic. Vitamin D and in particular its biologically most active metabolite, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3), are central endocrine molecules that influence many aspects of human physiology, which are not only the well-known calcium and phosphorus up-take and transport controlling bone formation, but also the control of immune functions and of cellular growth and differentiation. Basically all actions of 1α,25(OH)2D3 are mediated by the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). The crystal structure of the VDR and detailed knowledge on its molecular interactions with the ligand provide significant insight into the mechanisms of vitamin D signaling. This applies also on the action of the huge number of synthetic 1α,25(OH)2D3 analogues, which have been developed with the goal of a therapeutic application in hyper-proliferative diseases, such as psoriasis, benign prostate hyperplasia and different types of cancer, in immune functions, such as autoimmune diseases and microbial infections, or in bone disorders, such as osteoporosis. Moreover, detailed investigations on many VDR target genes and in particular the recently available genome-wide view on vitamin D signaling allows a more complete view on the potential of the nuclear hormone.

Several studies have shown that vitamin D may play a role in many biochemical mechanisms in addition to bone and calcium metabolism. Recently, vitamin D has sparked widespread interest because of its involvement in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. Hypovitaminosis D has been associated with obesity, related to trapping in adipose tissue due to its lipophilic structure. In addition, vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and this may be due to the relationship between low vitamin D levels and obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. However, although vitamin D has been identified as a potentially important marker of CVD, the mechanisms through which it might modulate cardiovascular risk are not fully understood.

Increasing bone mineralization abnormalities observed among people living with HIV (PLWHIV) result from various factors relating to the host, the virus, and the antiretrovirals used. Today, HIV infection is considered to be a risk factor for bone mineralization disorders.

In addition to its role in calcium homeostasis and bone health, vitamin D has also been reported to have anticancer activities against many cancer types, including breast cancer. The discovery that breast epithelial cells possess the same enzymatic system as the kidney, allowing local manufacture of active vitamin D from circulating precursors, makes the effect of vitamin D in breast cancer biologically plausible. Preclinical and ecologic studies have suggested a role for vitamin D in breast cancer prevention. Inverse associations have also been shown between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level (25(OH)D) and breast cancer development, risk for breast cancer recurrence, and mortality in women with early-stage breast cancer. Clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation, however, have yielded inconsistent results.

Both in vitro exposure to and chronic in vivo administration of calcitriol enhanced relaxations to acetylcholine and abolished exaggerated endothelium-dependent contractions in renal arteries of normotensive rats pre-exposed to Ang II or harvested from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Reactive oxygen species levels and expressions of AT(1)R, NAD(P)H oxidase subunits, SOD-1, and SOD-2 in SHR arteries were normalized by the chronic treatment with calcitriol.ConclusionIn vivo and in vitro activation of VDR with calcitriol improves endothelial function by normalizing the expressions of AT(1)R and radical generating and scavenging enzymes and thus preventing ROS over-production. Calcitriol is effective in preserving endothelial function in hypertension.

Data that vitamin D deficiency results in increased risks for asthma and allergies continues to accumulate. However, the optimal level of vitamin D that decreases both the risk for development and severity of these disorders remains elusive.

The majority of patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are expected to have vitamin-D deficiency early post-HSCT due to poor nutritional status and limited sun exposure. The importance of vitamin D in the immune system has been well defined over the past several years, as vitamin-D has demonstrated modulatory effects on the immune system through B- and T-lymphocyte, macrophage, monocyte and dendritic cell regulations, which are the effector cells involved in graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) pathophysiology after HSCT. High dose early replacement of vitamin D might attenuate autoimmune reactions and may decrease the severity of GVHD.

Observational evidence links low maternal vitamin D status with an increased risk of non-bone health outcome in the mother (pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, obstructed labour and infectious disease), the fetus (gestational duration) and the older offspring (developmental programming of type 1 diabetes, inflammatory and atopic disorders and schizophrenia); but the totality of the evidence is contradictory (except for maternal infectious disease and offspring inflammatory and atopic disorders), lacking causality and, thus, inconclusive. In addition, recent evidence links not only low but also high maternal vitamin D status with increased risk of small-for-gestational age and schizophrenia in the offspring. Rigorous and well-designed randomised clinical trials need to determine whether vitamin D has a causal role in non-bone health outcomes in pregnancy

Higher insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA(1c)) as well as lower quantitative insulin-sensitivity check values were found in obese children with lower 25(OH)D concentrations even after adjustment for gender, age, and body mass index. Furthermore, 25(OH)D correlated significantly with adiponectin, but not with resistin. The results suggest that hypovitaminosis D is a risk factor for developing insulin resistance independent of adiposity.

Hypovitaminosis D is also an environmental risk factor for Multiple Sclerosis.

Clinical trials using these inhibitors are being conducted to determine their toxicity profiles and efficacies. In addition, nutraceuticals (such as isoflavones, curcumin, vitamin D, etc) have been shown to inhibit cancer growth through downregulation of Hh signaling. Expert opinion: Inhibition of Hh signaling is important for suppression of cancer growth, invasion, metastasis and recurrence in cancer therapy.

The incidence of vitamin D deficiency is rising worldwide, yet in the vast majority of patients, the condition remains undiagnosed and untreated. Current evidence overwhelmingly indicates that supplemental doses greater than 800 IU/day have beneficial effects on the musculoskeletal system, improving skeletal homeostasis, thus leading to fewer falls and fractures. Evidence is also accumulating on the beneficial effects of vitamin D on extraskeletal systems, such as improving immune health, autoimmune disorders, cancer, neuromodulation, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. The cause-effect relationship of vitamin D deficiency with increasing incidences of nonskeletal disorders is being investigated. Published reports support the definition of sufficiency, serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] greater than 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L). To achieve this, most people need vitamin D supplementation ranging from 600 to 2000 IU/day; consumption up to of 5000 international units (IU) per day of vitamin D is reported as safe. Although light-skinned individuals need 1000 IU/day of vitamin D, elderly and dark-skinned individuals are likely to need approximately 2000 IU/day to maintain serum 25(OH)D levels greater than 30 ng/mL. Other vulnerable patients, such as the obese, those who have undergone bariatric surgery, and those with gastrointestinal malabsorption syndromes, may require higher doses of vitamin D to maintain normal serum levels and be healthy.