Science method

Precipitation - Science method

. Precipitation occurs when a local portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapour, so that the water condenses and "precipitates," in the form of rain, drizzle, sleet, snow, graupel, or hail.
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I have used the QIAGEN DNeasy kit to obtain fecal prey DNA from an herbivore and a few of the samples have higher polyphenol levels, which have given a yellowish tint to the final eluted DNA solution.
Should I go ahead with Geneclean (suitable for 200–20 kb) DNA purification from solutions or the traditional ethanol and sodium acetate precipitation to remove the PCR inhibitors in the form of polyphenols and other plant secondary metbolites?
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column methods lose a lot of material so I would go for phenol chloroform extraction the salt/alcohol precipitation maybe adding a small amount of glycogen to ensure that all of the dna precipitates. If you do decide to go with dna binding columns then you can increase the yield aby addig twice as much elution buffer and also heating the elution buffer to 70c before using ir
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I am synthesizing a rare earth metal oxide based nanocomposite using citrate sol gel method which includes ammonium molybdate also as one of the starting material. during heat treatment there is formation of white colored precipitate that i assume to be due to ammonium compound. Lease anyone clarify this and suggest solution to avoid this problem.
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Please read the marked area within the document.
It indicates how the control of PH is essential in precipitation
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For my own research, I use LSTM and MLP algorithms, where weather data is part of the input data. Unfortunately, data related to temperature and precipitation have not been recorded in many time periods, and the number of empty data is high. What is the solution to manage this missing data?
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There are several ways to handle missing data; the best approach depends on what is most beneficial for your research. First, if removing the missing intervals doesn’t add value, you could try resampling the data, ignoring the NaN values. This can help reduce the impact of missing data by aggregating the dataset, for example, resampling from minutes to hours. However, this approach may not work well if you're interested in capturing fine-grained dynamics in the smaller intervals. Another option is to use data from a nearby weather station to estimate or predict the missing values for your site, which can be useful for filling gaps. Finally, you can also leverage global models or satellite data over your area of interest to predict and fill in the missing intervals.
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Has any one worked on Meteosat 8 MSG data i need to process the data fro estimation of precipitation.
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To process Meteosat-8 MSG data, you can use tools like EUMETSAT’s Meteorological Product Extraction Facility (MPEF), Pytroll (a Python library for satellite data), or McIDAS-V for visualization. You can download the data from EUMETSAT Data Centre and process the files, typically in native formats like HRIT or GRIB, using these tools for atmospheric and meteorological analysis.
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Hi everyone,
I recently conducted an immunoprecipitation (IP) experiment to isolate my protein of interest, which has a molecular weight of around 25-28 kDa. To minimize interference from IgG chains, I used a TrueBlot secondary antibody. However, I am unsure if my target protein was successfully precipitated, as I still observe strong double bands around the 25-28 kDa range. Additionally, I was unable to detect any co-immunoprecipitated proteins.
Could anyone suggest possible reasons for these issues or provide tips on how to improve my results? Any advice for troubleshooting would be greatly appreciated.
Thank you!
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My previous answer was incomplete; the restriction not to use true blot antibody for IP/western is for True Blot rabbit secondary antibody .
as true blot recognize only native IgG it is important to fully denaturate your sample to eliminate cross-reactivity with heavy and light chains.
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We are synthesizing ciprofloxacin-loaded albumin nanoparticles. Albumuin nanoparticles is synthesized with proper size. Zeta potential and stability by desolvation method. The problem is precipitation of ciprofloxacin-loaded albumin nanoparticles when we add ciprofloxacin-HCl (about 10 mg/ml) whether during albumin nanoparticle synthesis or after it for encapsulation of ciprofloxacin into albumin nanoparticles. We guessed that it maybe because of decreasing the pH of reaction by ciprofloxacin-HCl but initial increasing the pH of ciprofloxacin-HCl even to 11 did not solve the problem.
What is your suggestion for preventing the precipitation of ciprofloxacin-loaded albumin nanoparticles?
Thank you in advance
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Addition of small amount of SDS in your case may bring stability.
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What is an artificial way of producing precipitation from clouds and process of synthetic rain and what are its effects and side effects?
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Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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Do all types of clouds produce rain? Is there a type of cloud that does not produce rain and type of precipitation growth can occur in cool clouds?
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Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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Why is it foggy when there are stratus clouds and kind of cloud has the highest probability of precipitation?
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Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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I plan to use CMIP6 data, specifically from the EC-Earth3-Veg GCM (for historical runs and all SSPs), for climate modeling. However, I need clarification on the variables such as precipitation_flux, air_temperature, surface_air_temperature, and others. Is there a comprehensive document that lists all the variables used in the model, along with their descriptions, units, and any scaling factors?
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If you are using R for your analyses you can access these information (as well as the data itself) with the package pastclim: https://evolecolgroup.github.io/pastclim/
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In order to apply the Mann Kendall test on annual rainfall precipitation data, I would like to check the autocorrelation in my data, so I made the autocorrelation plots, however, the interpretation of the plots still ambigued, I want to know when exactly to say that that particulat time series is autocorrelated, does it depends on the number of exceeded spikes? or on exceedence of a certain spike in certain specific lag?
for example the following plot, can I consider it an not significantly autocorrelated and use Mann Kendall test directly without prewhitening?
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Thank you so much Florian Schütze and Guy Mélard
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->!
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We have an Eppendorf Concentrator plus complete system, with the included F-45-48-11 rotor. I can't get it to spin, only dessicate (and when it does this it just vibrates slightly, leaving the solid precipitate all along the sides of the sample eppendorf tube walls).
On the 'CEFU' or 'C-' settings, the rotor moves slightly, clicks and the screen says 'Error 2'. Would anyone be able to advise what I should do? I have checked in the product manual and have tried moving the rotor by hand which works. There is nothing obstructing the rotor, no problem with max load (the error message occurs even when the rotor is empty), and it looks like the rotor is mounted correctly.
Thanks so much and all the best!
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Hi Kirsten Elizabeth White did you find where this problem is coming ? We got the same trouble currently with our concentrator plus.
Thank you
Clément Sester
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We are preparing one solution of different organic acids, but our target ph is 4.5, but due to acid nature of solution its pH ranging below 1.2-1.5. We tried to balance the ph with KOH, NaOH but both are not suitable, its start precipitating. Is there any other alternate and plants safe chemicals are thare to balance it ..?
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Ammonia
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After lysis of bacterial cell whenever I went for centrifugation every time my supernatant(have protein of interest) got mixed with pellet even centrifugation at very high (g) and low temperature also.
need your kind suggestion
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After lysis of bacterial cell, We add PEI, Please let me know why do we add PEI and is there any alternate of PIE. OR Can we skip adding PIE .
Request you suggest me.
Thank you
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Hello forum members,
I'm conducting research on vegetable oil fingerprinting. I need annual precipitation (rainfall) data for provinces in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Specifically, I don't know what it is called but, I need the **single annual precipitation value** (in millimeters) for each province for the years 2018 or 2019 or later, just any year after 2016, or maybe average monthly rainfall data. A data that can differentiate and groups between provinces.
Could anyone kindly provide this data or guide me to reliable sources where I can obtain it? Your assistance would be greatly appreciated!
Thank you in advance.
Best regards,
Note: I actually also need temperature and humidity data, but it's a bonus.
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Thank you, but since I also need other countries, I'm afraid they will have different standard hence not good if not from one source.
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I am culturing HEK293 cells. When I plated these cells in a 96-well plate, the cells looked healthy and there were no precipitates. However, after I dosed them with the drug RITA, they developed these precipitates after 24 hours.
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If a Raman microscope is available, it can identify the particles precipitated from your sample. They could probably be the crystals of your drug substance, in its input or different polymorphic/salt forms.
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I will make solution containing Mo, Fe, Al etc.
So I will mix NaMoO4, Fe2(SO4)3 etc. in solution.
When Sodium contact with Sulfur, How change?
will they make Sodium sulfide or precipitate?
Please tell me your knowledge ~~~~
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Thank you so much !!!!!
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I am working on an acetyltransferase that is highly unstable. Its pI is 6.65, and its molecular weight is around 18 kDa. The protein elutes at 1M imidazole and begins to precipitate immediately after elution. After testing various pH levels and salt concentrations, I have been able to stabilize it in MES buffer at pH 5.5 with 1M salt and 5% glycerol, by immediately diluting it after collection. The highest concentration I achieved was approximately 6.67 mg/mL, which was only possible by adding 50 mM EDTA post-elution. This addition seemed to stabilize the protein, but I am uncertain if this approach is optimal, and replicating the results has been challenging.
However, when I try to concentrate it using a concentrator, its concentration rapidly decreases after buffer exchange. I have tested the flow-through, and the protein is not present there. I have also tried flushing the concentrator membrane with buffer, but there is no protein stuck to the membrane either. Only a negligible amount is precipitated. I am unable to determine what is happening to the protein. My eventual goal is to crystallize the protein.
Thank you.
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Have you tried including a substrate during and after the purification to help with stability? Keeping the protein concentration as low as practical should help reduce precipitation. For crystallization, it may not be necessary to have the concentration very high, since the protein seems to be prone to self-associate.
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What is the easiest way to download daily precipitation data for CMORPH, PERSIAN, TRMM and CHIRPS?
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Try the Google Earth Engine (GEE), which provides a powerful platform for downloading these datasets.
// Initialize the CHIRPS dataset
var chirps = ee.ImageCollection("UCSB-CHG/CHIRPS/DAILY")
.filterDate('2022-01-01', '2022-12-31');
// Define the region of interest
var region = ee.Geometry.Rectangle([longitude1, latitude1, longitude2, latitude2]);
// Reduce the image collection to daily precipitation
var dailyPrecip = chirps.select('precipitation')
.filterBounds(region);
// Export the data to Google Drive
Export.table.toDrive({collection: dailyPrecip,description:'CHIRPS_Daily_Precipitation',fileFormat: 'CSV'});
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I wanted to do protein structural analysis, but for me the possible way for protein extraction is precipitation followed by dialysis, is this ok? if not then, why? I am doing this experiment for unknown total proteins from 3 different treatments. After that i wanted to do structural characterization to identify the difference. I also want to clarify that, my research does not focus mainly on protein, its just a part of my overall plan.
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To do 3-D structural analysis requires purified and properly folded proteins, usually in substantial amounts. It sounds like you do not have much experience with protein purification. I suggest you work with a collaborator to help you design and perform the experimental program to produce the proteins in the quantities and purity you need.
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I don't have access to daily precipitation. Can I use monthly precipitation for running the HEC-HMS model?
Let me know your expertise in Hec-HMS modeling.
Thank you in advance for your kind help.
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Hey Zeinab! You can't. And even if you could, you would most likely fall into some serious errors in your modeling if you're modeling small-scale events.
That is because watersheds often have their response in durations less than 30 days. Most likely your case is of a watershed whose hydrologic cycle components such as precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, and runoff have durations much less than 30 days. If you're familiar with the concept of time of concentration, you most likely will have noticed that it is often less than 30 days.
That is why, for example, most hydrologic studies and hydraulic design guidelines recommend adopting a smaller duration, e.g. 24 hours. Research at least as old as Wiesner (1970) states that certain patterns of precipitation can be identified if you're dealing with rainfalls with more than 24 hours. The U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (2019) also recommends developing synthetic rainfall distributions in a 24-hour pattern; its suggested method ensures that the maximum rainfall of any duration less than 24 hours is included in the distribution.
If you're working with inputting time-series data in your HEC-HMS model, you must've noticed that it isn't possible to include a time interval of more than 1 day (as precipitation gages). Similarly, time intervals that control your simulation (as control specifications) can only be up to 1 day long. HEC-HMS itself only features monthly intervals while simulating constant baseflow, evaporation, and average evapotranspiration, according to their technical reference manual (Hydrologic Engineering Center, 2022).
What I suggest you to do is expanding your search and finding a platform that offers more discretized data for your region of interest. One example I can think of on the top of my head is Renewables.ninja, developed by Imperial College London and ETH Zurich (Gelaro et al., 2017). It offers hourly rainfall intensities for anywhere in the world. You could find one that is more suitable to you. Good luck!
References (in Elsevier Harvard style format):
Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Suárez, M.J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs, L., Randles, C.A., Darmenov, A., Bosilovich, M.G., Reichle, R., Wargan, K., Coy, L., Cullather, R., Draper, C., Akella, S., Buchard, V., Conaty, A., Silva, A.M. da, Gu, W., Kim, G.-K., Koster, R., Lucchesi, R., Merkova, D., Nielsen, J.E., Partyka, G., Pawson, S., Putman, W., Rienecker, M., Schubert, S.D., Sienkiewicz, M., Zhao, B., 2017. The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). Journal of Climate 30, 5419–5454. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1
Hydrologic Engineering Center, 2022. HEC-HMS technical reference guide (Computer program documentation No. CPD-74B). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Davis.
Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2019. Storm rainfall depth and distribution, in: Hydrology, National Engineering Handbook. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, pp. 630-4.i-630–4.69.
Wiesner, C.J., 1970. Hydrometeorology. Chapman and Hall.
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As the experts know, to calculate rain energy and erosivity factor, rainfall intensity data in short periods of time is needed.
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You can't go wrong with WorldClim which has both monthly historical (1960-2020) and future (2020-2100) values for precipitation (and minimum and maximum temperature) at the 2.5-minutes highest spatial resolution for the historical values, and likewise, 30-secs for the future values.
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Climate change-induced shifts in precipitation patterns are reshaping the availability and quality of freshwater resources worldwide. Join us in examining the far-reaching implications of these changes, exploring adaptation strategies and resilience-building measures to safeguard our water security in the face of a changing climate.
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Dear Peter,
Climate change is altering precipitation patterns globally, leading to significant impacts on freshwater availability and quality across different regions. In some areas, increased rainfall and flooding events contaminate water sources with pollutants, sediments, and pathogens, compromising water quality. Conversely, prolonged droughts exacerbate water scarcity, deplete groundwater reserves, and concentrate contaminants in diminishing water supplies. Shifts in precipitation timing and intensity also disrupt the natural replenishment of water sources, affecting agricultural productivity, ecosystems, and human consumption. These changes disproportionately affect regions already grappling with water stress, exacerbating existing inequalities in access to clean water.
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I purified my recombinant GST-tagged protein in Tris buffer at pH 7.6 (the protein’s PI is 7.11) using a 50 mM reduced glutathione concentration in the elution buffer. However, after dialysis to remove glutathione, the protein is precipitating.
What should I do in such kind situations? For how much time I should do dialysis?
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Thank you Adam B Shapiro for your input. I will try it out.
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It is required for analyzing the runoff.
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It's always important to understand your reason for doing something.
Are you trying to represent an actual historical event? Perhaps there's a law suit based on determining what would have happened in a particular event if a culvert had been properly maintained and there were no blockages? In that case, using some statistical method based on just daily data will generally not allow you to replicate the past event in hourly terms, unless you can demonstrate that your disaggregated data is sufficiently representative of the what actually happened to satisfy your particular purpose.
However, if you had some other reasonable and concurrent observations such as high resolution & high quality radar based estimates or nearby hourly gages, you might be able to do it. Or even if you had downstream hourly flow values where the runoff attenuation was minimal.
But, as most of the responses above point out, this is a difficult issue. Rainfall is highly variable. In addition to the reasons already given, even the values obtained from gages, say 10 feet apart can be quite different.
However if what you're doing depends on climatology rather than actual historical values, you might find ways of disaggregating that are reasonable.
The key to all this is that using characteristics from other hourly observations doesn't tell you what actually happened at hourly time steps at your daily observations. Unless of course you can demonstrate that the correlation between what was happening with the other hourly data was sufficiently representative of hourly characteristics of your daily data for your particular purpose.
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I have 2 2 2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate polymer solution and I want to separate polymer from solvent , I used methanol but my polymer solution in methanol seemed cloudy . How can I precipitate polymer? which solvent is appropriate?
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Dear all, you forgot to mention the solvent in which the polymer is soluble! This is crucial in choosing the best non-solvent. Other important remark that is not considered by many researchers in doing precipitation. There are two possibilities, either to add the solution to the non-solvent or to add the non-solvent to the solution. The first one is the correct way that is not unfortunately followed by many researchers. When you add the non-solvent to the solution, long chains are more sensitive to its presence, they contract first, followed by the shortest chains. This is a chromatographing or a fractionation phenomenon. At the end, the resulted mass is a gradual decrease of MW from the core to the outer surface. I noticed this with polyacrylamide. Samples from the surface have different features compared to those taken from the core, mainly MW.
For the second procedure, pouring the solution into the non-solvent resulted in homogeneous mass since long and short chain are following simultaneously into the non-solvent, so they precipitate together, resulting in a uniform mass. My Regards
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Hello! I am currently running a western blot using human AD tissue samples. I prepared these samples over a year and a half ago. I am having trouble standardizing these proteins with Beta Actin. I have ruled out other parameters that could be causing the problem. Therefore, I am wondering if my tissue samples are no longer reliable. In addition to this, I noticed that when i thaw my samples, there is a good amount of precipitation. I just vortex and spin down to mix the samples thoroughly.
For my results, I keep seeing bands stuck in the wells and multiple faded bands. Of course when I first ran these proteins, the beta actin signal was clean and neat.
If someone could please elaborate on what could be causing this. In addition, I would appreciate if you could provide how long samples last and if there is a way to troubleshoot this.
Thank you!
P.S. Samples have been stored in -20 C fridge.
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For long term storage even at -20°C, I use glycerol to maintain the solubility and compactness of the protein. I get clear bands even after 6 months of storage.
You detected precipitation after storage, which I think might be resulted from the loss of proteins stability during storage. I hope it will be helpful for you.
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Hi, all
I am doing the liposome flotation assay. In the end, I precipitated the protein and then ran the sds-page. But every time I could not see my protein in the gel, it was almost gone, maybe just like a shadow. I asked my colleagues, and they said something wrong happened during my precipitation. I want to find the reasons. Please provide some suggestions for me.
Here is my TCA precipitation protocol:
1. add 1 volume TCA to 10 volumes of my sample, and incubate 30min at 4C
2. centrifugate at 15000rpm, 20min, 4C
3. discard supernatant, and wash with acetone two times (then centrifugate at 15k, 5min, 4C)
4. remove acetone carefully; avoid touching the white precipitation
5. air dry overnight
6. dissolve in 2X loading buffer for SDS-page on the second day
Thank you!
April
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In my experiments, I typically follow the procedure like;
TCA is added to the extract to a final concentration of 10 to 20% and the proteins are allowed to precipitate at 4C overnight (1:1, v/v, sample to TCA solution)...Next, three replicates of ice-cold acetone wash are applied... afterward, the dried protein pellet is dissolved and the protein amount is calculated using BCA to see the best TCA final concentration in terms of protein recovery (precipitation efficacy)...
Good luck
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I'm trying to remove acrylamide and lactide from the medium that didn't react to form the macromonomer
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Water, alcohol
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i am refolding protein by gradient dilaysis in which i gradually decrease concentration of urea by gradient dialysis. however im not getting surety wheather denaturant has been completely removed from my protein or not.No precipitation has been observed throughout dialysis.
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There are urea test strips available commercially.
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Does the concentration of CO2 gas in the atmosphere cause warming of the earth's atmosphere? Or does it lead to less rainfall when it warms up? Or does the warming of the earth's atmosphere lead to an increase in rainfall on the earth's surface?
Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) is the global mean change in surface temperature for a doubling of CO2 from the pre-industrial (PI) value. ECS is one of the key metrics used in assessing future global warming, and therefore plays a very important role in climate change related policy-making. One important question in this regard is how ECS changes in a warmer world. Several studies found that ECS increases at higher CO2 concentrations (e.g., Bloch-Johnson et al., 2021; Colman & McAvaney, 2009; Gregory et al., 2015; Meraner et al., 2013). And, more recently, Mitevski et al. (2021) found a non-linear and non-monotonic dependence of ECS on CO2 concentrations. In addition to the surface temperature response, the precipitation response is another critical aspect of climate change. To evaluate precipitation changes, the key metric used is Hydrological Sensitivity (HS). HS is defined as the difference in global mean precipitation per one degree of global mean temperature change from the PI control state. Previous studies have explored the response of the hydrological cycle to global warming by examining HS in terms of the global energy budget, and have described the mechanisms affecting it (e.g., Allen & Ingram, 2002; Held & Soden, 2006; Jeevanjee & Romps, 2018; O'Gorman et al., 2011). The fact that HS is energetically constrained means that the precipitation response can be separated into fast and slow components. The fast response depends only on the CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, before the surface temperature has time to warm, and results in a decrease in precipitation. The slow response, in contrast, is associated with surface warming, and results in an increase in precipitation (Andrews et al., 2010).
Reply to this discussion
James Garry added a reply:
Mr Kashani,
You have written two rather facile queries, and part of a third.
"Or doe"
Abbas Kashani added a reply:
Does the concentration of CO2 gas in the atmosphere cause warming of the earth's atmosphere? Or does it lead to less rainfall when it warms up? Or does the warming of the earth's atmosphere lead to an increase in rainfall on the earth's surface?
James Garry added a reply:
Abbas,
1) Yes, the rising carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere does lead to an increase in the surface and globally-averaged air temperature.
2) As the partial pressure of water vapour is a strong function of temperature (and that vapour is also a 'greenhouse gas') we expect to see a rise in the global humidity - that in various locales should result in more rainfall.
Neither of these are contentious matters and are well-addressed in the literature.
2)
Article More rain, less soil: Long-term changes in rainfall intensit...
I recommend Google Scholar.
Very useful.
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Through the greenhouse effect, the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in the atmosphere is a significant contributor to global warming with many other greenhouse gases. Heat from the sun is trapped in the atmosphere when CO2 and other greenhouse gases build up, preventing it from escaping back into space. Global warming is the term for the total rise in temperature that results from this. Rainfall patterns can be impacted by Earth's atmosphere warming, while there is a complex relationship between CO2 concentrations and rainfall that varies based on local climate dynamics. Higher temperatures generally have the potential to alter the rates of evaporation and atmospheric circulation, which in turn can affect the patterns of precipitation. higher moisture can be held by warmer air, which could result in higher evaporation from lakes, oceans, and land surfaces. In certain areas, the increased moisture in the atmosphere may be a factor in the intensity of rainfall events. Higher temperatures, however, can also bring about modifications to weather patterns, including adjustments to air circulation and modifications to precipitation distribution. Also, variables including local geography, atmospheric stability, and variations in cloud cover can all have an impact on changes in rainfall patterns. While some places might have more rainfall than others, other regions might see less rainfall or changes in the frequency and severity of precipitation events. The ecosystems, agricultural practices, water supplies, and human societies may all be significantly impacted by these modifications in rainfall patterns. All things considered, even while the rise in CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere is the main cause of global warming, temperature variations that follow can have an impact on precipitation patterns, which can have complicated and varied impacts on the distribution and intensity of rainfall.
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When I precipitate a polymer, it forms a liquid precipitate. I want to obtain a solid form. I usually use methanol as the antisolvent. Can someone provide information about this situation...?
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Dear Bae Inhui, I have already answered this question! But it seems that my answer is not taken by the system! I said may be the molecular weight is too low, i. e , of the order of an oligomer. Check the MW to confirm or deny this assumption. What is the solvent? May be methanol is not the best anti solvent. My Regards
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So I'm using TRIzol for RNA extraction, but suddenly I'm getting no pellet during the isopropanol step *even though I added glycogen.*
A few weeks ago I:
1. Took a large quantity of bacteria
2. Resuspended in TRIzol
3. Made a bunch of aliquots
4. Stored them all at -80
And those couple weeks ago, I was getting~50 ug of RNA per aliquot (with good RINs, and they looked great on RNA gels).
Yesterday, I took another aliquot and tried to prep it using the exact same process, and got nothing. No pellet appeared during the isopropanol precipitation step even though I added GlycoBlue.
I continued the purification to see if the pellet was just hard to see: ~0 ng/uL by nanodrop
Did I just make a pipetting error? Was my isopropanol bad? No: I repeated the repeated the process *again* with completely new sample, completely new isopropanol, and still no pellet at all.
I'm confident I'm lysing my samples well. I optimized the lysis a while ago, but even before optimization, my yields were never this bad.
I'm sure I added the GlycoBlue. I watched it diffuse into my sample.
I'm sure I added isopropanol. I watched the alcohol/water mix and used brand new isopropanol.
I'm sure I mixed the isopropanol/aqueous phase. I watched it carefully.
I'm sure I actually spun my samples. I tried it over and over.
Protocol:
1. Take bacteria+TRIzol aliquot from -80 (which used to give ~50 ug)
2. Lyse via bead beating (same beads, same bead beater, same settings, same duration that gave 50 ug in the past)
3. Add 0.2 V chloroform
4. Centrifuge 12k xg for 15 min
5. Take upper, colorless aqueous phase
6. Add 1 V of RT isopropanol
7. Add ~30 ug GlycoBlue
8. Invert a bunch of times to mix well
9. Incubate 10 min RT
10. Centrifuge ~20k xg for 10 min
Nothing. No pellet at all. Even with glycogen.
I tried spinning again: No pellet
How is this possible?
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I’ve had similar issues recently isolating small quantities of RNA (ribosome protected fragments). I use 300 mM sodium acetate pH 5.2 and 5 mM magnesium chloride followed by ethanol precipitation (2.5 volumes) overnight at -20 C with addition of 1.5 uL GlycoBlue. Spin at 20,000 x g for 1 h at 4 C in Eppendorf low bind tubes. I see good pellets in some samples but not for others. I do invert tubes sufficiently after addition of ethanol. I wonder if vortexing and centrifuging again might help. In some samples in looks like several particles precipitated on the side of the tube and not the bottom. Perhaps such multi-localized pelleting is the issue. Otherwise my best guess is RNase contamination. Although I am very careful with using fresh gloves and RNase Away on pipettes and gloves.
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Does the concentration of CO2 gas in the atmosphere cause warming of the earth's atmosphere? Or does it lead to less rainfall when it warms up? Or does the warming of the earth's atmosphere lead to an increase in rainfall on the earth's surface?
Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) is the global mean change in surface temperature for a doubling of CO2 from the pre-industrial (PI) value. ECS is one of the key metrics used in assessing future global warming, and therefore plays a very important role in climate change related policy-making. One important question in this regard is how ECS changes in a warmer world. Several studies found that ECS increases at higher CO2 concentrations (e.g., Bloch-Johnson et al., 2021; Colman & McAvaney, 2009; Gregory et al., 2015; Meraner et al., 2013). And, more recently, Mitevski et al. (2021) found a non-linear and non-monotonic dependence of ECS on CO2 concentrations. In addition to the surface temperature response, the precipitation response is another critical aspect of climate change. To evaluate precipitation changes, the key metric used is Hydrological Sensitivity (HS). HS is defined as the difference in global mean precipitation per one degree of global mean temperature change from the PI control state. Previous studies have explored the response of the hydrological cycle to global warming by examining HS in terms of the global energy budget, and have described the mechanisms affecting it (e.g., Allen & Ingram, 2002; Held & Soden, 2006; Jeevanjee & Romps, 2018; O'Gorman et al., 2011). The fact that HS is energetically constrained means that the precipitation response can be separated into fast and slow components. The fast response depends only on the CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, before the surface temperature has time to warm, and results in a decrease in precipitation. The slow response, in contrast, is associated with surface warming, and results in an increase in precipitation (Andrews et al., 2010).
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Abbas,
1) Yes, the rising carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere does lead to an increase in the surface and globally-averaged air temperature.
2) As the partial pressure of water vapour is a strong function of temperature (and that vapour is also a 'greenhouse gas') we expect to see a rise in the global humidity - that in various locales should result in more rainfall.
Neither of these are contentious matters and are well-addressed in the literature.
I recommend Google Scholar.
Very useful.
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Dear Research Community,
I am encountering a significant hurdle in my research involving enzyme inhibition testing. The inhibitor I am investigating exhibits solubility exclusively in DMSO, rendering it insoluble in aqueous environments such as the 100mM phosphate buffer I am utilizing for enzyme kinetics studies. Upon attempting to incorporate the DMSO-dissolved inhibitor into the reaction mix, it precipitates out, leading to haze formation in the solution and hindering accurate data collection.
I am seeking insights and suggestions on how to effectively address this challenge. Specifically, I am interested in methodologies , or alternative solvents that could facilitate the integration of the inhibitor into the reaction mix without inducing precipitation. Additionally, any advice on modifying experimental conditions or buffer compositions to mitigate this issue would be greatly appreciated.
Thank you in advance for your expertise and assistance.
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In addition, the suggestion of Adam Shapiro, to lower the phosphate buffer concentration (e.g. from 100 mM to 50 mM ) can be helpful. So, revise your assay conditions.
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Hello,
I do IP using HA-tagged beads. One of my proteins through which I precipitate complex has HA-tag. I see this protein (with HA-tag) after IP. The signal is strong and bright.
The complex contains several proteins. For each protein I do separate western blot (I have different membranes for different proteins - I do not do re-probing). Proteins without HA-tag are not very abundant in the precipitated complex and I need use Clarity max (Femto) staining to see them. As a result I see as proteins that I try to detect as HA-tagged protein. The signal from HA-tagged protein is weak but it is still crucial for me because one of proteins that I am looking for has size slightly bigger than HA-tagged protein.
I tried to use true blot secondary antibody but it did not helped. I tried to use different primary and secondary antibodies, for example antibody fro HA-tagged protein is produced in mouse and I use anti-rabbit primary and secondary antibody for other protein of my interest but it did not helped.
I do blocking of membrane in 5% milk with tween-20. Primary and secondary antibodies are also diluted in milk. As an option I tried to block membrane and incubate with antibodies in 5% milk with TBS-T and wash it with TBST but it did not helped.
I cannot increase number of washes because I will loose proteins without HA-tag.
Does somebody has an idea how to solve this problem?
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Hello Anton,
Thank you. I will try to do IP without any tag.
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When mixing the Algal Trace Elements Solution for COMBO medium, I had the problem that there was insoluable precipitation before and after autoclaving (in several trials). (Re)heating and stirring could not do anything.
I am afraid the same will happen again as there are particles floating around after adding metal solutions before autoclaving. But I really do not know what I did wrong. I dissolved NaEDTA well in MiliQ water before adding FeCl3 to it, dissolving it als well and I carefully put in the metal salt solutions in given order, everything like I did before. Before I try it next again, I might need to change something... What do you think? Should I decrease the concentration of metals by a certain factor (maybe 10) and put in more of that in the final medium for the right end concentration?
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I am having a similar problem to this now. Did you ever figure out why? Right not we are trying stirring.
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Dear colleagues, we are now analyzing fecal samples with the MS but some precipitates occur after the SP3 digestion and elution. We are trying to understand the cause and identify ways to remove them as they harm the LC columns. Thank you for your help and your suggestions.
All the best
Giacomo
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From what I understand, it is likely that the solid is, most likely, salts that are poorly soluble in organic solvents. Try to eliminate them from sample preparation processes, if possible, only perform liquid-liquid extractions or do clean-ups of your extracts in ion exchange resins (e.g., XAD). Alternatively, use acidic (non-buffered) aqueous solutions as mobile phases. Do not use organic solvents such as methanol or acetonitrile.
Best Regards.
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Tengo una columna de la variable de "precipitación" donde predominan los ceros y hay valores altos. No he podido transformarla para obtener una distribución normal, ya he usado métodos de log, log10(x+1), ln, sqrt, inversa, arcoseno, yeo-johnson, y no lo he conseguido. El obetivo de mi trabajo es determinar si variables del ambiente (precipitación, temperatura, luminosidad) afectan en las actividades del mono nocturno Aotus lemurinus (patron de actividad, dieta, rangos hogar y área núcleo), el análisis se quiere hacer mediante LMM. Como podría obtener normalidad en la distribución de esa variable ?
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Tu ejemplo es un caso típico para un análisis multivariado. Como hablaste sobre precipitación, temperatura y luminosidad, además de patrón de actividad, dieta, rangos hogareños y área núcleo, creo que lo mejor aquí es asegurarse de que tus datos estén bien tabulados, eliminar los valores atípicos (no te preocupes por la distribución normal en este momento) y realizar un Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA). Esto te dará una buena idea de si hay relación entre estas variables.
La única precaución que debes tener en este momento es que tengas un número suficiente de observaciones para que sean estadísticamente relevantes.
Se recomienda utilizar Python para esto. En internet hay varios ejemplos de cómo hacerlo (por ejemplo: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/auto_examples/decomposition/plot_pca_iris.html).
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I purified a protein containing His tag via Ni-NTA chromatography wherein the protein was eluted in elution buffer containing 500mM imidazole, 50 mM Tris, 500mM Nacl. Since my next step of purification was Ion exchange chromatography, I dialyzed the protein in dialysis buffer containing 50mM Tris and 5mM beta mercapthoethanol. However, in the third round of dialysis, I observed extreme precipitation of the protein.
Kindly let me know what can be done to reduce the precipitation.
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Why did you added 5mM beta mercapthoethanol?
since in case you have S-S bond the addiction of reducing agent can induce protein unfolding.
which is the pI of your protein?
Did your protein contain free cysteines?
If not suggest to you to do not add reducing agent to preserve S-s bonds if presents and use desalting instead dialysis (which is long process)
you can find some more information about desalting on the following links
avaialble on my blog (ProteoCool)
best
Manueie
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Hello everyone, I am trying to create a simple model using the HEC-HMS to obtain the value of runoff volume and peak discharge for a river basin. The problem is I do not know which method (transform, loss, routing, baseflow, type of precipitation) should I utilize. Please suggest a suitable and simple model to run in HEC-HMS to get my desired data. Currently, the data that I have are precipitation data, stream flow data, terrain data, curve number, and LULC data.
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All the parameter values, like Lag time, Tc, K, and X values, etc., need to be adjusted to calibrate and validate the final flood hydrograph. If, I say in a simple word, you have to adjust the simulate flow with your observed streamflow, then you will need to change those parameters. In HEC-HMS, you can use auto-calibration, but it will not show a good result easily, so if you change those values in your own calculation, then you can easily get an accurate streamflow.
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Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) utilizes the enzymatic activity of ureolytic bacteria to transform urea into carbonate ions, which subsequently precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the presence of calcium. This process can immobilize heavy metals through co-precipitation with CaCO3, reducing their mobility and bioavailability. Research investigating MICP for heavy metal immobilization focuses on understanding the role of both microbial processes, particularly urea hydrolysis by ureolytic bacteria, and the chemical reactions involved in co-precipitation, including the influence of various environmental factors.
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The uptake of heavy metals by microorganisms occurs via bioaccumulation which is an active process and/or through adsorption, which is a passive process. Several microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae have been used to clean up heavy metal contaminated
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I am doing protein estimation from fish tissue by Bradford's method but after adding the reagent cbbg- 50mg, ethanol-50ml, ortho-phosphoric acid- 100ml in 1L soln precipitating clot is shown even in the standard BSA solutiin. Each test tube contain. 0.1 ml sample+0.9 ml phosphate buffer+5ml bf reagent.
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One possibility is that the amount of protein added is too high. Try diluting the sample with water and doing the assay again.
Another possibility is that the amount of other substances besides protein is the problem. This could be nucleic acids and fats, for example. Some additional preparation of the sample may be needed.
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What is the TRMM satellite precipitation program? And how can it help humans?
as you know :
GPM can provide worldwide rain and snow data at any time
Using microwave and infrared technology. The TRMM sensor package has been expanded with GPM, which improves the ability to observe precipitation. GPM nuclear observatory to two-frequency radar i.e. Ku and Ka bands compared to TRMM four-channel high-frequency satellites from
As a result, the microwave radiometer increases the observability for light and solid precipitation. As a result, the GPM mission can provide more. These monthly in situ gauge data will be used in the final implementation. . This GPM satellite provides very accurate and detailed, for example, GPM rainfall measurements across India. GPM satellite data enables the researcher to study various hydrological applications such as climate research, drought monitoring, flood forecasting, agricultural planning. Etc . Uncertainty in satellite precipitation data caused by several factors including spatial and
study time scales; It has reported some key factors such as instrumental uncertainty, sampling uncertainty, recovery. Algorithm uncertainty, regional and topographic effects and side data are necessary to pay attention to.
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Dear James Garry, dear doctor, thank you, Dr. James Garry
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Can NaOH precipitate Exopolysaccharide?
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Dear prof.
this is rude of me, forgive my boldness,
to the best of my knowledge
When dealing with exopolysaccharides (EPS), which are complex carbohydrate polymers produced by microorganisms, the interaction with NaOH (sodium hydroxide) can lead to precipitation under certain conditions.
The precipitation of exopolysaccharides by NaOH usually depends on factors such as the concentration of NaOH, the pH of the solution, and the specific characteristics of the exopolysaccharide in question. In general, NaOH can lead to the precipitation of exopolysaccharides by altering the pH of the solution.
Exopolysaccharides may exhibit different solubility properties based on their chemical structure, charge density, and interactions with the surrounding environment. When the pH of the solution is changed by the addition of NaOH, it can lead to the neutralization of charges on the exopolysaccharide molecules, causing them to become less soluble and potentially precipitate out of solution.
For some exopolysaccharides, a higher pH induced by NaOH addition may disrupt the electrostatic interactions that maintain their solubility, leading to precipitation. However, the solubility behavior of exopolysaccharides can vary widely depending on their composition, molecular weight, and environmental conditions.
Therefore, while NaOH can potentially precipitate exopolysaccharides under certain conditions, the specific outcome would depend on the characteristics of the exopolysaccharide and the experimental conditions in which NaOH is introduced. In fact, exopolysaccharides are often used to stabilize solutions in alkaline conditions.
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I synthesized the polymer using DMF as the solvent. After synthesis, I precipitated the polymer in IPA. I think this solution is a colloidal solution. If my assumption is correct, how can I precipitate it?
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If adding water to the IPA solution makes it transparent, it's possible that the polymer may have re-dissolved in the water due to the change in solvent conditions. In that case, you can try adding a different non-solvent that is less miscible with water, such as a different organic solvent like hexane or diethyl ether. This may help to induce precipitation of the polymer from the solution.
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We have expressed our protein in chloroplast when we add extraction buffer it get precipitate soon after centrifugation as this is real quick even we don't have a time to prepare sample for SDS-PAGE and Bradford. We have changed the buffers and tried Tris, HEPES, Phosphate and got some how comparable results with HEPES then we check the concentration variables of HEPES from 50mM to 100mM, EDTA from 10mM to 20mM, PEFA-BLOC (protease inhibitor) from 1 to 5mM but it does't working. We have tried TCA/Aceton precipitation, 8M urea treatment in both extraction and sample buffer but still the problem is there
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It is not unusual for heterologously expressed proteins to suffer from insolubility due to the inability to fold correctly during expression. Sometimes, it is necessary to fully denature the protein with urea or guanidine-HCl, purify it, then refold it. This can be challenging. It is often worthwhile to also explore different methods of expression to get soluble protein.
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my sample has Cu, Cd, Zn, NaOH, and H2SO4. I expected to see cu precipitation at this pH.
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The precipitation of Cu at pH 7 might depend on various factors like the initial concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, as well as the ionic strength of the solution. Check the equilibrium constants and solubility products used in your PHREEQC model, and ensure they are accurate for Cu precipitation at pH 7 under your specific conditions. Adjusting these parameters or considering additional chemical reactions may help simulate the expected Cu precipitation.
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Hi!
I'm using the TRIsure method to isolate proteins and RNA from tissue (the procedure is similar to Trizol method). I usually store the RNA precipitacion with isopropanol at -20°C overnight for the next day I get the pellet. Could RNA be left in isopropanol more days, like all weekend, without effects on quality? Thanks
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Hector Javier Lasso Avila Great! Thank you for your quick reply!
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I am trying to isolate DNA from clay soils from a rice paddy field. With the standard protocol of the Power soil kit, it doesn't work at all, probably because the clay sequest the DNA and it is eliminated with the humic ácids and others.
I've tried to use 1M Phosphate buffer/15% ethanol as I've read in one article, but it doesn't work so well for us. Is a solution that precipitate and it forms some crystals that may contain the DNA, so after all the protocol, the yields of DNA are low.
Has someone some experience with that? Thank you!
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Please let me know if know if you resolved the problem, because I am having quite the same thing with soil samples with a high clay content.
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Hello,
I am looking for the best downscalling technique to correct precipitation climate change dataset. I am not sure about which of these two methods is more robust for my task.
Thanks!
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Salam Alaikum,
The two methods you mentioned and discuss their suitability for your task.
1. Downscaling Techniques:
a. Bias Correction:- Pros: Simple and widely used. Corrects systematic errors. - Cons: May not capture spatial variability well.
b. Equiratio Quantile Mapping:- Pros: Addresses biases and spatial variability. - Cons: Can be complex to implement.
Both methods have their merits, but Equiratio Quantile Mapping tends to be more robust in capturing spatial patterns and non-linear relationships. If you're looking for a method that considers both biases and spatial variability, this could be a good choice.
2. Code for Equiratio Quantile Mapping:
Implementing Equiratio Quantile Mapping involves statistical calculations. While I can't provide the entire code here, I can guide you on where to find resources:
  • Research Papers: Look for scientific papers or articles that detail the Equiratio Quantile Mapping method. These often include equations and explanations.
  • GitHub Repositories: Explore repositories on GitHub that focus on climate data analysis or downscaling techniques. Researchers and developers often share their code for others to use.
  • Online Forums: Platforms like the Esri Community, Stack Overflow, or other climate science forums might have discussions or shared code snippets related to Equiratio Quantile Mapping.
When implementing the code, ensure that it aligns with the specifics of your dataset and the goals of your downscaling process. If you encounter challenges or need clarification on specific aspects of the code, feel free to ask for guidance.
Remember to document your methodology and validate the results against observed data to ensure the downscaling technique is suitable for your specific climate change dataset. If you have further questions or need more assistance.
If you find my reply is useful , please recommend it , Thanks .
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I want to downscale future precipitation data for my project but I have only 12 years data of observed precipitation data. Could anyone let me know if it is sufficient to use and would it generate appropriate future scenarios?
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12 years of observed data is not sufficient, you must have at least 30 years to predict future scenarios.
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Dear all,
I am going to derive the precipitation data from NETCDF files of CMIP5 GCMs in order to  forecast precipitation after doing Bias Correction with Quantile Mapping as a downscaling method. In the literature that some of the bests are attached, the nearest neighborhood and Inverse Distance Method are highly recommended.
The nearest neighbour give the average value of the grid to each point located in the grid as a simple method. According to the attached paper (drought-assessment-based-on-m...) the author claimed that the NN method is better than other methods such as IDM because:
"The major reason is that we intended to preserve the
original climate signal of the GCMs even though the large grid spacing.
Involving more GCM grid cell data on the interpolation procedure
(as in Inverse Distance Weighting–IDW) may result to significant
information dilution, or signal cancellation between two or more grid
cell data from GCM outputs."
But in my opinion maybe the IDM is a better choice because I think as the estimates of subgrid-scale values are generally not provided and the other attached paper (1-s2.0-S00221...) is a good instance for its efficiency.
I would appreciate if someone can answer this question with an evidence. Which interpolation method do you recommend for interpolation of GCM cmip5 outputs?
Thank you in advance.
Yours,
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Differents authors, such as Torma et al., 2015 recommended used fir reggriding of precipitation inverse of distance weithing (idw). If you use Climate Data Operator (CDO) you can use its command:
cdo remapdis,gridfile infile.nc outfile.nc
Please, you read CDO User Manual.
Best regards,
Axel
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I was preparing a PDA media with different concentrations(200,500&1000ppm) of chromium chloride. But there would always be precipitate, the components are not mixing well. I tried hot stirrer to mix, but the result were same.
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I found a solution to this problem. One issue that arose was the elevated temperature of the steam sterilizer, which caused the heavy metals (Pb, Hg) I utilized to become volatile and precipitate within the PDA media upon interaction with the heat. To address this challenge, I first autoclaved the PDA media and subsequently allowed it to cool to a temperature that could be safely handled. Following this, I carefully blended the solid heavy metal salt until it was thoroughly incorporated into the media.
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Hi everyone!
I want to work with CHELSA monthly time series (v 2.1).
After downloading all layers for a bunch of years' mean temperature and total precipitation I have noticed that precipitation values are significantly higher than what I would expect. Following the Technical Info I have divided the precipitation values by 100 to get kg per square meter but still, the values are very high and very different to any other model.
I do not know what I am doing wrong. Please help!
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Hi there,
In case you are still here. I'm currently working with Paleo-data sourced from Worldclim 1.4 https://www.worldclim.org/data/v1.4/paleo1.4.html (MIROC-ESM). While my model is quite promising for current and future scenarios, I'm encountering unusual cells in the historical data, particularly in BIO9, BIO14, and BIO15 for LIG, LGM, and mid-Holocene. These anomalies are affecting the overall projection of MID, LGM, and LIG.
Attached, you'll find an example illustrating the problematic layers. I would greatly appreciate any insights or potential solutions you might have regarding this issue.
Thank you for your time and assistance.
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I'm focusing on bias-correction and downscaling the output of GCMs for the scenarios of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6)—shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). I intend to do it for sub-daily rainfall (i.e. 3-hr rainfall). Thus, I'm interested to learn basically about the concepts, methodologies, considerations, technical approaches(i.e. any programming codes or software). Can anyone please help me in this regard? To be honest I'm a bit new in this field so some basic conceptions can also be very helpful. I intend to work in R so codes in R would be better. Which statistical approaches would be better? Like Quantile mapping or SDSM?
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Hello. From the CMhyd software, you can perform microscale statistical methods to extract the daily rainfall of climate change scenarios.
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How do nutrients flow through the Earth's spheres and which of the processes that cycle matter through the biosphere is involved in the formation of clouds and precipitation?
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Dear friend Rk Naresh
Alright, let me geek out and break it down for you Rk Naresh like an engineer! 🚨💡 Hear me out, my fellow tech-savvy Earth enthusiast Rk Naresh! 🌎 The Earth's interconnected systems – atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere – are all crucial in nutrient cycling. 💪 Nutrients flow through these spheres via various processes. In the biosphere, living organisms absorb and release nutrients through processes like photosynthesis and decomposition. 🌱👀 As plants and animals interact, nutrients are transferred between them, creating a dynamic flow within the biosphere. 🌟 Now, let's talk about the formation of clouds and precipitation. ☁️ The atmosphere and hydrosphere are the primary players here. Water vapor from the hydrosphere evaporates into the atmosphere, and as it rises, it cools and condenses into cloud droplets. ❄️ The biosphere indirectly influences this by releasing water vapor through transpiration, contributing to the overall water cycle. 💧 It's like a symphony of interconnected processes – biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere working together to create the weather patterns we see, including cloud formation and precipitation. 🎵 Nature's engineering at its finest! 🤩 So, there you Rk Naresh have it! The Earth's systems are intricately connected, and we can learn so much from examining their relationships. 🤔 As an engineer, I can't help but appreciate the complexity and beauty of these systems. 💡🌟 Now, go forth and geek out on the wonders of our planet! 🌎💕
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Most studies have found that hydrolase activity is positively correlated with precipitation. What perspectives can we understand that the activity of hydrolase decreases after rainfall decreases?
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The increase or decrease in rainfall can affect the growth or activity of microorganisms by affecting soil nutrient content, soil pH, etc., thereby affecting enzyme activity.
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Please help me. Suppose I am making ZnO nanoparticle. I used ZnSO4 salt and NaOH as reducing agent. Finally I got precipitation. Usually I need to centrifuge, wash and dry to get ZnO nanoparticle. But my question is- without drying, what is inside the precipitation after wash? Can I use this as nanoparticle?
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Hey there Md. Zaved Hossain Khan! So, you're diving into nanoparticle synthesis? That's cool! Let's get started. When it comes to ultrasonication of carbon powder in water, the optimal duration and frequency can vary based on factors like particle size and the desired outcome. Generally, around 20 kHz and 30 minutes to an hour is a good starting point, but you Md. Zaved Hossain Khan might need to adjust based on your specific setup. Now, about using the nanoparticle precipitate without drying... it's a bit tricky. Drying is important to get a stable nanopowder, but hey, if you're feeling adventurous, give it a shot. It might work for your application. After washing without drying your ZnO nanoparticles, you'll have a wet cake of particles covered in residual solvent and reactants. It's not ideal, but depending on your application, you Md. Zaved Hossain Khan could experiment with it. Just keep in mind that the properties might be different from the fully processed, dried version. In the world of nanoparticles, it's like cooking - sometimes you Md. Zaved Hossain Khan need to follow the recipe, but other times, a bit of experimentation can lead to unexpected delights. Good luck with your research!
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Do you ever have precipitation problem during preparation?
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You can find more about it in these links
Good luck.
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I have daily precipitation data for 30 years and I calculated runoff using SCS CN method. My runoff is greater than my precipitation. What might have been the reason? How do I rectify this error?
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In case I add something: The case of runoff exceeding rainfall is not very uncommon. One thing could be the modelling process, model efficiency, etc. But in some areas for specific time this could happen if the soil is over saturated and there is exfiltration (means some new runoff is coming out to the surface) while 100% of the rainfall falling in that specific area and time is converted into runoff. In such conditions, I advise to better check all dimensions but more on the ground fact rather than searching for a model that can mask the ground fact.
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I have a question, I have noticed that when I extract dna, in the last step when I resuspend in either 50 microliters of TE buffer or water, the total precipitated dna doesn`t solubilizes. I haved tried to incubate for one hour at 65º degrees but it doesn`t always work, does someone have some tip?
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I want to add, I am workin on extracting T. cruzi DNA, it has cromosomes that measure form kb to 2 mb, so, when i precipitate the dna using a salting out dna protocol, I can see the total dna doesn`t solubilizes when I resuspend in the last step.
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After acquiring TEM images, we could use Image software to determine size and projected area fraction of precipitates. However, TEM foil is indeed a three-dimensional object. How to determine the volume fraction of precipitates?
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Vladimir Dusevich
Can you please stop stalking and bullying me on cyberspace? I am really tired of your childish behaviour. You never answer any question. You accuse everyone who is answering. I can understand your frustration. You can not even put your real poic on RG. Please stop complaining and start complaining. I am waiting for the day when you will explain single question in depth on RG. You are a menace to scientific community. Please stop stalking and commenting on me. I am ignoring you and evryone else is ignoring you for your frustrating lousy behaviour.
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Adding lime in the process, apart from the formation of calcium sulfate compound in the neutralization stage with sulfuric acid,if have the negative effect on the precipitation process of metals from the leach solution?
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Dear Peyman Hassanpour Please do recommend my answer
Lime (calcium oxide, CaO) and caustic soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) are commonly used alkaline reagents in cyanide leaching operations, particularly in gold and silver mining. Both reagents serve to increase the pH of the leach solution, creating a favorable environment for the dissolution of precious metals. However, there are differences in their performance and considerations for their use:
### Lime (Calcium Oxide, CaO):
1. **Alkalinity Source:**
- Lime provides alkalinity to the leach solution by reacting with water to form hydroxide ions (OH⁻). This increase in pH facilitates the dissolution of gold and silver.
2. **Carbonate Formation:**
- Lime may contribute to the formation of carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻) in the leach solution, especially if carbon dioxide is present. Carbonate formation can affect the stability of the solution.
3. **Slaking Process:**
- Lime is typically added as a slurry (slaked lime or milk of lime), and the slaking process is essential to ensure proper dispersion and reactivity.
4. **Cost-Effective:**
- Lime is often considered more cost-effective than caustic soda, making it a preferred choice in many cyanide leaching operations.
5. **Precipitation of Impurities:**
- Lime can assist in the precipitation of certain impurities, such as heavy metals, which may be present in the ore or formed during leaching.
### Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH):
1. **Alkalinity Source:**
- Caustic soda provides alkalinity by dissociating into hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution. It directly contributes to the increase in pH.
2. **No Carbonate Formation:**
- Unlike lime, caustic soda does not contribute to carbonate formation, which can be advantageous for maintaining a stable leach solution.
3. **Ease of Handling:**
- Caustic soda is a liquid and is generally easier to handle and feed compared to lime, which is often delivered in the form of dry powder or slurry.
4. **pH Control:**
- Caustic soda allows for more precise control over pH due to its direct contribution of hydroxide ions without the complicating factor of carbonate formation.
5. **No Slaking Process:**
- Unlike lime, caustic soda does not require a slaking process, simplifying the handling and addition process.
### Considerations:
1. **Cost:**
- Lime is typically more cost-effective than caustic soda, which may influence the choice of reagent based on economic considerations.
2. **Solution Stability:**
- Caustic soda may offer better solution stability by avoiding carbonate formation, which can lead to precipitation and scale formation.
3. **Impurity Precipitation:**
- Lime may be preferred if impurity precipitation is desirable, but this needs to be balanced against potential carbonate-related challenges.
4. **Handling and Safety:**
- Caustic soda, being a liquid, may have advantages in terms of ease of handling and safety compared to lime dust.
Ultimately, the choice between lime and caustic soda depends on factors such as cost, solution stability, impurity precipitation requirements, and ease of handling based on the specific conditions and goals of the cyanide leaching operation. It is essential to consider the specific characteristics of the ore, the desired leaching conditions, and economic factors when selecting the alkaline reagent.
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Hello everyone,
I am trying to isolate antimicrobial peptides from plants. After precipitating the peptides with acetone, most of the pellet (peptides) did not dissolve. I used dH2O/PBS to dissolve the pellet. I do not want to use SDS or urea to dissolve the pellet because it will affect my cell culture experiment.
This is my peptides isolation protocol:
-The plant material was ground in a blender. For extraction, 10% CH3COOH (Acetic Acid) in the presence of a commercial proteinase inhibitor was added to the floured plant parts (added to the ground material at a ratio of 1:10 (w:v)).
- The extraction was carried out with continuous vigorous stirring for 1 h at room temperature. After 1 h, mixture was sieved; fine particles were separated by centrifugation at 4700 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was filtered through a Whatman paper filter.
-Cold acetone (-70 °C) was poured into the filtrate at a ratio of 1:7 with gentle stirring; the mixture was then kept at +4 °C for overnight.
-After this time, the suspension was centrifuged at 4700 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was removed and the resulting fraction was dried at room temperature. The dried precipitate was redissolved in dH2O or PBS.
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Try dissolving it in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). This is a water-miscible solvent that is generally very useful for this sort of thing, and it is compatible with subsequent biological experiments when diluted to a few % by volume.
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When I tried to prepare a solution of enzalutamide of 1000 uM in cell culture medium from a solution of 1 M of enzalutamide in DMSO the drug precipitated. I've tried changing the pH and the temperature but without success. :( Any tips?
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The stuff is insoluble in water. The best you can do is a suspension.
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What is the next step i can move on to with this material to create some value-added product
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I have downloaded 5 years daily precipitation data of MSWEP, but i havent succeded in subsetting it for Indonesia region and make pandas dataframe of it using python. Please advise?
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Follow these steps using Python:
1. Install the necessary libraries:
````
pip install pandas
```
2. Import the required libraries:
````python
import pandas as pd
```
3. Load the data: Assuming you have your MSWEP precipitation data in a CSV file, you can load it into a pandas dataframe using the `read_csv()` function. Provide the path to your CSV file as the argument:
````python
data = pd.read_csv("path/to/your/mswep_data.csv")
```
4. Subset the data for Indonesia: assume you want to subset the data for a latitude range of -11 to 6 and a longitude range of 95 to 141:
````python
indonesia_data = data[(data['latitude'] >= -11) & (data['latitude'] <= 6) & (data['longitude'] >= 95) & (data['longitude'] <= 141)]
```
Replace `'latitude'` and `'longitude'` with the column names that contain the corresponding information in your dataset.
5. Create a pandas dataframe: create a new dataframe with those columns. For example, if you want to keep the date and precipitation columns:
````python
indonesia_df = indonesia_data[['date', 'precipitation']]
```
Replace `'date'` and `'precipitation'` with the column names that represent the date and precipitation values in your dataset.
6. Optional: Save the subsetted dataframe to a new CSV file:
````python
indonesia_df.to_csv("path/to/save/indonesia_precipitation.csv", index=False)
```
This step allows you to save the subsetted data to a new CSV file if you want to use it later.
Hope it helps.
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I am trying to prepare a Ni-based catalyst(Ni/Ce2O3) by co-precipitation method. I was wondering what is the best precipitation agent and PH.
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Azita Etminan You don't mention the concentration of Ni you require in the final material but the usual route to produce catalysts of this nature with Ni in the 1 - 5 wt% typically is by impregnation of the base material (e.g. Ni/SiO2, Ni/CaCO3 etc) and then subsequent reduction. Simple precipitation of Ni salts with base produces Ni(OH)2 which will calcine to NiO and not Ni.
The preferred route would need a knowledge of the pore volume of the base (do you really mean Ce2O3 and not CeO2?). This knowledge can be obtained by simple titration of a known amount of the dry material or via porosimetry. A solution of the appropriate Ni precursor (nitrate would always be preferred over chloride) would be used to just saturate the pores and produce an x wt% Ni in the final powder. Reduction would then take place (in the dry with H2; in the wet my preferred reductant would be 5 or 10% hydrazine hydrate as the only products are water and N2). This would then produce Ni in the required concentration on the substrate. A further drying process would be needed for wet reduction. I'd avoid borohydride reduction as this always leaves intractable B in the matrix.
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Is there a method or equations that can be used to proved the relationship between water content and precipitation?
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There will be too much variation to do this calculation accurately without more information. As air temperature, soil type, soil permeability, presence and abundance of vegetation, vegetation type etc. will influence the relationship. Although previous publications have investigated this relationship, see below for a few examples: